INDEX
Reading edition
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
Actinolite, 120
Adobe, 210
Agate, 107
Agate, moss, 73, 108
Alabaster, 152
Albertite, 229
Albite, 110, 113, 115
Almandine, 97
Almandite, 122, 123
Aluminum bronze, 74
Aluminum group, 73
Amazon stone, 114
Amber, 223
Amethyst, 104
Amethyst, Oriental, 75
Amianthus, 120
Amphibole group, 119
Amygdoloid, 194
Amygdoloidal, 176
Analcite, 141
Andesite, 113, 187
Andradite, 122, 124
Anglesite, 62
Anhydrite, 149
Anorthite, 110, 113
Anorthosite, 183
Anthracite, 218, 222
Antimony, 81
Antimony, gray, 81
Apatite, 160
Aquamarine, 125
Aragonite, 147
Argentite, 35
Argillite, 242
Arkose, 206
Arsenic group, 78
Arsenopyrite, 79
Asbestos, 120, 140
Augite, 118
Aventurine, 104
Azurite, 46
B
Barite, 154
Barium group, 154
Basalt, 188
Batholith, 174
Bauxite, 77
Beryl, 125
Beryl, golden, 125
Beryllium, 125
Bibliography, 270
Biotite, 129, 130
Bitumen, 228
Black jack, 65
Bloodstone, 106
Bog lime, 213
Bombs, 191
Boracite, 164
Borax, 165
Bornite, 41
Brass, 64
Breccia, 191, 198
Brittania metal, 81
Bronze, 38
Bronze Age, 38
Bronzite, 118
Bytownite, 113
C
Calamine, 68
Calaverite, 30
Calcite, 144
Calcium, 143
Carbon, 156
Carbonite, 222
Carbuncle, 124
Carnelian, 106
Carnotite, 90
Cassiterite, 93
Cat’s eye, 104
Celestite, 153
Cerargyrite, 37
Cerrusite, 61
Ceylonite, 97
274
Chalcedony, 104, 106
Chalcocite, 42
Chalcopyrite, 40
Chalcotrichite, 45
Chalk, 213
Chert, 107
Chlorite, 140
Chlorospinel, 98
Chromite, 87
Chromium, 86
Chrysocola, 47
Chrysolite, 134, 140
Chrysoprase, 106
Cinnabar, 91
Cinnamon stone, 123
Citrine, 103
Clay, 207
Clay, ball, 208
Clay, brick, 209
Clay, china, 208
Clay, fire, 208
Clay, paving brick, 209
Clay, sewer-pipe, 209
Clay, slip, 209
Clay, stoneware, 209
Clay stones, 250
Cleavage, 21
Cleavage, slaty, 234
Coal, 217
Coal, bituminous, 212, 220
Coal, cannel, 221
Coal, hard, 222
Coal, soft, 220
Cobalt, 84
Cobalt bloom, 85
Cobalt glance, 85
Cobalt gray ore, 85
Cobaltite, 83
Coke, 220
Colemanite, 165
Collecting, 5, 7
Color, 23
Concretions, 248
Concretions, flint, 253
Concretions, lime, 251
Concretions, other, 255
Concretions, sandstone, 253
Conglomerate, 202
Copper, 37, 39
Copper, blushing, 42
Copper, glance, 42
Copper, grey, 43
Copper, peacock, 42
Copper, plush, 45
Copper, purple, 41
Copper, red, 44
Copper, variegated, 42
Copper, yellow, 40
Coquina, 213
Coral, 146
Coral rock, 214
Corundum, 75
Crude oil, 227
Cryolite, 78
Crystal balls, 101
Crystal formation, 14
Crystal rock, 103
Crystal structure, 11
Crystal systems, 13-18
Cuprite, 44
Cyanite, 128
D
Dacite, 187
Dense, 176
Diamond, 157
Diamonds, Matura, 127
Diamonds, slave’s, 133
Diatoms, 231
Dikes, 174
Diorite, 182
Dog-tooth spar, 145
Dolomite, 99
Dry bone, 68
E
Earth, diatomaceous, 23
Elements, listed, 267
Emerald, 125
Emerald, Oriental, 75
Emery, 76
Enstatite, 117
Epidote, 134
Equipment, 7
Erubescite, 42
Extrusive, 173
F
Feldspar, 110
Feldspar, alkalic, 111
Felsite, 186
Felsitic, 176
Ferromanganese, 70
Flagstone, 207
Flint, 106
275
Fluorine, 162
Fluorite, 162
Fossils, 266
Fragmental, 176
Franklinite, 69
Freestone, 207
G
Gabbro, 183
Galena, 60
Garnet group, 121
Garnet, Sirian, 123
Geodes, 255
German silver, 82
Gilsonite, 229
Glassy, 176
Glucinum, 125
Gneiss, 237
Goethite, 51, 52
Gold, 31
Gold foil, 64
Gold group, 29
Gossan, 50
Granite, 178
Granite, graphic, 179
Granitoid, 176
Graphite, 156, 219
Gravel, 201
Graywacke, 206
Grit, 206
Grossularite, 122, 123
Guano, 230
Gumbo, 210
Gypsum, 150
H
Halite, 163
Hardness, 20
Hardpan, 216
Heavy spar, 154
Heliotrope, 106
Hematite, 53
Hemihedral forms, 19
Hercynite, 98
Hexagonal system, 18
Hornblende, 121
Hornstone, 107
Hyacinth, 127
Hypersthene, 118
I
Ice, 167
Iceland spar, 145
Ice stone, 78
Ilmenite, 94
Intrusive, 174
Iron, 47
Iron, bog, 50
Iron, chromic, 87
Iron, magnetic, 54
Iron pyrites, 56
Iron, spathic, 55
Iron, specular, 53
Isometric system, 13
J
Jacinth, 127
Jargons, 127
Jargoons, 127
Jasper, 106
Jet, 222
K
Kaolin, 137, 208
Kaolinite, 137
L
Labels, 5
Labradorite, 113, 116
Laccolith, 174
Lapilli, 191
Lava, 173
Lead, 59
Lead glance, 60
Lead, green ore, 63
Lead, white ore, 61
Lepidolite, 129, 130
Lignite, 218, 219
Limestone, 212
Limestone, encrinal, 214
Limestone, hydraulic, 214
Limestone, lithographic, 214
Limonite, 49, 51
Loess, 210
Luster, 23
M
Magma, 173
Magnesite, 98
Magnesium group, 96
Magnetite, 54
Malachite, 45
Malanite, 124
Malta, 229
Manganese group, 70
Manganite, 72
Marble, 243
Marble, Suisun, 146
276
Marcasite, 57
Marl, 211
Mercury, 90
Meteorites, 262
Mica group, 128
Microcline, 113, 114
Millerite, 83
Mineral tables, 25
Minerals, defined, 10
Molybdenite, 81
Molybdenum, 80
Monoclinic system, 17
Monzonite, 181
Morion, 103
Mother-of-pearl, 148
Muscovite, 129
N
Natrolite, 142
Natural gas, 227
Needle iron stone, 52
Niccolite, 83
Nickel, copper, 83
Nickel group, 82
O
Obsidian, 191
Ochre red, 54
Ochre yellow, 49
Oligoclase, 113, 115
Olivine, 134
Olivine-gabbro, 183
Onyx, 108
Onyx, Californian, 146
Onyx marble, 215
Onyx, Mexican, 146
Oolites, 254
Opal, 108
Opal-agate, 109
Opal, common, 109
Opal, fire, 109
Opal, precious, 109
Ophicalcite, 246
Ophiolite, 246
Orpiment, 80
Orthoclase, 110, 113
Orthorhombic system, 16
P
Paste, 103
Pearls, 148
Pearlstone, 193
Peat, 218, 219
Pebbles, 256
Pegmatite, 179
Peridot, 134
Peridotite, 184
Perlite, 193
Petroleum series, 224, 227
Pewter, 60
Phenocrysts, 189
Phlogopite, 129, 131
Phosphate, 160, 230
Phosphorus, 159
Phyllite, 242
Picotite, 97
Pisolite, 255
Pitchstone, 193
Plagioclase, 111
Plasma, 106
Platinum, 95
Plumbago, 156
Porous, 176
Porphyritic, 176
Porphyry, 189
Prase, 104
Prousite, 36
Psilomelane, 72
Pumice, 193
Pyrargyrite, 35
Pyrite, 56
Pyrite, capillary, 83
Pyrite, magnetic, 58
Pyrite, white, 57
Pyritohedron, 56, 318
Pyrolusite, 71
Pyromorphite, 63
Pyrope, 122, 123
Pyroxene group, 116
Pyroxenite, 185
Pyrrhotite, 58
Q
Quartz, 100
Quartz-diorite, 181
Quartz, milky, 103
Quartz, rose, 104
Quartz, smoky, 103
Quartzite, 239
Quicksands, 204
Quicksilver, 90
R
Radium, 89
Realgar, 80
Rhinestones, 101
Rhodochrosite, 73
277
Rhyolite 185
Rock, phosphate, 230
Rocks, 170
Rocks, defined, 10
Rocks, igneous, 172
Rocks, igneous, classified, 177
Rocks, metamorphic, 232
Rocks, metamorphic, classified, 236
Rocks, sedimentary, 194
Rocks, sedimentary, classified, 196
Rubicelle, 97
Ruby, 75
Ruby, Balas, 97
Ruby mica, 52
Rutile, 94
S
Salt, 163
Sand, 202
Sandstone, 205
Sapphire, 75
Sapphire, Oriental white, 75
Sardonyx, 108
Satin spar, 146
Schist, 240
Schistosity, 234
Scoria, 192, 193
Septeria, 252
Sericite, 130
Serpentine, 139, 245
Shale, 210
Shale, oil-bearing, 225
Sheet, 173
Siderite, 55
Silica, 99
Silicates, 99
Silicon, 99
Sill, 174
Sillimanite, 128
Silver, 34
Silver, dark red, 35
Silver, German, 65
Silver glance, 35
Silver group, 32
Silver, horn, 37
Silver, light red, 36
Silver, ruby, 35
Sinter, 110
Slate, 241
Smalt, 84
Smaltite, 85
Smithsonite, 68
Soapstone, 244
Sodalite, 126
Soil, 198
Solder, 60
Specific gravity, 22
Speigeleisen, 70
Spelter, 64
Spessartite, 122, 123
Sphalerite, 65
Spinel, 97
Spinel-ruby, 97
Stalactites, 146
Stalagmites, 146
Staurolite, 133
Steatite, 244
Stellite, 84, 88
Stibnite, 81
Stilbite, 143
Stock, 174
Streak, 23
Strontianite, 152
Strontium group, 152
Sulphur, 166
Syenite, 180
Sylvanite, 30
T
Talc, 138
Talus, 197
Tetragonal system, 15
Tetrahedrite, 43
Tile ore, 45
Till, 215
Tillite, 217
Time chart, 268
Tin, 92
Tin stone, 93
Titanium, 93
Tonalite, 181
Topaz, 131
Topaz, false, 103
Topaz, Oriental, 75
Topaz, Saxon, 132
Topaz, Scotch, 132
Topaz, smoky, 132
Topaz, Spanish, 132
Tourmaline, 135
Trachite, 186
Trap, 188
Travertine, 146, 215
278
Tremolite, 120
Triclinic system, 18
Tripolite, 110
Tufa, calcareous, 147
Tuff, 190
Tungsten, 87
Turgite, 51
Turquois, 161
Twinning, 19
Type metal, 60
U
Uintaite, 229
Uranium, 89
Uvarovite, 122, 123
V
Vanadium, 89
Verde antique, 247
Volcanic ash, 190
Volcanic blocks, 191
W
Water, 167
White metal, 64
Willemite, 67
Witherite, 153
Wolframite, 88
Wood, agatized, 108
Wood, opalized, 109
Wood, silicified, 108
X
Xanthosiderite, 51
Z
Zeolites, 141
Zinc, 63
Zinc blende, 65
Zinc red ore, 66
Zinc, ruby, 65
Zincite, 66
Zircon, 127
279
Plate Frontispiece
Tourmaline crystals, growing amid feldspar crystals in a cavity in granite, from Paris, Me.
280
Plate 5
Gold in quartz, from California
281
Plate 6
Native silver in calcite
Argentite, the black masses throughout the white quartz
282
Plate 7
Pyrargyrite as it appears after moderate exposure to the light.
Crystal form of Pyrargyrite
Prousite as it appears after moderate exposure to the light
283
Plate 8
Native copper from Michigan
Chalcopyrite in tetrahedrons and an occasional octahedron.
284
Plate 9
Chalcocite crystals with the bluish tarnish
Tetrahedrite crystals
285
Plate 11
Cuprite, the red crystals showing characteristic color, other showing the green tarnish of malachite
Malachite (green) and azurite (blue), the two minerals shown together as they very commonly occur
286
Plate 12
Limonite
The crystal form in which goethite is found, p is the prism faces, b and c are faces formed by beveling the edges of the prism, o is the pyramidal face characteristic of the ends
287
Plate 13
Hematite, Clinton iron ore, oolitic
Siderite crystals
288
Plate 15
Pyrite crystals
Marcasite in concretionary form with radiate structure
289
Plate 17
Galena in crystals
Pyromorphite crystals (green)
290
Plate 19
Sphalerite, some the normal yellow and some crystals with the reddish tinge. (White is dolomite)
Zincite
291
Plate 21
Smithsonite in yellow crystals
Franklinite in octahedral crystals
292
Plate 24
Arsenopyrite, showing crystals massed so as to be incompletely developed
Realgar as it usually occurs in powdery incrustations
293
Plate 25
Large crystal of stibnite, the light colored face is the one parallel to which cleavage occurs
Niccolite as a vein in slate
294
Plate 26
Cobaltite, silver color, with pink tinge
Smaltite, pink is cobalt bloom
295
Plate 27
Carnotite from southwest Colorado
Cinnabar
296
Plate 31
Amethyst, not however deep enough colored for gems
Jasper, with botryoidal surface
297
Plate 32
Banded Agate from Brazil
298
Plate 33
Common Opal from Arizona
Siliceous sinter or Geyserite from The Yellowstone Park
299
Plate 35
A group of Microcline crystals from Pike’s Peak, Colo.
Labradorite, showing multiple twinning (the striation), and the iridescent play of colors
300
Plate 36
Crystal form of a pyroxene; a and b prism faces, m the beveled edge between two prism faces
Cross section of a pyroxene crystal showing the lines of intersection of the two cleavage planes
Cross sections of pyroxenes, showing typical forms taken by crystals
Augite crystals, in crystalline limestone
301
Plate 38
The dodecahedron and the 24-sided figure characteristic of garnets
The garnet, grossularite
The garnet alamandite
302
Plate 39
Beryl of gem quality
Zircon in syenite
303
Plate 40
Cyanite crystals in schist
A crystal of mica, showing basal cleavage
304
Plate 41
Crystal form typical of topaz
A topaz crystal from Brazil
Crystal form typical of staurolite when simple
A typical twin of staurolite
305
Plate 43
Serpentine
Chlorite
306
Plate 49
Apatite crystals in crystalline calcite
The ends of apatite crystals showing common modes of termination
307
Plate 50
A group of fluorite crystals
A group of halite crystals
308
Plate 61
Amber
Two bottles of petroleum, the left hand one with a paraffin base, the right hand one with an asphalt base
309
Plate 65
Mica schist, with garnets
Chlorite schist
310
Plate 67
Serpentine, composed of serpentine, hematite, and some calcite
311
Plate 1
Basal forms of the isometric system
Cube
Octahedron
Dodecahedron
312
Plate 2
Basal forms of the tetragonal system
A square prism
Octahedron
Basal forms of the orthorhombic system
A Rectangular prism
Octahedron
313
Plate 3
Basal forms of the monoclinic system
The rectangular prism askew
The octahedron
A cross section of the prism with its edges beveled so that the b faces are obliterated by the m faces, and a six-sided prism is formed (pseudo-hexagonal)
Basal form of the triclinic system
314
Plate 4
Basal forms of the hexagonal system
The six-sided prism
The double pyramid
The rhombohedron
315
Plate 10
Tetrahedrons showing characteristic manner in which tetrahedrite occurs
A cube with the edges beveled and the corners cut in a form characteristic of cuprite
316
Plate 30
Two intergrowing or twinned quartz crystals
Diagram of the typical quartz crystal, p prism faces, l left hand rhombohedron, r right hand rhombohedron
A quartz crystal on which the left hand rhombohedron is represented by small faces while the right hand rhombohedron has large faces
317
Plate 14
Crystal forms of hematite, A the rhombohedron with the edges beveled; B the tabular form, resulting from the excessive development of the two o faces opposite each other
A typical crystal of magnetite
The rhombohedron typical of siderite
318
Plate 16
The pyritohedron
The pyritohedron with certain of its edges beveled by the cube faces, to show the relationship of these two forms
319
Plate 18
Typical forms for cerrusite
The pyramid, n the prism face, m the beveled prism, p the octahedral face, and o the edge of the octahedral faces beveled
The simple type of twinning
A multiple twin where three crystals grow through each other
Forms in which anglesite occurs: l the pyramid face, p the prism face, o the vertical edge of the prism beveled, m the horizontal edge of the prism beveled, n a further beveling of the horizontal edge of the prism. D the tabular, E the prismatic form
320
Plate 20
A characteristic form in which sphalerite may occur; being the combination of, d the dodecahedron, o the octahedron, and t, a 24-sided figure
Characteristic form for zincite crystals, n the hexagonal prism, and p pyramidal faces on it
Typical form of crystal of willemite: p the prism, r rhombohedron faces on end, ½ r a second lower rhombohedron
321
Plate 22
Moss agates, showing the dendritic growth of manganitic minerals, like manganite or pyrolusite
Crystal form of manganite
322
Plate 23
Crystals of green corundum in syenite, from Montana
Typical crystal forms of corundum: A the elongated prism with the alternate corners cut by rhombohedral faces, B the tabular prism, C the double pyramid
323
Plate 28
Cassiterite, twinned crystals
The crystal form in which both cassiterite and rutile occur when in simple crystals, p prism faces, m beveling of the prism, o octahedral face, n beveling of the edge between octahedral faces
Multiple twinning characteristic of rutile
324
Plate 29
Crystal of Spinel
Crystal forms in which dolomite occurs
A the cleavage form, rhombohedron with the faces curved
B the rhombohedron with the corners cut, as it often occurs
C the form found in gypsum or anhydrite
325
Plate 34
Orthoclase, a cleavage piece, a and b the perfect cleavage planes, and c the imperfect cleavage plane
Crystal forms of orthoclase
A the simple crystal
B the twinned form
C the twinned form in which the crystals are intergrowing
Diagram of a multiple twin of a plagioclase feldspar
326
Plate 37
Diagrams of amphibole crystals
A a typical crystal
B cross section showing the intersection of cleavage planes
C and D cross sections to show variations in outline
Tremolite in silky fibrous crystals. Asbestos
Hornblende crystals in quartzite
327
Plate 42
Epidote crystals
Typical forms of epidote crystals; p prism faces, m, n, x, and y beveled edges of the prism, o octahedral faces
Typical forms of tourmaline
A side view; B and C ends to show terminations; p prism faces, m beveling of prism edges, r a low rhombohedron on the end, s the opposite rhombohedron, b basal face, and the other faces represent bevelings
328
Plate 48
A group of barite crystals
Outline of the typical tabular barite crystal
The six-sided double pyramid, composed of three interpenetrating crystals, typical of witherite and strontianite
329
Plate 44
The typical form of analcite
A typical natrolite crystal
The typical crystal form of stilbite
A sheaf-like bundle of fibrous crystals, typical of stilbite
330
Plate 45
A group of calcite crystals
Typical forms of calcite
A the rhombohedron formed by cleavage
B a rhombohedral crystal truncated by the basal plane
C the scalenohedron
D the scalenohedron truncated by the rhombohedron
E the scalenohedron on a prism
331
Plate 46
Typical forms of aragonite
A the simple crystal
B a needle-like form, twinned
C cross section to show how the form may appear six-sided
Typical form of the anhydrite crystal
332
Plate 47
A piece of gypsum looking on the surface of the perfect cleavage, and showing the two other cleavages as lines, intersecting at 66°. Twinning is also shown
A simple crystal of gypsum
Twin crystals of gypsum
333
Plate 51
Sulphur crystals
Ice crystals, the top one, the end of a hexagonal prism; the two lower figures multiple twins as in snow flakes
334
Plate 52
The Devil’s Tower, Wyoming, an example of igneous rock with columnar structure, and resting on sedimentary rocks. Courtesy of the U. S. Geological Survey
335
Plate 53
A coarse granite
Graphic granite
336
Plate 54
Syenite
Gabbro
337
Plate 55
Basalt-porphyry. The large white crystals are phenocrysts of plagioclase feldspar
Basalt-obsidian
338
Plate 56
Amgydoloid
339
Plate 57
The north face of Scott’s Bluff, Neb., showing sedimentary sandstones above and clays below. The type of erosion is characteristic of arid regions. Courtesy of the U. S. Geological Survey
340
Plate 58
Breccia
Conglomerate
341
Plate 59
Calcareous shale
Coquina
342
Plate 60
Foramenifera from Chalk; enlarged about 25 diameters
Encrinal Limestone; fragments of the stems, arms and body of Crinoids
343
Plate 62
A diatomaceous earth magnified 50 times
B and C two diatoms from the above enlarged 250 times. After Gravelle, by the courtesy of Natural History
344
Plate 63
A metamorphic rock, showing the contortion of layers due to expansion under heat
345
Plate 64
A conglomerate partly metamorphosed to a gneiss. Note the flattened pebbles and the alternation of the intermediate material to mica scales, etc.
A typical gneiss
346
Plate 66
Phyllite
A white marble, with black streaks due to graphite
347
Plate 68
Claystones, simple and compound
A line concretion, which on splitting disclosed a fern leaf of the age of the coal measures
348
Plate 69
A septeria from Seneca Lake, N. Y.
Pisolite
349
Plate 70
A geode filled with quartz crystals
350
Plate 71
A quartz pebble from the bed of a New England brook
A pebble of schist and granite from the foot of Mt. Toby, Mass.
351
Plate 72
An iron-nickel meteorite, of 23 lbs. which fell in Claiborne Co., Tenn.
An etched slice of an iron meteorite which fell in Reed City, Osceola Co., Mich.
352
Plate 73
A stony meteorite, about natural size, which fell in 1875, in Iowa Co., Iowa
PUTNAM’S NATURE FIELD BOOKS Companion books to this one
Mathews American Wild Flowers
American Trees and Shrubs
Wild Birds and Their Music
Durand Wild Flowers in Homes and Gardens
My Wild Flower Garden
Common Ferns
Lutz Insects
Loomis Rocks and Minerals
Eliot Birds of the Pacific Coast
Armstrong Western Wild Flowers
Alexander Birds of the Ocean
Anthony North American Mammals
Thomas Common Mushrooms
Sturgis Birds of the Panama Canal Zone
Miner Seashore Life
Breder Marine Fishes of the Atlantic Coast
Morgan Ponds and Streams
Longyear Rocky Mountain Trees and Shrubs
Olcott Putnam Field Book of the Skies
Beebe Tee-Van The Shore Fishes of Bermuda
Schrenkeisen Fresh-Water Fishes of North America North of Mexico