From the Anglo-Saxon.

HISTORY—JUTES, SAXONS, ANGLES.

Every Englishman—and we apply the term in a comprehensive sense—who would clearly understand the force of his mother-tongue, should study Anglo-Saxon, as it is the direct and copious source of his own beloved language. Out of the many thousand words in use in English, more than five-eighths are of Anglo-Saxon origin. These, not only in number, but in their peculiar character and significance, as well as in their influence on grammatical forms, give to our language, it is universally admitted, its chief vigor. In short, they constitute its bone and sinew. Volumes may be written in words of Anglo-Saxon parentage alone, but it would be impossible to express the simplest thought in language of Latin derivation. Words expressive of the dearest relations, the strongest and most powerful feelings of nature, the language of every-day life, as of duty, business, pleasure, etc., find in the Anglo-Saxon their deepest, sincerest, and most energetic portrayals. Every speaker or writer, if he would convince the understanding and reach the heart, must shun Latinized expressions, and use the Anglo-Saxon, for the one awakens vivid, soul-stirring thoughts, and the other thoughts that are cool and unimpassioned.

With this view of Anglo-Saxon’s importance to every Englishman, a brief account of the origin of the present inhabitants of England will show that we owe to the Gothic tribes—the Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles—our physical vigor, yea, our very existence, as well as our highly expressive language. Like all the Teutonic tribes, the Saxons were of Oriental origin. They derived, most probably, their appellation from the Sacæ, who doubtless gave the name of Sakasina to a part of Armenia. In Ptolemy’s time, A. D. 90, they were as far westward as the Elbe, and, consequently, were among the first of the Teutonic tribes that visited Europe. Their location, between the Elbe and the Eyder in the south of Denmark, strengthens the belief that they were the vanguard of Germanic emigration. The Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles, which were the only tribes that successively made settlements in Britain, are therefore deemed of sufficient interest to claim especial attention.

The first to obtain possession were the Jutes. Two brothers, Hengist and Horsa, from Jutland, in Denmark, arrived in three small ships at Ebbs-fleet, in the Isle of Thanet, in 449. This island was assigned to them by the Britons for their assistance against the Picts and Scots. Subsequently, they became possessors of Kent, the Isle of Wight, and part of Hampshire.

Forty-two years later, 491, the Saxons entered Britain. Their first kingdom was established by Ella, under the name of South-Saxons, including what is now known as Sussex, together with a part of Surrey. In 494 another powerful colony, under Cerdic, arrived. Being west of the other, it took the name West-Saxons. They occupied Hants, Berks, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and part of Cornwall. A third Saxon kingdom, in 527, was planted in Essex, Middlesex and the south of Hertfordshire, under the name of East-Saxons (East-Seaxe).

The Angles (Engle), from Anglen, the country between Flensburg and the Schley in the southeast of Sleswick in Denmark, settled about 527 in East Anglia, and exercised control over what now embraces Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, and part of Bedfordshire. Ida, in 547, began to establish himself in Bernicia, comprehending Northumberland and the south of Scotland, between the Tweed and Firth of Forth. About 559 Ella conquered Deira, a tract of country between the Humber and the Tweed, embracing the counties of York, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lancashire. Mercia, bounded by the Thames, Humber and Severn, and comprehending the counties of Chester, Derby, Huntingdon, Lincoln, Northampton, Nottingham, Rutland, the north of Beds, Bucks, Hertford, Warwick, Oxon, Worcester, Hereford, Gloucester, Stafford and Salop, was formed by Crida, about 586, into an independent state.

From the foregoing remarks it appears that one Jute, three Saxon, and four Angle, altogether eight kingdoms, were established in Britain by the year 586, and that the Angles and Saxons were the leading spirits in the expeditions. They, therefore, when settled in this country, were collectively called Anglo-Saxons. From the Angles (Engle), who were the most numerous and predominant, the land was named Engla land, the Engle’s or Angle’s land—an appellation which was afterwards contracted into England.

Anglo-Saxon, that is, Angle-, Engle-, or English-Saxon, is the language of the Platt, Low, Flat, or North part of Germany, introduced into England by the Jutes, the Angles, and the Saxons, and modified, spoken, and written by Englishmen. The less daring and enterprising of these peoples who remained in their continental home bore the name of Old-Saxons, and their language Old-Saxon, but their brethren who settled in Britain were fitly designated Anglo-Saxons, and their language, perfected in England, was denominated Anglo-Saxon. To King Alfred, and the many writings of Alfric, we are indebted for the finest specimens of Anglo-Saxon spoken and written in England in their days.

Persons who are desirous of tracing the origin of Anglo-Saxon, or of comparing it with kindred dialects, must first go to the Old-Saxon, the Low-German spoken by those who remained in the old home of the Jutes, the Angles, and the Saxons. No written specimen of the language spoken by these Old-Saxons is extant, but there is, in a collateral dialect, a very fine poem, written in the ninth century, which is entitled Heliand, Healer or Saviour. While some of the Low-German race migrated to England, others passed to the lower Rhine and settled there. This poem being written in the dialect of these Rhenish Old-Saxons, and the latter being akin to the Anglo-Saxon, there can be no question as to its vast importance in the study of the language which is the foundation of our own. Recourse may then be had to other works in Low-German. High-German, Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish may then be consulted, and carried back to their Oriental source. None of the German or Scandinavian dialects have writings antedating those of the Anglo-Saxons, except the Germanic in the Moeso-Gothic Gospels of Ulphilas, published in 370, and some Icelandic. A zealous attempt, tracing the origin of the English, Germanic, and Scandinavian languages and nations, with a sketch of their early literature, and short chronological specimens of Anglo-Saxon, Friesic, Flemish, Dutch, German, from the Moeso-Goths to the present time, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish, and tracing the progress of these languages and their connection with the modern English, was made by Rev. Joseph Bosworth, in 1848. All interested in such knowledge will find themselves abundantly repaid by an examination of this learned scholar’s investigations, as shown in the work to which reference has just been made.

LESSONS IN ANGLO-SAXON.

Anglo-Saxon Letters—Their Names.

The Anglo-Saxon alphabet has twenty-four letters, namely, a, æ, b, d, dh, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, th, u, w (vv), x and y. All but three, dh, th, w, are Roman characters, the variations from the common form being cacographic fancies.

No difficulty is experienced by German-speaking students in calling the letters by their proper appellations as their resemblance to the German names, excepting in three instances, is very intimate and striking. Ah, ă, bay, cay, day, edh, ay, ef, gay, hah, ee, el, em, en, o, pay, er, es, tay, thorn, oo, wên, ex, ypsilon, express very accurately their syllabic representation.

An accent is found in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts, but in none so regularly used as to become an objective feature of Anglo-Saxon text. It is found oftenest over a long vowel; sometimes over a vowel of peculiar sound, not long; seldom, except over syllables requiring a stress of voice. There are times, it seems, when nothing but stress is indicated. English editors represent it mostly by an acute accent, but the Germans generally print Anglo-Saxon with a circumflex over all single long sounds in the root of words, and an acute over the diphthongs; as brôder, freónd. In this book, an acute accent is used over all long vowels and diphthongs.

Sounds of Vowels.

A short or unaccented is sounded like a in man. It is often found in the final syllables of inflections, and generally appears in the radix before a doubled consonant, or two different consonants.

The radical short a can only stand before a single consonant, and st, sc, when this single consonant and these double letters are followed in the inflections by a, o, u in nouns; a, o, u, e in adjectives; and a, o, u, and ia in verbs.

Specially important are the remarks contained in the last paragraph in the declension of words, for, monosyllables, ending in a single consonant, in st, or sc, reject the e from the short æ, and leave the short a alone, whenever, in declining, the consonant or consonants happen to be followed by a, o, u in nouns, and a, o, u, e in adjectives.

It must be remembered, then, that a short a cannot stand in a word. 1. When it ends in a single consonant, that is, when no inflection of a, o, u in nouns follow, as in stæf. 2. When in nouns a single consonant is followed by e, as in wæter. 3. When the word has any other double consonants than st, sc, even though followed by a, o, u, as in cræft. 4. In contracted words, when æ is not in the last syllable, as in æcer.

When the á is accented it is then long, and words containing this long or accented á are now represented by English terms with the vowel sounded like o in no and in bone. Hám home, bán, bone, án, one, stán, stone, have either the same or an analogous meaning in English and Anglo-Saxon. Sometimes the accented or long á is represented in English by oa, as ác, an oak, gád, a goad, lám, lome. Occasionally, á becomes oe in English, as dá, a doe, fá, a foe, rá, a roe, but the ae in these words has the sound of o in no. The same may be said of oa in boar. Hence, it appears that the Anglo-Saxon á is represented by the modern English o, oa, and oe, which have the sound of o in no, or bone. The long á is often changed into æ, as lár, lore, lǽran, to teach.

-A, added to words, denotes a person, an agent, an actor, hence,—All names ending in a are masculine, and make the genitive in an, as from cum, come (thou), cuma, a person who comes, or a guest, is derived. Some words, denoting inanimate things, terminate in a, and these words, having the same declension as those which signify persons or actors, are also masculine. A- is an inseparable prefix, denoting negation, determination or opposition, as from, out, away. A- does not always appear to alter the signification, but generally, however, it adds some little force or intensity to the original meaning of the word to which it is joined.

Anglo-Saxon words, containing the short or unaccented vowel e, are often represented by modern English words of the same meaning, having the sound of e in fed, as nett, bedd, webb. Before a double consonant, two different consonants, or one or two consonants when followed by a long or final vowel, the short e is most generally used.

Words containing the long or accented é are very frequently represented by English terms of the same meaning, and have the sound of e in meet. Long é is used, as in thé, at the end of words, and before the consonants l, m, n, r, s, t, d, dh, c, g and f.

-E, in the ending of nouns, denotes a person, as hyrde, a shepherd, from hyrdan, to guard. It is also used to form nouns denoting inanimate objects, as cyle, cold, but these are mostly derived from verbs, and hence are masculine; but, when they come from adjectives, they are feminine. Final e is the termination of derivative adjectives, and is also the usual letter by which adjectives ending in a consonant become adverbs.

Unaccented i has the sound of i in fin, as is evidenced by the following Anglo-Saxon words which have the same meaning in English as in Saxon:—tin, dim, scip, wit, ribb, milc, etc.

I long has the sound of i in fine, as in the cognate words, tíne, wín, díc, hwíl.

The verbal termination ian, or with a consonant before the i—cian, gian, nian, sian—is the most simple and universal. It is joined to various parts of speech, but especially to nouns and pronouns. These verbs almost always make the perfect tense in ode, and the perfect participle in od. Verbs thus formed from adjectives are generally neuter, but they become active by prefixing ge, as lytl, little, lytlian, to become little, gelytlian, to diminish.

I and ie are often used for g, ge, y, and e.

Short o, in Anglo-Saxon, has probably the sound of o in for, as corn, horn, loc.

O, accented, was sounded in Saxon as oo in cook, as proved by the cognate words cóc, bóc, gód, cól, fót, etc.

Final o is chiefly used to form the names of qualities from adjectives, as menigeo, the many, multitude. Nouns ending in o are feminine and indeclinable, but they often end in u, and in that case have a regular feminine declension.

A few nouns in final o are neuter, and make the genitive in ewes, as ealo, ale, genitive ealewes.

The unaccented u in Anglo-Saxon had most probably the sound of u in fun, as testified to by butt, dun, munc, up, etc., which have the same meaning in English as in Saxon.

Long ú had the sound of ou, or ow, in about, foul, house, town, as fúl, hú, mús, nú, úre, Saxon words which have the same signification, as their English representatives most plainly show.

Eo are sometimes used for u, as sweord, swurd, and y for ú, as swytol, swútol. In later times, u was employed for f and v, as luue, lufe, Dauid, David.

Some few names ending in u are masculine or neuter, but they are mostly feminine, and form the names of qualities from adjectives.

Short u or accented Anglo-Saxon y had the y sounded as in mystery, duty, as tynder, hyp, syn, mynster, which are represented by modern English words of like signification.

The long or accented y had the sound of y in type, sky, as will be evident from the following cognate words: lýs, fýr, hýd, brýd, and lýf.

Unaccented i is often used for y, and long i for y; as lístan, litel, minster for lystan, lytel, mynster, and fír, bríd, líf, for fýr, brýd, lýf.

Sounds of Consonants.

The consonants have their common English sounds: c, like k, always; ch, like kh, in work-house; cw, like qu; dh, like English th in a similar word, as ódher, other, dódh, doth; g, like g in go, always; h, very distinct; hw, like wh in New England; i (= j), before a vowel, like y; s, like s in so; t, like t in to; th, like th in thin; w, like w; wl, wr, and final w nearly close the lips; x, like ks.

Accent—Its Use.

The primary accent is on the first syllable of every word: as, bródʹ-her, brother; unʹ-cúdh, uncouth.

Proper prefixes in verbs and participles take no primary accent; such are á, an, and, æt, be, bi, ed, far, ful, ge, geord, in, mis, ódh, of, ofer, on, or, tó, thurh, un, under, widh, widher, ymb, ymbe: an-ginʹ-nan, begin; on-geánʹ, again. The syllable after the prefix assumes the accent.

Derivatives from nouns, pronouns, or adjectives, retain their accent. Such are all verbs in and-, ed-, or-, found in Anglo-Saxon poetry, and many adverbs in un-, etc.

Compounds, formed of adverbs and verbs, retain their accent. Such are these with æfter, bí, bíg, efen, eft, fore, ford, from, fram, hider, mid, midher, gegn, geán, gén, tó, up, út, wel.

The inseparable prefixes á-, be- (bi-), for-, ge-, are unaccented; as, á-lýsʹ-ing, redemption.

A secondary accent may fall in the tone syllable of the lighter part of a compound or on a suffix; as, ó-fer-cumʹ-an, overcome.

Euphonic Changes.

Gemination is the doubling of a letter. When final, or next to a consonant, it is simplified, mm changing to mb, nn to nd, ss to st, ii to ig, un to up: as, timbr for timmr, timber; spindl for spinnl, spindle; lufast for lufass, lovest; lufige for lufie, love; bearupes for bearuues, grove. Double g is written cg, and double f, bb.

Umlaut is the assimilation of a vowel by the vowel of the succeeding syllable: a-umlaut changes i to e (eo), u to o; i-umlaut, a to e, u to y, ea to y, eo to y, á to ǽ, ó to é, ú to ý, eá to y, eó to ý; u-umlaut, a to ea (o), i to eo. The i which produces i-umlaut is often changed to e or dropped: as, man, plural men, from meni; fót, plural fét, feet, from féti.

Breaking is the change of one vowel to two by a consonant. G, c, and ac may break a following a to ea, o to eo, i to ie, á to eá, ó to eó; l, r and h may break a preceding a to ea, i to eo (io), ie: as, geaf, gave; sceó, shoe; sealm, psalm; hleator, laughter; meolc, milk.

Shifting is the weakening of a letter not produced by other letters: a to æ, ǽ to é, eá and eó to é, etc.; dæg, from dag, day.

Nouns—Their Declension.

There are two classes of declensions of Anglo-Saxon nouns:—Strong, those which have sprung from vowel stems, and weak, that which has sprung from stems in an. Of the four declensions, the first, second and third are distinguished by the genitive singular ending in es, e, and a, respectively, and the fourth by its termination in an.

Strong nouns have all masculines of the first or third declension; all feminines of the second or third, and all neuters of the first.

Abstract nouns have their gender controlled by the terminations. In derivatives, the feminine gender prevails, while compound nouns follow the gender of the last part.

Names of males, of the moon, and of many weeds, flowers, winds, are masculine. Nouns representing names of females, of the sun, and of many trees, rivers, and soft and low musical instruments, are feminine. Neuter nouns are names of wife, child, as well as diminutives, many general names, and words made an object of thought.

Epicene nouns have one grammatical gender, but are used for both sexes. Names of mammalia, except a few little timid ones, are masculine. Large and fierce birds are masculine; others, especially singing-birds, are feminine; large fishes are masculine, small, feminine; insects are feminine.

While in English there are but three cases, in Anglo-Saxon there are six. The nominative and vocative are always alike; the nominative, accusative, and vocative are alike in all plurals, and in the singular of all neuters and strong masculines. The genitive plural ends always in á or ená, and the dative and instrumental always in um (on).

Names of women in u or a consonant are strong, those in e or a are weak; while those of men in u, e or a consonant are strong, and those in a are weak.

Adjectives.—Their Degrees.

Adjectives, in Anglo-Saxon, have one set of strong and one set of weak endings for each gender. The latter are used when the adjective is preceded by the definite article or some word analogous thereto. Hence, there are two declensions: the definite and the indefinite.

Degrees of quantity or quality in adjectives are shown by comparison. They are regularly compared by suffixing to the theme of the primitive ir, er or or for the theme of the comparative, and ist, est or ost for that of the superlative.

Verbs.—Their Attributes.

Verbs have two voices. The active represents the subject as acting, the passive as affected by the action. The active has inflective endings for many forms, the passive only for a participle. Other passive forms help this participle with the auxiliary verbs eom (am), beón, wesan, weordhan. There is, however, a middle voice, which represents the subject as affected by its own action; but, as this is expressed in Anglo-Saxon by adding pronouns, no paradigms are necessary.

There are six moods. The indicative states or asks about a fact; the subjunctive a possibility; the imperative commands or entreats; the infinitives (and gerunds) are substantives, and the participles adjectives. Certain forms of possibility are expressed by auxiliary modal verbs with the infinitive, and these are conveniently called a potential mode.

Five tenses, present, imperfect, future, perfect and pluperfect, are found in the language. The present and imperfect have tense stems; the future is expressed by the present, or by the aid of seal (shall) or wille (will); the perfect by help of the present of habban (have) or, with some intransitives, beón (be), wesan or weordhan (be); the pluperfect by the aid of the imperfect of habban, beón, wesan, or weordhan.

Verbs are classified for conjugation by the stems of the imperfect tense. Strong verbs express tense by varying the root vowel; weak verbs by composition. Strong verbs in the imperfect indicative singular first person have the root vowel unchanged, or changed by accent, which is called progression, or by contraction with old reduplication. There are six conjugations. No change is manifest in the root vowel in the first conjugation; the second, third and fourth are varied by accent or progression; the fifth by contraction, and the sixth by composition.

Since all the names derivable from verbs, with which we have to deal in the present work, are concerned with the present infinitive, present indicative of the first person, and perfect participle, it is unnecessary to enter into any elaboration of the verbal inflections. What is needful to be said will appear in its proper place in the derivations.

NAMES—THEIR DERIVATION.

A.

Abbott. Abbud, an abbot, chief governor, father, or superior of an abbey, convent, or monastery.

Adkin. Eard, earth; cyn, kin, kind. Earth-relative. Akin, contraction of the name.

Albert. Eal, all; beorht, bright. All bright; illustrious.

Alder. Aldor, life.

Alice. Ætheling, corrupted into Adeline, thence into Alice. A princess.

Alison. Alice, a princess; sun, a son. Son of Alice; son of a princess.

All. Eal, all, every, whole.

Allingham. Alling-hám, from All; ing, descendant; hám, home. Home of Alling; home of the offspring of All.

Apgar. Abgar, Irish ab, a father; gár, a spear, a dart. Defender of the father.

Appleton. Æppel-tún, from æppel, an apple; tún, town. An apple garden; an orchard.

Askin. Æscwine, from æsc, an ash-tree, ash, ash-spear, a ship, a man; wine, a friend. Boats were made of ash, hence a small ship, a skiff. Among the northern nations it was supposed that the first man was made out of ash: hence the word came to signify a man, the chief of men, a leader. Æsc, the name of Hengist’s son, was a leader.

Ashton. Æsc, Æsc; tún, town. The town of Æsc.

Asquith. Æsc, Æsc; cýth, home. The home of Æsc; the home of the ash.

B.

Bancroft. Bán, pronounced bawn, bone; croft, a level tract of country, an enclosed field. A graveyard.

Bald. Báld, bold, courageous, honorable.

Baldwin. Báld, pronounced bawld, bold; win, a contest, battle. Bold in battle. Baldewin, Boldwin, less ancient forms of the name.

Banham. Bán, bone; hám, home. The bone-home; the grave.

Barton. Bere, corn; tún, town. A corn-farm; a corn-village; a grange.

Beal. Beal, evil. Beale, identical in derivation.

Beda. Beada, counsellor, persuader, exhorter.

Bedell. Bædel, a beadle. A messenger belonging to a court, or public body; a petty officer in a church.

Beck. Béc, or bóc, a book. Beck, Bock, Bok, analogous names.

Beckingham. Beck, Beck; ing, a son; hám, home. The home of the son of Beck.

Bishop. Bisceop, a bishop, a high-priest, a prelate.

Blake. Blæc, black. Black, of like parentage.

Boardman. Bórd, a shield; man, a man. A warrior; a knight.

Brice. Brice, fragment, rupture, violation, use, service. Bryce, only another spelling of the same.

Brock. Bróc, a brook, a rivulet. Brook, Brooke, from the same root.

Brooks. Brook, Brook; s for sun, son. Son of Brook.

Bronson. Brown, from brún, brown, and sun, son. Son of Brown.

Bront. Bront, raging, streaming. Brunt, doubtless, from the same source. Some, perhaps, would consider it a corruption of burnt, made brown.

Browning. Brown, Brown; ing, a descendant. Descendant of Brown.

Burn. Byrne, burning, a coat of mail, a corselet.

Burr. Búr, a chamber, a bower. Perhaps, from beorg, or beorh, a hill.

Burwick. Búr, a chamber; wic, a dwelling, village, camp. The guest-chamber.

C.

Caster. Ceaster (Latin castra, a camp), a city. Chester, from the same derivation.

Caton. Anglo-Saxon for Cato, the Greek for downwards.

Chapman. Cépman, a merchant, a trader. Ceapman, in Chaucer’s day.

Chichester. Originally, Cicester, the equivalent of cyren-ceaster, or cyrn-ceaster; from cyren, new wine; ceaster, a city, fort, castle, town. Castle of new wine.

Clark. Clerc, Latin clericus, a clerk. Clarke, similarly derived.

Cliffe. Clif, a crag, an overhanging rock. Cliff, another form of the name.

Clifford. Cliffe, Cliffe; ford, a stream, a current. Cliffe’s ford.

Codman. Codd, scrip, satchel, small bag; man, a man. A cashier; a banker.

Coke. Cóc, a cook. Cook, Cooke, analogous forms.

Compton. Comp for comb, a valley; tún, town. A valley-town.

Cope. Cop, a cap, hood, or cloak.

Copp. Copp, the head, top, apex, a cup.

Coulter. Colter, a colter, a knife, a dagger. Colter, the commoner form of the name.

Cox. Cokes, from cóc, cook; sun, son. The son of Coke, or Cooke. Coxe, of kindred significance.

Cumberland. Combra, of valleys; land, land, ground, earth, field, region, country. A region of valleys.

Cunningham. Cunning, experience; hám, home. A home of art and letters.

Cunnington. Cunning, experience; tún, town. A cunning town; an enterprising town.

Cuthbert. Cúth, known, certain, familiar, domestic; beorht, brightness, a glistening, light, sight, glance. Known brightness; familiar glance.

D.

Dade. Dǽd, deed, exploit, achievement.

Dadaker. Deád, dead; æcer, acre. An acre set apart for the dead. Dedaker, of analogous derivation.

Dager. Dagor, day.

Dalton. Dál, a dale, a small valley; tún, a town. A valley-town.

Dalrymple. Dál, a vale; hrympelle, a wrinkle, a ripple, a fold. An undulating vale.

Davies. Davie, diminutive for David; sun, son. Son of Davie. Davis, abbreviation of the same.

Dodd. Deád, dead.

Dunham. Dunholm, from dún, mountain; holm, an island. A mountainous island.

Durham. Deór, beast; hám, home, dwelling. A park; a dwelling for wild animals. Dereham, an earlier form of the name.

Dyer. Dýre, dear, costly, precious.

E.

Earl. Earl, noble, earl, man. Earle, of similar significance.

Edgar. Eard, earth; gár, dart, spear. Earth-dart; defender of the earth.

Edmund. Eard, earth; mund, hand. Earth-hand; tiller of the soil.

Edmunds. Edmund, Edmund; s for sun, son. Son of Edmund. Edmundson, Edmondson, lengthened forms of the same name.

Edson. Eard, earth; sun, son. Son of earth. Edison, the same word, but of more euphonious pronunciation.

Edward. Eard, earth; weard, guardian, watchman. An earth-protector.

Edwards. Edward, Edward; sun, son. Son of Edward.

Egbert. Ecg, edge; beorht, glance. Side-glance.

Eldrick. Eal, all; rice, rich, powerful. All-powerful. Eldridge, doubtless, from the same roots.

Elmer. Ethelmer, from éthel, a home; mǽre, illustrious. An illustrious home.

Ely. Élig, from él, eel; ig, an island. Eel-island.

Emery. Earm, arm; rice, powerful. Mighty in battle. Emmery, Emory, cognate forms.

Emerson. Emery, Emery; sun, son. Son of Emmery.

Engle. Engel, an angel. Ingle, a slightly modified phase of the name.

Englebert. Engel, an angel; beorht, brightness. An angel of brightness.

Erwin. Eard, earth; wine, friend. Earth-friend. Ervin, Ervine, names of similar import.

Eton. Eten, a giant. Eaton, the accepted spelling.

F.

Fager. Fæger, beauty, fair, beautiful.

Farnham. Fearn, a fern; hám, habitation. Habitation of the fern.

Farr. Farr, a wild boar.

Farrington. Farringdún, from fearn, a fern; g, for the sake of euphony; dún, a hill. A hill of fern.

Fell. Fell, gall, anger, death, a skin, cruel, severe.

Field. Feald, a field, a fold.

Fielding. Field, Field; ing, descendant. Descendant of Field.

Finch. Finc, a small bird. Fink, Finck, Fenke, kindred forms.

Firman. Fir, the living, chief of living beings, man; man, man. The living man.

Fisk. Fisc, a fish. Fiske, the more common name.

Fleming. Fleming, a runaway, a banished man. Flemming, another spelling.

Fletcher. Flett, house, chamber, bed, hall, palace; cher for er, a personal suffix. A companion; a bed-fellow; a prince.

Fogg. Fog, agreement, compact.

Foote. Fót, a foot.

Forsyth. Forthsíth, death. Forsythe, another spelling of the name.

Fotheringham. Fother, a load, a burden; ing, son; hám, dwelling. The home of the son of burden.

Foulk. Folc, folk, people. Foulke, an equivalent.

Frederick. Freá, a lord; rice, rich, powerful. A mighty lord.

Frick. Possibly a corruption of Frig, pronounced Freeg, the goddess of love, the Saxon Venus, and wife of Odin.

G.

Galt. Irish gaill, genitive of gall, stranger; tún, town. Town of the stranger. Gault, of similar derivation.

Galvin. Irish gaill, of the stranger; vin for wine, friend. Friend of the Gall, the stranger.

Gate. Geát, a gate.

Gates. Gate, Gate; s for sun, son. Son of Gate.

Giddings. Gidding, from gidd, song, divination; ing, descendant; s for sun, son. Son of a descendant of song.

Gilbert. Irish giolla, a servant; beorht, bright. A witty servant.

Gilling. Gill, Gill; ing, son. Son of Gill; son of a servant.

Gillingham. Gilling, Gilling; hám, home. The home of Gilling; the home of the son of Gill.

Gipson. Gilp, glory; sun, son. The son of glory. Gibson, of like derivation.

Gladwin. Glæd, pleased; wine, a friend. A happy friend.

Glenning. Glen, a valley; ing, descendant. Son of Glenn; son of a valley.

Godfrey. Gód, good; freá, lord. A beneficent master.

Goodacre. Gód, God; æcer, acre. God’s acre.

Goodwin. Gód, good; wine, a friend, a benefactor. Godwin, of similar signification.

Gould. Gold, a precious metal.

Graff. Græf, a grave. A ditch; a moat; a fosse. Groff, of like derivation.

Graham. Grǽg, gray; hám, home. A weather-beaten home. Gramm, most probably a corruption of the same.

Grave. Græf, a grave.

Graves. Grave, Grave; sun, son. Son of Grave. Greaves, Greves, Grieves, modifications of the name.

Gregg. Grǽg, gray. Grigg, corruption of the name.

Gregson. Grǽg, gray; sun, son. Son of Gregg. Grayson, the same in another form.

Grindler. Grindel, a clog; er for Irish fear, a man. The wearer of a wooden shoe.

Grindrod. Grund, ground; rod, a rod. Divining-rod.

Grund. Grund, ground.

Grunder. Grund, ground; er for fear, man. A farmer.

Guilford. Gild, tribute; ford, a stream. Stream-tribute; ferry-toll.

Gummery. Guma, man; ríce, kingdom. Kingdom of man.

Guthrie. Gúth, fight, war; ríce, kingdom. Kingdom of sin.

H.

Haeseler. Hæsel, a hat; er, a personal suffix. A hatter.

Hamill. Hám, home; il, a hedgehog. Home of the hedgehog.

Hamilton. Hamill, Hamill; tún, farm. Farm of Hamill.

Hamlet. Hám, home; let, implying diminutiveness. An humble home.

Hammond. Hám, house; mund, hand. A house-hand; a servant.

Hampshire. Hâm, or hamp, home; scíre, shire, district, county, stewardship, charge, business. Home-district. Hampsher, corruption of the name.

Hampton. Hám, or hamp, home; tún, town. Home-town.

Hampstead. Hám-stede, from hám, home, and stede, place. Homestead.

Hamric. Hám, home; rice, rule, kingdom. Home-rule. Hamrick, from the same roots.

Hancock. Hean, poor, needy, humble, worthless, despised; cóc, a cook. A needy cook.

Hard. Heard, hard, stubborn, unsubmissive.

Harding. Hard, Hard; ing, son. Descendant of Hard.

Harold. Hár, hoar, gray with age; eald, old. A veteran chief.

Harper. Hearpere, a harper.

Hart. Heort, a hart, a stag.

Hartford. Heort, a hart; ford, a ford, a stream, a current. The hart’s ford, or the place of its crossing the stream.

Hatfield. Heat-feld, from heat, heat; feld, a field, a plain. An open, sun-scorched plain.

Hebel. Hebel, thread of the shuttle.

Heber. Heber, a goat.

Hebener. Heben, heaven; er, indicative of a personal suffix. An inhabitant of heaven.

Helmbold. Helm, helmet, cover, protector; báld, bold, stout. A stout protector.

Herbert. Here, a host; beorht, bright, shining. An illustrious host.

Hild. Hild, battle.

Hildebrand. Hild, battle: brand, a brand, a torch. A battle-torch.

Hildeburn. Hild, battle; bryne, a burning, scorching, heat, fire. Battle-heat.

Hoar. Hár, hoar, white, or gray with age.

Holdcraft. Hold, kind, devoted, faithful, friendly; cræft, craft, contrivance, skill, employment, strength, power, talent, ability, excellence, virtue. Faithful employment; friendly power.

Holme. Holm, a sea, a billow.

Holmes. Holme, Holme: s for sun, son. Son of Holme

Holt. Holt, a grove, a forest.

Hope. Hopa, hope.

Hopkin. Hopa, hope; cyn, kind, kin. A relative of Hope.

Hopkinson. Hopkin, Hopkin; sun, son. Son of Hopkin. Hopkins, an abbreviation of the name.

Humphrey. Hám, home; freá, lord, protector. Defender of home.

Humphreys. Humphrey, Humphrey; s for sun, son. Son of Humphrey. Humphries, Humphriss, Humphrys, kindred names.

Huntting. Hunt, Hunt; ing, a descendant. Son of Hunt.

Hurlock. Hár, hoary; loc, lock of hair. A hoary lock of hair. Harlock, a less common name, but one more closely related to the parent words.

Husband. Hús, house; bond, bound, tied. House-bound; house-tied: hence, one that is bound to the house.

Hustin. Hústing, a place of council.

Huston. Hús, house; tún, a farm. House-farm; kitchen-garden.

Huxley. Huxlic, from hucs, hucx, or husc, irony, slight, contempt, reproach, and lic, like. Ironical-like; disgraceful; contemptuous; vile.

I.

Idell. Ídel, idle, vain, empty, useless.

Inskip. In, an inn, a dwelling; scipe, denoting form, condition, state, office, dignity. An innkeeper; a landlord. Inskeep, a kindred name.

Irwin. Eard, earth; wine, friend. Earth-friend. Irvin, Irvine, from the same roots.

Irving. Irvin, Irvin; ing, a descendant. Son of Irvin.

Isdell. I’s, ice; dǽl, a dale, a small valley. Ice-dale.

Isenberg. I’sen, iron; beorg, mountain. Iron-mountain.

Isenberry. I’sen, iron; berry, corruption of beorg, or beorh, mountain. Iron-mountain.

Isham. I’s, ice; hám, house, dwelling. Ice-house.

J.

Jackson. Jack, nickname for John; sun, son. Son of Jack. Jacques, French for James, is the most probable derivation of Jack.

Jameson. Jame, James; sun, son. Son of James.

Jamieson. Jamie, James; sun, son. Son of Jamie; son of James. Jamison, Jemison, Jimison, kindred terms, founded upon nicknames common to James in parts of Scotland and Ireland.

Jenkin. Jen, abbreviation for Jennie, Jane, John; cyn, kin, kind. Related to Jennie, Jane, John.

Jenkinson. Jenkin, Jenkin; sun, son. Son of Jenkin. Jenkins, abbreviated form of same.

Jenks. Jen, Jennie; k for cyn, kin; s for sun, son. Son of a relative of Jennie.

Johnson. John, Hebrew word signifying “gracious gift of God;” Anglo-Saxon sun, son. Son of John.

Jonson. Jon, contraction of John, John; sun, son. Son of John.

Jones. Jon, John; s for sun, son. Son of John.

K.

Keith. Cíth, pronounced keeth, a germ, sprig, blade.

Kemp. Cempa, a young soldier, a warrior, champion, novice.

Kendall. Cyn, kin, kindred, race, tribe, nation, kind; dǽl, dale, valley. Valley-kindred. Kindell, derivable from the same roots.

Kenworthy. Cyn, kindred; weorthe, worthy, honorable. Worthy kindred.

Kenyon. Cyn, nation, people; yeong, young. Young nation.

Kertell. Kertl, a woman’s garment, a vest, mantle, kirtle.

Keyser. Káser, an emperor. Keiser, of similar origin.

Kim. Cim, feet, or bases of a pillar.

Kimball. Cimbal, cymbal. Kemble, Kimble, Kimple, analogous names.

Kissel. Cystel, a chestnut.

Kisterbock. Cist, choice; bóc, a volume, a book. A choice volume.

Kitt. Kitte, a vessel, a bottle.

Kitson. Kitt, Kitt; sun, son. Son of Kitt. Kitts, abbreviation of the same.

L.

Lambeth. Lamb-hýth, from lamb, lamb, and hýth, measure, gain, profit. Lamb’s measure.

Lambert. Lamb, Lamb; beorht, brightness. The Lamb of Glory.

Lancaster. Land, ground, earth, field; ceaster, a camp, a castle, city, fort. An earth-fort.

Landreth. Land, field; ríthe, a well, a fountain, a river. A field-well; a spring.

Lever. Leófra, lever, comparatives of leóf, leef, dear, agreeable. More agreeable; more pleasing.

Levering. Lever, Lever; ing, offspring. Son of Lever.

Lea. Liga, a flame.

Lester. Lædheceaster, from lædhe, hateful, unpleasant, loathsome, and ceaster, a city. A loathsome city. Leister, of like derivation.

Limbert. Lim, limb, member; beorht, brightness. Limb-brightness.

Liming. Lim-ing, from lim, limb; ing, implying action, originating from. Limning; painting.

Lind. Lind, linden, or lime-tree; also, what was made of lime-wood—shield, buckler, banner.

Linden. Linden, made of lime-tree.

Lindsey. Lindes-íg, from lindes, genitive of lind, lime-tree, and íg, an island. The island of the lime-tree. Lindsay, another form of spelling.

Lipp. Lippe, lip.

Lipkiss. Lippe, lip; cyss, kiss. Lip-kiss.

Lippincott. Lippe, lip, genitive lippan, of lip; coth, disease, malady. Lip disease.

Lipson. Lippe, Lipp; sun, son. Son of Lipp.

Lipton. Lipp, Lipp; tún, home. Home of Lipp.

Litchfield. Liced-feld, from licced, licked, lapped, and feld, a field, a plain. A licked plain; a pasture-field.

Lonsdale. Londes-dǽl, from londes, genitive of lond, land; dǽl, dale, valley. Land’s-dale.

Loth. Loth, a band.

Lothrop. Loth, band; thorpe, a village.

Lyster. Lyster, a favorer. Lister, of like origin.

Lytle. Lytle, little, small, slender.

M.

Manchester. Manig-ceaster, from manig, many, much; ceaster, city, fort, castle, town. Many castles.

Manning. Mann, Mann; ing, offspring. Son of Mann.

Marx. Marcs, from marc, a mark; s for sun, a son. Son of Marc.

Mase. Mase, a whirlpool, a gulf.

Maslin. Mæslen, or maslin, brass.

Max. Max, noose, mesh, net, snare.

Maxfield. Max, Max; feld, a field. Max’s field.

Maxwell. Max, Max; wæl, a well. Max’s well.

Meadowcroft. Mǽdewe, a meadow; croft, a small enclosed field. A meadow-field.

Mearns. Mearn, mourned; s for sun, son. A mourned son.

Mear. Mere, lake, pool, sea.

Mears. Mear, Mear; s for sun, son. Son of Mear.

Medlar. Méd, meed, merit, reward, recompense; lǽr, doctrine. Reward of doctrine.

Medway. Mǽd, meed, meadow, trunk of a tree; wǽg, a wave. Meadow-wave; a river.

Meredith. Mere, lake, sea; diht, ordering, direction, predicting, foretelling. Sea-predicting.

Merscher. Mersc-ware, from mersc, marsh, fen, and ware, used only as a termination, denoting inhabitants, dwellers. Marshmen; fenmen.

Merton. Meretún, from mere, lake, sea; tún, town. Sea-port; lake-port.

Metsinger. Metssunge, from mettsung, messing, food, meat; ere, indicating a person. A victualler; a provider. Messinger, another form of the name.

Michener. Perhaps Micg-ærn, from micg-an, to water; ærn, a place, a secret place, a closet, a habitation, a house. An urinary; a drain.

Midding. Midding, a dunghill.

Middlesex. Middel, middle; Sexe, Saxons. The Middle Saxons.

Middleton. Middel, middle; tún, town. The middle town.

Mitchell. Mycg, a midge, a gnat; el, a termination denoting a person. A dwarf; a pigmy.

Monteith. Mon, man; téth, teeth. Human teeth.

Montgomery. Munt-guman-ríc, from munt, mountain; guman, of man, genitive of guma; ríc, pronounced ree, a postfix denoting dominion, power. Mountain of man’s power; acme of human greatness.

Muckle. Mucxle, a muscle, a shell-fish.

Mumford. Mund-ford, from mund, a contraction of munden, remembered, and ford, ford. A remembered ford.

Munce. Munc, a monk. Munch, Munk, of similar derivation.

Murberry. Murberie, possibly from múr, a wall, from the resemblance of the fruit in roughness to a wall, and berie, a berry. Mur itself signifies a mulberry.

Murdock. Mere, a sea; docce, a dock. A naval dock.

N.

Nabes. Næbb, a face; s for sun, sun. The sun’s face.

Nachtigall. Næctegale, nightingale, from næcte, night, and gale, a singer. A night-singer.

Nachod. Næcud, naked, uncovered.

Nadely. Nædl, a needle, líc, like. Needle-like.

Nægele. Nægel, a nail, a pin, a nail of the hand. Nagel, Nagele, Naglee, other forms of the name.

Nebeker. Neb, face, countenance, mouth, neb, nib, nose; æcer, field, land, anything sown, sown corn, an acre. Face-pimples.

Nebel. Neb, face, countenance; el, termination denoting a person. Human face.

Nebhut. Neb, face, head, mouth; húth, spoil, booty, prey. Blotched countenance.

Nedel. Nedl, a needle.

Needham. Neád, need, necessity, infirmity; hám, home, house, dwelling, village, farm. An almshouse; an infirmary.

Neef. Nefe, a niece, a granddaughter. Neff, from the same root.

Nesenger. Nesse, a headland; ing, originating from; er, a personal suffix. One raised upon a headland.

Ness. Nesse, a cape. Nesz, another form of the name.

Neswanger. Nesse, or næs, a rock, support, headland, ness, cape, promontory; wang, a plain, field, wong, land; er, a personal suffix. Possessor of a rock-plain.

Neswenger. Nesse, rock; wengere, a pillow, bolster. Rock-pillow.

Nester. Nest, support, food, wages; er, a personal suffix. A supporter; a wage-earner. Nester, a kindred name.

Neth. Neth, wickedness, malice, cunning, hatred, strife, zeal, punishment, slaughter.

Nething. Neth, Neth; ing, offspring, descendant. Son of Neth.

Nette. Nett, a net.

Netterville. Nett, a net; er, a personal suffix; French ville, a villa, a town. A fishing-place.

Nettinger. Nett, a net; ing, expressive of action; er, a personal termination. A seiner; a fisherman.

Nettleton. Netele, a nettle; tún, a farm. A nettle-farm.

Newbold. Newe, new, late, young; báld, bold, courageous, honorable. Lately honorable.

Newcomb. Newe, new; comb, a valley. New valley.

Newcomet. Newe, new; cometa, a comet. A new comet.

Newell. Neowel, prone, prostrate, depressed, profound, deep. Newhall, perhaps, from the same root.

Nipe. Nip, darkness.

Nippes. Nipp, Nipe; s for sun, son. Son of Nipe.

Norman. Nor, contraction of north, north; man, a man. North-man.

Northrop. Nor, north; thorpe, town. North town.

Norwood. Nor, north; wud, wood. Northwood.

Nye. Nye, a nye, a nest.

Nyholm. Nye, a nest; holm, the deep sea, an abyss, the ocean, a river island. Nest-water; nest-island.

Nyman. Nye, a nest; man, man, or woman. Nest-woman.

Nystrom. Nye, a nest; streom, a stream. Nest-stream.

O.

Obdyke. Ob, off; díc, bank, mound. Off the bank. Opdyke, from the same roots.

Oberdick. O’ber, over, above; díc, dyke, ditch, trench, moat. Overflowing ditch.

Oberholt. O’ber, above; holt, a forest. Mountain-forest.

Ofar. O’fer, a margin, brink, bank, shore.

Orcutt. Or, free from; coth, disease. Free from disease.

Ord. O’rd, beginning, origin, author, edge, sword, battle-array.

Ordmann. O’rd, the front of an army; mann, man. A general; a commander.

Orfe. Orfe, cattle. Orf, Orff, of similar derivation.

Orgill. Orgel, pride, arrogance.

Orgs. Org, pride; s for sun, son. Son of pride.

Orme. Or, free from; me, me. Free me from.

Ormerod. Or, free from; me, me; rod, rod. Free me from the rod. Ormrod, of like import.

Ormond. Or, free from; mond, care, protection. Free from care; without protection.

Ormsby. Orm, Orme; s, sign of genitive; bý, a termination denoting habitation, dwelling. Habitation of Orme.

Ormston. Orm, genitive Ormes, Orme; tún, house. Home of Orme.

Orth. O’rth, breathing.

Orthwein. O’rth, breathing; wine, a man. A living man.

Orton. Or, free from; tún, house, farm, village, town. Free from the cares of home, or of the town.

Orwig. Or, free from; wig, warfare, battle, strife. Free from warfare.

Osbeck. O’s, a hero; béc, a book, a volume, a writing. Hero-book; a novel.

Osborne. O’s, a hero; beorn, chief, general, prince, king. Hero-king. Osborn, Osbourn, Osbourne, kindred names.

Osler. O’s, hero; lǽr, lore, learning. Hero-lore.

Osmond. O’s, hero; mond, hand, defence, protection, security. Hero-protection.

Osmun. O’s, hero; mund, a hand. Heroic hand.

Osmus. O’s, hero; mús, mouse, flesh, muscle. Heroic muscle.

Osner. O’s, hero; nere, refuge, safety, preservation. Heroic preservation.

Oswald. O’s, hero; wald, ruler, governor, lord. Heroic ruler.

Ost. Ost, East. Also, a knot, a scale.

Oster. Oster, Easter.

Overholt. Ouer, over; holt, a forest. Hill-forest.

Oxenford. Oxen, from oxan, genitive of oxa, an ox; ford, a ford. The ford of the ox. Oxford, abbreviation of same.

P.

Palen. Pællen, purple.

Pennington. Pening, a penny; tún, dwelling, house. A mint; a bank.

Pepper. Peppor, or peopor, pepper.

Peppercorn. Peppor, pepper; corn, corn. A peppercorn.

Pile. Píl, a pile, dart, pole, stake.

Pilking. Píl, a pile, dart; cyng, a king, ruler, prince. Pile-king; warrior-king.

Pilkington. Pilking, Pilking; tún, house. Home of Pilking.

Pitt. Pitt, a well, a hole.

Pitfield. Pitt, a well; feld, a field, pasture, plain. A plain full of excavations.

Pitkin. Pitt, Pitt; cyn, kindred, posterity, nation. Pitt’s posterity.

Pitts. Pitt, Pitt; s for sun, son. Pitt’s son; son of Pitt.

Pitman. Pitt, a pit, a hole, a well; man, a man. A man who works in a pit; a pitman.

Pittenger. Pitt, Pitt; eng for ing, descendant; er, a personal suffix. Descendant of Pitt.

Plag. Plæga, play, sport, pastime, wager.

Plagman. Plæga, play, pastime, wager; man, a man. Man of pleasure. Plagemann, a cognate form.

Plumly. Plume, a plum; líc, form, shape, substance. Plum-shape.

Porter. Port, port, haven, town, city, gate of a town; er, a personal suffix. A gate-keeper.

Portman. Port, a city; man, a man. A citizen.

Preston. Preost, a priest, presbyter, clergyman; tún, a house. A parsonage.

Prevost. Prafost, prevost, president.

Priestly. Preost, a priest; líc, like. Priest-like.

Pund. Púnd, a pound, a fold.

Punger. Pung, a purse; er, a personal termination. A purser.

Punt. Punt, a boat.

Pusey. Púse, a purse, a bag.

Poole. Púl, pronounced pool, a pool.

Pyle. Pyle, a pillow, a cushion. Pywell, perhaps, from the same root.

Pyne. Pín, a pine.

Pyott. Pytt, a pit, a well. Piatt, a kindred name.

Q.

Quain. Queán, a barren cow.

Queen. Quén, a wife. Quen, Quein, of similar derivation.

Quick. Cwic, quick, living, active.

Quicksell. Cwic, active; sel, a companion. An active companion. Quicksall, a slightly modified term.

R.

Raake. Ræce, a rach, a setting dog.

Rackham. Ræce, Raake; hám, house. Home of Raake.

Radcliff. Rád, that on which one rides, a road; clyf, a rock, a steep descent. A road-cliff. Radcliffe, another spelling.

Raddington. Ræding, Reading; tún, town. Town of Reading.

Raddish. Rædic, from rǽd, red, and isc, an adjective termination denoting like. Red-like; a radish. Radisch, Radish, of similar origin.

Rader. Rád, traveling, journeying; er, a personal suffix. A traveler.

Radeker. Rǽd, red; æcer, acre, field, land. A red field.

Radfield. Rǽd, red; feld, a plain. A red plain.

Radford. Rǽd, red; fōrd, a ford, a stream. A red ford.

Radley. Rǽd, red; líc, like. Red-like.

Rae. Rá, a roebuck, a hart.

Raeder. Rá-deór, a roebuck.

Rafferty. Ræfter, a rafter, a perch. Doubtless, a corruption of ræfter, produced by removing t, and placing it at the end of the word.

Rahill. Rá, a roe, a hart; hill, a hill. Roe-hill.

Rahm. Ram, or ramm, a ram. Rahme, of like significance.

Rahn. Rán, a whale.

Rahner. Rán, a whale; er, a personal suffix. A whaler.

Raith. Ræth, quick. Rath, of like import.

Ramm. Ramm, a ram, a male sheep.

Rammage. Ram, a ram; mæg, female. The female of the ram; an ewe.

Ramsey. Rammes-íg, from rammes, genitive of ramin, ram; ig, an island. Isle of Ram. Ramsay, from the same roots.

Ramson. Ram, Ramm; sun, son. Son of Ramm.

Ranck. Ranc, proud, haughty, rebellious, rank, fruitful. Rancke, slightly altered form.

Rand. Rand, a border, rim, edge, a shield, a bosc.

Randall. Ran, a deer; dál, or dǽl, a dale, a valley. Deer-valley. Randell, Randle, of like parentage.

Randolph. Ran, plunder, dǽlf, a delving, a digging. Plunder-delving.

Rankin. Ran, a deer; cyn, kin, race, tribe, kind. Deer-tribe.

Rankins. Rankin, Rankin; s for sun, son. Son of Rankin. Ranken, from the same.

Ranks. Rank, Rank, from rænc, pride, and s for sun, son. Son of Rank; son of pride.

Rapp. Ráp, a rope, a cord.

Rapson. Ráp, Rapp; sun, son. Son of Rapp.

Rasbold. Rǽs, a rush, an onset, an attack; báld, bold, audacious, courageous, honorable. A courageous attack.

Rasch. Rǽs, a rush, an onset, an attack.

Ratcliff. Ræt, a rat; clyf, a nest. Rat-nest.

Rathfon. Rathe, swift, nimble, ready; fon, a fan. A nimble fan.

Rau. Rawe, head of hair.

Rauch. Reác, smoke, reek, vapor.

Raucher. Reác, smoke; er, a personal suffix. A smoker.

Rauchfuss. Reác, smoke; fús, ready. Smoke ready. Ready for smoke.

Rawle. Rǽw, a corpse; el, denoting a person. Human corpse. Rawley, of like derivation.

Rawlings. Rawl, Rawl; ingas, sons of. Sons of Rawl, or Rawle. Rawlins, contraction of the same.

Rea. Rea, a padder, a highwayman, an assailant, a stroller.

Reabey. Rea, a highwayman; bý, a habitation. Dwelling of a highwayman.

Reabon. Rea, an assailant; bon, fatal. A deadly assailant.

Reach. Reác, smoke, reek, vapor.

Read. Read, red. Reade, Reed, from the same root.

Reading. Read, Read; ing, offspring. Son of Read. Redding, of like origin.

Reardon. Reardian, to speak, converse, read.

Reaser. Reás, rushed; er, a personal suffix. A hurried person.

Reath. Réthe, savage, fierce, hard, severe, austere.

Reck. Rec, an interpreter, explainer. Recke, another spelling.

Reckefuss. Rec, an interpreter; fús, ready. A ready interpreter.

Reckless. Recce-leas, from recc, care; leas, free from. Free from care; careless; reckless.

Reddick. Rædic, a radish.

Reddington. Redding, Redding; tún, house. Home of Redding.

Redmond. Rǽd, ready; mond, hand. Ready hand.

Redner. Rǽd, ready; nere, a refuge. A ready refuge.

Reece. Resce, a rush. Rees, Reese, more modernized forms of the name.

Reeh. Reh, a deluge.

Reehm. Hream, a shout.

Reel. Reol, a reel.

Reen. Rén, robbery. Perhaps, from rén, rain.

Reenan. Rínan, pronounced reenan, to rain.

Regelmann. Regel, a rule, a law, a canon; mann, man. A ruler; a lawyer.

Rehfuss. Reh, a deluge; fús, prompt, quick, ready. A ready deluge.

Rehm. Rem, cream.

Rein. Rein, pure, sincere, chaste.

Reinhart. Rein, sincere, pure, clean, chaste; heart, or heort, a heart. A pure heart.

Reining. Rein, Rein; ing, an offspring, a descendant. Son of Rein.

Reinking. Rein, sincere, honest; cyng, a king. An honest king.

Reme. Rem, cream.

Remington. Rem, Reme; ing, offspring; tún, town, dwelling. House of the son of Reme.

Rench. Renc, pride, arrogance.

Rendell. Rene, a water-course; dál, a dale, a valley. A valley stream.

Reneker. Reonig, tired, weary, sad; er, a personal termination. A tired person; a mourner.

Renne. Rene, a course, race, life, a water-course. Sometimes written Renn.

Rennick. Rénig, showery, having watery eyes, blear-eyed.

Resch. Resce, a rush.

Ressler. Resele, a riddle.

Retter. Rét, cheerful; er, denoting personality. A cheerful person.

Rhawn. Hrán, Anglicised form would be rhán, a whale.

Rhea. Rǽh, a doe, a roe.

Rheem. Hream, a shout, clamor, a crying out, wailing, hue and cry.

Rice. Rice, power, dominion, greatness, kingdom, region.

Riceman. Rice, power, greatness; man, a man. A man of power; a person of influence.

Richard. Rice, or riche, rich, powerful, mighty; ard, implying an ensign of office. A mighty ruler.

Richardson. Richard, Richard; sun, son. Son of Richard. Richards, contraction for the same.

Richmond. Riche, mighty, powerful; mond, a hand. A mighty hand.

Ridd. Rídda, a knight, a rider.

Rider. Ríd-ere, from rídan, to ride, sit or rest upon, press; ere, implying person. A rider; a knight. Ryder, from the same roots.

Ridge. Ricg, a stack, a back.

Ridings. Rid, Ridd; ings, descendants of. Sons of Ridd.

Riegel. Rige, rye; el, a termination denoting a person. A rye-man; a cultivator of rye; baker of rye-bread.

Riegg. Rige, rye, by transposing the positions of g and e, becomes Rieg, and this differs from the name under consideration only in the absence of the additional g. Rigg, of similar import.

Riehl. Rihel, doubtless the original, is from rih, hairy, rough, and el, denoting personality. A hairy man; a rough person. Riehle, Rile, Riley, of analogous derivation.

Riff. Rif, a womb. Rife, perhaps, from the same root.

Riffert. Rifter, a sickle, a reaper.

Rigby. Rig, Rigg; bý, habitation. Dwelling of Rigg.

Rigger. Rigg, Rigg; er, implying person. One who is a Rigg.

Riggin. Rigg, Rigg; in, an inn, a dwelling. Rigg’s inn.

Riggins. Riggin, Riggin; s for sun, son. Son of Riggin.

Riggs. Rigg, Rigg; s for sun, son. Son of Rigg.

Righter. Riht-ere, from riht, right, justice, law, true, just; ere, denoting a person. A governor; a ruler.

Rightley. Riht-líce, from riht, right, just; líce, like, ly. Right-like; rightly; justly.

Riling. Ril, Ril, Riehl; ing, offspring. Descendant of Riehl. Rilling, of similar significance.

Rimby. Rím, a number, reckoning, computation, calendar; bý, a habitation. Home of an arithmetician.

Rimer. Rím, number, reckoning, calendar; er, a personal suffix. An arithmetician; a reckoner; an astronomer. Rimmer, derivable from the same roots.

Rind. Rind, the rind, bark; fús, ready. Prepared bark.

Rindge. Hrincg, or ringe, a ring.

Rinear. Rín, course, course of years, life; ear, ocean, sea. Life-sea; sea of life.

Rinehart. Rín, race, course: heort, the heart. Race-heart; rapid heart-action.

Ringe. Ringe, a ring. Ring, an abbreviated form of the name.

Ringeisen. Ringe, a ring; isen, made of iron. An iron ring.

Ringer. Ringe, a ring; er, denoting a person. Ring-maker.

Ringgold. Ringe, a ring; gold, gold. A gold ring. Ring-gold, of like derivation.

Ringle. Ringe, a ring; el, a termination denoting a person. Ring-wearer; betrothed lady.

Ringley. Ringe, a ring; líce, like, ley, ly. Ring-like.

Rink. Rinc, a soldier, warrior, hero, a valiant or honorable man, a man. Rinick, doubtless, a corruption of the same.

Rinker. Rinc, a warrior, a valiant man; ere, an agent. A warrior.

Rínne. Rine, a race, course, life.

Ripley. Ríp, harvest, reaping; ley, a song. A harvest-song.

Ripp. Ríp, harvest, reaping.

Rippel. Ríp, harvest, reaping; el, denoting a person. A reaper; a harvester.

Ripperger. Ríp, harvest; earg, weak, evil, wretched, idle; ere, a person. An idle harvester.

Rishel. Risel, a handle. Rishell, Rissell, other spellings.

Risdon. Rísendan, a jangling fellow.

Risk. Risce, a rush.

Risley. Risel, doubtless, first changed to risle, a handle.

Ristine. Ríst, Rist; ine for in, an inn, a dwelling. Rist’s inn.

Ritner. Rit, ears of corn, a heap of fruit, corn, or grain; nere, support, protect, refuge. Corn-support.

Ritter. Rít, rides; ere, a person. A rider.

Ritterson. Ritter, Ritter; sun, son. Son of Ritter.

Roach. Reohche, a roach, a thornback. Roache, Roche, Roatch, Roesch, Roetsck, cognate forms.

Roat. Rót, cheerful, rejoicing, splendid, adorned.

Roats. Roat, Roat; s for sun, son. Son of Roat. Roetz, possibly, from the same.

Rodbard. Reod, red; beard, beard. Red beard. Robert is, in Anglo-Saxon, Rod-beard, and doubtless comes from the same roots.

Rodd. Reod, red.

Rodden. Reod, red; ian, indicative of a verb. Redden; make red.

Roddy. Reod, red; ig, an adjective termination. Ruddy; florid.

Rode. Reód, a reed.

Rodearmel. Reod, red; earm, arm; el, indicating a person. A red-armed person.

Rodebaugh. Reod, red; bæc, back. Red back. Rodenbaugh, of like derivation.

Rodel. Reod, red; el, a personal suffix. A person of ruddy complexion.

Rodgers. Rodger, from reod, red; ierre, anger, indignation, fury; and s for sun, son. Son of Rodger; son of red-visaged anger. Rodgerson is an unabbreviated form of the name, and Rogers a slight modification thereof.

Rodig. Reod, red; ig, an adjective termination. Ruddy.

Rodiger. Rodig, ruddy; er, a person. A ruddy person.

Rodine. Rod, Rode; inne, an inn. Rode’s inn.

Rodisch. Reod, red; isc, an adjective termination denoting the external quality of a subject. Reddish.

Rodman. Reod, red; mann, man. A ruddy man; a red-complexioned person.

Rodner. Reod, red; nere, support, protection. A zealous support. Perhaps, from rǽdanere, a reader, an interpreter.

Rodney. Rǽdne, law, counsel, control, condition.

Rodrick. Roder, firmament, sky, heavens; ríce, power, dominion, greatness, kingdom. Heavenly power. Roderick, a more closely related form.

Roe. Rá, pronounced rō, a roe, a doe.

Roebuck. Rá, a roe; buc, a buck. A roebuck.

Roeck. Roec, smoke.

Roecker. Roec, smoke; er, a person. A smoker.

Roeckle. Roec, smoke; le for el, denoting a person. A reeking, steaming person.

Roedel. Rá, a roe; dǽl, a dale, a valley. The vale of the roe. Roedell, of like significance.

Roeder. Rá-deór, a roebuck.

Roeger. Rǽge, pronounced ro-ge, a roe, a doe; ere, an agent. A roe-hunter.

Roegler. Rǽge, a roe; lǽr, learning. Roe-knowledge.

Roehl. Hreol, a reel. Roell, of kindred meaning.

Roehler. Hreol, a reel; ere, an agent. A spinster; a dancer. Roeller, from the same roots.

Roehm. Rá, roe; hm for hám, home, dwelling, habitation. Home of the roe.

Roellig. Hreol, a reel; ig, an adjective ending. Reeling; whirling.

Roeper. Reapere, pronounced roepere, a seizer, spoiler, robber.

Roerich. Rá, roe; ríce, a region, a country. The region of the roebuck.

Roese. Rose, a rose.

Roeser. Rose, a rose; ere, an agent. A rose-grower.

Roessing. Roess, Roese; ing, offspring. Son of Roese.

Roessler. Rose, a rose; lǽr, lore, learning. Rose-knowledge.

Roff. Róf, famous, renowned, illustrious, brave.

Roffel. Róf, famous, illustrious; el, denoting a person. A famous person. Roffle, of kindred signification.

Rogge. Rǽge, pronounced rōge, a roe, a doe.

Rohde. Ród, pronounced rohd, genitive rohde, rood, cross. Belonging to the cross.

Rohe. Reoh, rough, fierce, stormy, cruel.

Rohlfing. Hreol, a reel; fing, doubtless, a contraction of finger, a finger. The reel-finger. Perhaps the name is derivable from hreol, a reel, and fiong, hatred. Hatred of the reel.

Rohm. Róm, pronounced Rohm, Rome.

Rohman. Róman, pronounced Rohman, genitive of Róm. Belonging to Rome.

Roland. Row, sweet, quiet; land, land, ground, earth, field, region, country. Sweet land; quiet country. Rolan, Rowland, kindred terms.

Rolen. Row, sweet; leán, reward, price. Sweet reward.

Rolf. Row, quiet, restful; lf for líf, life. A quiet life. Roloff, Rolph, cognate terms.

Rolfing. Rolf, Rolf; ing, offspring, descendant. Son of Rolf.

Romberg. Róm, Rome; beorg, a hill fortification, citadel, defence, refuge. Citadel of Rome.

Romberger. Róm, Rome; beorg-ere, defender of a citadel. Defender of the citadel of Rome.

Rombold. Róm, Rome; báld, bold, courageous. Courageous Rome.

Romel. Róm, Rome; el, denoting a person. Citizen of Rome. Rommel, Rommell, of like origin.

Romig. Reómig, tired, weary.

Rommelman. Rommel, Romel; man, a servant. The servant of Romel.

Romoser. Róm, Rome; O’ster, Easter. Roman Easter.

Ronald. Rún, pronounced rown, a letter, magical character, mystery, council, meditation, conversation; ald, an age. An age of mystery.

Ronaldson. Ronald, Ronald; sun, son. Son of Ronald.

Ronan. Rúnan, pronounced rownan, a whisperer, a sorcerer.

Rone. Rún, a letter, a mystery, a council; e, indicating person. A man of mysteries; a sage. Roney, Rooney, from the same roots.

Rood. Ród, pronounced rood, rood, cross.

Roof. Róf, pronounced roof, top, the highest part of a house or chamber.

Roohr. Rure, pronounced ruher, a noise.

Rook. Róc, pronounced rook, a rook. Rooke, Ruch, Ruck, other spellings.

Rooks. Rook, Rook: s for sun, son. Son of Rook.

Rookstool. Rook, Rook; stól, pronounced stool, seat, chair, throne. Rook’s chair or throne.

Room. Rúm, pronounced rowm, room, space, place, wide, open, spacious, ample, of good cheer or heart, august, fortunate. Roome, of like import.

Roomes. Roome, Room; s for sun, son. Son of Room.

Roop. Roop, rop, a distaff.

Root. Rúte, pronounced originally rowte, rue, a plant.

Roots. Root, Root; s for sun, son. Son of Root.

Roper. Rop, a distaff; er, a person. The woman who twirls the distaff.

Roppel. Rop, a distaff; el, a personal ending. A distaff.

Roray. Rure, pronounced ruhr-e, a noise, the final e taking the French sound of a.

Rorer. Rure, a noise; ere, an agent. One who makes a noise; a babbler; a prattler.

Rose. Rose, pronounced raws, a rose. Ross, Rosse, Roos, analogous forms.

Rosebery. Rose, a rose; berige, a berry. The fruit of the rose.

Roseman. Rose, Rose; man, a servant. A servant of Rose. Rosemann, of like derivation.

Rosen. Rose, Rose; en, resembling. Resembling Rose; rosy; blooming.

Rosenacker. Rosen, Rosen; æcer, acre. Rosen’s acre; ground belonging to Rosen.

Rosenfeld. Rosen, Rosen; feld, field, pasture, plain. Rosen’s field; a blooming pasture. Rosenfelt, from the same roots.

Rosensky. Rosen, rosy, flushed; Danish sky, a cloud. A crimson cloud.

Rosewarne. Rose, a rose; wearn, a hindrance, obstacle, resistance, denial. Rose-obstacle.

Rosewig. Rose, a rose; wig, war, warfare, battle. Rose-warfare.

Roskeep. Rose, a rose; ceáp, a bargain, sale, business, chattel. Rose-sale.

Rosney. Rose, a rose; ney, from the Irish, an individual, an agent. Rose-dealer.

Rost. Rǽst, pronounced rost, rest, repose, a place of rest, a bed.

Rowan. Rówan, pronounced roow-an, to row, to sail. Rowand, Roan, from the same root.

Rowe. Reowe, an Irish mantle or rug, soldier’s cloak, a frieze cassock, a priest’s garment. Row, of like significance.

Rowson. Row, Rowe; sun, son. Son of Rowe.

Rox. Rocks, from Rock, Rock; s for sun. Son of Rock. Rock is from the Irish roc, pronounced rokh, a rock.

Roxberry. Roxbury, from Rox, Rox, and byrig, a town, a city. Town of Rox.

Roxbrough. Roxborough, from Rox, Rox, and burh, a town, a city. Town of Rox.

Rucher. Róc, a rook; er, indicative of a person. One who acts like a rook; a croaker. In the South of Germany ruch, a rook, is the form of the word, and this agrees much better with the name under consideration.

Ruckman. Ruck, Ruck; man, a servant. Ruck’s servant.

Rucks. Ruck, Ruck; s for sun, son. Son of Ruck.

Rudd. Rud, red, ruddy. Later rud, became a noun, and signified redness, blush, ruddle, red ochre, and a river-fish. The last-named, from its red eyes, was called the rudd, or red-eye.

Rudden. Rud, red, ruddy; en, a termination of adjectives and participles. Make red; ruddy.

Rudduck. Rudduc, robin-red-breast. Ruddick, Ruddach, Ruddock, kindred names.

Ruddiman. Rud, ruddy; ig, an adjective ending; man, a man. A ruddy man. Rudman, Rudmann, of like significance.

Ruddy. Rud, ruddy; ig, implying an adjective. Ruddy. Rudy, of same derivation.

Ruder. Rud, ruddy; er, a person. A ruddy person.

Rudge. Rud, red; íge, an island. Red island.

Rudhart. Rud, red, ruddy; heort, a hart. A ruddy stag.

Rudling. Rud, ruddy; ling, denoting state or condition of a person, an image, an example. Healthy condition; picture of health.

Rudloff. Rud, redness, blush; lóf, praise. Blush-praise.

Rudolph. Rud, red ochre, red iron-ore; dǽlf, pronounced dolf, a delving, a digging. Iron-digging.

Ruf. Hróf, or róf, a roof, a raised part. Perhaps, from róf, famous, renowned, illustrious. Rufe, Ruff, Ruoff, of kindred signification.

Ruffell. Hróf, a roof, a raised part; el, denoting a person. A roof-rearer; a ruff-wearer.

Rumbol. Rúm, room, space, place; bol, a sleeping-room.

Rumboltz. Rúm, a room; boltes, genitive of bolt, a house. Room of a dwelling.

Rumel. Rúm, a room; el, indicative of a person. A room-mate. Rummel, Rummell, from the same.

Rumford. Rúm, wide, spacious, ample; ford, a ford. A spacious ford.

Rumig. Rúm, a room; ig, an adjective ending. Roomy; spacious; ample.

Rumsey. Rúm, room, space, place; rumes, genitive of space; íg, an island. A spacious island.

Runner. Rún, pronounced roon, mystery; ere, a person. A dealer in mysteries; a sorcerer.

Runser. Rún-seó-ere, from rún, a secret; seó, I see; ere, a person. A foreteller of secrets.

Runyon. Rún-ian, to whisper, to speak mysteriously, from rún, a mystery, and ian, a verbal ending.

Rusch. Risce, pronounced reesche, a rush. Rush, Rusk, from the same.

Rusher. Rush, Rush; er, a person. One who is a Rush; son of Rush; one who uses the rush.

Rushman. Rush, Rush; man, a servant. A servant of Rush; a rush-collector.

Rushmire. Risce, rush; mere, a mere, lake, pool. A rush-pool.

Rushton. Rush, Rush; tún, town, house. Home of Rush; habitation of the rush.

Rushworth. Rush, Rush; weordh, worth, worthy, honorable. An estimable Rush; value of rushes.

Rust. Rust, rust, rustiness.

Ruth. Rúte, rue, a bitter herb. From the bitter property of the rue, we have ruth, expressive of pity, sorrow, tenderness for the misery of another, mercy. Rutt, more closely related to derivation.

Rutnard. Ruth, rue, pity, sorrow; ard, an ensign of office, such as a pole, staff, etc. A physician; a clergyman; a consoler.

Rutherford. Ruther, Rutter; ford, a ford. Rutter’s ford.

Ruths. Ruth, Ruth; s for sun, son. Son of Ruth.

Rutledge. Rúte, rue; leger, place for laying or lying, as bed, couch, grave, churchyard. Rue-bed; a bed of rue.

Rutter. Rutt, Rutt, or Ruth; ere, a person. A descendant of Rutt.

Ruttley. Rutt, Rutt; ley for líc, having the form of. Resembling Rutt.

Ruttman. Rutt, Rutt; man, a servant. Rutt’s servant.

Rutty. Rúte, rue; ig, an adjective termination. Like rue. Or, Rutt, Rutt; ig, expressing the quality of. Having the character of Rutt.

Rutz. Rutts, from Rutt, Rutt; s for sun, son. Son of Rutt.

Ruwell. Ruw, rough, hairy; el, denoting a person. A rough, or hairy person.

Ruxton. Rucks, Rucks; tún, town, habitation. Home of Rucks.

Ryer. Rye, hairy; ere, a person. A hairy person.

Ryerson. Ryer, Ryer; sun, son. Son of Ryer.

Ryers. Ryer, Ryer; s for sun, son. Son of Ryer.

Ryland. Rye, hairy, rough; land, ground, earth, region, country. A rough country.

S.

Saake. Sæc, pronounced sahke, war, battle.

Saal. Sæl, pronounced sahal, a hall.

Saam. Sǽme, pronounced sā-am, weak, slow, lazy, bad.

Sabin. Sǽ, the sea; bin, a crib, a manger, a bin, a hatch. Sea-crib. Sabine, of like import.

Sabins. Sabin, Sabin; s for sun, son. Son of Sabin.

Sabold. Sǽ, the sea; bóld, a house. A sea-house; a ship.

Sabot. Sǽ, the sea; bát, boat. A sea-boat; a ship.

Sacal. Sacol, from sǽ, the sea; cól, coal. Sea-coal.

Sach. Sæc, pronounced săc, a sack, a bag. Sack, of like derivation.

Sachs. Sach, Sach; s for sun, son. Son of Sach. Saches, Sachse, Sacks, from the same roots.

Sackwright. Sæc, a sack; wyrhta, a workman, artificer, wright, maker. A sack-maker.

Saddington. Sæd, pronounced sad, satisfied, sated; dincg, broken or fallow ground; tún, a farm. A farm of sated, fallow ground.

Sadler. Sadel, a saddle; ere, an agent. A saddle-maker. Sadleir, Saddler, cognate terms.

Sæger. Sǽ, the sea; ger, a year. Sea-year.

Saffer. Sæfn, pronounced safn, a dream; er, an agent. A dreamer.

Saffin. Sæfn, pronounced safin, a dream.

Safford. Sæfn, a dream; órd, author. Dream-author.

Sage. Sage, a sage, a wise man.

Sagee. Sage, a sage; e, denoting a derivative adjective. Wise; philosophical.

Sagehorn. Sage, a sage; horn, a pinnacle, a trumpet. A sage’s trumpet.

Sager. Sage, a sage; ere, a person. A man of wisdom.

Sagers. Sager, Sager; s for sun, son. Son of Sager.

Saget. Sage, a sage; æt, meat, food. The food of a sage.

Sague. Sag, pronounced săg, a sack.

Saiger. Sag, a sack; er, an agent. A sack-maker.

Sainsbury. Sanctes, genitive of sanct, a saint; bury, from beorh, a place of burial. Saint’s burying-place.

Sale. Sæl, pronounced sā-el, a cord, a strap. Saile, from the same root.

Saler. Sæl, a cord; er, an agent. A cord-maker.

Sales. Sale, Sale; s for sun, son. Son of Sale.

Salfinger. Sæl, a cord; finger, a finger. Cord-finger.

Salin. Sale, Sale; in, a habitation. Sale’s dwelling.

Saling. Sale, Sale; ing, offspring. Descendant of Sale.

Salinger. Saling, Saling; er, an agent. A servant of Saling.

Salisbury. Salis, Sale’s; beorh, a burrow, or barrow. Sale’s barrow.

Saalmann. Sæl, pronounced sa-al, a hall; mann, a man. Hall-man.

Salt. Salt, salt.

Salter. Salt, salt; ere, an agent. A manufacturer of salt. Also, from saltere, a psaltery, a dulcimer.

Salters. Salter, Salter; s for sun, son. Son of Salter.

Sanborn. Sand, earth; born, born. Earth-born.

Sand. Sand, sand, earth.

Sandberg. Sand, sand; berg, a hill. A sand-hill.

Sandberger. Sandberg, a sand-hill; er, an agent. A sand-hill dweller.

Sander. Sand, sand, earth; er, an agent, or doer. A sand-digger. Saner, a contraction of the same.

Sanders. Sander, Sander; s for sun, son. Son of Sander. Saunders, of like derivation.

Sanderson. Sander, Sander; sun, son. Son of Sander. Saunderson, similarly derived.

Sandford. Sand, sand; ford, a ford. A sandy ford. Sanford, an abbreviation of the name.

Sandgran. Sand, sand; Latin granum, a grain. A grain of sand.

Sandgren. Sand, sand; grene, green. Green sand.

Sands. Sand, Sand; s for sun, son. Son of Sand.

Sandy. Sand-ig, from sand, sand, and ig, an adjective ending. Sandy.

Sangborne. Sang, song; born, born. Song-born.

Sanger. Sang, a song; ere, an agent. A singer.

Sangers. Sanger, a singer; s for sun, son. Son of Sanger; son of a singer.

Sank. Sanc, a song.

Sapp. Sæpp, pronounced sapp, sap, juice.

Sappel. Sæpp, sap, juice; el, an agent. A sapper.

Sapper. Sæpp, sap; ere, an agent. A sapper.

Sappington. Sæpp, sap; ing, denoting action; tún, town, village. A sapping town.

Sarfert. Sár, wound, sore, pain, grief; ferht, fright, fear. Pain-fear.

Saring. Sár, a wound; ing, expressive of action. Wound-producing.

Sattler. Sætel, pronounced sahtel, a seat; ere, an agent. A settler.

Saul. Sáwl, pronounced sáw-el, a soul. Saull, of like import.

Saulnier. Sául, a soul; nere, refuge, preservation. Soul-refuge.

Saulsberry. Sáules, genitive of sául, a soul; berry, from byrig, a city. Saul’s city; city of the soul.

Saulsburg. Saul’s, genitive of Saul; burg, a city. Saul’s city.

Sawyer. Sáwere, pronounced saw-yere, a sower.

Sawyers. Sawyer, Sawyer; s for sun, son. Son of Sawyer.

Sax. Sachs, from Sach, Sach, and s for sun, son. Son of Sach. Saxe, of kindred meaning.

Saxer. Sax, Sax; ere, an agent. A servant of Sax.

Saxton. Sax, Sax; tún, town, house. Home of Sax.

Saybolt. Sǽ, the sea; bolt, a house, a dwelling. A sea-house; a ship.

Sayer. Sǽ, the sea; ere, an agent. A navigator. Sayre, from the same roots.

Sayers. Sayer, Sayer; s for sun, son. Son of Sayer. Sayres, a cognate form.

Saylor. Sǽ, the sea; lǽr, pronounced lore, doctrine. Sea-knowledge.

Scank. Scanca, the hollow bone of the leg, the shank.

Scanlan. Scand, shame, modesty, disgrace; land, land, earth, region, country. Disgraced region. Scanlin, Scanlon of like significance.

Scannell. Scand, shame, disgrace; el, a personal suffix. A person in disgrace.

Scarborough. Scear, an estate, landed property; burh, a town, a city. The landed property of a town.

Scattergood. Sceat-wer, a shooter; gud, good. A good shooter.

Schaab. Sceabb, or scæb, a scab.

Schaaf. Sceaf, pronounced skaaf, a sheaf, a bundle of corn.

Schaal. Sceale, pronounced skaal, a school. Schall, of like significance.

Schaar. Scear, pronounced skaar, a share, a fortune, an estate.

Schaker. Sceacere, pronounced skaker, a thief.

Schaler. Sceale, a school; ere, an agent. A scholar. Schaller, a kindred name.

Schallinger. Sceale, a school; ing, expressive of action; ere, an agent. One who is acquiring his schooling; a scholar.

Scham. Scame, pronounced skam, shame, disgrace, nakedness.

Schamel. Sceamel, a stool, footstool, bench, form, desk.

Schell. Scell, a shell, a rind, a cavity.

Scobel. Scobl, a shovel.

Scofield. Sceawe, shoe; feld, a field, a plain. A shoe-field.

Scollean. Scól-lean, from scólu, a school, and lean, reward. A school-reward. Scollan, from the same roots.

Scollay. Scól-ley, from scólu, a school, and ley, a song. A school-song.

Scollin. Scól-in, from scólu, a school, and in, a habitation. A school-house.

Scollon. Scól-lond, from scólu, a school, and lond, land. School-land.

Scorr. Score, the shore.

Scotland. Scot, shot, payment; land, land. Payment-land.

Scotney. Scot, shot, payment; ney, from the Irish, implying an agent. A paymaster.

Scott. Scot, shot, payment.

Scouler. Scolere, a scholar.

Scovel. Scofl, a shovel.

Scudder. Sculder, a shoulder.

Seabert. Sǽ, the sea; beorht, bright. Sea-bright.

Seabold. Sǽ, the sea; bóld, a house. A sea-house; a ship.

Seabourne. Sǽ, the sea; burne, a stream. A sea-current.

Seabrook. Sǽ, the sea; bróc, a brook. A sea-brook; a rivulet that empties into the sea.

Seagrove. Sǽ, the sea; græf, a grove. A sea-grove; a grove near the sea.

Seafert. Sǽ, the sea; ferdh, a spirit. A sea-sprite.

Seal. Seal, a willow, a sallow. Seel, an analogous name. Perhaps, from seal, a seal.

Sealey. Seal, a willow; ig, an adjective termination. Willowy; abounding with willows. Sealy, Seely, Seeley, similarly derived.

Seals. Seal, Seal; s for sun, son. Son of Seal.

Seaman. Sǽ-mann, a sea-man. Seeman, Seemann, kindred names.

Seamans. Seaman, Seaman; s for sun, son. Son of Seaman.

Seamen. Sǽ, the sea; men, plural of man. Seamen.

Seamens. Seamen, Seamen; s for sun, son. Son of Seamen.

Seamon. Sǽ, the sea; mon, man. A sea-man.

Seanor. Sǽ, the sea; nor, for north. North Sea.

Search. Serce, a shirt.

Searchfield. Search, Search; feld, a field, a plain. Search’s field.

Sear. Sear, from searian, to sear, to dry up. Dry; withered.

Searing. Sear, Sear; ing, offspring. Son of Sear.

Searle. Sear-el, from sear, sear, and el, denoting a personal noun. A withered person; an aged person. Searl, from the same roots.

Searles. Searle, Searle; s for sun, son. Son of Searle.

Sears. Sear, Sear; s for sun, son. Son of Sear.

Seary. Sear, dry, withered; ig, denoting an adjective. Withered. Seeary, an analogous term.

Seaton. Sǽ, the sea; tún, a town. A sea-town; a sea-port.

Sebald. Sé, pronounced se, the sea; báld, bold, audacious. Sea-daring.

Seckel. Sec, battle; el, indicative of a person. A warrior.

Seckinger. Sec, war, battle; cyng, a king, ruler, prince; ere, an agent. A warrior-king.

Seddinger. Perhaps, from Sedling, an Ethiopian, and ere, an agent. A slave-trader. Sedenger, a corruption of the same.

Sedgwick. Secg, warrior, soldier; wic, a camp, a station. A military camp.

See. Sé, pronounced sē, the sea.

Seebach. Sé, the sea; bæc, pronounced bāc, back. An ebbing sea.

Seeber. Sé, the sea; bere, a bear. A sea-bear.

Seeberger. Sé, the sea; berg, a mountain, a hill; ere, an agent. One that occupies a sea-mountain; a mermaid. Seeburger, of like significance.

Seebeth. Sé, the sea; Irish beth, a house. A sea-house; a bath-house.

Seed. Séd, pronounced sēd, seed.

Seeds. Seed, Seed; s for sun, son. Son of Seed.

Seefelder. Sé, the sea; feld, a field, a plain; ere, an agent. A follower of the sea-plain; a seafaring man.

Seegrist. Sé, the sea; grist, grist, a grinding. Sea-grist; sea-grinding. Segrest, of like import.

Seehofer. Sé, the sea; hofer, a humpback. The sea-humpback.

Seelaus. Sé, the sea; lus, German laus, a louse. A sea-louse.

Seeler. Seal, a seal; ere, an agent. A seal-fisher.

Seehorst. Sé, the sea; horst, watching. Sea-watching.

Seelig. Sé, the sea; lig, a flame. A sea-flame. Selig, an analogous name.

Seelos. Sé, the sea; los, loss, losing, destruction. Sea-loss.

Seery. Sé, the sea; ríe, pronounced rē, power, dominion. Sea-power.

Sees. See, See; s for sun, son. Son of See. Seese, Seez, cognate names.

Sefer. Sé, the sea; fer, a journey. A sea-journey.

Sefton. Seft, soft, mild, quiet; tún, a town, a house. A quiet home.

Segall. Sé, the sea; gál, pronounced gaul, lightness, folly. Sea-folly.

Segner. Segne, a net; ere, an agent. A seiner.

Seher. Sé, the sea, here, an army, a host, a legion. A sea-army; a naval expedition.

Sehers. Seher, Seher; s for sun, son. Son of Seher.

Selbert. Sel, a dwelling, a palace, a hall; beorht, brightness. Hall-brightness.

Selby. Sel, a hall, a palace; bý, a habitation. A palatial dwelling.

Selden. Seld, a royal seat, a throne, a palace; en, an adjective ending. Palatial.

Selfridge. Self, same, self-same; ricg, a back, a ridge, a roof. Self-same ridge.

Seligman. Selig, Selig; man, a servant. Selig’s servant.

Sell. Sel, a dwelling, a mansion, a palace, a hall.

Seller. Sel, a palace; ere, an agent. A king; a prince.

Sellers. Seller, Seller; s for sun, son. Son of Seller.

Sellick. Sel, a companion; lic, like. Companion-like.

Sells. Sell, Sell; s for sun, son. Son of Sell.

Selman. Sell, Sell; man, a servant. Servant of Sell; servant of a palace.

Selner. Sel, a palace; nere, refuge, protection. Palace-refuge; protection of the king.

Selover. Sé, the sea; lóf-ere, a lover. A sea-lover.

Selser. Sells-ere, from Sells, son of Sell, and ere, an agent. A servant of Sell’s son. Selser, perhaps, from the same roots.

Semebroth. Sæme, weak; bróth, broth. Weak broth.

Semisch. Sem, a seam, a bag; isc, like. Like a bag.

Semler. Sem, a bag; lǽr, doctrine, knowledge. Bag-knowledge.

Senat. Senat, a senate. Senate, from the same root.

Senatz. Senats, from Senat, Senat, and s for sun, son. Son of Senat.

Senn. Sen, sin.

Senneff. Senn, Senn; nefe, a niece. Niece of Senn.

Senner. Senn, Senn; ere, an agent. Senn’s servant.

Setner. Setnere, a seditious person, a revolter.

Settel. Setel, a settle, a seat, a bench, a stool. Settle, of similar derivation.

Setter. Settere, a thief.

Seubel. Séw, the sea; bel, a bell. A sea-bell.

Seubert. Séw, the sea; beorht, brightness. Sea-glistening.

Sharp. Scearp, sharp. Sharpe, another spelling.

Sharpless. Scearp, sharp; læs, less, comparative of lytel. Less sharp. Sharples, of similar meaning.

Sharpley. Scearp, sharp; líc, like. Sharp-like.

Sharps. Sharp, Sharp; s for sun, son. Son of Sharp.

Sharr. Scear, a ploughshare. Also, scear, a division.

Sharsig. Sceares, genitive of scear, Sharr’s, and ig, an island. Sharr’s island.

Sharswood. Sharr’s, Sharrs; wud, wood. Sharr’s wood. Sharwood, an abbreviated form of the name.

Shaw. Sceawe, a show.

Sheaff. Sceaf, a sheaf, a bundle of corn.

Shealer. Sceale, a scale, a balance; ere, an agent. A weigher.

Shean. Sceán, shone. Sheen, from the same root.

Shear. Scear, sheared. Sheer, of like derivation.

Sheard. Sceard, a sheard, a division, a remnant.

Sheardown. Scear, sheared; dún, a mountain, hill, downs. A sheared mountain; a shaven hill.

Shearer. Sceare-ere, from sceare, shears, scissors, and ere, an agent. One who uses the shears.

Shearf. Scearfan, to carve in pieces; scearfe, a fragment.

Shearman. Sceare, sheers; man, a man. A shearer; a reaper.

Shears. Shear, Shear; s for sun, son. Son of Shear.

Shearwood. Scear, sheared; wud, a wood. A cleared wood. Sherwood, from the same.

Sheble. Sceabb, a scab; el, denoting a person. A shabby fellow.

Sheck. Sceac, slow, sluggish, lazy, benumbed, costive, bound.

Shecklin. Sceac-líne, a line which fastens the bottom of a sail.

Shedaker. Sceáde, genitive of sceádo, shadow; æcer, a field. A field of shadow; a shaded field.

Shedden. Sceáden, shaded, shadowed, overwhelmed, oppressed.

Sheddy. Sceáde, genitive of sceádo, belonging to shade. Shady; shadowy.

Shedinger. Sceádan, to shade, to overwhelm, to oppress; ing, expressive of action; ere, an agent. A person that overshadows another; an oppressor.

Shedwick. Sceáde, genitive of sceádo, a shadow, a shade; wic, a habitation, a village, a convent. A habitation of shade; a shaded village.

Sheedy. Sceáde, of shadow; ig, an island. An island of shadow; a shaded island.

Sheeler. Sceale, a scale, a balance; ere, an agent. A weigher; a balancer.

Sheen. Scén, pronounced skēne, sheen.

Sheering. Scír, shire; ing, offspring, descendant. Son of the shire.

Sheldon. Scel, a shell; dún, a mountain, a hill. A shell-hill.

Shell. Scell, a shell.

Shellenberger. Scellenâ, of shells; berg, a hill, a mountain; ere, an agent. A dweller of a shell-hill. Shelberger, of similar derivation.

Sheller. Scell, a shell; ere, an agent. A dealer in shells.

Shelley. Scell, a shell; ig, an adjective termination. Shelly. Shelly, from the same roots.

Shelling. Scelling, a shilling. Or, Shell, Shell; ing, an offspring. A descendant of Shell.

Shellinger. Shelling, Shelling; ere, an agent. A servant of Shelling.

Shelmerdine. Scel, a shell; mere, a mere, a lake, a sea; dínne, stormy. A tempestuous shell-lake.

Shelton. Shell, Shell; tún, town, house. Home of Shell.

Sheneman. Sheen, Sheen; man, a servant. A servant of Sheen.

Shenton. Scén, beautiful; tún, a house, a habitation. A beautiful house.

Shepherd. Sceáp-hyrde, from sceáp, sheep, and hyrde, a keeper of sheep; a shepherd. Shepard, Shephard, Sheppard, analogous names.

Shepherdson. Shepherd, Shepherd; sun, son. Son of Shepherd. Shepperson, of like significance.

Shepler. Sceáp, sheep; lǽr, doctrine. Sheep-knowledge.

Shepley. Sceáp, sheep; ley, a lay, a song. A sheep-lay.

Sheran. Scéran, to shear, to shave, to cut off, to share, to divide, to grant.

Sherer. Sceare, shears; ere, an agent. A shearer. Sherar, from the same roots.

Sherick. Scer-icge, an actress. Sherk, Shirk, possibly, from the same derivation.

Sheridan. Scérian, to divide, to rive, to part.

Sheriff. Scír-gerefa, from scír, a shire, and gerefa, a steward, a bailiff, a governor. A governor of a shire; a shire-reeve; a sheriff.

Sherlock. Scír, white, bright, glorious; locc, a lock, hair. A lock of white hair. Shirelock, of similar meaning.

Sherlow. Scír, a county, province, district; low, a grave, a barrow, a small hillock, a tract of country gently rising, a low. A district-low. Shirlow, from the same roots.

Sherman. Scír-mann, from scír, a share, shire, county, district; mann, a man. A man who superintends; a shireman; an overseer; a governor, a provost. Shearman, Shireman, of kindred derivation.

Shermer. Scír, a district, province; mere, a mere, a lake, a pool, the sea. A sea-district; a lake-province.

Sherr. Scír, a district, a province. Shire, of kindred significance.

Sherrard. Scír, superintendence, stewardship; ard, an ensign of office. A badge of stewardship. Sherrerd, of like import.

Sherrat. Scír, shire, district, county; áth, an oath. An oath required by a shire from one in power.

Sherrell. Scír, a shire, a district; el, indicative of a person. A resident of a shire.

Sherrer. Scír, care, charge; ere, an agent. A superintendent; an overseer.

Sherrie. Sherr, Sherr; íg, an island. Sherr’s island. Sherry, from the same roots.

Sherwin. Scír, a shire; win, a friend. A friend of the shire; one devoted to the shire.

Sherwood. Scír, glorious; wude, a forest. A glorious forest. Or, from scír, a district; wud, a wood. A district wood.

Shetzline. Scetes, genitive of scete, a sheet, a sail; líne, a line. The lower sail line.

Shew. Sceawe, a show.

Shewell. Sceawe, a show; el, indicative of a person. A showman.

Shiel. Sciell, a scale, a shell.

Shield. Scield, a shield, a refuge.

Shields. Shield, Shield; s for sun, son. Son of Shield.

Shill. Scill, a shilling, a piece of uncoined silver, which, when coined, would make five pennies, each of which was 2½ pence.

Shillady. Shill, Shill; hlǽfdie, a mistress, a lady. Shill’s mistress.

Shilling. Scilling, a shilling. Or, from Shill, Shill, and ing, an offspring. A son of Shill.

Shillingford. Shilling, Shilling; ford, a ford. Shilling’s ford. Shillingsford, from the same roots.

Shillingsburg. Shillinges, Shilling’s; beorg, a hill. Shilling’s hill.

Shimer. Scíma, a brightness, splendor, glittering; ere, an agent. A wit; a humorist; a scholar.

Shinn. Scínne, beauty, splendor.

Shinneberry. Shinn, Shinn; byrie, a burial-place. The burial-place of Shinn.

Shipley. Scip, a ship, a boat; ley, a lay, a song. A boat song.

Shipman. Scip-mann, a ship-man, a sailor.

Shippen. Scyppend, a former, a creator.

Shipper. Scip-ere, a sailor.

Shipps. Scipes, genitive of scip, a ship. Belonging to a ship.

Shirley. Scíre, a shire; líc, like. Resembling a shire.

Shoe. Scoe, or sceó, a shoe.

Shoell. Scoe, a shoe; el, denoting a person. A shoemaker.

Shoemaker. Scoe, a shoe; mace, make; ere, an agent. A maker of shoes.

Shoneman. Scóne, beautiful; mann, a man. A beautiful man.

Shook. Sceóc, shook.

Shoop. Scóp, a farmer, a maker, a poet, a minstrel.

Shore. Score, the shore.

Short. Sceort, short.

Shortell. Sceort, short; el, indicative of a person. A short person.

Shorten. Sceort-ain, from sceort, short; ain, to make. To make short.

Shortley. Short, Short; líc, like. Resembling Short. Or, from sceort-líc, short, momentary.

Shorts. Short, Short; s for sun, son. Son of Short. Shortts, from the same roots.

Shoser. Scós, shoes; ere, an agent. A shoemaker.

Shott. Scot, shot, payment.

Showaker. Sceawe, a show; æcer, a field. A show-field. Showeker, from the same roots.

Showalter. Sceawe, a show; alter, an altar. A show-altar.

Showell. Sceawe, a show; el, indicative of a person. A showman.

Shower. Sceawere, a beholder, spectator, spy, a railer, a scoffer.

Showers. Shower, Shower; s for sun, son. Son of Shower.

Showman. Sceawe, a show; mann, a man. A showman.

Shreeve. Scréf, a den, a cave, a layer. Shreve, of like derivation.

Shreeves. Shreeve, Shreeve; s for sun, son. Son of Shreeve. Shrieves, a kindred name.

Shrigley. Scric, a thrush, a throstle; ley, a song. Thrush song.

Shriner. Scrin, a shrine, casket, chest; ere, an agent. A maker of shrines, caskets.

Shriver. Scrifan, to shrive, to receive confession; ere, an agent. One who receives confessions; a shriver.

Shroder. Scrúd, a garment, clothing, shroud; ere, an agent. A tailor; a shroud-maker.

Shronk. Scruncen, shrunk, withered.

Schropshire. Scrob, a shrub; scír, a shire, county, district. A shrub-shire; a shrubby district.

Shubert. Scúa, a shade, a shadow; beorht, bright, lucid, clear. A lucid shadow.

Shuck. Scucca, Satan, the devil.

Shuff. Scúfan, to shove, to thrust, to cast down; sceáf, cast down, removed; sceaf, that which is cast down, as a sheaf.

Shugard. Scúa, a shade; geard, a hedge, enclosure, garden. A shaded garden. Shugardt, Shugart, of like parentage.

Shuler. Scúl, a scowl; ere, an agent. One who scowls.

Shull. Scúl, a scowl, a frown.

Shumaker. Sceó, a shoe; macian, to make; ere, one who. A shoemaker.

Shuman. Sceó, a shoe; mann, a man. A shoe-man; a dealer in shoes.

Shumate. Sceó, a shoe; Dutch maat, a husband, a wife, a companion. A shoe-companion.

Shumway. Sceome, of shame, genitive of sceamu; wæg, way. The way of shame.

Shupard. Scóp, a poet, minstrel; ard, a badge of office. A minstrel’s staff. Shuperd, slightly altered form of the word.

Shupe. Scóp, a poet, a minstrel. Shupp, an analogous name.

Shur. Scúr, a shower of rain, a storm, tempest, a shower of arrows, battle, fight. Shurr, from the same root.

Shute. Scute, given, expended, transferred, rushed, shot. Shutt, of kindred meaning.

Shuttleworth. Scuttel, a scuttle, platter, charger, moment; weordh, worth, price, value. A moment’s value.

Shutts. Shutt, Shutt; s for sun, son. Son of Shutt. Shutz, similarly derived.

Shyer. Scyan, to suggest, excite, prompt, persuade; ere, an agent. A prompter; a pleader.

Sibbet. Sibbian, to pacify, to compose; past participle sibbod, pacified, composed. Sibbitt, from the same root.

Sibbits. Sibbit, Sibbit; s for sun, son. Son of Sibbit.

Sibel. Sib, peace, adoption, companionship; el, indicative of personality. A companionable person. Sibole of like import.

Siber. Sib, peace, agreement, alliance; ere, an agent. An ally; an abettor.

Sibert. Síb, peace; beorht, famous, illustrious. A famous peace.

Sibley. Sib, concord, agreement; ley, a song. A melody.

Sibson. Sib, peace, adoption; sun, son. Son of adoption. Sibbs, an abbreviated form of the same.

Sick. Síc, sick.

Sickel. Sicel, pronounced sickel, a sickle. Sickle, Sickel, from the same root.

Sickels. Sickel, Sickel; s for sun, son. Son of Sickel. Sickles, a cognate term.

Sicker. Síc, sick; ere, an agent. A sick person.

Sickler. Sicel, a sickle; ere, an agent. One who uses a sickle.

Siddall. Síd, ample, spacious, broad, vast; dál, a valley. A broad valley. Siddell, Sidel, Sidle, alike in derivation.

Siddon. Síd, spacious, vast; dún, a mountain, a hill. A spacious hill.

Siddins. Siddin, Siddon; s for sun, son. Son of Siddon.

Side. Síd, ample, broad, various, diverse. Or, from síde, silk.

Sidebotham. Síd, ample, full, vast; bót, atonement, indemnity, redress, cure; hám, house, dwelling. The home of full atonement.

Sidebottom. Síd, broad; botm, bottom. Broad bottom.

Sidenburg. Síden, silken, made of silk; burg, a fort, a castle, a house. A house made of silk.

Sides. Side, Side; s for sun, son. Son of Side.

Sidleman. Sidle, Sidle; man, a servant. Sidle’s servant.

Sidley. Sidle, Sidle; líc, like. Resembling Sidle.

Sidney. Síden, silken, made of silk.

Siebel. Sie, victory, triumph, crown; bel, a bell. A peal of triumph.

Siebeling. Siebel, Siebel; ing, offspring. Descendant of Siebel.

Sieber. Sie, a crown; bere, barley. A crown of barley.

Siebert. Sie-beorht, triumphantly, or gloriously bright.

Siebott. Sie, victory; bót, atonement. A victorious atonement.

Siebrecht. Sie, crown; brecht, conquered. Crown conquered.

Siebrist. Sie, victory; brist, bearest. Victory bearest.

Siedenback. Síden, silken; bæc, back. A silken back.

Siedler. Síde, silk; lǽr, doctrine. Silk-knowledge.

Siefert. Sie, triumph; fert, spirit. A spirit of triumph.

Siefken. Sielf-cyn, from sielf, a salve, and cyn, kind. A kind of herb salve.

Siegel. Sigel, the sun, a jewel. Siegle, from the same root.

Siegler. Sigel, a jewel; ere, an agent. A jeweller.

Siegman. Sige, victory; man, a man. A victorious man. Siegmann, from the same roots.

Sieler. Sie, the sea; lǽr, doctrine. Sea-knowledge.

Siemers. Sie, the sea; merse, a marsh, a fen. A sea-marsh.

Siemon. Sie, the sea; mon, a man. A seafaring man.

Sier. Sieran, to lie in wait for, to plot, to conspire.

Sifer. Sie, the sea; fer, a journey. A sea journey.

Sigmund. Sige, victory; mund, a hand. A victorious hand.

Silbert. Sigel-beorht, from sigel or sigl, the sun, and beorht, bright. Sun-bright.

Sill. Sigl, a necklace.

Sillady. Sill, Sill; hlǽfdie, a mistress. Sill’s mistress.

Siller. Sigl, a necklace, a brooch, an ornament; ere, an agent. A jeweller.

Silliman. Sill, Sill; man, a servant. Sill’s servant.

Sills. Sill, Sill; s for sun, son. Son of Sill.

Silpath. Sigl, the sun; pæth, a path. The sun-path; sunny path.

Sillsby. Sills, Sill’s; bý, a habitation. Sill’s home.

Silver. Silfer, silver.

Silverberg. Silfer, silver; beorg, a hill, a mountain. A mountain of silver.

Silvers. Silver, Silver; s for sun, son. Son of Silver.

Silverstine. Silferes, genitive of silfer, silver; tine, a tine, a tooth of a harrow. A silver tine.

Silverthorn. Silfer, silver; thorn, a thorn. A silver-thorn. Silverthorne, from the same roots.

Simard. Sima, a judge; ard, an ensign of office. A judge.

Sime. Sima, a bond, a reconciler, a judge. Syme, a kindred term.

Simes. Sime, Sime; s for sun, son. Son of Sime. Simms, Sims, Symes, from the same roots.

Simington. Sima, a reconciler; ing, expressive of action; tún, house. Home of reconciliation. Simmington, Symington, alike in derivation.

Simkin. Sim, Sime; cyn, kin, relation. Sime’s relation. Simpkin, of similar meaning.

Simkins. Simkin, Simkin; s for sun, son. Son of Simkin. Simpkins, from the same roots.

Simkis. Sima, a judge; cys, pure. An upright judge.

Simler. Sima, a judge; lǽr, doctrine. Judicial knowledge.

Simmer. Sima, a bond; ere, an agent. A notary.

Simmers. Simmer, Simmer; s for sun, son. Son of Simmer.

Simmon. Sima, a bond; mon, a man. A bondman.

Simmond. Sima, a bond; mund, a protection. A bond-protection.

Simmonds. Simmond, Simmond; s for sun, son. Son of Simmond. Simonds, Symonds, kindred names.

Simmons. Simmōn, Simmon; s for sun, son. Son of Simmon. Simmins, Symons, doubtless, of like parentage.

Simpson. Simp, Sime; sun, son. Son of Sime. Simson, from the same roots.

Sindall. Sin, sin; dál, a valley. Valley of sin.

Sine. Sín, sight, vision, appearance.

Siner. Sín, a vision; ere, an agent. One who sees visions; a dreamer.

Sines. Sine, Sine; s for sun, son. Son of Sine.

Singer. Singan, to sing, to play upon an instrument, to say, to pronounce; ere, an agent. A singer; a musician; a soothsayer.

Singerly. Singer, Singer; líc, like. Resembling Singer.

Singler. Singan, to sing, to play upon an instrument; lǽr, doctrine. Music-knowledge.

Singley. Sing, Sing; ley, from líc, like. Resembling Sing.

Sings. Sing, Sing; s for sun, son. Son of Sing.

Sink. Sinc, collection, heap, gain, treasure, riches, silver.

Sinn. Sin, or synne, sin.

Sinnamon. Sina, genitive of sina, sinews; mon, a man. A man of sinews; an athlete. Synnamon, Synamon, of similar derivation.

Sinning. Sinn, Sinn; ing, an offspring. Son of Sinn.

Sinns. Sinn, Sinn; s for sun, son. Son of Sinn.

Sithen. Sidhan, times, courses.

Sithens. Sithen, Sithen; s for sun, son. Son of Sithen.

Six. Six, six.

Sixsmith, Six, Six; smidh, an artificer, a smith, a workman. Six’s workman.

Sixte. Sixte, sixth.

Skean. Sceán, shone. Skeehan, Skeen, from the same radix.

Skeffington. Sceafa, a shaving instrument; ing, expressive of action; tún, a house. A place where shaving is done.

Skelly. Scell-ig, from scell, a shell, and ig, an adjective termination. Shelly.

Skerl. Scer, a ploughshare; el, indicative of a person. A plowman.

Skerratt. Scer-geát, from scer, a ploughshare; geát, an opening, a gap. A gap made by a ploughshare; a furrow.

Skinner. Scin, the skin; ere, an agent. One who removes the skin; a skinner.

Skipton. Scip, a ship; tún, a town. A ship-town.

Slack. Sleac, slow, remiss, idle, sleepy.

Slade. Slǽd, a slade, plain, open tract of country.

Slagle. Slæge, slaying, slaughter; el, indicative of a person. A slayer; a murderer.

Slater. Slát, slit; ere, an agent. One who slits, or cuts.

Slauch. Slǽc, slack, slow, remiss, idle, sleepy.

Slaugh. Slæge, slaying, slaughter, striking, beating, dashing together, a knock.

Slaw. Sláw, slow, idle, lazy.

Slawson. Slaw, Slaw; sun, son. Son of Slaw.

Slaymaker. Slæ, a weaver’s reed, a slay; mac-ere, a maker. A slay-maker.

Slayman. Slæ, a slay; man, a man. A man who uses the slay; a weaver.

Slayton. Slæ, a slay; tún, a house, a habitation. A house where weaving is done.

Sleeper. Slǽp-ere. A sleeper.

Slick. Slicc, a mallet, a hammer.

Slider. Slidor, a slider.

Slifer. Slifer, slippery.

Sloan. Slán, pronounced slōn, sloes. Also, from slán, to strike, to fight, to slay, to throw. Sloane, from the same roots.

Sloanaker. Slán, sloes; æcer, a field. A field of sloes. Slonaker, a kindred name.

Sloat. Slát, pronounced slōte, torn, bitten, broken through. Slote, of the same derivation.

Slocomb. Slá, pronounced slō, a sloe; comb, a valley. A sloe-valley.

Slocum. Slá, a sloe; cumb, or coom, a valley. A sloe-valley.

Sloman. Slá, a sloe; man, a man. A collector of sloes.

Slough. Slog, a slough, a hollow place.

Slow. Sláw, slow, idle, lazy.

Slowe. Sláwe, slow, idle. Slowey, from the same radix.

Slowman. Sláw, slow, lazy; man, a man. A slow man; a lazy man.

Slugg. Slóg, slew, killed.

Smack. Smæc, smack, taste, savor.

Small. Smæl, small, slender, thin, narrow.

Smalley. Smale, a slender person.

Smallman. Smæl, small; man, a man. A small man.

Smallwood. Smæl, thin; wud, a forest. A thin forest.

Smeal. Smea, little, fine, subtle; l for el, indicative of a person. A subtle person.

Smeaton. Smeat, beaten; tún, a city. A beaten city. Smeeten, of kindred significance.

Smedley. Smédh-líc, smoothly.

Smick. Smíc, smoke, vapor.

Smiley. Smilte, serene, placid, fair, smooth, calm.

Smith. Smidh, any one who strikes with a hammer, an artificer, a carpenter, a smith, a workman. Smyth, from the same radix.

Smithman. Smidh-the, a smithy, a workshop; man, a man. The man of the workshop.

Smithing. Smith, Smith; ing, an offspring. Descendant of Smith.

Smithson. Smith, Smith; sun, son. Son of Smith.

Smock. Smoc, a smock, a farm-laborer’s blouse.

Smocker. Smoc, a smock; ere, an agent. One who wears a smock.

Smythe. Smidh-the, a smithy, a workshop.

Snader. Snæd, a shaft, a pole, the handle of a scythe; ere, an agent. One who uses a snead, or sneed. Sneeder, a cognate term.

Snare. Sneáre, a snare, a loop, a noose.

Sneade. Snæd, a pole, a shaft, the handle of a scythe. Sneed, of like derivation.

Sneath. Snæd, a pole, a shaft, the handle of a scythe.

Sneden. Snǽd-en, to cut, to cut off, to amputate. Snethen, from the same radix.

Snediker. Snǽd, cut, shorn; æcer, a field. A mown field.

Sneer. Snear, active, quick, nimble.

Snelbaker. Snel-bæc-ere, from snel, active, cheerful; bæcere, a baker. An active, cheerful baker. Snellbaker, from the same roots.

Snell. Snel, or snell, quick, active, cheerful, bold, brave.

Snelling. Snell, Snell; ing, offspring. Descendant of Snell.

Sneyd. Snid, I cut, I amputate, I slay.

Snider. Snid-ere, a cutter, hewer, pruner. Snyder, from the same derivation.

Snodgrass. Snod, a fillet, a cap, a hood; græs, grass. A straw fillet; a straw cap.

Snow. Snáw, snow.

Snowdon. Snáw-dan, to snow.

Snowdon. Snáw-dún, from snáw, snow; dún, a mountain, a hill. A snow mountain.

Soden. Soden, perfect participle of seódham, to boil, to agitate, to cook. Boiled; agitated; cooked.

Soder. Seod, a little sack, a bag, scrip; ere, an agent. A sack-maker. Soeder, of like significance.

Soding. Seod, a bag, a sack; ing, expressive of action. Sack-making.

Sodman. Seod, a bag, a sack; man, a man. A sack-maker; a bag-dealer.

Soeffing. Seofung, sighing, sobbing, lamentation.

Somer. Sumer, summer. Sommer, Summer, from the same radix.

Somers. Somer, Somer; s for sun, son. Son of Somer. Sommers, Summers, equivalents.

Somerset. Somer-setl, from sumer, summer, and setl, a seat. A summer seat. Sommerset, a kindred term.

Sorg. Sorg, sorrow, care, anxiety.

Sorig. Sorhg, sorrow.

Souder. Sódh, truth; ere, an agent. One who speaks the truth.

Souders. Souder, Souder; s for sun, son. Son of Souder.

South. Súdh, south.

Southcott. Súdh, south; cóte, a cottage. A south-cottage.

Southern. Súdh-erna, southern.

Southwark. Súdh-geweorc, from súdh, south, and geweorc, a fortress, a work. A south-work; a south-fortress.

Southwell. Súdh, south; wel, a well. A south-well.

Southwick. Súdh, south; wic, a camp. A south-camp.

Southwood. Súdh, south; wud, wood. A south-wood.

Southworth. Súdh, south; weordh, worth, price, value. South-worth; southern value.

Sower. Sawere, a sower.

Sowerby. Sower, Sower; bý, a dwelling, a habitation. Sower’s dwelling.

Sowers. Sower, Sower; s for sun, son. Son of Sower.

Sox. Socks, from socces, genitive of socc, a sock, a woolen wrapper for the feet. Belonging to a sock.

Spackman. Spǽc, speech; man, a man. A speaker; an orator.

Spader. Spád, a spade; ere, an agent. One who uses a spade; a digger.

Spadone. Spǽdan, to speed, to prosper, to succeed.

Spaeter. Spǽtan, to spit; ere, an agent. A spitter. Spaetter, from the same roots.

Spahn. Span, a span.

Spang. Spange, a little lock, a clasp.

Spangler. Spange, a lock, a clasp; lǽr, doctrine. Lock-knowledge.

Spannagel. Span, a span; nægel, a nail. A span-nail.

Spare. Spær, spare, frugal, moderate, small. Spare, from the same derivation.

Sparhawk. Spear-hafoc, from spear, a spear, lance, dart, and hafoc, a hawk. A sparrow-hawk.

Sparmaker. Speare, a spear; mac-ere, a maker. A spear-maker.

Sparman. Speare, a spear; man, a man. A Spearman. Spearman, from the same.

Sparrow. Spearwa, a sparrow.

Spearshott. Speare, a spear; scot, a shot. A spear-shot.

Speakman. Speac, speak; man, a man. A speaker.