Chapter XX

LIFE POLICY. VIRTUE vs. SUCCESS

Life policy.—Oaths; truthfulness vs. success.—The clever hero.—Odysseus, Rother, Njal.—Clever heroes in German epics.—Lack of historic sense amongst Christians.—Success policy in the Italian Renaissance.—Divergence between convictions and conduct.—Classical learning a fad.—The humanists.—Individualism.—Perverted use of words.—Extravagance of passions and acts.—The sex relation and the position of women.—The cult of success.—Literature on the mores.—Moral anarchy.

712. Life policy. Some primitive or savage groups are very truthful, both in narrative and in regard to their promises or pledged word. Other groups are marked by complete neglect of truthfulness. Falsehood and deceit are regarded as devices by which to attain success in regard to interests. The North American Indians generally regarded deceit by which an enemy was outwitted as praiseworthy; in fact it was a part of the art of war. It is still so regarded in modern civilized warfare. It is, however, limited by rules of morality. There was question whether the deception by which Aguinaldo was captured was within the limit. In sport also, which is a sort of mimic warfare, deception and "jockeying" are more or less recognized as legitimate. Samoan children are taught that it is "unsamoan" to tell the truth. It is stupid, because it sacrifices one's interest.2216 It does not appear that the experience of life teaches truthfulness on any of the lower stages. The truthful peoples are generally the isolated, unwarlike, and simple. Warfare and strength produce cunning and craft. It is only at the highest stage of civilization that deceit is regarded with contempt, and is thought not to pay. That honesty is the best policy is current doctrine, but not established practice now. It is a part of a virtue policy, which is inculcated as right and necessary, but whether it is a success policy is not a closed question.

713. Oaths. Truthfulness vs. success. It is evident that truthfulness or untruthfulness, when either is a group characteristic, is due to a conviction that societal welfare is served by one or the other. Truthfulness is, therefore, primary in the mores. It does not proceed from the religion, but the religion furnishes a sanction for the view which prevails in the mores. Oaths and imprecations are primitive means of invoking the religious sanction in promises and contracts. They always implied that the superior powers would act in the affairs of men in a proposed way, if the oath maker should break his word. This implication failed so regularly that faith in oaths never could be maintained. Since they have fallen into partial disuse the expediency of truthfulness has been perceived, and the value of a reputation for it has been recognized. Thus it has become a question whether a true success policy is to be based on truth or falsehood. The mores of groups contain their answer, which they inculcate on the young.

714. The clever hero. Krishna. The wily and clever hero, who knows what to do to get out of a difficulty, or to accomplish a purpose, is a very popular character in the great epics. In the Mahabharata Krishna is such a hero, who invents stratagems and policies for the Panduings in their strife with the Kuruings. The king of the latter, when dying, declares that the Panduings have always been dishonorable and tricky, while he and his party have always adhered to honorable methods. However, he is dying and his party is almost annihilated. The victors are somewhat affected by his taunts, which refer to Krishna's inventions and suggestions, but Krishna shows them the booty and says: "But for my stratagems you would have had none of these fine things. What do you care that you got them by tricks? Do you not want them?" They applaud and praise him. Then the surviving Kuruings, weary of virtue and defeat, surprise and murder the Panduings in the night, an act which was contrary to the code of honorable war. The antagonism of a virtue policy and a success policy could not be more strongly presented.2217 In the same poem Samarishta says that five lies are allowed when one's life or property is in danger. The wicked lie is one uttered before witnesses in reply to a serious question, and the only real lie is one uttered of set purpose for selfish gain. Yayati, however, says, "I may not be false, even though I should be in direst peril."2218 The heroes fear to falsify, and the Vedas are quoted that a lie is the greatest sin.2219 The clever hero has remained the popular hero. At the present day we are told that Ganesa, or Gana-pati, son of Siva, really represents "a complex personification of sagacity, shrewdness, patience, and self-reliance,—of all those qualities, in short, which overcome hindrances and difficulties, whether in performing religious acts, writing books, building houses, making journeys, or undertaking anything. He is before all things the typical embodiment of success in life, with its usual accompaniments of good living, plenteousness, prosperity, and peace."2220 The Persians, from the most ancient times, have been noted liars. They used truth and falsehood as instruments of success. The relation of king and subject and of husband and wife amongst them were false. They were invented and maintained for a purpose.2221

715. Odysseus. The Greeks admired cunning and successful stratagem. Odysseus was wily. He was a clever hero. His maternal grandfather Autolykos was, by endowment of Hermes (a god of lying and stealing), a liar and thief beyond all men.2222

716. Clever hero in German epics. In the German poems of the twelfth century Rother is a king who accomplishes his ends by craft. In the Nibelungen, Hagen is the efficient man, who, in any crisis, knows what to do and can accomplish it by craft and strength combined. The heroes are noteworthy for tricks, stratagems, ruses, and perfidy.2223 In all the epic poems the princes have by their side mentors who are crafty, fertile in resource, and clever in action.2224 In the Icelandic saga of Burnt Njal, Njal is the knowing man, peaceful and friendly. His crafty devices are chiefly due to his knowledge of the law, which was full of chicane and known to few. These clever heroes, developed out of the mores of one period and fixed in the epics, became standards and guides for the mores of later times, in which they were admired as types of what every one would like to be.

717. Lack of historic sense amongst Christians. In the first centuries of the Christian era no school of religion or philosophy thought that it was an inadmissible proceeding to concoct edifying writings and attribute them to some great authority of earlier centuries, or to invent historical documents to advance a cause or support the claims of a sect. This view came down to the Middle Ages. The lack of historic feeling is well shown by the crusaders who, after Antioch was taken, in the next few days and on the spot, began to write narratives of the deeds of their respective commanders which were not true, but were exaggerated, romantic, and imaginary. They were not derived from observation of facts, but were fashioned upon the romances of chivalry.2225 This was not myth making. It was conscious reveling in poetic creation according to the prevailing literary type. It was not falsehood, but it showed an entire absence of the sense of historic truth. In the case of the canon law, "the decretals were intended to furnish a documentary title, running back to apostolic times, for the divine institution of the primacy of the pope, and for the teaching office of bishops; a title which in truth did not exist."2226 There was probably lacking in the minds of the men who invented the decretals all consciousness of antagonism between fact and their literary work. If they could have been confronted with the ethical question, they would probably have said that they knew that the doctrines in question were true, and that if the fathers had had occasion to speak of them they would have said such things as were put in their mouths. Mediæval history writing was not subject to canons of truth or taste. It included what was edifying, to the glory of God and the church. Legends and history were of equal value, since both were used for edification. The truth of either was unimportant.

718. Success policy in the Italian Renaissance. The historical period in which the success policy was pursued most openly and unreservedly was the Italian Renaissance. The effect on all virtue, especially on truthfulness of speech and character, was destructive, and all the mores of the period were marked by the choice of the code of conduct which disregards truth. The most deep-lying and far-reaching cause of societal change was the accumulation of capital and the development of a capitalistic class. New developments in the arts awakened hope and enterprise, and produced a "boundless passion for discovery" in every direction.2227 The mediæval church system did not contain as much obscurantism in Italy as in some other countries, and the interests of the Italians were intertwined with the hierarchical interests of Rome in many ways. It flattered Italian pride and served Italian interests that Rome should be the center of the Christian world. Every person had ties with the church establishment either directly or by relatives. In spite of philosophic freedom of thought or moral contempt for the clergy, "it was a point of good society and refined taste to support the church." "It was easy for Germans and Englishmen to reason calmly about dethroning the papal hierarchy. Italians, however they might loathe the temporal power, could not willingly forego the spiritual primacy of the civilized world." Thus the Renaissance pursued its aims, which were distinctly worldly, with a superficial good-fellowship towards the church institution.2228 "The attitude of the upper and middle classes of Italy towards the church, at the height of the Renaissance, is a combination of deep and contemptuous dislike with accommodation towards the hierarchy as a body deeply interwoven with actual life, and with a feeling of dependence on sacraments and ritual. All this was crossed, too, by the influence of great and holy preachers."2229

719. Divergence between convictions and conduct. This means that faith in Christian doctrine was gone, but that the ecclesiastical system was a tolerated humbug which served many interests. Burckhardt quotes2230 a passage from Guicciardini in which the latter says that he had held positions under many popes, which compelled him to wish for their greatness, on account of his own advantage. Otherwise he would have loved Martin Luther, not in order to escape the restraints of the current church doctrine, but in order to see the corrupt crew brought to order, so that they must have learned to live either without power or without vices. Thus the conduct of men was separated from their most serious convictions by considerations of interest and expediency, and a moral inconsistency was developed in character. Churches were built and foundations were multiplied, so that the masses seemed more zealous than the popes, but at the beginning of the sixteenth century there were bitter complaints of the decline of worship and the neglect of the churches.2231 We have all the phenomena of a grand breaking up of old mores and the beginning of new ones. "It required the unbelief of the fifteenth century to give free rein to the rising commercial energies, and the craving for material improvement, that paved the way for the overthrow of ascetic sacerdotalism."2232 The new class of burghers with capital produced a new idea of liberty to be set against the feudal idea of liberty of nobles and ecclesiastics, and that new class became the founders of the modern state.

720. Classical learning a fad. Whatever may have been the origin of the zeal for classical study of the late Middle Ages, it was a remarkable example of a fad which became the fashion and very strongly influenced the mores. It was strengthened by the revolt against the authority of the church, and the humanism which it produced took the place of the mental stock which the church had offered. "Humanism effected the emancipation of intellect by culture. It called attention to the beauty and delightfulness of nature, restored man to a sense of his dignity, and freed him from theological authority. But in Italy, at any rate, it left his conscience, his religion, his sociological ideas, the deeper problems which concern his relation to the universe, the subtler secrets of the world in which he lives, untouched."2233 That means that it was a fad and was insincere. There were men who were great scholars within the standards of humanism, but the enthusiasm for art, the zeal for Latin and Greek literature, the coöperative struggle for exhumations and specimens, were features of a reigning fad. The Renaissance was an affair of the upper and middle classes. It never could spread to the masses. Classical learning came to be valued as a caste mark. Then it became still more truly an affectation, and was tainted with untruth. The masses were superior in the sincerity and truthfulness of their mores by the contrast. The humanists were pagan and profane, but did not follow their doctrines into a reformation of the church. They exaggerated the knowledge of the ancients and the prestige of classical opinion until it seemed to them that anything ancient must be true and authoritative. They transferred to what was ancient the irrational reverence which had been paid to the doctrines of the church, and paid to the great classical authors the respect which had been paid to saints.2234 In the sixteenth century they fell into discredit for their haughtiness, their shameful dissipation, and for their unbelief.2235

721. The humanists. The humanists of Italy are a class by themselves, without historical relations. They had no trade or profession and could make no recognized career. Their controversies had a large personal element. They sought to exterminate each other. Three excuses have been suggested for them. The excessive petting and spoiling they met with when luck favored them; the lack of a guarantee for their physical circumstances, which depended on the caprice of patrons and the malice of rivals; and the delusive influence of antiquity, or of their notions about it. The last destroyed their Christian morality without giving them a substitute. Their careers were such generally that only the strongest moral natures could endure them without harm. They plunged into changeful and wearing life, in which exhaustive study, the duties of a household tutor, a secretary, or a professor, service near a prince, deadly hostility and danger, enthusiastic admiration and extravagant scorn, excess and poverty, followed each other in confusion. The humanist needed to know how to carry a great erudition and to endure a succession of various positions and occupations. To these were added on occasion stupefying and disorderly enjoyment, and when the basest demands were made on him he had to be indifferent to all morals. Haughtiness was a certain consequence in character. The humanists needed it to sustain themselves, and the alternation of flattery and hatred strengthened them in it. They were victims of subjectiveness. The admiration of classical antiquity was so extravagant and mistaken that all the humanists were subject to excessive suggestion which destroyed their judgment.2236

722. "Individualism." Recent writers on the period have emphasized the individualism which was produced. By this is meant the emancipation of men of talent from traditional morality, and the notion that any man might do anything which would win success for his purposes. There was no grinding of men down to an average.2237 This code was very widely applied in statecraft and social struggles. A smattering knowledge of Plutarch, Plato, and Virgil furnished heroic examples which could justify anything.2238 Machiavelli's Prince was only a text-book of this school of action for statesmen. Given the existing conditions in Italy, he assumed a man of ability and asked how he should best act. "He said that, to such a man, undertaking such a task, moral considerations were of subsidiary importance, and success was the one criterion by which he was to be judged. The conception was one forced on him by the actual facts of Italian history in his own time. The methods which he codified were those which he saw being actually employed."2239 Gobineau2240 supposes a dialogue between Michael Angelo, Machiavelli, and Granacci about Francis I, Henry VIII, Charles V, and Leo X, in which the speakers attempt to foresee the development of events. They do not rightly estimate the royal personages, do not foresee the Reformation, and do not at all correctly judge the future. It was impossible that any one could do the last at a time when great historical movements and efforts of personal vanity and desire were mixing in gigantic struggles to control the world's history. Italy offered a narrower arena for personal ambition. Creighton2241 describes Gismondo Malatesta of Rimini. He "thoroughly mastered the lesson that to man all things are possible. He trusted to himself, and to himself only. He pursued his desires, whatever they might be. His appetites, his ambition, his love of culture, swayed his mind in turns, and each was allowed full scope. He was at once a ferocious scoundrel, a clear-headed general, an adventurous politician, a careful administrator, a man of letters and of refined taste. No one could be more entirely emancipated, more free from prejudice, than he. He was a typical Italian of the Renaissance, combining the brutality of the Middle Ages, the political capacity which Italy early developed, and the emancipation brought by the new learning." This might serve as a description of any one of the great secular men of the period. "Capacity might raise the meanest monk to the chair of St. Peter, the meanest soldier to the duchy of Milan. Audacity, vigor, unscrupulous crime, were the chief requisites of success."2242 "In Italy itself, where there existed no time-honored hierarchy of classes and no fountain of nobility in the person of a sovereign, one man was a match for another, provided he knew how to assert himself.... In the contest for power, and in the maintenance of an illegal authority, the picked athletes came to the front."2243

723. Perverted use of words. Many words were given a peculiar and technical meaning in the use of the period. Tristezza often meant wickedness. It was a duty to be cheerful and gay.2244 "Terribleness was a word which came into vogue to describe Michael Angelo's grand manner. It implied audacity of imagination, dashing draughtsmanship, colossal scale, something demonic and decisive in execution."2245 Virtù meant the ability to win success. Machiavelli used it for force, cunning, courage, ability, and virility. "It was not incompatible with craft and dissimulation, or with the indulgence of sensual vices."2246 Cellini used virtuoso to denote genius, artistic ability, and masculine force.2247 "The Italian onore consisted partly of the credit attaching to public distinction and partly of a reputation for virtù" in the above sense.2248 It was objective,—"an addition conferred from without, in the shape of reputation, glory, titles of distinction, or offices of trust."2249 "The onesta of a married woman is compatible with secret infidelity, provided she does not expose herself to ridicule and censure by letting her amour be known."2250 A virago meant a bluestocking, but was a term of respect for a learned woman. Modesty was "the natural grace of a gifted woman increased by education and association."2251 The tendency of words to special uses is an index of the character of the mores of a period. The development of equality, when the restraints of traditional morality are removed, ought not to be passed without notice.

724. Extravagance of passions and acts. It followed from the "ways" of the period that the human race "was bastardized" "by the physical calamities, the perpetual pestilences, the constant wars, the moral miseries, the religious conflicts, and the invasion of ancient ideas only half understood." The men died young in years, old in vice, decrepit and falling to pieces when not beyond the years of youth.2252 The emancipation of men with inordinate ambition and lust meant a grand chance of crime. Pope Paul III (Farnese) said that men like Cellini, "unique in their profession, are not bound by the laws." Cellini had committed a murder. He committed several others, to say nothing of minor crimes. After he escaped from St. Angelo, he was in the hands and under the protection of Cardinal Cornaro. The pope, Clement VII, wanted to get possession of him and Cornaro wanted a bishopric for a friend, so the pope and cardinal made a bargain and Cellini was surrendered.2253 "Italian society admired the bravo almost as much as imperial Rome admired the gladiator. It also assumed that genius combined with force of character released men from the shackles of ordinary morality."2254 Cellini was a specimen man of his age. He kept religion and morality far separated from each other.2255 Varchi wrote a sonnet on him which is false in fact and in form, and displays the technical and conventional insincerity of the age.2256 The augmentative form of the name Lorenzaccio expresses the notion that he was great, awful, and wicked.2257 His biographer says that he was a "mattoid."2258 He missed success because his antagonists were stronger than he, but his career was typical of the age. He was in part a victim of the classical suggestion. He expected to be glorified as a tyrannicide. This taste for the imaginative element was an important feature in the Italian Renaissance and helped to make it theatrical and untrue. "In gratifying his thirst for vengeance [the Italian] was never contented with mere murder. To obtain a personal triumph at the expense of his enemy by the display of superior cunning, by rendering him ridiculous, by exposing him to mental as well as physical anguish, by wounding him through his affections or his sense of honor, was the end which he pursued."2259 "However profligate the people might have been, they were not contented with grossness unless seasoned with wit. The same excitement of the fancy rendered the exercise of ingenuity, or the avoidance of peril, an enhancement of pleasure to the Italians. This is perhaps the reason why all the imaginative compositions of the Renaissance, especially the novellae, turn upon adultery."2260 The false standards, aims, codes, and doctrines required this play of the fantasy to make them seem worth while. The fantastic element gave all the zest. When the mediæval imaginative element failed the classical learning furnished a new one with suggestions, examples for imitation, and unlimited maxims and doctrines. Hence the passions become violent and upon occasion criminal,2261 that is to say, they violated the code recognized by all men in all ages. "Force, which had been substituted for Law in government, became, as it were, the mainspring of society. Murders, poisoning, rapes, and treasons were common incidents of private as of public life. In cities like Naples blood guilt could be atoned for at an inconceivably low rate. A man's life was worth scarcely more than that of a horse. The palaces of the nobles swarmed with professional cutthroats, and the great ecclesiastics claimed for their abodes the right of sanctuary. Popes sold absolution for the most horrible excesses, and granted indulgences beforehand for the commission of crimes of lust and violence. Success was the standard by which acts were judged; and the man who could help his friends, intimidate his enemies, and carve a way to fortune for himself by any means he chose was regarded as a hero."2262 If we should follow the manners and morals of the age into detail we should find that they were all characterized by the same fiction and conventional affectation, and by the same unrestrainedness of passion. Caterina Sforza avenged the murder of her lover with such atrocities that she shocked the Borgia pope.2263 The artists of the late Renaissance were absorbed in admiration of carnal beauty. There was vulgarity and coarseness on their finest work. Cellini's work is marked by "blank animalism."2264 There was a great lack of all sentiment. "Parents and children made a virtue of repressing their emotions." "No period ever exhibited a more marked aversion from the emotional or the pathetic."2265 There was no shame at perfidy or inconsistency, and very little notion of loyalty. It shocks modern taste that Isabella d'Este should have bought eagerly the art treasures of her dearest friend when they had been stolen and put on the market, and that after warm adherence to her brother-in-law, Ludovico il Moro, until he was ruined, she should have turned to court the victor.2266 It is not strange that the age became marked by complete depravity of public and private morals, that the great men are enigmas as to character and purpose, and that they are demonic in action. The sack of Rome put an end to the epoch by a catastrophe which was great enough to strike any soul with horror, however hardened it might be.2267 That event seems to show how the ways of the time would be when practiced by brutal soldiers.

725. The sex relation and position of women. In such a period the sex relation is sure to be degraded and the position of woman is sure to be compromised. They can only be defined by the restraints which are observed or enforced. When all restraints are set aside sensuality is set free. Women were not suppressed. They took their place by the men and only demanded for themselves a liberty equal to that assumed by the men. The opinion has been expressed that Isabella d'Este "may be regarded as the most splendid realization of the Renaissance ideal of woman."2268 Vittoria Colonna has been more generally accorded that position. She is doubly interesting for her Platonic relation to Michael Angelo, who was fifteen years her senior,2269 and for her personal character. The title "bastard" was often worn with pride. In royal houses it happened often that the illegitimate branch took the throne on the failure of the other, so that the existence of the former was a recognized and useful fact, not a shameful one.2270 Although it was true that woman "occupied a place by the side of man, contended with him for intellectual prizes, and took part in every spirited movement," although many of them became celebrated for humanistic attainments, and were intrusted with the government of states,2271 yet it was not possible that they could maintain womanly honor and dignity side by side with the concubines and bastards of their husbands. The love of men for men was a current vice which was hardly concealed and which degraded the sex relation.2272 The individualism of the period is interpreted as a motive for making love to the wife of another, that is, to another fully developed individual.2273 Adultery also appealed to the love of intrigue and the appreciation of the imaginative element. Lewd stories and dramas were produced in great numbers in which the cunning and deception of adultery were developed in all imaginable combinations of circumstances. In real life a woman's relatives showed great ferocity in enforcing against her all the current conventions about her conduct. That was because she might bring disgrace and ridicule on them by marrying beneath her, or by a liaison which was known and avenged by her husband. The assassination of the husband in such cases was only a trifling necessity which might be called for.2274 A physician having married a widowed duchess, born a princess of Aragon, her brothers murdered her and her children and caused the physician to be assassinated by hired bravos.2275 In the comedies marriage was derided and marital honor treated with contempt. Downright obscenity was not rare. Some of the comedies would not now be tolerated anywhere before an audience of men only.2276 It seems trifling that objection was made to the nakedness of some figures in Michael Angelo's "Last Judgment." "As society became more vicious, it grew nice."2277

726. The cult of success. This deep depravation of all social interests by the elevation of success to a motive which justified itself has the character of an experiment. Amongst ourselves now, in politics, finance, and industry, we see the man-who-can-do-things elevated to a social hero whose success overrides all other considerations. Where that code is adopted it calls for arbitrary definitions, false conventions, and untruthful character.

727. Literature. There were several books published in the Renaissance period which aimed to influence the mores. In the middle of the fifteenth century was written Pandolfini's Governo della Famiglia. An old man advises his two sons and three grandsons on the philosophy and policy of life. He urges thrift and advises to stay far removed from public life. It is, he says, a "life of insults, hatreds, misrepresentations, and suspicions." He advises not to come into the intimacy of great nobles and not to lend them money. He has a low opinion of all women and would not trust a wife with secrets. Della Casa, in the first half of the sixteenth century, wrote Il Galateo, a treatise on manners and etiquette. He lays great stress on cleanliness of person and house, and he forbids all impropriety, for which he has a very positive code. Castiglione's Courtier inculcates what the age considered sound ideas on all social relations, rights, and duties. In the dialogue different views are put forward and discussed, from which it results that the views to be regarded as correct often lack point and definiteness. Symonds thinks that the type presented with approval differs little from the modern gentleman.2278 Cornaro wrote at the age of eighty-three a book called Discorsi della Vita sobria, which is said to set forth especially the diet by which the writer overcame physical weakness and reached a hale old age. When ninety-five he wrote another book to boast of the success of the first. He died in 1565, over a hundred years old.2279

728. Moral anarchy. The antagonism between a virtue policy and a success policy is a constant ethical problem. The Renaissance in Italy shows that although moral traditions may be narrow and mistaken, any morality is better than moral anarchy. Moral traditions are guides which no one can afford to neglect. They are in the mores and they are lost in every great revolution of the mores. Then the men are morally lost. Their notions, desires, purposes, and means become false, and even the notion of crime is arbitrary and untrue. If all try the policy of dishonesty, the result will be the firmest conviction that honesty is the best policy. The mores aim always to arrive at correct notions of virtue. In so far as they reach correct results the virtue policy proves to be the only success policy.

LIST OF BOOKS CITED

Full titles of all books cited are given below in the alphabetical order of the authors' names or of the leading word of the title. Numbers after the title are the pages in the present volume on which the book is cited or used as an authority.

Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed, 130

Abdallatif, Relation de l'Egypte (trad. de Sacy) (Paris, 1810), 336

Abel, C. W., Savage Life in New Guinea (London, 1902), 317

Abercromby, J., The Pre- and Proto-historic Finns, Eastern and Western, with Magic Songs of the West Finns (2 vols. London, 1898), 485

Achelis, H., Virgines Subintroductae (1 Cor. vii) (Leipzig, 1902), 295, 525, 526, 620

Achelis, T., Die Ekstase in ihrer kulturellen Bedeutung (Berlin, 1902), 210

Aelian, Variae Historiae, 318

Aeneas Silvius. See Piccolomini

Alanus ab Insulis, De Planctu Naturae (Migne, Patrol. Lat., V, 210), 369

Alberi, E., Relazione degli Ambasciatori Veneti al Senato (Firenze, 1840): Letter of D. Barbaro, sent to England for the Accession of Edward VI (Series I, Tome II, 230), 257

Alec-Tweedie, Mrs., Sunny Sicily (New York, no date), 458, 589

Am Urquell, 137

Ameer Ali, The Influence of Woman in Islam (Nineteenth Century, XLV, 755)

American Anthropologist, 17, 121, 142, 149, 305, 315, 326, 339, 460, 485, 533

American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature, 536

American Journal of Sociology, 112

Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum (libri 18, out of 31), 418, 586

Ammon, O., Die Gesellschaftsordnung und ihre natürlichen Grundlagen (Jena, 1896), 39, 475, 541

d'Ancona, A., Le Origini del Teatro in Italia (2 tomes. Firenze, 1877 e 1891), 227, 445, 580-582, 591-595

Andree, R., Die Anthropophagie (Leipzig, 1887), 329, 332

Andree, R., Ethnographische Parallele und Vergleiche (2 Folgen. Leipzig, 1889), 326

Angerstein, W., Volkstänze im Deutschen Mittelalter (2te Aufl. Berlin, 1874), 599

l'Année Sociologique, 482. See Durkheim

l'Anthropologie, 130, 146. See Bulletins

Apostolic Constitutions. Die Syrischen Didaskalia übersetzt und erklärt von A. Achelis und J. Fleming (Leipzig, 1904) contains the "Two Ways," 316

Appianus, Historia Romana, 281

Apuleius, Metamorphoses, 364, 571

Arabian Nights, 287, 434. See Lane

Archiv für Anthropologie, 329, 447, 536-537, 543, 548-549, 563, 577-578

Archiv für Kunde der Œsterreichischen Geschichtsquellen, 443

Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, 525

Ashton, J., Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne (London, 1883), 523

Athenæus, Deipnosophistorum libri, 15, 436, 529, 542

Athenagoras, Apologia (on the resurrection of the dead), 390

Augustine, Opera (Paris, 1635), 290, 348, 360-361, 390-391, 529, 542, 585

d'Aussy. See Legrand

Australian Association for the Advancement of Science: Fourth Meeting, at Hobart, Tasmania, January, 1892 (Sydney, 1892), 187, 204, 264, 314, 317, 330, 334, 382, 459, 461

d'Avenel, G., Histoire Economique de la Propriété, des Salaires, des Denrées, et de tous les Prix en général, depuis l'an 1200 jusqu'en l'an 1800 (2 tomes. Paris, 1894-1898), 165-166, 298

Babelon, E. C. F., Les Origines de la Monnaie (Paris, 1897), 154

Bancroft, H. H., The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America (New York, 1875-1876), 271, 324, 337, 422, 543, 548, 553, 586

Barthold, F. W., Die Geschichte der Hansa (Leipzig, 1862), 370, 524

Barthold, F. W., Jürgen Wüllenweber von Lübeck (Räumer, Histor. Taschenbuch, VI), 524

Barton, G. A., Semitic Origins (New York, 1902), 535, 557, 563

Bastian, A., Die Deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste (Jena, 1874), 459

Bebel, A., Die Frau (Zurich, 1883), 346

Becke, L., Pacific Tales (New York), 441, 460, 630

Becker, W. A., und Hermann, K. F., Charikles (3 Bände. Leipzig, 1854), 204, 390, 488

Beloch, J., Die Bevölkerung der Griechisch-Römischen Welt (Leipzig, 1886), 105, 279

Beloch, J., Griechische Geschichte (4 Bände. Strassburg, 1904), 106-107, 199, 279, 468, 565

Bender, H., Rom und Römisches Leben im Alterthum geschildert (Tübingen, 1880), 280

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Bergel, J., Die Eheverhältnisse der alten Juden im Vergleiche mit den Griechischen und Römischen (Leipzig, 1881), 398, 409

Berlin Museum, 427, 432-433, 435, 438, 446, 459

Bernardin, N-M., La Comédie Italienne en France, 1570-1791 (Paris, 1902), 602

Bethe, E., Die Geschichte des Theaters im Alterthume (Leipzig, 1896), 447

de Bethencourt, J., Le Canarien livre de la Conquête et Conversion des Canaries (1402-1422) (ed. G. Gravier Rouen, 1874), 121, 339

Bijdragen tot de Taal-Land-en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië, 187, 273, 298-300, 314, 335, 358, 383, 484

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Biot, E. C., De l'Abolition de l'Esclavage ancien en Occident (Paris, 1840), 298-299

Bishop, Mrs. (Isabella Bird), Among the Thibetans (New York, 1894), 353, 441

Bishop, Mrs., Korea and her Neighbors (New York, 1898), 453

Blair, W., Slavery amongst the Romans (Edinburgh, 1833), 284, 319

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Boggiani, G., I Caduvei (Roma, 1895), 272

Boissier, G., La Religion Romaine d'Auguste aux Antonins (2 tomes. Paris, 1874), 101, 199, 566

Bourquelot, Foires de Champagne (Acad. de Belles Lettres et d'Inscriptions, 1865), 298

Bousset, D. W., Die Religion des Judenthums im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (Berlin, 1903), 295, 340, 515

Bridges, T., Manners and Customs of the Firelanders (A Voice for South America, XIII, 201-214), 272

Brinton, G., Nagualism (Philadelphia, 1894), 271, 338

Brunache, P., Le Centre de l'Afrique (Paris, 1894), 268, 334, 339, 433, 437-438

Bücher, K. W., Die Aufstände der Unfreien Arbeiter (Frankfurt, 1874), 280-281, 283

Buchholz, E. A. W., Homerische Realien (3 Bände. Leipzig, 1871-1885), 278

Budge, E. A. W., The Gods of the Egyptians (Chicago, 1904), 433

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B[ulletins] et M[émoires] de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris (Paris, 1901): Art. by Guyot on Les Indigènes de l'Afrique du Sud, based on the Report of the South African Committee (Pres. J. Macdonell) on the Natives of South Africa (Series V, Tome II, 362), 112, 368

Burchard, J., Diarium sive verum urbanarum commentarii, 1483-1506 (ed. Thusane) (3 tomes. Paris, 1885), 256

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Burckhardt, J., Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (Basel, 1860), 22, 249, 592, 598, 601, 627, 643-645, 650, 652-653

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Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, Annual Reports, 14, 17, 25, 125, 127, 129-130, 139, 152, 186, 270-271, 317, 325, 337, 383, 442, 453, 485, 497, 501, 512, 515, 518, 533

Burnaby, A., Travels through the Middle Settlements of North America in 1759 and 1760 (London, 1775), 528

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Cambridge History of Modern Europe, (ed. by A. W. Ward and G. W. Prothero) (New York, 1902, etc.), 531

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Cantacuzene, J., Romana Historia (Bonn, 1832), 264

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Carmichael, M., In Tuscany (3rd ed. New York, 1902), 216, 623-624

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Castiglione, B., The Book of the Courtier [1528] (trans. by L. E. Opdyke) (New York, 1903), 651, 653

Cato Major, De Agri Cultura, 280-281, 289

Cator, Dorothy, Everyday Life among the Head-hunters (New York, 1905), 305

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Cellini. See Symonds

Celestina. See Mabbe

Century Magazine, 193, 441, 462

Ch. Br. R. A. S. = China Branch, Royal Asiatic Society

Chandler, F. W., Romance of Roguery: I. The Picaresque Novel in Spain (New York, 1899), 320, 597

Charles, R. H., The Book of Enoch (trans.) (Oxford, 1893), 431

Charles, R. H., The Book of Jubilees or the Little Genesis (trans.) (London, 1902), 431

Christian, F. W., The Caroline Islands (London, 1899), 139, 151, 423

Chrysostom, Opera (Migne, Patrol. Graeca, XLVII-LXIV. Homily on Matthew in LVIII, 591), 294

Churchman, The, 456

Cibrario, G. A. L., Della Politica Economia del Medio Evo (2ª ed. 3 tomes) (Torino, 1841-1842), 300

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Clement, P., Jacques Cœur et Charles VII, France au XV siècle (Paris, 1853), 443

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Codrington, R. H., The Melanesians (Oxford, 1891), 149, 272, 314, 317, 325, 334, 339, 438, 533

Cook, K. R., The Fathers of Jesus: a Study of the Lineage of the Christian Doctrines and Traditions (2 vols. London, 1886), 294-295, 379, 615-616

Corpus Juris Canonici (Colon. Munat., 1717), 348, 404, 406, 410

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Corpus Poeticum Boreale, the Poetry of the Old Northern Tongue (Oxford, 1883), 296-297

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Crawford, J., History of the Indian Archipelago (2 vols. London, 1820), 149

Crawley, A. E., Sexual Taboo (JAI, XXIV, 116, 219), 116, 219, 430, 452, 459

Creighton, M., Historical Essays and Reviews (New York, 1902), 647, 650

Cunningham, A., Ladak (London, 1854), 352

Cunow, H., Verwandtschaftsorganization der Australneger (Stuttgart, 1894), 497

Curr, E. M., The Australian Race (Melbourne, 1886), 316, 421, 436

Curtius Rufus, Quintus, De Rebus Gestis Alexandri, 236

Cyprian, Epistolae, 525

Daniel, H. A., Codex Liturgicus Ecclesiae Universae in Epitomen Redactus (Lipsiae, 1851), 226

Darmsteter, J., Translation of the Zend Avesta (Oxford, 1880), 418, 486, 512-513, 558

Darinsky (Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft, XIV), 368, 454

Darwin, Charles, Descent of Man (New York, 1886), 138, 357-358

Dasent, Sir G. W., The Story of Burnt Njal (New York, 1900), 642

Dawson, J., Australian Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria (Melbourne, 1881), 316, 325, 332

Degroot, J. J. M., The Religious System of China (Leyden, 1892), 318

Denecke, A., Entwickelungsgeschichte des gesellschaftlichen Anstandsgefühls in Deutschland (Dresden, 1891), 460, 462, 469

Deutsch, S. M., Peter Abälard (Leipzig, 1883), 228

Dezobry, C. L., Rome au Siècle d'Auguste (4^me ed. 4 tomes.) (Paris, 1875), 283

Dialogue of the Exchequer. See Henderson

Dill, S., Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius (London, 1904), 55, 284-289, 379, 571

Dill, S., Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire (2nd ed. London, 1899), 290

Dio Cassius Coccejanus, Historia Romana, 208

Dio Chrysostom, Orations, 199, 287, 290

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, 281, 286-289, 336, 390

Dionysus Halicarnessensis, Antiquitatum Romanorum quae supersunt, 281

Dozy, R., Musulmans d'Espagne, 711-1110 (4 tomes. Leyde, 1861), 301-302, 335

Drumann, W. K. A., Die Arbeiter und Communisten in Griechenland und Rom (Königsberg, 1860), 280

Dubois, J. A., Mœurs Institutions et Ceremonies des Peuples de l'Inde (2 tomes. Paris, 1825), 457, 545, 548, 558, 586

Du Camp, M., Paris dans la Seconde Moitié du dixneuvième Siècle (Paris, 1873-1875), 190

Du Cange, C. du Fresne, Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis (Paris, 1840-1850), 590

Dulaure, J. A., Paris et ses Monuments (Paris, 1865), 370, 444

Durkheim, E., La Prohibition de l'Inceste et ses Origines (l'Année Sociologique, Tome I. Paris, 1898), 482

Duveyrier, H., Les Touaregs du Nord (Paris, 1864), 339, 423, 427, 456

van Duyl, C. F., Beschavingsgeschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Volk (Groningen, 1895), 97

l'École d'Anthropologie de Paris, Revue de, 368

Economics of Aristotle (?), 359

Economicus of Xenophon, 360

Edda, the, 175, 488

Ehrenreich, P., Völkerkunde Brasiliens (Veröffentlichungen des Berliner Museums, Band II), 122, 139

von Eicken, H., Geschichte und System der mittelalterlichen Weltanschauung (Stuttgart, 1887), 370, 642

Ellis, A. B., The Ewe-speaking Peoples (London, 1890), 268, 501, 512, 534

Ellis, A. B., The Tshi-speaking Peoples (London, 1887), 268-269, 317, 512

von Elsberg, R. A., Elizabeth Bathory (die Blutgräfin) (Breslau, 1904), 235

Endemann, W., Studien in der Romanischkanonischen Wirthschafts--und Rechtslehre (2 Bände. Berlin, 1883), 288, 404

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Erasmus, D., Colloquy of the Beggars [Franciscans] (Opera, I, 739), 190

Erasmus, D., Libellus Aureus de Civilitate Morum Puerilium (Aboae, 1670), 200, 430-431, 458

Erman, A., Aegypten und Aegyptisches Leben im Alterthume (Tübingen, 1885), 447

Estrup, H. F. J., Samlede Skrifter (Kjøbenhavn, 1842), 296

Ethnography of India. See Risley

Ethnological Society of London, Journal of the (New Series), 484

Euripides, 613

Evans, J., British Coins (London, 1864), 143

Evarnitzky, D. I., The Zaporoge Kossacks (in Russian) (2 vols. St. Petersburg, 1888), 335

Eyre, E. J., Expeditions into Central Australia in 1840-1841 (2 vols. London, 1845), 316, 325

Farnell, L. R. (Archiv für Religionsgeschichte, VII), 541

Farnell, L. R., The Cults of the Greek States (2 vols. Oxford, 1896), 358, 542

Farr, W., Vital Statistics (London, 1885), 534

Fauriel, C. C., The Last Days of the Consulate (London, 1885), 304

Fawcett, F., On Basivis (JASB, II, 322), 534

Felkin. See Wilson

Finsch, O., Ethnologische Erfahrungen (Wien, 1893), 339, 436, 441

Finsch, O., Samoafahrten (Leipzig, 1888), 188, 272

Fioretti di San Francisco (Torino, 1882), 216

von Fircks A., Bevölkerungslehre und Bevölkerungspolitik (Leipzig, 1898)

First Three English Books about America, The (Arber. Birmingham, 1885), 315

Flade, P., Das Römische Inquisitionsverfahren in Deutschland bis zu den Hexenprocessen (Leipzig, 1902), 241, 250-251

Forbes, H. O., The Kubus of Sumatra (JAI, XIV, 121), 329, 435

Foureau, F., D'Alger au Congo par le Tchad (Paris, 1902), 147

Freeman, E. A., Western Europe in the Eighth Century (New York, 1904), 298

Freeman, E. A., Western Europe in the Fifth Century (New York, 1904), 103, 290

Freie Wort, Das, 204

Freisen, J., Geschichte des kanonischen Eherechts (Tübingen, 1888), 399, 400, 402, 406, 409

Friedberg, E., Das Recht der Eheschliessung (Leipzig, 1865), 82, 405, 407-413

Friedberg, E., Verlobung und Trauung (Leipzig, 1876), 412

Friedländer, L., Sittengeschichte (3 Bände. Leipzig, 1862-1871), 365, 390, 408-409, 411-413

Friedmann, M., Ueber Wahnideen im Völkerleben (Wiesbaden, 1901), 21, 211, 219, 633

Fries, T. M., Grönland dess Natur och Innevånare (Upsala, 1872), 14

Fritsch, G., Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrikas (Breslau, 1872), 29, 260, 269, 315, 326, 339, 422, 434, 437, 512, 526

Funck-Brentano, T., La Science Sociale; subtitle, le Suicide (Paris, 1897), 21

Furnival, F. J., Child-marriages, Divorces, etc., 1561-1566 (Early English Text Society, No. 108) (London, 1897), 386

Gaii, Institutiones (Berlin, 1884), 488

Galton, F., Hereditary Genius (New York, 1870), 39, 42-43, 486, 611

Gallon, F., Human Faculty (New York, 1883), 60, 111, 191, 262

Garnier, R. M., The English Landed Interest (London, 1892-1893), 304

Gauthiez, P., Lorenzaccio, 1514-1548 (Paris, 1904), 93, 647-649, 652

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Geiseler, Oster-Inseln (Berlin, 1883), 325

Gibbon, E., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 219, 237, 358, 572

Gjessing, Traeldom i Norge (Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed, 1862, p. 85), 297

Globus, der, 5, 12, 23, 81, 110, 129, 131, 135, 146-147, 154, 267-268, 271, 273, 303, 315, 317, 325-326, 329, 331-333, 335-337, 345, 351, 367-368, 432, 437-439, 442, 453-454, 460-462, 512, 516-518, 526-527, 538, 543, 549, 554-555, 558, 639

de Gobineau, J. A., La Renaissance (Paris, 1877), 646

Goetz, W., Ideale des Heiligen Francis (Histor. Vierteljahrschrift, VI), 216

von Goetzen, G. A., Durch Afrika von Ost nach West (Berlin, 1895), 148, 262-264

Gomme, G. L., Ethnology in Folklore (New York, 1892), 326, 335, 526

Goodrich-Frear, A., Inner Jerusalem (New York, 1904), 425, 456

Gower, J., Vox Clamantis (London, 1850), 369

Gozzi, Memoirs of (trans. by J. A. Symonds) (2 vols. London, 1890), 602-603

Graetz, H., Geschichte der Juden (Leipzig, 1888-1897), 616

Graphic, the London, 358

Gregorovius, F., Lucrezia Borgia (trans. by J. L. Garner) (New York, 1903), 199, 586, 648, 651-652

Grimm, J. L. C., Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer (Cited D. R. A.) (2te Ausg. Göttingen, 1854), 297-298, 322, 385, 406, 413

Grimm, J. L. C., Teutonic Mythology (trans. by Stallybrass) (4 vols. London, 1883), 11, 586

Grinnell, G. B., Cheyenne Woman Customs (American Anthropologist, IV), 315

Grinnell, G. B., Pawnee Hero Stories and Folktales (New York, 1899), 115-116, 121, 132, 134, 141

Grupp, G., Kulturgeschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit (Münden, 1903), 282, 285, 379, 445, 584

Gubernatis, A., Usi Nuziali in Italia e presso gli altri Popoli Indo-Europei (2^a ed. Milano, 1878), 489

Guhl und Koner, Das Leben der Griechen und Römer (5te Aufl. Berlin, 1882), 514

Gumplowicz, L., Grundriss der Sociologie (Wien, 1885), 51, 262-263

Gumplowicz, L., Sociologie und Politik (Leipzig, 1892), 134

Gunkel, H., Zum religionsgeschichtlichen Verständniss des Neuen Testaments (Göttingen, 1903), 104

Haeckel, E., Aus Insulinde (Bonn, 1901), 358, 425

Hagelstange, A., Bauernleben im Mittelalter (Erfurt, 1897), 413

Hagen, B., Unter den Papuas (Wiesbaden, 1899), 127, 187, 437, 500, 641

Haimensfeld, M. G., editor of the Collectio Constitutionum Imperialium (Frankfurt, 1615)

Hale, H., The Iroquois Book of Rites (Philadelphia, 1883), 235

Hall, H., Society in the Elizabethan Age (London, 1887), 228

Hamilton, The Panis, Canadian Indian slavery in the eighteenth century (Toronto, 1897), 271

Hanoteau, A., et Letourneux, A., La Kabylie (2^e ed. 3 tomes. Paris, 1893), 318, 456, 489, 507, 517

Hansen, J., Zauberwahn Inquisition und Hexenprocess im Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1900), 218, 237, 241, 247, 257

Hardy, T., Tess, 166

Harnack, A., Die Pseudoclementinischen Briefe de Virginitate und die Entstehung des Mönchthums (Sitzungsberichte der k. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften, XXI, 1891), 525, 617-618

Harnack, A., Dogmengeschichte (3te Ausg. 3 Bände. Leipzig, 1894), 222, 255, 585, 619

Harper, R. F., The Code of Hammurabi (Chicago, 1904), 539

von Hartmann, K. R. E., Phänomenologie des sittlichen Bewusstseins (Berlin, 1879), 60

Hartmann (Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde, XI, 247), 641

Hastings, J., Dictionary of the Bible (New York, 1898), 515, 554, 565, 615

Hatch, E., Griechenthum und Christenthum (trans.) (Freiburg, 1892), 617-619

Hauréau, B., Bernard Délicieux et l'Inquisition Albegeoise, 1300-1320 (Paris, 1877), 217

Hauri, J., Der Islam in seinem Einfluss auf das Leben seiner Bekenner (Leyden, 1881), 301, 303, 353, 363-364, 386

Hausrath, A., Peter Abälard (Leipzig, 1893), 228

von Haxthausen, A., Transkaukasia (2 Bände. Leipzig, 1856), 323, 485, 502

Hearn, L., Japan (New York, 1904), 73, 91, 94, 123, 276, 394, 440, 446, 502, 609

Hefele, C. J., Conciliengeschichte (Freiburg, 1858), 443, 589

Heimskringla. See Laing

Heisterberg, B., Die Entstehung des Colonats (Leipzig, 1876), 292-293

Henderson, E. F., Translation of Select Documents of the Middle Ages (London, 1892), contains the Dialogue of the Exchequer, 392

Herodianus, 292

Herodotus, 26, 105, 109-110, 326, 331-333, 355, 372, 430, 445, 468, 486, 535, 538, 551, 557

Heusler, A., Deutsches Privatrecht (2 Bände. Leipzig, 1885), 380

Heyck, E., Die Mediceer (Leipzig, 1897), 651

Heyd, W., Levanthandel im Mittelalter (2 Bände. Stuttgart, 1879), 299

Heydemann, Phlyakendarstellungen (Jahrbuch des k. Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, 1886), 260

Heyer, F., Priesterschaft und Inquisition (Berlin, 1877), 237, 257

Hiekisch, C., Die Tungusen (St. Petersburg, 1879), 14, 84, 461

Hildebrands Zeitschrift. See Jahrbücher

Hildreth, R., History of the United States (New York, 1849), 49, 304

Hoensbroech, Graf von, Das Papstthum (Band I. Leipzig, 1901)

Holm, G., Angmagslikerne (Kjøbenhavn, 1887), 383, 422, 433, 441

Holub, E., Sieben Jahre in Süd-Afrika, 1872-1879 (2 Bände. Wien, 1881), 139, 269, 325, 438

Holub, E., Von der Capstadt ins Land der Maschukalumbe, 1883-1887 (2 Bände. Wien, 1890), 264, 269

Holzmann, A., Indische Sagen (2 Bände. Stuttgart, 1854), 204, 365, 388, 457, 640-641

Hontan. See Lahontan

Hopkins, E. W., The Religions of India (Boston, 1895), 224, 318, 393, 484, 486, 546, 553

Horn, F. W., Mennesket i den forhistoriske Tid (Kjøbenhavn, 1874), 130

Hostmann, F. W., De Beschaving van Negers in Amerika (Amsterdam, 1850), 270

Howitt, A. W., Native Tribes of South Eastern Australia (London, 1904), 131

Hubbard, G. G., The Japanese Nation (Smithsonian Report, 1895), 110, 667

Humbert, A., Japan and the Japanese (New York, 1874), 90, 318, 440

Hutchinson, H. N., The Living Races of Mankind (New York, 1902), 432

Ibn Batuta. See Batuta

Ibrahim Ibn Jakub, Sklavenlände (Geschichtschreiber der Deutschen Vorzeit, XXXIII)

von Ihering, R., The Evolution of the Aryan (trans.) (London, 1897), 326

Inderwyck, F. A., The King's Peace (London, 1895), 257

International Archiv für Ethnologie, 335

International Congress of Anthropologists (Chicago, 1893), 126

Iphigenia among the Taurians, 467

Iphigenia in Aulis, 14

Isidore of Seville, Sententiae (in Part IV of Institutiones Theologicae Antiquorum Patrum of Cardinal Tomasius), 291

Jackson, A. V. W., Zoroaster (London, 1899), 620

Jaeger, C., Ulms Leben im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1831), 530

Jahrbücher des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, 432, 447

Jahrbücher fur Nationalökonomie und Statistik, gegründet von B. Hildebrand, 293

JAI = Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, 4, 122, 125-127, 130, 138-151, 157, 182, 187, 264-268, 272-275, 314-317, 322-335, 339, 351, 353, 377, 382, 387, 390, 422-423, 433-442, 452-461, 484, 497, 501, 526, 546, 586

Janssen, J., Geschichte des Deutschen Volkes (8 Bände. Freiburg, 1892-1894), 241, 254-255, 370-371, 444, 531

JASB = Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay, 27, 153, 188, 318, 332, 353, 389, 516-517, 546

Jastrow, M., Religion of the Assyrians and Babylonians (in the supplementary volume of Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible)

Jastrow, I., and Winter, G., Zeitalter der Hohenstaufen, 1125-1273 (2 Bände. Stuttgart, 1897-1901), 222, 249

Jenks, E., Law and Politics of the Middle Ages (New York, 1898), 407

Jewish Encyclopedia (New York, 1905), 234, 487, 517, 614, 616

Johnston, Sir H., The Uganda Protectorate (2 vols. New York, 1902), 436-439

Jolly, J., Les Seconds Mariages (Paris, 1896), 392-393

Jolly, J., Recht und Sitte der Indo-Aryer (Strassburg, 1896), 153, 384-385, 389, 393

Jolly, J., Ueber die Rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den alten Indern (Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 1876), 384, 388

Josephus, F., Opera (Berlin, 1885-1895), 4, 615

Journal of the Ethnological Society, 339

Journal of Philology, 488

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 545

Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, 384

Julius Capitolinus, Life of Marcus Aurelius (in Scriptores Aug. Historiae) (Lipsiae, 1865), 292

Julleville, L. Petit de, La Comédie et les Mœurs en France au Moyen Age (Paris, 1886), 471-472, 593, 598, 600

Junker, W., Reisen in Afrika, 1875-1886 (3 Bände. Wien, 1875-1886), 147-148, 265, 266, 269, 453, 459, 461, 484, 516

Justi, F., Geschichte des alten Persiens (Berlin, 1879), 486

Juvenal, Satires, 208, 286, 318, 378, 379

Juynboll, T. W., Mohammedaansche Wet volgens de leer der Sjafi-itische School (Leiden, 1903), 301

Keane, A. H., Ethnology (Cambridge, 1896), 139

Keller, A. G., Homeric Society (New York, 1902), 390, 452, 465, 487, 517

Kingsley, M. H., Travels in West Africa (New York, 1897), 147, 269, 326, 337

Kingsley, M. H., West African Studies (New York, 1899), 145, 147, 269, 339, 345, 630

Klein, J. L., Geschichte des Dramas (Leipzig, 1866), 582, 588, 591

Klose, H., Togo (Berlin, 1899), 267

Klugmann, N., Die Frau im Talmud (Wien, 1898), 399

Knight, Mrs. S. K., Journey from Boston to New York in 1704 (New York, 1825), 304

Kohler, J., Zur Urgeschichte der Ehe (Stuttgart, 1897), 393

Kohler und Peiser, Aus dem Babylonischen Rechtsleben, 277, 388

Kolb [or Kolben], P., Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope (Mayor's Voyages, IV), 327

Kostomaroff, H., Domestic Life and Mores of the Great Russians in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (in Russian) (3rd ed. St. Petersburg, 1887), 489

Krasinski, Cossacks of the Ukrain (London, 1848), 527

Krauss, Volksglaube und Religiöser Brauch der Süd-Slaven (Münster, 1890), 518

von Kremer, A., Kulturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen (2 Bände. Wien, 1875-1877), 14, 302, 430, 455, 517

Krieger, M., Neu-Guinea (Berlin, 1899), 13, 314, 317, 358, 432, 500

Kubary, J., Die Socialen Einrichtungen der Pelauer (Berlin, 1885), 151, 358, 422, 454

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Kugler, B., Die Kreuzzüge (Berlin, 1880), 642

Lacroix, P., Manners, Customs, and Dress during the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance Period (London, 1876), 250, 599

Lacroix, P., et Seré, F., Le Moyen Age et la Renaissance (5 tomes. Paris, 1848-1851), 522

Lafitau, J. F., De Zeden der Wilden van Amerika, from the French (Amsteldam, 1751), 129

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Laing, S., The Heimskringla or Sagas of the Norse Kings, from the Icelandic of Snorre Sturlason (4 vols. London, 1889), 488

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Lane, E. W., The Thousand and One Nights (London, 1841), 517

von Langsdorff, G. H., Voyages and Travels in Various Parts of the World, 1803-1807 (Carlisle, 1817), 485

Lazarus (in Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie, I), 4, 60

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Lea, H. C., Sacerdotal Celibacy (Philadelphia, 1867), 225-229, 375, 391-392, 526, 617, 620, 623-624, 644

Lecky, W. E. H., History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne (3rd ed. New York, 1877), 47, 208, 218-219, 225, 235, 238-239, 291, 318-319, 361-362, 377, 390, 402, 415, 443, 498, 569, 583, 613-614

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Martins, J. P. Oliveira, As Raças humanas e a Civilisação Primitiva (Lisboa, 1881), 334, 544

Martins, J. P. Oliveira, Civilisação Iberica (Lisboa, 1885), 258

Masi, E., Storia del Teatro Italiano nel Secolo XVIII (Firenze, 1891), 601, 603

Mason, O. T. (Amer. Anthropologist, IX), 299

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Maspero, G., Peuples de l'Orient Classique (3 tomes. Paris, 1899), 10, 234, 236, 378, 397, 465, 485, 536, 541, 553-555, 562

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Migne, J. P., Patrologia Latina, 361, 369, 529, 572; Patrol. Graeca, 294

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Perelaer, M. T. H., Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dyaks (Zaltbommel, 1870), 274-275, 314, 339, 484

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Petermann's Mittheilungen, 382

[Peters, S.], A History of Connecticut (London, 1781), 528

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Petri, E., Exceptiones Legum Romanorum (in Appendix to Vol. II of Savigny, F. C., Röm. Recht im Mittelalter, Heidelberg, 1834), 409

Petrie, W. M. Flinders, Race and Civilization (Smithson. Report, 1895), 189, 630

Pfeil, J., Studien aus der Südsee (Braunschweig, 1899), 127, 152, 272, 314, 454, 497

Philo Judæus, The Contemplative Life, 294

Philology, The Journal of (Cambridge, England), 488

Piccolomini, Ænæas Silvius (Pope Pius II), Die Geschichte Kaiser Friedrichs des Dritten (übersetzt von Ilgen) (Leipzig, 1899), 409

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Pike, L. O., Crime in England (London, 1873-1876), 392

Pinkerton, J., Collection of Voyages (17 vols. 1808-1814), 268

Pischon, C. N., Der Einfluss des Islam auf das Leben seiner Bekenner (Leipzig, 1881), 204, 260, 302, 454, 517

Pliny, Naturalis Historia, 104, 175, 199, 208, 319, 365, 512

Plutarch, Lives of Illustrious Men, 378

Pöhlmann, R., Die Uebervölkerung der Antiquen Grossstädte (Leipzig, 1884), 103

Politisch-Anthropologische Revue, 385

Pollock, Sir F., and Maitland, F. W., English Law (Cambridge, 1895), 411

Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon (ed. Guerard) (Paris, 1844), 320

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Porphyrius, De Abstinentia, 26, 339

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Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology, 535

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von Prschewalsky, N., Reisen in der Mongolei, 1870-1873 (Jena, 1881), 154

Prutz, H., Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzüge (Berlin, 1883), 443

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PSM = Political Science Monthly

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Quintus Curtius Rufus. See Curtius

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RAS = Royal Asiatic Society

Ratzel, F., Anthropogeographie (Stuttgart, 1882-1891), 24

Ratzel, F., History of Mankind (trans. of Völkerkunde) (New York, 1896), 14, 26, 121-127, 322, 430, 438

Ratzel, F., Völkerkunde (3 Bände. Leipzig, 1885), 182, 188, 226, 263-265, 268, 272, 316-322, 336, 432, 442

von Räumer, F. L. G., Historisches Taschenbuch (Leipzig, 1te Folge, 1830-1839), 301, 524

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Reich, H., Der Mimus (Berlin, 1903), 11, 239, 448-449, 572-580, 582, 587, 589, 601

Reichel, O. J., Canon Law: I. Sacraments (London, 1896), 379

Renan, E., Averroes et l'Averroisme (Paris, 1861), 217, 246, 249, 253

Rerum Script. Ital. See Muratori

Retzius, G., Finska Kranier (Stokholm, 1878), 444

Revue de l'École d'Anthropologie de Paris, 368

Rheinisches Museum, 410

Ridgeway, W., The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards (Cambridge, 1892), 142-143, 153-154

Risley, H. H., Census of India, 1901: I, Ethnographic Appendices (Calcutta, 1903), 312, 499

Rockhill, W. W., Mongolia and Thibet in 1891-1892 (Washington, 1894, and Smithsonian Report for 1892, p. 659), 224, 338

Rockhill, W. W., trans. of William of Rubruck's Journey to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-1255 (Hakluyt Society, 2nd Series, No. 4. London, 1900), 332, 388, 423, 488

Rodbertus, Die agrarische Entwickelung Roms unter den Kaisern (Hildebrand's Jahrbücher, II, 206, and following articles), 293

Rogers, R. W., Babylonia and Assyria (New York, 1901), 9

Rohde, E., Psyche (2te Ausg. Freiburg, 1898), 514, 567, 612

Rohlfs, G., Reise durch Nord-Afrika von Tripoli nach Kuka (Gotha, 1868), 264

de Rojas. See Mabbe

Romaunt de la Rose, 216, 369. See Lorris

Rosenbaum, J., Die Lustseuche (Halle, 1892), 542

von Rosenberg, S. B. H., Reistochten naar de Geelvinkbaai op Nieuw Guinea, 1869-1870 ('s Gravenhage, 1875), 314

Rossbach, A., Römische Hochzeits- und Ehe-Denkmäler (Leipzig, 1871), 405

Rossbach, G. A. W., Die Römische Ehe (Stuttgart, 1853), 282, 409, 488

Rossbach, J. J., Geschichte der Familie (Nordlingen, 1859)

Roth, H. Ling, Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo (New York, 1896), 142, 149, 269, 274, 314, 339, 436, 526

Roth, H. Ling, The Aborigines of Tasmania (London, 1890), 125, 438

Roth, W. E., The Northwest Central Queensland Aborigines (Brisbane, 1897), 433

Rothe, T., Nordens Staatsverfassung vor der Lehnszeit (aus dem Dänischen. Leipzig, 1784-1789, 296)

Rousseau, J. B., Œuvres (IV, 305, trans. of Machiavelli's "Mandragore") (Paris, 1820)

Rubruck. See Rockhill

Rudeck, W., Geschichte der oeffentlichen Sittlichkeit in Deutschland (Jena, 1897), 184, 316, 320, 443, 475-478, 527, 530

Russian Ethnography: The Peoples of Russia (published by the Journal "Nations and Peoples," St. Petersburg, 1878) (in Russ.), 323, 326, 454, 456

de Saint Genois, J., Sur des Lettres Inédites de Jacques de Vitry écrites en 1216 (in Nouv. Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. de Belgique, XXIII, 1849), 215-216, 622-623

Salviani Opera Omnia (Vindobonae, 1883) (Corpus Script. Ecclesiast., VIII), 365, 529, 557, 559, 583-586

Sarassin, P. and F., Die Weddahs (Wiesbaden, 1893), 357, 484

Sarpi, Fra Paolo, Della Inquisizione di Venezia (in Vol. IV of his Opere), 230, 258-259

Savigny. See Petri

Schaafhausen, Menschenfresserei und das Menschenopfer (Archiv für Anthropologie, IV, 245), 329

von Schack, A. F., Dramatische Literatur und Kunst in Spanien (Frankfurt, 1854), 595

Schallmeyer, W., Vererbung und Auslese (Jena, 1903), 91, 440, 475, 549, 631

Scheltema, J., Volksgebruiken der Nederlanders bij het Vrijen en Trouwen (Utrecht, 1832), 527

Scherillo, M., La Commedia dell'Arte in Italia (Torino, 1884), 598, 601, 603

Scherr, J., Deutsche Frauenwelt (Leipzig, 1898), 196, 369, 442, 530, 590, 595

Scherr, J., Deutsche Kultur- und Sittengeschichte (Leipzig, 1879), 82, 184, 222, 255, 522, 530-531, 571

Schmidt, C., La Société Civile dans le Monde Romain et sa Transformation par le Christianisme (Strassbourg, 1853), 280, 289, 290, 572, 581, 583-584

Schmidt, E., Ceylon (Berlin, 1897), 273, 357, 440

Schoemann, G. F., Griechische Alterthümer (Berlin, 1897), 356

Schomburgk, R., Britisch Guiana in 1840-1844 (Leipzig, 1847), 131, 139, 182, 382, 501

Schotel, G. D. J., Het Oud-Hollandsch Huisgezin der Zeventiende Eeuw (Haarlem, 1867), 527

Schotmüller, K., Untergang des Templer-Ordens (Berlin, 1887), 23, 241, 257, 470

Schrader, E., The Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples (trans.) (London, 1890), 326, 553

Schultz, A., Das Höfische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger (Leipzig, 1879-1880), 369, 442, 469, 522-523, 531

Schultz, A., Deutsches Leben in XIVten und XVten Jahrhundert (Cited D. L.) (Leipzig, 1892), 184, 369-370, 422, 444, 599

Schultze, Psychologie der Naturvölker, 136, 140

Schurz, H., Entstehungsgeschichte des Geldes (Deutsche Geographische Blätter, XX, Bremen, 1897), 142, 144-154

Schwaner, C. A. L. M., Borneo (Amsterdam, 1853), 188, 274, 383, 459

Schweinfurth, G., The Heart of Africa (trans.) (New York, 1874), 147, 188, 302, 305, 439, 441, 462, 516

Scientific American, 130

Scribner's Magazine, 142, 441, 461

Scripta Historica Islandorum: II. Historiae Olavi Trygvii (Hafniae, 1827), 543

Seeck, G., Untergang der antiquen Welt (Berlin, 1895), 103-107

Selenka, E., Der Schmuck des Menschen (Berlin, 1900)

Semon, R., In the Australian Bush (New York, 1899), 435-436

Semper, K., Die Palau Inseln (Leipzig, 1873), 143, 151-152, 422-423, 436

Seneca, De Ira, 283, 319; Letters, 360, 379; Opera, 319

Serpa Pinto, Como eu atravassei Africa (London, 1881), 269, 337, 533

Seuberlich. See Nekrassow

Sibree, J., jr., The Great African Island (London, 1880), 484, 512, 516

Sieroshevski, V. L., Jakuty (in Russ.) (St. Petersburg, 1896), 326, 434, 461, 485

Sieroshevski, V. L., Twelve Years in the Country of the Yakuts (Polish version of the last with revision and additions) (Warsaw, 1900), 422, 495

Simkhovitsch, W. G., Die Feldgemeinschaft in Russland (Jena, 1898), 89

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Smith, W. Robertson, Kinship and Marriage in early Arabia (Cambridge, 1885), 488

Smith, W. Robertson, Religion of the Semites (London, 1894), 10, 26, 107, 333, 336, 340, 438, 449-450, 455-456, 459, 495, 505, 512, 517, 537, 540, 542, 551, 554-555, 567-568

Smithsonian Institute, Reports of the, 126-130, 152, 189, 270, 317, 324, 364, 442, 453, 485, 498

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 122

Smyth, R. B., The Aborigines of Victoria (Melbourne, 1878), 121, 124, 128, 316, 330, 333, 339, 501

Snouck-Hurgronje, C., De Atjehers (Leyden, 1894-1895), 314, 533

Snouck-Hurgronje, C., Mekka (Haag, 1889), 353, 364

Snyder, W. L., The Geography of Marriage (New York, 1889), 479

Sohm, R., Trauung und Verlobung (Weimar, 1876), 412

Southey, R., History of Brazil (London, 1822), 120, 332

Spencer, B., and Gillen, F. J., Native Tribes of Central Australia (New York, 1899), 316, 323, 436, 497

Spencer, H., Principles of Sociology (New York, 1905), 8

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Sprenger, A., Die Alte Geographie Arabiens (Berlin, 1875), 424

Sprenger, F. J., Malleus Maleficarum (Venici, 1576)

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Stengel, P., Die Griechischen Kultusalterthümer (München, 1898), 613

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Stiles, H. M., Bundling in America (Albany, 1869), 528

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Strange, Sir W. T., Hindu Law (London, 1830), 384

Strauss, A., Die Bulgaren (Leipzig, 1898), 367

Strong, J. C., Wakeenah and her People (New York, 1893), 271

Stubbs, W., Constitutional History of England (Oxford, 1874), 83

Stubbs, W., Select Charters (Oxford, 1874), 83

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Symonds, J. A. See Gozzi

Symonds, J. A., The Catholic Reaction (London, 1886), 47, 118, 258-259, 601, 645, 648

Symonds, J. A., The Renaissance in Italy (London, 1875), 217, 231, 643, 647-653

Symonds, J. A., trans. of the Life of B. Cellini (New York, 1888), 648-649

Tacitus, Germania, 319; Annals, 283, 319, 378, 577

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Tertullian, de Anima, 100; Apologia, 378; de Spectaculis, 570; ad Nationes, 570

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Thomae Aquinatis Opera Omnia jussu impensaque Leonis XIII, P. M. (Rome, 1892), 160, 193, 226, 243, 247, 595; also Opuscula Omnia (Paris, 1534), 299

Thomson, J., Illustrations of China (London, 1873), 434

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Times, The New York, 208, 218, 235, 326

Todd, J. H., Life of St. Patrick (Dublin, 1864), 526, 620

Tornauw, Das Moslimische Recht (Leipzig, 1855), 455

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Two Ways, The, 316. See Apostolic Constitutions

Tylor, E. B., Anthropology (New York, 1881), 120, 187

Tylor, E. B., Early History of Mankind (London, 1865), 125

Ueberweg, F., History of Philosophy (trans.) (New York, 1873), 613

Uhland, Geschichte der Dichtung und Sage (Stuttgart, 1865), 204, 370, 641

Umschau, Die, 91, 189, 358, 425, 483, 531

Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium libri novem, 364, 378, 541, 569

Vambery, H., Sittenbilder aus dem Morgenlande (Berlin, 1877), 303, 426, 455

Vanutelli, L., e Citerni, C., L'Omo (Milano, 1899), 145, 303, 322, 437

de Varnhagen, F. A., Historia Geral do Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, 1854-1857), 272

Venetian Ambassadors. See Alberi

Veth, P. J., Borneo's Wester-Afdeeling (Zaltbommel, 1856), 421, 501

Vinogradoff, P. G., Villainage in England (Oxford, 1892), 298

Vissering, W., On Chinese Currency (Leiden, 1877), 153

Vitry. See Saint Genois

Volkens, G., Der Kilimandscharo (Berlin, 1897), 148, 317, 339

Wachsmuth, Bauernkriege (Räumer, Hist. Taschenbuch, V), 83, 297

Waitz, F. T., Anthropologie (1859-1872), 139, 317, 432

Wallon, H. A., L'Esclavage dans l'Antiquité (Paris, 1847), 282-283, 289, 292

Weinhold, K., Die Deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter (Wien, 1882), 154, 204, 295, 319-320, 327, 370, 409-410, 412-413, 434, 442-443, 469, 488, 526, 529

Wellhausen, J., Die Ehe bei den Arabern (Göttingen, 1893), 320, 358, 363, 391, 488

Wellhausen, J., Skizzen und Vorarbeiten (Berlin, 1887), 429, 504-506, 562, 620

Wellsted, J. R., Travels in Arabia (London, 1837), 535

Westerhout, R. A., Het Geslachtsleven onzer Voorouders in de Middeleeuwen (Amsterdam, no date), 530

Westermarck, E., Human Marriage (London, 1891), 357, 481

Whitmarsh, H. P., The World's Rough Hand (New York, 1898), 333

Whitney, W. D., Language and the Study of Language (New York, 1867), 134-136, 139

Wiklund, K. B., Om Lapparna i Sverige (Stockholm, 1899), 14

Wilken, G. A., Huwelijks- en Erfrecht bei de Volken van Zuid Sumatra (Bijdragen tot T. L. en V.- kunde van Indie, XL), 273

Wilkins, D., Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae, 446-1717 (London, 1737), 299, 401, 408, 411-412

Wilkins, W. J., Modern Hinduism (London, 1887), 27, 62, 69, 224, 318, 340, 388, 442, 545, 588

Williams, S. W., The Middle Kingdom (New York, 1883), 275, 518

Wilson, C. T., and Felkin, R. W., Uganda and the Egyptian Sudan (London, 1882), 424, 436, 438-439

Wilutsky, P., Mann und Weib (Breslau, 1903), 382, 498

Winckler, H., Die Gesetze Hammurabis (Leipzig, 1902), 234, 277, 385

Winter, E. See Jastrow, J.

Wisen, T., Om Qvinnan i Nordens Forntid (Lund, 1870), 402

Wissowa, G., Religion und Kultus der Römer (München, 1892), 568

Wobbermin, G., Beeinflussung des Urchristenthums durch das Mysterienwesen (Berlin, 1896), 567

Woodford, C. M., A Naturalist among the Headhunters (London, 1890), 150, 187, 325

Wüllestorff und Urbair, Reise der Novara um die Erde, 1857-1859 (Wien, 1861-1865), 316

Wundt, W., Ethik (Stuttgart, 1892), 424

Xenophon, Economicus, 360; Symposium, 587

Xiphilin, The History of Dio Cassius abridged (trans. by Dr. Manning) (London, 1704), 208

Yriarte, C., La Vie d'un Patricien de Venise (Paris, 1874), 149, 189, 259

Yule, H., Mission to Ava in 1855 (London, 1858), 488

Yule, H., The Book of Ser Marco Polo (London, 1903), 149

Zappert, G., Das Badewesen (Archiv für Kunde oesterreichischer Geschichtsquellen, XXI), 443

de Zarate, A. Gil, Literatura Española (Madrid, 1874), 596

Zay, E., Histoire Monétaire des Colonies Françaises (Paris, 1892), 145

Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 25, 269, 314, 332, 435, 440

Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft, 368, 454

Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie, 4

Zeitschrift für Volkskunde, 82

Zimmer, H., Altindisches Leben (Berlin, 1879), 315, 326, 353, 388, 428, 486

INDEX

A posteriori, 519

Abandonment, of infants, 320; of old things, 324, 326; of the weak, 327

Abduction, 365, 384

Abelard, 228

Aberrations, 100, 102, 115, 149, 219, 220, 260, 534, 547, 579, 611

Abolition, 89-90, 92-93, 99, 111, 114, 165, 168, 178, 211, 478

Abomination, 109, 230, 233, 235, 238, 240, 314, 329, 336, 339, 357, 373, 430, 451, 473, 480, 487, 490, 530, 539, 556, 567, 628

Aborigines, 109, 112, 121, 126, 128, 139, 140, 314, 433, 440, 445, 501

Abortion, 106, 308-320, 327-328

Abuse, 58, 77, 92, 99, 102, 105-106, 114, 167, 170-171, 209, 218, 223, 238, 252, 259-260, 355, 367, 388, 471, 521-524, 634

Accident, 9, 24, 68, 135, 441, 445, 489, 573

Accursed man, 245

Accused, the, 250, 254, 523

Achievement, 99, 101, 106, 118, 132, 162, 478

Adaptation, 58, 73, 90, 95, 100, 120-121, 127

Adjustment, 58-59, 78-79, 81, 83, 100, 113, 312, 396, 419, 539; of inbreeding and outbreeding, 350

Admired, desire to be, 426; not to be, 428

Adoption, 12, 110, 118, 122, 615

Adultery, 69, 190, 334, 358, 360, 369, 378, 380-381, 390, 403, 424, 467, 501, 529, 574, 581-582, 652; of man, 378, 403, 413

Advance, 100-102, 604, 630; or decline, 99, 102

Affectation, 57, 93, 175, 194, 197, 199-200, 220

Affection, 182, 219, 268, 284, 320, 331, 358, 422, 523; conjugal, 361-366, 371, 403, 461

Affinity, 397, 480, 488

Aged, the, 308-309, 322-327, 460; two mores as to, 321-323; respect for, 321, 326; beg for death, 325; beg for delay, 325-326; are spared, 328

Agency, 25, 432, 501, 519, 537

Agitation, 51-52, 76, 113-114, 178

Aleatory element, the, 6, 11, 144, 313, 321-322, 396, 509, 519

Alexander of Macedon, 236, 504, 577

Alexander Severus, 288, 443

Alexander II, 89-90

Alexander IV, 254

Alexander VI, 11, 255, 598, 650

Ambassador, 189. See Alberi in List of Books Cited

America, 111, 113, 126, 167, 271, 275, 382, 434, 454, 460, 528, 549

Amulets, 142, 146, 148, 155, 429, 437-438, 446, 449, 512, 516-517, 546

Amusement, 35, 84, 100, 116, 193, 195, 470, 533, 545, 560, 572-573, 577, 583-586, 599, 600, 603-605; a pitfall, 603; and religion, 607; renounced, 609; vicious, 583

Ancestors, 13, 35, 55, 79, 85, 88, 101, 116, 134, 235, 382, 385, 430, 476, 561-563

Andamanese, 149, 316, 322, 421, 453, 459, 461

Anglo-American colonies, 304, 393

"Animalism, blank," 650

Animals, 181-182, 190, 357; sacred, 336; trained for the chase, 120

Antagonistic coöperation, 16-18, 49, 346

Antidivorce, 115

Anti-hero, 597

Antiochus Epiphanes, 615

Antipolygamy, 115

Antisensuality, 538

Antisocietal, 500

Apostles, 215, 221, 224, 243, 469, 524, 626

Appetite, 21, 31, 99, 329-330, 346, 545, 550, 552, 607-608, 612, 647

Arabs, 14, 188, 264-265, 334, 340, 350, 358, 363, 386, 391, 398, 423, 428, 455, 459, 462, 488, 495, 505, 507, 512, 517, 555, 557, 562

Arbitrariness, 92, 94, 107, 113, 115, 426

Arguments, fashion in, 193

Aristocracy, 45, 77, 94-95, 163-164, 168, 176, 183-184, 188, 286, 302, 376, 387, 505, 564

Aristotle, 51, 278-279, 299, 315, 359, 424, 602

Armengol, 152, 422-423

Arms swinging, 192

Art, 5, 24, 39, 41, 70, 93, 97, 101-104, 117-118, 124-128, 131-132, 201, 206, 232, 266, 638, 645; æsthetic, 426, 447, 450, 474, 516; of living, 45, 81, 418, 451-452; of criticism, 47; of the theater, 565

Artifacts, 119, 123-124, 126-127, 132-133, 450

Artisans, 35, 47, 73, 83, 95, 100, 168, 276, 283, 285, 288-289, 291, 294

Arts, 111, 121, 131-133, 160, 175-176, 193-194, 224, 589, 598, 609, 643; lost, 126; mechanic, 112, 604; fine, 135, 604, 627; of fishing, 123; the stage of the, 311-312; advance in the, 321, 327; ecclesiastical, 617

Asceticism and Ascetics, 101, 116, 160, 204-205, 212, 219-220, 224-225, 242, 294-295, 340, 378, 380, 390, 401, 604, 606, 608, 610-622, 626-627

Association, 57, 60-62, 110, 171, 288, 435, 493, 499, 526, 566, 593, 613, 648

Atellan, 234, 447, 569, 578, 581

Augustinian Hermits, 216, 624

Augustus, 101, 199, 280, 283, 288, 378, 543

Australia and Australian, 109, 119, 121, 124, 131, 187, 316, 322, 330, 332, 339, 346, 421, 436, 483, 497

Autocracy, 77, 88-89, 192, 244

Autos-de-fe, 252

Auto-suggestion, 19, 24, 201, 219, 633

Babylon, 465, 538, 541, 551, 575

Bagdad, 249, 430

Baluchistan, 499

Banishment, 209, 232, 333, 482, 486, 502, 507

Banking, 54, 169, 178, 193, 195

Barbarian, 14, 54, 100-101, 111, 116, 125, 397, 425-426, 445, 460, 467-468, 474, 487, 534, 562, 576, 586, 629

Barbaro, 186, 211, 257, 264-265, 276, 292, 295. See Alberi in List of Books Cited

Barbers of Bombay, 172

Bareheaded, improper for women, 456

Barter, 142-144, 147, 149, 155

Basivis. See Fawcett in List of Books Cited

Basochiens, 594

Bastardizing, 648

Bath, Bathing, 70, 100, 185, 420, 430, 436, 440, 442-445, 451-452, 454, 511, 514

"Beasts," 546

Beat wives, 364, 370

Beauty, 159, 187-189, 191-192, 343, 365, 394, 446, 455, 518, 627, 644, 650; attracts evil eye, 517

Beget, compelled to, 399

Beghards, 217

"Benefit of marriage," 390

Bernard Delicieux, 217

Berry jam, 140

Betrothal, 358, 360, 382-383, 389, 398-399, 406, 410-412, 454

Bible, 68-69, 81, 94, 109-110, 117, 154, 175-176, 234, 236, 277, 313, 335, 340, 356, 363-364, 377, 391, 398-399, 401, 414, 430-431, 455-456, 487, 499, 502-503, 513, 515, 518, 526, 540, 542-543, 551, 553-555, 565, 567, 614-616

Bigamy, 414

Biologs, 578-580, 582, 588, 596

Birth, 67, 196, 317, 320, 354, 383, 389, 432, 434

Bishops, 226, 237, 242, 249, 460, 616, 642

Black Death, 213

Blood, 218, 235, 243, 254, 337-338, 353-354, 451, 469, 472, 479-480, 484, 491, 496, 502, 505, 511, 541, 555, 570, 575, 583, 607, 650; lust of, 247, 250; seat of the soul or life, 336; avenger of, 502; nuptial, 511, 541; atonement, 506; feud, 499, 501-502, 504-508; guilt, 333, 502, 505, 650; money, 502; revenge, 334, 467, 496, 498-500, 501-502, 504-508

Bloodthirst, 182, 464, 570

Body, the, 103-104, 189, 315, 424, 428-429, 431-434, 440, 443, 445-446, 451, 455, 515, 582, 612-613

Bombaria, 599

Bonaventura, 217, 247, 624

Bond, 352, 357

Boniface VIII, 259, 625

Book of Covenants, 277

Book of Henoch, 431

Book of Jubilees, 431

Books of beggars, 598

Borgia (see Alexander VI, 586); Cesare, 64, 519, 598; Lucrezia, 598

Borneo, 150, 269, 274, 304, 439, 442, 446

Boss, 48, 180

Boys, 354, 367; vs. girls, 456, 518

Brazil, 122, 138-139, 271, 323, 325, 332, 446, 501

Breed in and out, 116, 492

Breeding, 17, 60, 106-108, 192, 316, 350, 421, 431, 454, 461, 472, 481, 490

Bride, 188-189, 366, 367, 397-398, 408, 410, 413, 456, 484-486, 516, 518; must weep, 367-368; attendants of the, 366; blows on a, 516; her mother killed and eaten, 338

Bridegroom, 366, 370, 397-398, 408, 410, 518; is ashamed, 367

Bride-price, 154, 311-312, 317

Brothels, 208, 256, 370, 529-530

Brothers of the Free Spirit, 218

Buckley, 128

Buddhism, 73, 111, 117, 149, 159, 318, 510

Bull-baiting, 560, 586

Bulls of popes, 248-249, 259, 590

Bundling, 525-529

Burlesque, 572-573, 578, 582, 590, 594; opera, 185

Burning, as penalty, 59, 212, 233-234, 237-239, 243-247, 254, 290, 336, 470-471, 486, 524, 555, 637; the dead, 332; widows, 388

Bushmen, 24-26, 137, 264, 268-269, 326, 346, 422

Bustle, 190, 428

Byzantine empire, 99-100, 239, 449, 571, 587

Cacare, 445

Cæsar, Julius, 286, 288, 519

Calamity, 100, 210-211, 213, 235, 239, 300, 313, 482, 486, 515, 519, 552, 555, 608, 610, 617, 648

Calandra, 596

Caligula, 234, 286

Caliphs, 430, 504-505

Calisto e Melibœa, 596

Cannibalism, 13, 316, 325-326, 329, 336-341, 418, 451, 480, 546

Cantelupe, Walter de, 411

Cantica, 586

Capital, 8, 9, 26, 83, 89, 162-163, 169, 184, 285, 310, 352, 376-377, 439, 643-644

Carolina, the, 254

Caroline Archipelago, 123, 340, 516, 533

Carthage, 62, 81, 148, 183, 282, 541-543, 556, 559, 586

Cat knight, 599

Catholicity, 15, 221-222, 244, 258, 503, 531

Cato the younger, 378, 569

Cavalier servente, 200

Cellini, 650

Centuries (before Christ): twenty-third, 504, 552; twelfth, 446; tenth, 557; ninth, 615; eighth, 554; seventh, 234, 555; sixth, 566, 613; fifth, 108, 467-468, 510, 565, 576, 612; fourth, 104, 107, 109, 180, 468, 510, 566, 578, 612; third, 409, 568, 580, 583, 612; second, 105, 281, 468, 557, 568, 580, 612; first, 281, 288, 294, 468, 569, 580, 612, 615; time of Christ, 565-566, 614, 617; (after Christ): first, 104, 284, 287, 289, 365, 569, 588, 617, 642; second, 101, 104, 239, 285, 287-289, 339, 550, 556, 569-570, 605, 617, 642; third, 224, 239, 293, 399, 525, 550, 577, 581, 586, 618, 642; fourth, 82, 96, 199, 204, 219, 225, 237-239, 243, 289, 292-294, 319, 390, 404, 525, 550, 572, 577, 581-582, 618-620; fifth, 82, 108, 199, 204, 215, 225-226, 238, 294, 447, 529, 578, 582-583, 620, 623; sixth, 204, 211, 405, 526, 586-587, 590; seventh, 204, 211, 239, 276, 443, 587, 589; eighth, 211, 239, 298, 301, 408, 443, 586, 590; ninth, 211, 239, 298, 334-335, 406-408, 530, 586, 590-591, 620; tenth, 211, 221, 430, 543, 591, 620; eleventh, 180, 221-222, 225, 229, 238, 240, 244, 392, 407, 409-410, 462, 581, 591, 620; twelfth, 180, 223, 238, 240, 244, 247, 253, 258, 298, 335, 370, 407, 410-411, 412-413, 423, 488, 526, 591-592, 620, 641; thirteenth, 88, 180, 214-216, 222, 226-227, 231, 241, 243-246, 248-249, 257, 298-300, 332, 336, 369-370, 413, 442-444, 460, 462, 471, 524, 531, 593, 595, 597, 621-625; fourteenth, 165, 180-181, 227, 251-253, 257, 264, 299-300, 369, 413, 442, 530-531, 586, 593-597, 599, 626, 633; fifteenth, 118, 161, 184, 189, 199, 230, 250, 252-253, 255-256, 298-300, 369-370, 413, 442, 469, 472, 531, 586, 589, 593-597, 599, 626, 644, 653; sixteenth, 86, 96, 118, 180, 189, 196-197, 199, 229-231, 254, 257, 271, 290, 299-300, 304, 320, 335, 371, 397, 400, 413-415, 442-444, 450, 460, 469-470, 524, 530-531, 540, 595-598, 600-602, 603, 627, 644-645, 653; seventeenth, 21, 79, 86-87, 94, 96, 165, 190, 200, 230, 235, 254, 263, 299-300, 367, 385, 388, 392, 416, 442, 444, 448, 470, 488, 521,527-528, 601-603; eighteenth, 21, 48, 148, 165, 168, 190, 197, 207-208, 254, 272, 299, 306, 367, 392, 407, 409, 416, 478, 523, 527-528, 602; nineteenth, 44, 59, 89, 153, 166, 169-170, 191, 229-230, 270, 272, 304, 306, 338, 353, 358, 367, 371, 388-389, 416, 448, 462, 485, 505, 529, 531, 544, 557, 586-587, 632-633; twentieth, 455

Centuries, 221, 230; the fourth to the twelfth, 243; the thirteenth to the seventeenth, 247; the last three before Christ, 105; the early Christian, 100, 103; the fourth to the sixteenth, 407

Ceylon, 143, 273, 439

Chaldea, 36, 349, 378, 388, 397, 550, 552-553, 562

Charles II, 257, 561

Charles V, 249, 647

Charles VII, 443

Charms, 150, 393-394, 466, 517

Chastity, 231, 356, 360-361, 418-421, 473, 613-614; pre-nuptial, 359; for men, 359, 361

Chauvinism, 15, 74

Chevaliers transis, 199

Child, 315, 317, 366, 384, 394, 441, 454, 479, 511, 513, 544

Child bearing, 269, 313, 315-316, 331, 366, 399, 441, 458, 473, 493, 497, 511-513

Children, 11-12, 30, 60, 84, 105-106, 108, 112, 116, 136, 183, 187, 205, 210-211, 214, 268-270, 273, 308-319, 345-354, 378, 383, 390, 396, 406, 424, 428, 440-441, 447-449, 451-452, 473-476, 492-497, 506-518, 534, 551-556, 559, 562, 583, 589-590, 615-616, 628-629, 632; of priests, 229; of popes, 256; of slaves, 273, 301-302; the owner of one's own, 355, 428, 440-441, 447, 449, 451-452

China, 14, 71, 73, 108, 122, 132, 151, 153, 218, 273, 275, 318, 334-335, 375, 451, 453, 459-461, 518, 549

Chiusi, the Count of, 216, 623

Chosen people, 14

Chrysostom, John, 191, 290, 294, 361, 582

Church, 69, 71, 82-83, 87-88, 94, 103, 116-117, 160, 180-181, 183, 191, 204-230, 237-238, 242-260, 290, 297, 319, 370, 375, 380, 382, 385, 391, 400, 402, 404, 406, 411-416, 449, 460, 567, 582, 585, 590-592, 595, 598-599, 617-620, 622-624, 626, 629, 635, 643-644; plays in, 593, 595; said to allow harlots, 529; teachings of the, 240, 246, 248, 260; what it accomplished, 230; the Spanish, 258; character and corruption of the, 256; fathers of the, 208, 240, 530; policy of the, 222; at the church door, 326

Cicisbeo, 200

Cistellaria, 543

Civilization, 6, 14, 26, 31, 35, 48, 54-55, 66, 78, 81, 86, 89, 99, 106-108, 110-111, 123, 156, 158, 164, 183, 192, 206, 211, 229-232, 236, 244, 264-266, 272, 294, 307, 310, 314, 322-327, 347-352, 355-358, 375, 387, 394-396, 413, 470, 480, 494, 498, 506-507, 519, 525, 536, 550, 563, 590, 592, 609, 630-632, 635-639

Clan, 354, 498

Class, and classes, 39-53, 65-78, 86, 95-99, 107, 116, 163-179, 194-207, 223, 229, 266-288, 294-295, 361-385, 403-425, 440, 451, 461-479, 518-528, 559-579, 592, 644; ruling, 165, 175-179, 246-250; upper and lower, 360, 376, 386, 389, 404, 409-413, 526-527, 645; middle, 166, 169, 371, 376, 415, 452; envy, 595; the lowest has the evil eye, 517; the cultured and leading, 45-49, 62-65, 71, 88-100, 572-573, 582, 592, 594, 603; the lowest free, 371, 385, 404-405, 422, 543

Clay-waggon, 588

Clean and unclean, 509, 511-513, 515, 611, 653

Clement V, 212, 257, 299, 524

Clement VII, 649

Cloistering women, 386, 515

Cluny, 222-223

Code, 59-78, 85-86, 95-109, 163-175, 198-207, 234-249, 313, 322, 360-375, 381-386, 408-422, 451-463, 471-475, 541, 565, 574, 631-653

Colonies, 78, 86, 108, 162, 167, 523, 528, 571

Colonna, Vittoria, 651

Combination, 17-20, 111, 132-134, 200, 354, 489, 611

Comedy, 38, 227, 238, 448-451, 574-575, 591-602, 652; classical, 594, 599, 603

Commedia del arte, 600-602

Commensality, 456, 495

Commerce, 49, 63, 74, 163-164, 216, 224, 228, 270, 278, 284-285, 474, 615, 627

Common man, the, 170

Competition, 17, 29, 92, 193; of life, 16, 29, 39, 85, 163-164, 197, 265-266, 327

Composition, 356; of quarrel, 150; by payments, 499, 501, 507

Concubinage, 116, 227, 256, 318, 376, 404-406, 414, 626

Concubines, 227-228, 277, 297, 301-303, 367, 374-375, 390-399, 403, 551, 652; clerical, 227, 230, 256

Conditions, 38-55, 63-68, 72-80, 84-90, 95-102, 109-118, 131, 158-166, 178, 258, 267, 292, 319-327, 348-359, 373-382, 396-399, 419, 424, 543, 552, 624, 636, 646; of human life, 464, 499, 540

Congo, 145, 187, 268, 330-331

Congo, the French, 334, 339

Conjugal love, 364

Conjuncture, 51, 53, 75, 85, 99, 101, 124, 163, 312, 319, 395, 552, 580

Conrad, Bishop of Hildesheim, 242

Conrad of Marburg, 611

Conservatism, 45, 80, 107, 163, 250, 534

Constantine, 234, 290-291, 319, 443, 541, 572, 584, 618

Constantinople, 589; Council of, 225

Constitutio de Nuptiis, 408

Constitution, 50, 65, 166, 222, 525

Consummation of marriage, 389, 397-399, 401, 409, 412-414, 458; deferred, 366

Contagion, 50, 116, 131, 152, 196, 210, 219, 509-510

Conventionalization, 22, 68-70, 185, 348, 538, 545, 547-548, 551-552

Conventions, 143, 193, 363, 419, 421, 445-447, 493, 565, 570, 574, 597, 652

Conventuals, 216, 625

Convictions, 29, 32, 59, 98, 105-106, 114-118, 170, 200, 219, 250, 361, 475, 494, 559, 606-607, 627, 644

Coöperation, 15-20, 28, 35, 47, 53, 61, 79, 90, 132-134, 140-141, 205, 219, 231, 305-306, 347, 349, 396, 415, 548, 629

Corporation, 96, 375, 468, 502

Correlation, 9-12, 403; of dress and chastity, 419; of goodness and happiness, 593

Corruption, 69, 88, 102, 170, 181, 318, 360, 370, 375, 420, 552-557, 570, 581, 584, 609, 623, 627

Council of Trent, 407, 414-415

Council of Trullanum, 443

Counter suggestion, 92

Country, new, 80, 162, 164, 376, 634

Courtesan, 100, 256, 426, 457, 541, 545, 548-549, 568, 588

Cranmer, Thomas, 229

Credit, 36, 54, 144, 161, 224, 263, 267, 276, 296, 304, 456

Criticism, 22-24, 55, 73-74, 76, 95, 102, 108, 118, 171, 179-180, 185, 195, 205, 222-223, 230, 449, 465-467, 476, 508, 524, 530, 547, 568, 603, 625, 632-635

Crosses, yellow, 251-252

Crowd, 15-21, 24, 47, 214-215, 220, 242, 368, 370, 570, 572-574, 581-582, 587-588, 592-593, 609, 623

Crucifix, 23, 176, 450-451, 472

Cruelty, 72, 182, 239-240, 250, 256-257, 269, 271, 324, 471, 522-523, 539, 569-571, 583, 618, 621, 626

Crusades, 10, 58, 87, 205-214, 223-224, 370, 443, 469-470, 474, 636, 642; children's, 214

Cullagium, 227

Custom, 4-12, 25, 30, 35, 45, 54-58, 76-82, 90-91, 109, 116, 131, 135, 143, 184-185, 190, 197, 202, 238, 242, 247

Cynicism, 198, 227, 569, 618

Dance, 111, 135, 152, 191, 195, 211-213, 425-426, 436-438, 446, 449, 457-458, 469, 526-527, 533-534, 545, 548, 561-564, 568-569, 575, 583, 588-599

Dandy, 188-189, 573, 579

Darwin, Charles, 47

Darwinians, 632

Daughter-in-law, 367

Daughters, 27, 145, 202, 234, 320, 358, 363, 397, 418, 421-423, 483-489, 491, 497, 542, 546, 555; love for, 356; are wealth, 273, 317; are sold, 275, 277, 312, 355; many are a curse, 312

Dead, the, 26, 29, 108, 146, 195, 243, 393, 469, 506, 512, 514, 613, 621

Debt, 89, 144, 151, 156, 178, 263-269, 272-276, 300; slavery, 267-269, 273

Deceased wife's sister, 480, 501-502, 506

Decency, 57, 69, 171, 195, 231, 418-445, 451-456, 469-473, 521, 544-545, 575-577, 595-598; and dress, 436, 443; lacking, 435-436; impossible, 441

Decent and indecent, 545-551, 565-572, 585-590, 608

Decrees of Trent, 415

Decretals of Gratian. See Corpus Juris Canonici in List of Books Cited

Decretals, the pseudo-Isidorian, 237

Deformation, 183, 189-192, 203, 429, 573, 575, 597

Degrees of suspicion, 253

Deioces, 430

Deities, women offensive to, 512

Delicieux, Bernard, 217, 241, 625

Delusion, 32, 57, 101, 163, 181, 210-221, 231, 553, 633

Democracy, 63, 76, 88, 98, 102-106, 163, 176-180, 194, 206, 220, 230, 278, 300, 376, 468, 579, 630-632, 637

Demonax, 571

Demonism, 81, 100-101, 116, 211, 237, 397, 509-519, 520, 531-532, 562, 567, 620

Demons, 176, 218, 237-239, 262, 353, 397, 446-447, 548, 564, 567, 577, 590, 608, 612

Density of population, 502, 540

Desires, 146, 154, 178, 200, 204, 208, 214, 230, 237, 240, 346, 355, 393, 401, 422, 607, 617, 627, 632, 647

Despotism, 64, 218, 249, 254, 286, 302, 505

Dexterities, 2, 5, 119, 129, 132, 203, 629

Dickens, Charles, 179

Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 597

Digest in the Corpus Juris Civilis, 240, 284-289, 293, 360

Dionysus, servants of, 449

Directorium inquisitorum, 257

Discipline, 12-13, 47-48, 53, 60-72, 92, 112, 121, 205, 212, 217, 220-222, 231-233, 242, 255-256, 390, 396, 483, 495, 522, 532, 562, 593, 607, 617, 625-626, 638

Disease, 27, 50, 80-81, 102, 112, 114, 142, 146, 152, 171, 192, 210, 219, 440, 500, 509-511, 523, 531, 536, 628, 630

Disillusion, 178, 380

Disorder, 56, 90, 100-101, 590

Dissent, 75, 95-96, 107, 174, 192, 215, 220-221, 232-233, 255-256, 530, 569

Dissenter, 95-97, 195, 200, 222, 230, 232, 235, 241-249, 255, 259-260, 621

Distinction, 142, 182-183, 186, 192, 202-203, 219, 648

District, the Fifth, of Maryland, 115

Dithyrambics, 77, 163

Divarra, 150

Divorce, 84, 115, 117, 198, 342, 353, 360, 377-381, 400, 413, 416, 424, 551

Doctrines and mores, 46; Jeffersonian, 51

Documents, 403, 405, 642

Dogma, 59, 65, 84-86, 93-94, 97, 100, 118, 213, 221, 227-228, 260, 266, 306, 400, 450, 465, 469, 503, 509-510, 513, 515, 519-520, 537, 585, 591, 605, 607, 626