LECTURE XII.

OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

Irregular verbs are those that do not form their imperfect tense and perfect participle by the addition of d or ed to the present tense; as,

Pres. Tense.Imperf. Tense.Perf. or Pass. Part.

I writeI wrotewritten

I beginI beganbegun

I goI wentgone

The following is a list of the irregular verbs. Those marked with an R are sometimes conjugated regularly.

Pres. Tense.Imperf. Tense. Perf. or Pass. Part.

Abideabodeabode

Amwasbeen

Arisearosearisen

Awakeawoke, R.awaked

Bear, to bring forth bareborn

Bear, to carryboreborne

Beatbeatbeaten, beat

Beginbeganbegun

Bendbentbent

Bereavebereft, R.bereft, R.

Beseechbesoughtbesought

Bidbade, bidbidden, bid

Bindboundbound

Bitebitbitten, bit

Bleedbledbled

Blowblewblown

Breakbrokebroken

Breedbredbred

Bringbroughtbrought

Buildbuiltbuilt

Burstburst, R.burst, R.

Buyboughtbought

Castcastcast

Catchcaught, R.caught, R.

Chidechidchidden, chid

Choosechosechosen

Cleave, to adhereclave, R.cleaved

Cleave, to splitcleft or clovecleft, cloven

Clingclungclung

Clotheclothedclad, R.

Comecamecome

Costcostcost

Crowcrew, R.crowed

Creepcreptcrept

Cutcutcut

Dare, to venturedurstdared

Dare, to challenge REGULAR

Dealdealt, R.dealt, R.

Digdug, R.dug, R.

Dodiddone

Drawdrewdrawn

Drivedrovedriven

Drinkdrankdrunk, drank^[6]

Dwelldwelt, R.dwelt, R.

Eateat, ateeaten

Fallfellfallen

Feedfedfed

Feelfeltfelt

Fightfoughtfought

Findfoundfound

Fleefledfled

Flingflungflung

Flyflewflown

Forgetforgotforgotten

Forsakeforsookforsaken

Freezefrozefrozen

Getgotgot^[7]

Gildgilt, R.gilt, R.

Girdgirt, R.girt, R.

Givegavegiven

Gowentgone

Gravegravedgraven, R.

Grindgroundground

Growgrewgrown

Havehadhad

Hanghung, R.hung, R.

Hearheardheard

Hewhewedhewn, R.

Hidehidhidden, hid

Hithithit

Holdheldheld

Hurthurthurt

Keepkeptkept

Knitknit, R.knit, R.

Knowknewknown

Ladeladedladen

Laylaidlaid

Leadledled

Leaveleftleft

Lendlentlent

Letletlet

Lie, to lie down laylain

Loadloadedladen, R.

Loselostlost

Makemademade

Meetmetmet

Mowmowedmown, R.

Paypaidpaid

Putputput

Readreadread

Rendrentrent

Ridridrid

Rideroderode, ridden^[8]

Ringrung, rangrung

Riseroserisen

Riverivedriven

Runranrun

Sawsawedsawn, R.

Saysaidsaid

Seesawseen

Seeksoughtsought

Sellsoldsold

Sendsentsent

Setsetset

Shakeshookshaken

Shapeshapedshaped, shapen

Shaveshavedshaven, R.

Shearshearedshorn

Shedshedshed

Shineshone, R.shone, R.

Showshowedshown

Shoeshodshod

Shootshotshot

Shrinkshrunkshrunk

Shredshredshred

Shutshutshut

Singsung, sang^[9]sung

Sinksunk, sank^[9]sunk

Sitsatset

Slayslewslain

Sleepsleptslept

Slideslidslidden

Slingslungslung

Slinkslunkslunk

Slitslit, R.slit

Smitesmotesmitten

Sowsowedsown, R.

Speakspokespoken

Speedspedsped

Spendspentspent

Spillspilt, R.spilt, R.

Spinspunspun

Spitspit, spatspit, spitten^[10]

Splitsplitsplit

Spreadspreadspread

Springsprung, sprang sprung

Standstoodstood

Stealstolestolen

Stickstuckstuck

Stingstungstung

Stinkstunkstunk

Stridestrode, stridstridden

Strikestruckstruck or stricken

Stringstrungstrung

Strivestrovestriven

Strow or strewstrowed or strewed strown, strowed or strewed

Sweatswet, R.swet, R.

Swearsworesworn

Swellswelledswollen, R.

Swimswum, swamswum

Swingswungswung

Taketooktaken

Teachtaughttaught

Teartoretorn

Telltoldtold

Thinkthoughtthought

Thrivethrove, R.thriven

Throwthrewthrown

Thrustthrustthrust

Treadtrodtrodden

Waxwaxedwaxen, R.

Wearworeworn

Weavewovewoven

Wetwetwet, R.

Weepweptwept

Winwonwon

Windwoundwound

Workwrought, workedwrought, worked

Wringwrungwrung

Writewrotewritten

In familiar writing and discourse, the following, and some other verbs, are often improperly terminated by t instead of ed; as, "learnt, spelt, spilt, stopt, latcht." They should be, "learned, spelled, spilled, stopped, latched."

You may now conjugate the following irregular verbs, in a manner similar to the conjugation of regular verbs: arise, begin, bind, do, go, grow, run, lend, teach, write. Thus, to arise—Indicative mood, pres. tense, first person, sing. I arise; imperf. tense, I arose; perf. tense, I have arisen, and so on, through all the moods, and all the tenses of each mood; and then speak the participles: thus, pres. arising, perf. arisen, comp. having arisen. In the next place, conjugate the same verb in the second person sing. through all the moods and tenses; and then in the third person sing. and in the first pers. plural. After that, you may proceed in the same manner with the words begin, bind, &c.

Now read the eleventh and twelfth lectures four or five times over, and learn the order of parsing a verb. You will then be prepared to parse the following verbs in full; and I presume, all the other parts of speech. Whenever you parse, you must refer to the Compendium for definitions and rules, if you cannot repeat them without, I will now parse a verb, and describe all its properties by applying the definitions and rules according to the systematic order.

"We could not accomplish the business."

Could accomplish is a verb, a word which signifies to do—active, it expresses action—transitive, the action passes over from the nom. "we" to the object "business"—regular, it will form its imperfect tense of the indic. mood and perf. part, in ed—potential mood, it implies possibility or power—imperfect tense, it denotes past time however distant—first pers. plural, because the nom. "we" is with which it agrees, agreeably to RULE 4. A verb must agree, &c. Conjugated—Indic. mood, present tense, first pers. sing. I accomplish; imperfect tense, I accomplished; perfect, I have accomplished; pluperfect, I had accomplished; and so on.—Speak it in the person of each tense through all the moods, and conjugate, in the same manner, every verb you parse.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

These exercises contain a complete variety of Moods and Tenses.

I learn my lesson well. Charles, thou learnest thy lesson badly. John, do you write a good hand? Those ladies wrote a beautiful letter, but they did not despatch it. Have you seen the gentleman to whom I gave the book? He has gone. They had received the news before the messenger arrived. When will those persons return? My friend shall receive his reward. He will have visited me three times, if he come to-morrow.

If Eliza study diligently, she will improve. If Charles studies he does not improve. Unless that man shall have accomplished his work, by midsummer, he will receive no wages. Orlando, obey my precepts, unless you wish to injure yourself. Remember what is told you. The physician may administer the medicine, but Providence only can bless it. I told, him that he might go, but he would not. He might have gone last week, had he conducted himself properly; (that is, if he had conducted, &c.) Boys, prepare to recite your lessons. Young ladies, let me hear you repeat what you have learned. Study, diligently, whatever task may be allotted to you. To correct the spirit of discontent, let us consider how little we deserve. To die for one's country, is glorious. How can we become wise? To seek God is wisdom. What is true greatness? Active benevolence. A good man is a great man.

NOTE 1. Man, following great, and what, in the last two examples, are nom. after is: RULE 21. To seek God, and to die for one's country, are members of sentences, each put as the nom. case to is respectively: RULE 24. The verb to correct is the infinitive mood absolute: NOTE under RULE 23. May be allotted is a passive verb, agreeing with which, the relative part of whatever. That, the first part of whatever, is an adj. pronoun, agreeing with task; and task is governed by study. Hear, following let, and repeat, following hear, are in the infinitive mood without the sign to, according to RULE 25. To recite is governed by prepare: RULE 23. Is told, is a passive verb, agreeing with which, the relative part of whatever; and you, following, is governed by to understood: NOTE 1, under RULE 32.

2. In parsing a pronoun, if the noun for which it stands is not expressed, you must say it represents some person or thing understood.