MR. HERBERT SPENCER’S WORKS.
Reading edition
A SYSTEM OF SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY.
8th Thousand.
(WITH AN APPENDIX DEALING WITH CRITICISMS.)
In one vol. 8vo, cloth, price 16s.,
FIRST PRINCIPLES.
CONTENTS.
PART I.—THE UNKNOWABLE. 1. Religion and Science. 2. Ultimate Religious Ideas. 3. Ultimate Scientific Ideas. 4. The Relativity of All Knowledge. 5. The Reconciliation.
PART II.—THE KNOWABLE. 1. Philosophy Defined 2. The Data of Philosophy. 3. Space, Time, Matter, Motion, and Force. 4. The Indestructibility of Matter. 5. The Continuity of Motion. 6. The Persistence of Force. 7. The Persistence of Relations among Forces. 8. The Transformation and Equivalence of Forces. 9. The Direction of Motion. 10. The Rhythm of Motion. 11. Recapitulation, Criticism, and Recommencement. 12. Evolution and Dissolution. 13. Simple and Compound Evolution. 14. The Law of Evolution. 15. The Law of Evolution, continued. 16. The Law of Evolution, continued. 17. The Law of Evolution, concluded. 18. The Interpretation of Evolution. 19. The Instability of the Homogeneous. 20. The Multiplication of Effects. 21. Segregation. 22. Equilibration. 23. Dissolution. 24. Summary and Conclusion.
4th Thousand.
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THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY.
CONTENTS OF VOL. I.
PART I.—THE DATA OF BIOLOGY. 1. Organic Matter. 2. The Actions of Forces on Organic Matter. 3. The Re-actions of Organic Matter on Forces. 4. Proximate Definition of Life. 5. The Correspondence between Life and its Circumstances. 6. The Degree of Life varies as the Degree of Correspondence. 7. The Scope of Biology.
PART II.—THE INDUCTIONS OF BIOLOGY. 1. Growth. 2. Development. 3. Function. 4. Waste and Repair. 5. Adaptation. 6. Individuality. 7. Genesis. 8. Heredity. 9. Variation. 10. Genesis, Heredity, and Variation. 11. Classification. 12. Distribution.
PART III.—THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE. 1. Preliminary. 2. General Aspects of the Special-Creation-Hypothesis. 3. General Aspects of the Evolution-Hypothesis. 4. The Arguments from Classification. 5. The Arguments from Embryology. 6. The Arguments from Morphology. 7. The Arguments from Distribution. 8. How is Organic Evolution caused? 9. External Factors. 10. Internal Factors. 11. Direct Equilibration. 12. Indirect Equilibration. 13. The Co-operation of the Factors. 14. The Convergence of the Evidences.
APPENDIX. The Spontaneous-Generation Question.
CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
PART IV.—MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. 1. The Problems of Morphology. 2. The Morphological Composition of Plants. 3. The Morphological Composition of Plants, continued. 4. The Morphological Composition of Animals. 5. The Morphological Composition of Animals, continued. 6. Morphological Differentiation in Plants. 7. The General Shapes of Plants. 8. The Shapes of Branches. 9. The Shapes of Leaves. 10. The Shapes of Flowers. 11. The Shapes of Vegetal Cells. 12. Changes of Shape otherwise caused. 13. Morphological Differentiation in Animals. 14. The General Shapes of Animals. 15. The Shapes of Vertebrate Skeletons. 16. The Shapes of Animal Cells. 17. Summary of Morphological Development.
PART V.—PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. 1. The Problems of Physiology. 2. Differentiations between the Outer and Inner Tissues of Plants. 3. Differentiations among the Outer Tissues of Plants. 4. Differentiations among the Inner Tissues of Plants. 5. Physiological Integration in Plants. 6. Differentiations between the Outer and Inner Tissues of Animals. 7. Differentiations among the Outer Tissues of Animals. 8. Differentiations among the Inner Tissues of Animals. 9. Physiological Integration in Animals. 10. Summary of Physiological Development.
PART VI.—LAWS OF MULTIPLICATION. 1. The Factors. 2. À Priori Principle. 3. Obverse à priori Principle. 4. Difficulties of Inductive Verification. 5. Antagonism between Growth and Asexual Genesis. 6. Antagonism between Growth and Sexual Genesis. 7. Antagonism between Development and Genesis, Asexual and Sexual. 8. Antagonism between Expenditure and Genesis. 9. Coincidence between high Nutrition and Genesis. 10. Specialities of these Relations. 11. Interpretation and Qualification. 12. Multiplication of the Human Race. 13. Human Evolution in the Future.
APPENDIX. A Criticism on Professor Owen’s Theory of the Vertebrate Skeleton. On Circulation and the Formation of Wood in Plants.
5th Thousand.
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THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY.
CONTENTS OF VOL. I.
PART I.—THE DATA OF PSYCHOLOGY. 1. The Nervous System. 2. The Structure of the Nervous System. 3. The Functions of the Nervous System. 4. The Conditions essential to Nervous Action. 5. Nervous Stimulation and Nervous Discharge. 6. Æstho-Physiology.
PART II.—THE INDUCTIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY. 1. The Substance of Mind. 2. The Composition of Mind. 3. The Relativity of Feelings. 4. The Relativity of Relations between Feelings. 5. The Revivability of Feelings. 6. The Revivability of Relations between Feelings. 7. The Associability of Feelings. 8. The Associability of Relations between Feelings. 9. Pleasures and Pains.
PART III.—GENERAL SYNTHESIS. 1. Life and Mind as Correspondence. 2. The Correspondence as Direct and Homogeneous. 3. The Correspondence as Direct but Heterogeneous. 4. The Correspondence as extending in Space. 5. The Correspondence as extending in Time. 6. The Correspondence as increasing in Speciality. 7. The Correspondence as increasing in Generality. 8. The Correspondence as increasing in Complexity. 9. The Co-ordination of Correspondences. 10. The Integration of Correspondences. 11. The Correspondences in their Totality.
PART IV.—SPECIAL SYNTHESIS. 1. The Nature of Intelligence. 2. The Law of Intelligence. 3. The Growth of Intelligence. 4. Reflex Action. 5. Instinct. 6. Memory. 7. Reason. 8. The Feelings. 9. The Will.
PART V.—PHYSICAL SYNTHESIS. 1. A Further Interpretation Needed. 2. The Genesis of Nerves. 3. The Genesis of Simple Nervous Systems. 4. The Genesis of Compound Nervous Systems. 5. The Genesis of Doubly-Compound Nervous Systems. 6. Functions as Related to these Structures. 7. Psychical Laws as thus Interpreted. 8. Evidence from Normal Variations. 9. Evidence from Abnormal Variations. 10. Results.
APPENDIX. On the Action of Anæsthetics and Narcotics.
CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
PART VI.—SPECIAL ANALYSIS. 1. Limitation of the Subject. 2. Compound Quantitative Reasoning. 3. Compound Quantitative Reasoning, continued. 4. Imperfect and Simple Quantitative Reasoning. 5. Quantitative Reasoning in General. 6. Perfect Qualitative Reasoning. 7. Imperfect Qualitative Reasoning. 8. Reasoning in General. 9. Classification, Naming, and Recognition. 10. The Perception of Special Objects. 11. The Perception of Body as presenting Dynamical, Statico-Dynamical, and Statical Attributes. 12. The Perception of Body as presenting Statico-Dynamical and Statical Attributes. 13. The Perception of Body as presenting Statical Attributes. 14. The Perception of Space. 15. The Perception of Time. 16. The Perception of Motion. 17. The Perception of Resistance. 18. Perception in General. 19. The Relations of Similarity and Dissimilarity. 20. The Relations of Cointension and Non-Cointension. 21. The Relations of Coextension and Non-Coextension. 22. The Relations of Coexistence and Non-Coexistence. 23. The Relations of Connature and Non-Connature. 24. The Relations of Likeness and Unlikeness. 25. The Relation of Sequence. 26. Consciousness in General. 27. Results.
PART VII.—GENERAL ANALYSIS. 1. The Final Question. 2. The Assumption of Metaphysicians. 3. The Words of Metaphysicians. 4. The Reasonings of Metaphysicians. 5. Negative Justification of Realism. 6. Argument from Priority. 7. The Argument from Simplicity. 8. The Argument from Distinctness. 9. A Criterion Wanted. 10. Propositions qualitatively distinguished. 11. The Universal Postulate. 12. The test of Relative Validity. 13. Its Corollaries. 14. Positive Justification of Realism. 15. The Dynamics of Consciousness. 16. Partial Differentiation of Subject and Object. 17. Completed Differentiation of Subject and Object. 18. Developed Conception of the Object. 19. Transfigured Realism.
PART VIII.—CONGRUITIES. 1. Preliminary. 2. Co-ordination of Data and Inductions. 3. Co-ordination of Syntheses. 4. Co-ordination of Special Analyses. 5. Co-ordination of General Analyses. 6. Final Comparison.
PART IX.—COROLLARIES. 1. Special Psychology. 2. Classification. 3. Development of Conceptions. 4. Language of the Emotions. 5. Sociality and Sympathy. 6. Egoistic Sentiments. 7. Ego-Altruistic Sentiments. 8. Altruistic Sentiments. 9. Æsthetic Sentiments.
3rd Edition, revised and enlarged.
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THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY.
CONTENTS.
PART I.—THE DATA OF SOCIOLOGY. 1. Super-Organic Evolution. 2. The Factors of Social Phenomena. 3. Original External Factors. 4. Original Internal Factors. 5. The Primitive Man—Physical. 6. The Primitive Man—Emotional. 7. The Primitive Man—Intellectual. 8. Primitive Ideas. 9. The Ideas of the Animate and the Inanimate. 10. The Ideas of Sleep and Dreams. 11. The Ideas of Swoon, Apoplexy, Catelepsy, Ecstacy, and other forms of Insensibility. 12. The Ideas of Death and Resurrection. 13. The Ideas of Souls, Ghosts, Spirits, Demons. 14. The Ideas of Another Life. 15. The Ideas of Another World. 16. The Ideas of Supernatural Agents. 17. Supernatural Agents as causing Epilepsy and Convulsive Actions, Delirium and Insanity, Disease and Death. 18. Inspiration, Divination, Exorcism, and Sorcery. 19. Sacred Places, Temples, and Altars; Sacrifice, Fasting, and Propitiation; Praise and Prayer. 20. Ancestor-Worship in General. 21. Idol-Worship and Fetich-Worship. 22. Animal-Worship. 23. Plant-Worship. 24. Nature-Worship. 25. Deities. 26. The Primitive Theory of Things. 27. The Scope of Sociology.
PART II.—THE INDUCTIONS OF SOCIOLOGY. 1. What is a Society? 2. A Society is an Organism. 3. Social Growth. 4. Social Structures. 5. Social Functions. 6. Systems of Organs. 7. The Sustaining System. 8. The Distributing System. 9. The Regulating System. 10. Social Types and Constitutions. 11. Social Metamorphoses. 12. Qualifications and Summary.
PART III.—THE DOMESTIC RELATIONS. 1. The Maintenance of Species. 2. The Diverse Interests of the Species, of the Parents, and of the Offspring. 3. Primitive Relations of the Sexes. 4. Exogamy and Endogamy. 5. Promiscuity. 6. Polyandry. 7. Polygyny. 8. Monogamy. 9. The Family. 10. The Status of Women. 11. The Status of Children. 12. Domestic Retrospect and Prospect.
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CEREMONIAL INSTITUTIONS.
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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS.
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7. Compound Political Heads.
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9. Representative Bodies.
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18. The Industrial Type of Society.
19. Political Retrospect and Prospect.
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ECCLESIASTICAL INSTITUTIONS.
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5. The Ruler as Priest.
6. The Rise of a Priesthood.
7. Polytheistic and Monotheistic Priesthoods.
8. Ecclesiastical Hierarchies.
9. An Ecclesiastical System as a Social Bond.
10. The Military Functions of Priests.
11. The Civil Functions of Priests.
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14. The Moral Influences of Priesthoods.
15. Ecclesiastical Retrospect and Prospect.
16. Religious Retrospect and Prospect.
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THE DATA OF ETHICS.
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2. The Evolution of Conduct.
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5. The Physical View.
6. The Biological View.
7. The Psychological View.
8. The Sociological View.
9. Criticisms and Explanations.
10. The Relativity of Pains and Pleasures.
11. Egoism versus Altruism.
12. Altruism versus Egoism.
13. Trial and Compromise.
14. Conciliation.
15. Absolute Ethics and Relative Ethics.
16. The Scope of Ethics.
OTHER WORKS.
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EDUCATION:
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THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY.
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3. Nature of the Social Science.
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5. Objective Difficulties.
6. Subjective Difficulties—Intellectual.
7. Subjective Difficulties—Emotional.
8. The Educational Bias.
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10. The Class-Bias.
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13. Discipline.
14. Preparation in Biology.
15. Preparation in Psychology.
16. Conclusion.
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THE MAN VERSUS THE STATE.
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8. Illogical Geology.
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11. Use and Beauty.
12. The Sources of Architectural Types.
13. The Use of Anthropomorphism.
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THE FACTORS OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION.
DESCRIPTIVE SOCIOLOGY;
OR GROUPS OF
SOCIOLOGICAL FACTS,
CLASSIFIED AND ARRANGED BY
HERBERT SPENCER,
COMPILED AND ABSTRACTED BY
DAVID DUNCAN, M.A., Professor of Logic, &c., in the Presidency College, Madras; RICHARD SCHEPPIG, Ph.D.; and JAMES COLLIER.
EXTRACT FROM THE PROVISIONAL PREFACE.
Something to introduce the work of which an instalment is annexed, seems needful, in anticipation of the time when completion of a volume will give occasion for a Permanent Preface.
In preparation for The Principles of Sociology, requiring as bases of induction large accumulations of data, fitly arranged for comparison, I, some twelve years ago, commenced, by proxy, the collection and organization of facts presented by societies of different types, past and present; being fortunate enough to secure the services of gentlemen competent to carry on the process in the way I wished. Though this classified compilation of materials was entered upon solely to facilitate my own work; yet, after having brought the mode of classification to a satisfactory form, and after having had some of the Tables filled up, I decided to have the undertaking executed with a view to publication; the facts collected and arranged for easy reference and convenient study of their relations, being so presented, apart from hypothesis, as to aid all students of Social Science in testing such conclusions as they have drawn and in drawing others.
The Work consists of three large Divisions. Each comprises a set of Tables exhibiting the facts as abstracted and classified, and a mass of quotations and abridged abstracts otherwise classified, on which the statements contained in the Tables are based. The condensed statements, arranged after a uniform manner, give, in each Table or succession of Tables, the phenomena of all orders which each society presents—constitute an account of its morphology, its physiology, and (if a society having a known history) its development. On the other hand, the collected Extracts, serving as authorities for the statements in the Tables, are (or, rather will be, when the Work is complete) classified primarily according to the kinds of phenomena to which they refer, and secondarily according to the societies exhibiting these phenomena; so that each kind of phenomenon as it is displayed in all societies, may be separately studied with convenience.
In further explanation I may say that the classified compilations and digests of materials to be thus brought together under the title of Descriptive Sociology, are intended to supply the student of Social Science with data, standing towards his conclusions in a relation like that in which accounts of the structures and functions of different types of animals stand to the conclusions of the biologist. Until there had been such systematic descriptions of different kinds of organisms, as made it possible to compare the connexions, and forms, and actions, and modes of origin, of their parts, the Science of Life could make no progress. And in like manner, before there can be reached in Sociology, generalizations having a certainty making them worthy to be called scientific, there must be definite accounts of the institutions and actions of societies of various types, and in various stages of evolution, so arranged as to furnish the means of readily ascertaining what social phenomena are habitually associated.
Respecting the tabulation, devised for the purpose of exhibiting social phenomena in a convenient way, I may explain that the primary aim has been so to present them that their relations of simultaneity and succession may be seen at one view. As used for delineating uncivilized societies, concerning which we have no records, the tabular form serves only to display the various social traits as they are found to co-exist. But as used for delineating societies having known histories, the tabular form is so employed as to exhibit not only the connexions of phenomena existing at the same time, but also the connexions of phenomena that succeed one another. By reading horizontally across a Table at any period, there may be gained a knowledge of the traits of all orders displayed by the society at that period; while by reading down each column, there may be gained a knowledge of the modifications which each trait, structural or functional, underwent during successive periods.
Of course, the tabular form fulfils these purposes but approximately. To preserve complete simultaneity in the statements of facts, as read from side to side of the Tables, has proved impracticable; here much had to be inserted, and there little; so that complete correspondence in time could not be maintained. Moreover, it has not been possible to carry out the mode of classification in a theoretically-complete manner, by increasing the number of columns as the classes of facts multiply in the course of Civilization. To represent truly the progress of things, each column should divide and sub-divide in successive ages, so as to indicate the successive differentiations of the phenomena. But typographical difficulties have negatived this: a great deal has had to be left in a form which must be accepted simply as the least unsatisfactory.
The three Divisions constituting the entire work, comprehend three groups of societies:—(1) Uncivilized Societies; (2) Civilized Societies—Extinct or Decayed; (3) Civilized Societies—Recent or Still Flourishing. These divisions have at present reached the following stages:―
DIVISION I.—Uncivilized Societies. Commenced in 1867 by the gentleman I first engaged, Mr. DAVID DUNCAN, M.A. (now Professor of Logic, &c., in the Presidency College, Madras), and continued by him since he left England, this part of the work is complete. It contains four parts, including “Types of Lowest Races,” the “Negrito Races,” the “Malayo-Polynesian Races,” the “African Races,” the “Asiatic Races,” and the “American Races.”
DIVISION II.—Civilized Societies—Extinct or Decayed. On this part of the work Dr. RICHARD SCHEPPIG has been engaged since January, 1872. The first instalment, including the four Ancient American Civilizations, was issued in March, 1874. A second instalment, containing “Hebrews and Phœnicians,” will shortly be issued.
DIVISION III.—Civilized Societies—Recent or Still Flourishing. Of this Division the first instalment, prepared by Mr. JAMES COLLIER, of St. Andrew’s and Edinburgh Universities, was issued in August, 1873. This presents the English Civilization. It covers seven consecutive Tables; and the Extracts occupy seventy pages folio. The next part, presenting in a still more extensive form the French Civilization, is now in the press.
The successive parts belonging to these several Divisions, issued at intervals, are composed of different numbers of Tables and different numbers of Pages. The Uncivilized Societies occupy four parts, each containing a dozen or more Tables, with their accompanying Extracts. Of the Division comprising Extinct Civilized Societies, the first part contains four, and the second contains two. While of Existing Civilized Societies, the records of which are so much more extensive, each occupies a single part.
H. S.
March, 1880.
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