INDEX

Acclimatization, 319.

Acorn, 24.

Acracids, 160.

Adaptation, definition of, 1.

Adjustments, individual, 12.

Agassiz, 1, 44, 61.

Agelæus, 173.

Alcohol, 13.

Algæ, red, 9.

Alkaloids, 13.

Allen, 173, 307-310.

Allolobophora, 380.

Alpheus, 344.

Ammophila, 5.

Ammotragus, 208.

Ampelopsis, 403.

Amphimixis, 448-449.

Amphioxus, 399.

Ancon race, 315-316.

Angiostomum, 422.

Anguillidæ, 320.

Annelids, 19, 20.

Anolis, 10, 194.

Ant-eater, 227, 228.

Antelope, 6, 206, 208.

Antitoxin, 14.

Ants, 141-146, 354, 386, 407.

Aphids, 384-386, 419, 426.

Apus, 418.

Archæopteryx, 41, 42, 53, 54.

Ardea, 200.

Argus pheasant, 199.

Aristolochia Clematitis, 10, 11, 12.

Arsenic, 13.

Artemia, 306.

Ascidians, 417.

Askenasy, 161.

Aspalax, 227.

Asterina, 421-422.

Autenrieth, 58.

Baboon, 209.

Bacteria, 14, 15, 111, 398.

Baer, Von, 60, 61, 74, 75.

Bamboo, 313.

Barnacles, 417.

Bartlett, 209, 220.

Bat, 2.

Bates, 183, 186.

Bateson, 273, 278, 453.

466Beard, 210, 211, 216.

Beard, J., 435.

Bee, 2, 3, 19, 143, 179, 303, 350, 406, 420, 421, 425, 438.

Beethoven, 218.

Beetles, 182, 183, 189.

Bell-bird, 198.

Beneden, Van, 441.

Berbura goat, 208.

Biogenetic Law, 71.

Birds, 6, 407; definition of group, 36; evolution of, 41; instincts of young, 4; nest, 4; of paradise, 6; teeth of, 301; variation in, 309-312.

Blind animals, 354.

Blow-fly, 383.

Bonellia, 353, 417.

Born, 424.

Bos, 206.

Boveri, 433.

Bovidæ, 207.

Branchipus, 306.

Brocadello, 428.

Brooks, 441.

Brown-Séquard, 232, 241, 250-257.

Buffon, 300.

Bull, 207, 315.

Bütschli, 441.

Butterfly, 3, 184, 389.

Cactus, 10.

Caffein, 13.

California salmon, 19.

Calkins, 443-447.

Callionymus, 191.

Calocalanus, 177.

Cameron, 425.

Canestrini, 178.

Canidæ, 308.

Canis, 410.

Carbonnier, 190, 192.

Cardamine, 335.

Cardinalis, 173.

Cardium, 305.

Cassowary, 202.

Castle, 148, 321, 435, 438.

Caterpillar, 5, 8, 186.

Cattle, 411.

Cats, 209.

Cercopithecus, 208.

467Cervus, 304.

Chara, 420.

Charrin, 257.

Chick, 57, 406.

Child, 72.

Chinese pheasants, 6.

Chlorophyl, 9.

Cicadas, 187, 188.

Ciona, 148.

Classification, 31-36.

Classification, scheme of, 38.

Cockatoo, 6.

Colaptes, 310.

Colias, 185.

Colonial forms, 127.

Color, 18, 19, 24, 133, 375.

Coloration, 5, 6, 7, 23, 357-360.

Columba livia, 76.

Comb of bees, 4.

Communal marriages, 210.

Competition, 104, 112, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123.

Compositæ, 130.

Cones, 310.

Conklin, 72.

Cope, 49, 259.

Copridæ, 183.

Coral-snakes, 194.

Correlated variation, 94.

Correlation, 134.

Cottus, 191.

Crab, 15, 248, 344, 354.

Crickets, 188.

Crocodiles, 193.

Crosby, 398.

Cross-fertilization, 21.

Crossing of species, 148, 149, 150.

Crystal, 29.

Cryptocerus, 144.

Ctenophors, 417.

Cuckoo, 139, 140, 141.

Cuénot, 427-428, 435.

Culicidæ, 188.

Cunningham, 257-260.

Cuvier, 44, 301.

Cynocephalus, 209.

Cypridopsis, 392-393.

Cyprinodonts, 190.

Cypris, 320.

Dall, 260.

Dallinger, 320.

Danaids, 160.

Dances, 195.

Daphnia, 305, 418.

Darwin, C., numerous references throughout the text.

Darwin, Erasmus, 223.

468Date-palm, 313.

Davenport, 264, 266, 321.

Dean, 358.

Death, 370.

Death, feigning, 410, 411.

Deer, 309.

Degeneration, 165.

Delamare, 257.

Descent theory, 31-35.

Desmarest, 206.

Desmodium, 403.

Dianthus, 149.

Didelphys, 410.

Dimorphism, 360.

Dingoes, 314.

Dinophilus, 428.

Diptera, 180, 188.

Divergence of character, 127, 128.

Dog, 226.

Draba, 288, 289, 290, 292, 294.

Draco, 194.

Dragonet, 191.

Drill, 209.

Ducks, 94, 314.

Düsing, 423.

Dutrochet, 320.

Earthworm, 380, 382, 383, 384, 417.

Echidna, 54.

Eciton, 144.

Egerton, 204.

Egg, 429-430, 432.

Eggs, number of, 19.

Egypt, animals of, 225.

Egyptian remains of animals, 43, 44.

Eimer, 158, 260.

Eisig, 72.

Electric organs, 22, 132, 372.

Elephant, 110-111, 206, 304.

Emu, 202.

Entoscolax, 353.

Epihippus, 50.

Equus, 50.

Eristales, 188.

Esmeralda, 182.

Euploids, 160.

Eustephanus, 201.

Evolution, 29.

Ewart, 238.

Exercise, 12.

External conditions, 130.

Eye, 13, 131, 132.

Eye, evolution of, 131, 132.

Eye, of flatfish, 137.

Fayal Islands, 124.

Felidæ, 308.

469Felis, 308.

Fish, change of color, 16.

Fishes, 7.

Fishes, secondary sexual character of, 190.

Flatfish, 137, 138.

Flatworms, 417.

Fleischmann, 45-57.

Flounders, 228, 346, 347.

Flowers, 9, 17, 21, 342, 399, 422, 429.

Fly, 428.

Foot of horse, 47.

Forel, 5.

Fossil horses, 52.

Foxes, 210, 410.

Franqueiros cattle, 315.

Frogs, 193, 320, 382, 405.

Frogs, cross-fertilization, 150.

Fruit, down of, 133.

Fundulus, 16.

Galton, 236, 270-272, 289, 441.

Gavials, 301.

Geddes and Thompson, 417, 423, 426, 427.

Geer, De, 178.

Gegenbaur, 49.

Gelasimus, 177.

Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 44, 67, 300-303.

Geological evidence, 39.

Gerbe, 429.

Germinal selection, 154.

Gibbon, 213.

Gill-clefts, 62, 63, 64, 73.

Giraffe, 6, 203, 229, 248-249.

Glacier, 28.

Glowworm, 23.

Goat, 206, 208.

Gonionema, 399.

Gorilla, 205.

Gothic period, 47, 48.

Gould, 197.

Graba, 124, 125.

Grafting, 153.

Grasshoppers, 8, 188.

Gray, 126.

Greyhound, 134.

Growth of plants, 17.

Guillemots, 124.

Guinea-pigs, 232.

Günther, 190.

Gymnotus, 132.

Haeckel, 48, 49, 56, 70, 71, 79, 80, 82.

Hartman, 187.

Heart, 66, 67.

Heliconids, 160.

Helix, 344, 345-346.

Hemiptera, 181.

470Heredity, 270.

Hermaphroditic animals, 126.

Hertwig, O., 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83.

Hertwig, R., 447.

Hieracium, 330, 331.

Hildebrand, 148.

Hill, 252.

Hipparion, 51.

Hippeastrum, 148.

His, 71, 72.

Holmes, 72.

Hornbills, 219.

Horns, 229.

Horse, 42, 224.

Horse-chestnut, 24.

Hothura, 410.

Hottentots, 212.

Hudson, 140, 195, 409-412.

Humming-birds, 6, 197, 228.

Hurst, 75, 76, 77, 78.

Huxley, 49, 156, 233.

Hyatt, 259.

Hybrids, 149, 239.

Hydatina, 417.

Hydroides, 348.

Hylobates, 205.

Hymenoptera, 181.

Ice, 28.

Ichneumonidæ, 181.

Idioplasm, 335.

Immunity, 13.

India cattle, 208.

Infanticide, 25.

Inorganic adaptations, 26.

Insectivorous plants, 10.

Insects, coloration of, 7; wingless, 228.

Instinct, 25, 139, 140, 141.

Irish elk, 247.

Jackson, 260.

Jaguar, 209.

Japanese cock, 163.

Jennings, 395.

Jonghe, 314.

Jordan, 292.

Joseph, 428.

Junco, 311.

Kallima, 7, 161, 162, 358.

Kangaroo, 229, 351.

Katydid, 8.

Kent, W. Saville, 191.

Kidneys, 66.

Kielmeyer, 58.

Kirby, 232.

Kiwi, 354.

471Kölreuter, 149.

Korschelt, 428.

Labidocera, 393.

Lamarck, 146, 222-233.

Lamarckian factor, 94, 205, 211, 222, 458.

Lang, 345.

Law of Biogenesis, 30.

Leaf, resemblance to, 7.

Leaves, closing of, 11.

Leeches, 417.

Leguminosæ, 124.

Leidy, 46.

Length of life, 20.

Lenhossek, 435.

Leopard, 209.

Lepidoptera, 172.

Leptothrix, 320.

Leucophys, 442.

Lichen, 9.

Lillie, 72.

Limbs of vertebrates, 46.

Linaria, 401.

Linnæan species, 83.

Linnæus, 191.

Lion, 6.

Lizards, 7, 16, 17, 193.

Lobelia, 148.

Lobster, 343.

Lockwood, 138.

Locusts, 188.

Loeb, 383-392, 447.

Lomaria, 290.

Lowell lectures, 61.

Lumbriculus, 15.

Luminous organs, 133.

Lymnæa, 305, 322.

Lythrum, 363-370.

Machines, 26, 27, 28.

McIntosh, 176.

McNeill, 204.

Macropus, 192.

Malva, 401.

Mammalia, origin, 54, 202.

Man, 210.

Marsh, 49.

Matthews, 447.

Mauchamp, 315.

Maupas, 441, 442, 445.

May-flies, 19, 353, 389.

Mead, 72.

Meckel, 59, 60.

Melanism, 209.

Melospiza, 311.

Mendel, 278-286, 433, 436.

Mesohippus, 51.

Mimosa, 404.

472Minnow, 16.

Minot, 433.

Mirabilis, 149, 150.

Mivart, 136, 137.

Mole, 1, 2, 18, 227.

Mole-cricket, 1, 2.

Molothrus, 140.

Monkeys, 207, 208.

Mons, Van, 332.

Montgomery, 432.

Moor-hen, 453.

Moquin-Tandon, 303.

Morton, Lord, 238.

Moschus, 206.

Moths, 184, 387, 388.

Moussu, 257.

Mozart, 218.

Mulberry, 313.

Müller, 182, 188.

Müller, Fritz, 148.

Muscles, 12.

Mycetes, 205.

Myzostomum, 422.

Nägeli, 161, 325-339, 459.

Natural selection, 104-107, 108, 109, 110, etc.; definition of, 117.

Nauplius, 69.

Nectar, 124.

Nectar-feeding insects, 126, 127.

Nectarines, 134.

Negroes, 212.

Nematode, number of eggs, 110.

Nematus, 425.

Nemertian worms, 176.

Neo-Lamarckians, 240, 259-260.

Nepenthes, 10.

Nephela, 178.

Nest of birds, 4, 407-408.

Neuters, 142.

Nicotine, 13.

Nostocs, 320.

Notochord, 64, 65.

Nussbaum, 424.

Ocneria, 428.

Œnothera, 294-297.

Oken, 56, 58.

Old age, 21, 25.

Onites, 232.

Onychodromus, 442.

Opossum, 410.

Organs of little use, 22.

“Origin of Species,” 129.

Ornithorynchus, 54.

Orobanchia, 330.

Osborn, 259.

473Oscillaria, 320.

Ostrich, 203, 354.

Oxalis, 290, 404.

Oxen, 304.

Oxide, 29.

Packard, 231, 260.

Paludina, 320, 322.

Pangenesis, 233-240.

Papilio, 158, 360, 388; polyxenes, 3.

Paradisea, 197.

Paramæcium, 395-398, 442-447.

Parasitism, 352-353.

Parker, 393.

Parrots, 6.

Partridge, 410.

Passerella, 311.

Passiflora, 148.

Pavo, 317.

Peach, 134.

Peacock, 200, 317-318.

Peafowl, 198.

Pearson, 265, 267, 268-270.

Peas, 281-286.

Peckham, 178, 408.

Pelobates, 421.

Pflüger, 424, 430.

Phosphorescent organs, 22, 133.

Physa, 320, 322.

Pigeons, selection in, 102.

Pipilo, 311.

Pisum, 278.

Pithecia, 208.

Planaria, 380.

Planarians, 394.

Plants, 403, 415; color of, 24; influence of light, 17.

Plato, 304.

Plover, 202.

Poisons, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 377.

Polar bear, 6.

Pollen, 2, 125.

Polygon, 262.

Porthesia, 389.

Primula, 361-365.

Prionidæ, 182.

Probosces of insects, 127.

Protective coloration, 5, 6, 16, 158, 159.

Proteus, 227.

Protohippus, 51.

Przibram, 347.

Psyche, 419.

Ptarmigan, 5.

Pyrodes, 182.

Quetelet, 289.

Quiscalus, major, 173.

474Rabbit, Porto Santo, 316-317.

Rabbits, 304.

Rabbits in Australia, 112.

Race-horse, 134.

Ranunculus, 305.

Ray-florets, 135.

Rays, electric organs of, 22.

Réaumur, 388.

Recapitulation theory, 58-83.

Reduction division, 432-433.

Regeneration, 15, 16, 27, 379.

Regulations, 27, 28.

Reproductive organs, 19.

Reptiles, fossil, 52, 53.

Rengger, 205.

Rhododendron, 330.

Rhynchæa, 201.

Riley, 424.

Rivers, 28.

Robinia, 404.

Romanes, 132, 250-256, 412.

Rose, 307.

Rothert, 398.

Rotifers, 118, 353, 424.

Roulin, 304.

Roundworms, 176, 353.

Rudimentary organs, 22.

Ryder, 260.

Sacculina, 353.

Sachs, 10.

Salmon, 19.

Salter, 314.

Salvin, 201.

Saphirina, 176.

Savages, 210.

Saw-flies, 425.

Scarlet tanager, 198.

Schaefer, 244.

Sclater, 198.

Scops, 312.

Scott, 148, 259.

Sea-anemone, 341.

Sea-urchin, 341.

Secondary sexual characters, 21.

Selection, 116.

Selection, artificial, 91, 92, 96, 97, 98.

Self-fertilization, 126.

Semper, 260.

Setchel, 320.

Sexual characters, secondary, 372-374.

Sexual selection, 167.

Sharp, 350, 425.

Sheep, 208.

Sherrington, 244.

Shrew mice, 206.

Silkworm, 428, 447.

475Silver-bill, 410.

Sirex, 181.

Siricidæ, 181.

Sitaria, 194.

Skin, thickening of, 12, 13.

Skull, 37, 65.

Skunk, 3.

Slaves of ants, 141.

Sleep in plants, 404.

Sloth, 229.

Snail, 417.

Snails, color of, 23.

Snakes, 14, 193-194, 227.

Snowy owl, 6.

Solenobia, 419.

Soles, 137, 228.

Sparassus, 178.

Sparrow, 200; English, 112.

Species, 31, 32, 33; adaptation for good of, 19; sharp separation of, 131.

Spencer, 240-246, 247, 290.

Spermatozoa, 150, 430-433.

Sphinx, 186, 388.

Spiders, 177-178, 179, 406; web, 3.

Spirogyra, 420.

Spontaneous variability, 134.

Spores, 322.

Squilla, 177.

Squirrels, 210.

Stag-beetle, 179.

Stags, 203-204, 219.

Sterility, 147-152.

Strasburger, 395.

Stridulating organs, 188, 189.

Struggle for existence, 109, 110.

Stylonychia, 442.

Survival of the fittest, 107, 108, 109, 117.

Sutton, 432.

Swallow, 115.

Sweating, 12.

Tadpole, 321, 428.

Tail, 2.

Tanager, 6.

Tapeworm, 353; number of eggs, 110.

Taraxacum, 305.

Tear-sacs, 206.

Teeth, bird’s, 67, 68.

Telegony, 95, 234, 237, 238, 239.

Tenthredinidæ, 181, 425.

Termite, number of eggs, 110.

Termitidæ, 350.

Thrush, 115.

Tipulæ, 188.

Toad, 7.

Torpedo, 132.

Towle, 392.

476Transitional forms, 42.

Transmutation theory, 31, 34.

Traquair, 138.

Treadwell, 72.

Treat, 424.

Tree-frogs, 7.

Trichina, 353.

Trifolium, 404.

Triton, 193.

Turkeys, 314.

Turnix, 201, 202.

Turtles, 193.

Umbelliferæ, 135.

Uria lacrymans, 124.

Utricularia, 10,

Vanessa, 360.

Variability, 92, 93, 95, 96, 318-319.

Variation, 261, 340.

Variation, fluctuating, 100, 118, 123.

Variation under domestication, 136.

Varieties, 106, 107, 148.

Varigny, De, 303-306, 314-315, 322.

Venus fly-trap, 9.

Verbascum, 148, 149.

Vertebrates, evolution of, 40, 45.

Vilmorin, 303, 314.

Vinson, 178.

Vries, De, 97, 278, 289-298, 340.

Vulpine, 209.

Wallace, 7, 162, 186, 202, 221, 249.

Walrus, 203.

Walsh, 181.

Walther, 59.

Wasp, 3, 5, 408, 409.

Waterton, 198.

Web, spider’s, 3, 4.

Weir, 171.

Weismann, 154-166, 441, 448-450.

Westwood, 188.

Whale, 227, 301.

Wilson, E. B., 72.

Wing of bat, 2.

Wolf, 308, 376.

Wolves, 412.

Women, 210.

Woodpecker, 228.

Wounds, healing of, 15.

Yarrell, 138.

Yung, 424, 436.

Zebu cattle, 208.

Zeleny, 348.

Zoea, 69, 70.

Transcriber’s Notes: Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. Typographical errors were silently corrected. Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book. The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.