Part 3 — INDEX

Acts of Parliament (see Statutes) Administration, central (see Chancery, Commissions, Councils, Crown, Exchequer, House of Commons, Parliament, Statutes); local (see Boroughs, County Courts, Hundreds, Justices, Parishes, Sheriffs) Agrarian changes, in Middle Ages, 53, 54, 83, 85-87; in Tudor and Stuart periods, 227, 228, 234-277; in 18th and 19th centuries, 523, 524, 525-542, 552 Agriculture, advantages of large scale, 530, 531; capitalist, 228; depression of, in 16th century, 407-412; effect of Corn Laws on, 692-698 (see also Corn Laws); encouragement of, by Tudor and Stuart monarchy, 229, 260-277, 428-430; improvements in, effected in 18th century, 523, 526, 530, 531, 532-536; manorial, 3-9, 16, 17, 53-110, 227-277; do., developments in, 53, 54, 83, 85-87; provision for harvest labour, 78, 173, 328, 329, 347, 648; reaction of commerce and industry on, 582, 697; state of, in 18th and 19th centuries, 523-542 (see also Arable, Commons, Common Fields, Depopulation, Enclosures, Land, Manor, Pasture, Smallholders) Agriculture, Board of, surveys of, 524, 532-536 Agricultural houses and buildings, decay and restoration of, 267, 268, 272, 275, 276, 324, 392, 536, 567 Agricultural labourers, 7, 8, 62-64, 78, 164, 165, 170, 171-174,176-178, 324, 353, 355, 408; apprenticeship of, 324, 325, 330, 388; combinations of, 55, 105-110, 552, 553, 638-640; condition of, in 19th century, 695, 696; hiring of, 164-168, 170-174, 176-178; housing of, 567; regulation of conditions of service of, 171-178, 325-333, 352, 360, 361; regulation of hours of, 327; regulation of wages of, 173, 177, 328, 329, 342, 343, 346, 347, 351, 353, 360, 361, 405, 546, 547, 552-554; restrictions of, as to apprenticeship to crafts, 174, 361 Alehouses, taverns, 378, 473, 536; increase of, in 18th century, 489; meeting of journeymen associations in, 624; patent for licensing of, 442; payment of wages in, prohibited, 599 Aliens, burgesses of English towns, 27, 28n; jealousy of, 153, 186, 199, 200 Alien craftsmen, imported into Ireland, 471; in London, 195-197, 199 Alien merchants, 127, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 189, 192-195, 197-199, 420; admitted to a London company, 309; arrest of goods of, 189, 190; customs granted by, 208-216; freedom of trade granted to, 127, 152, 209, 212; of Almain, 194; of Flanders, 193, 194; of France, 192, 193; of Italy, 43, 127, 199, 420-424 Almshouses, 483 Anti-Corn-Law League, foundation of, 701. Anti-Slavery Society, 593 Apprentices, 113, 136, 138, 141, 142, 143, 147, 231, 282, 283, 295, 296, 300, 305, 307, 324-326, 330-334, 341, 344, 345, 348, 353, 356, 361, 437, 444, 455, 499, 500; disciplinary rules touching, 113, 147, 345; in factories, 571, 572; fees exacted from, 284-286; limitation of numbers of, in textile industry, 322; oaths exacted from by masters, 285, 286; pauper, 381, 505; proportion of, to journeymen, regulations as to, 332, 550, 551, 573, 574; runaway, 148; unindentured, 353 Apprenticeship, 138, 174, 314, 479, 499, 500, 588, 589; custom of London as to, 330; debates in House of Commons on, 577-588; effect of compulsory, on marriage, 322, 323n, 344; enactment as to age of ending, 323, 344; enforcement of statute as to, 386; evasion of, by a company, 310; fees on entering and leaving, 280; half-pay, 590; indentures of, 113, 147, 295; municipal regulation of, 295, 305-307; of agricultural labourers, 325, 330, 388; to crafts, restricted, 174, 361; of pauper children, 381, 388, 504, 652; to woollen industry, 499, 500 Approvers, criminal, 39 Arable land, conversion of, to pasture, 55, 260-277, 392, 407, 408, 409; enclosure of (see Enclosure); on a 14th century manor, 56 Artificers, Statute of (see Statutes) Assarts, 89 Assizes, 88, 89, 93, 97; grand, 95; of bread and ale, 37, 80, 117, 118, 133, 152, 155, 156, 388; of cloth, 152, 154, 155, 319; suspension of, 319, 320; of mort d'ancestor, 94; of novel disseisin, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96, 97n; of weights and measures, 152, 154, 377, 388; of wine, 152 Ball, John, and the Peasants' Revolt, 109 Bankers and Banking, 398, 420 Bankrupts, 474 Banks, 506; country, 681 Bank of England, 667; foundation of, 668, 676; suspension of cash payments by, 681 Bee-keeping, 7 Beer, patent for export of, 442 Beggars, 166, 174, 175, 176, 324, 388, 483; licensing of, 363, 364, 366 (see also Poor, Vagrants) Berlin Decrees, effect of, on commerce, 690, 692 Black Death, the, 54, 55, 65n, 102, 103, 104, 105, 164 Blackwell Hall, the London cloth market, 440, 460, 492-495 Bondage land (see Villeinage) Bondmen (see Villeins) Bordiers, 16, 17; in boroughs, 12, 13 Boroughs and towns, 10-25, 279-312; in Domesday Book, 4; affiliation of, 112, 124; assessment of wages by, 315; bakehouses in, 13; bondmen received in, 121, 125; charters to (see Charters); charters to, confiscated 257; courts in, 12, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 125, 129, 131, 132; crimes in, fines and forfeitures for, 14, 15; customs in, 10-14; bequest of burgages, 117; cannemol, 133; gyeresyeve, 120; scotale, 120; decay of, alleged, 180, 425; election of officers in, 118, 120, 121, 257; exclusiveness of, 118; farmers of, 131; farms of, 10-14, 37, 119, 123, 292; fines, gersums, in, 12; gildhalls in, 4, 10, 129, 137, 141, 142, 144; hansing-silver exacted in, 128; hosting in, 160; hosting of aliens in, 197-199, 209, 212, 213; housecarles in, 14; hue and cry in, 160; Jewries in, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50; the king's, tallage assessed on, 35; king's demesne in, 13; lords of, 32; lords of, disputes with and complaints against, 123, 128, 131; mayors and bailiffs of, 32, 48, 118, 121, 122, 130, 132, 136-145, 147, 157, 160, 165, 166, 172-175, 181, 189, 192, 195, 200-202, 206, 214, 216, 231, 282-284, 294-297, 299, 303, 309, 327-329, 332, 333, 340, 366, 367, 370-372; origin of, 111; reeves of, 10, 32, 155; rents in, 10, 13, 14, 15; rents in, enhancement of, 521; sanitary conditions in, in nineteenth century, 519, 520; do, recommendations for improvement of, 614-616; stewards of, 117, 118; supervision of strangers in, 160; watch and ward in, 160, 389 (see also Market Towns) Borough tolls, 10, 112, 119-123, 125-127, 131-135, 212, 282; disputes touching, 121, 126; exemption from, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 127; exemption of Jews from, 45; intermunicipal agreement on, 126 (see also Lastage, Murage, Passage, Pavage, Pesage, Pontage, Stallage) Bracton, quotations from, 75n., 97n., 126 Bracton's Note Book, 88-90, 92, 93, 95-97 Brewers, Stuart patent for licensing, 473 Bridewells, 370, 371 (see also Houses of Correction, Workhouses) Brokerage, 422, 423 Bullion, export of, 203, 216-223, 398, 416, 419, 420, 668, 671, 672; free coinage of, at the Mint, 674 (see also Currency, Mint). Burgage tenure, 117 Cabots, the, 400-402 Calico-printers, journeymen, grievances of, 573-576 Capital, discussion on employment of, in factories, 606, 607 Capitalism, Disraeli's protest against domination of, 710, 711; growth of, 668; in textile industries, 314, 315, 317, 320-322; in agriculture, 228 Capitalists, 561; mercantile, 280 Cartbote, 242 Cecil, Lord, industrial programme of, 323-324 Chancery, court of, 106, 146, 150, 236; appeals to, by an alleged villein, 100; by copyholders, 85, 234, 241; by a craftsman, 148, 199; by a woolmerchant, 186; touching usury, 201; certifications into, 328; equitable jurisdiction of, 87, 148n., 228; original writs of, 48; patents to make writs and file bills in, 441, 442; protection of customary tenure in, 87n., 228, 235, 241 Chantries, 286-293 Charters, 152, 153; of Henry II., 45, 124, 308; of Richard I., 125; of John, 44, 121, 122, 124, 126, 158; of Henry III., 119, 124, 126, 127, 192; of Edward I., 158, 164, 208, 211; of Edward III., 119n., 211; of Gilbert de Clare, 116; to alien towns and merchants, 152, 192, 194, 199, 208, 211; to boroughs, 116, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127; to craft-gilds and companies, 144, 303, 308, 399, 427, 454, 461. Chartists, 618; manifestoes of, 618, 641, 642. Chevage, 72, 73, 74, 75 Child-labour, 436; half-timers, 613; Oastler's campaign against, 544, 592-594; in coalmines, 516-9, 598, 599; in factories, 480, 495, 496, 502-505, 510-516, 544, 571-573, 591-595, 600, 609, 610, 612-614; in woollen industry, 483 Children's Employment Commission, 600, 603. Churches, free fees of, exempted from taxation, 33 Churchwardens, administrative duties of, touching labour and poor relief, 324, 648 Civil War, the, 310, 399, 475 Cloth, assize of, 152, 154, 155, 319; suspension of, 319, 320; aulnage of, 163, 164; customs on (see Customs); industry (see Woollen Cloth); retailing of, 131 (see also Woollen Cloth) Coal Industry, commission on employment in, 480, 516-519; condition of, in 18th century, 479, 491-492; act regulating, 598; dispute between employers and workmen in, 625; hours of labour in, 517-519; inspectors of, 598; production, transport and distribution in, 491, 492; regulation of prices and limitation of output in, 497-499; woman and child labour in, 516-519, 598, 599 Coin, clipping of, 678 Colonial preference, 708 Colonies, advantages of, 434-438; effect of Navigation Act on, 672-674; wages in, 315, 360 Combinations, of masters, 590, 634; of journeymen, 138-141, 196, 549, 560, 583, 590, 617-643; of agricultural labourers, 105-110, 552, 553, 618, 638-641; of bricklayers, 624; of carpenters, 624; of coach-makers, curriers, farriers, smiths and sailmakers, 623; of coalminers, 625; of feltmakers, 617, 619-622; of joiners, 624; of tailors, 617, 618, 622-624; of woolcombers, 617, 626 Combination Acts, 575, 618, 626, 627-631, 633, 636-638; repeal of, 633 Commissions, Royal, on depopulation, 276, 277n; on enclosure, 229, 262, 262n.; on child labour, 600, 603; on health in towns, 614-616; on industrial conditions, in textile industry, 316; in coal mines, 480, 516-519; on Poor Law, 661; petitions for, 260 Common fields, 54; disadvantages of, 527; distribution of strips in, 22, 55, 73, 76; enclosure of, 73, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 540, 541; regulation of, 76-79; system, 54 Common Law, and copyholders, 86, 87, 88, 228, 241, 255; and enclosure, 88, 89, 271; and villeinage, 89-97; and restraint of trade, 305-307, 315, 361, 362; and engrossing of corn, 393; and monopolies, 466; and combinations, 618, 634-636 Common pasture, 57, 58, 77, 88, 89, 259, 531; enclosure of, 88, 89, 257; in boroughs, 119; rights of, stinted by agreement, 256 Commons or Wastes, 54, 249; enclosure of, 54, 55, 63, 64, 87, 88, 244, 256, 257, 526-529, 532, 534, 540, 541; encroachments on, 54, 63, 64, 542; objection to lords commoning on, 248; rights on, 54, 529, 531, 534, 535, 538, 541 Companies, Industrial, 280 (see also Craft-gilds, Mining); Stuart patents of incorporation of, revoked, 474 Companies, Mercantile, monopoly of, discussed, 443-453; Staplers, 153, 178-186, 484, 485; Merchant Adventurers, 302, 398, 399, 402-404, 446, 447, 449, 450, 452, 453, 454; new company of, incorporation of, 454-460; East India Company, interlopers and, 675; Eastland Company, 399; Muscovy Company, 399, 449, 450, 452, 453; Turkey Company, 431, 450 Co-operative Societies, 618, 643 Copyhold, 228, 234-240, 248-250, 254-259, 326, 527, 528, 538; conversion of, to leasehold, 538; eviction from, 85-87 (see also Customary holdings, Villeinage) Copyholders, 228, 244; of inheritance, 258 (see also Customary tenants, Villeins) Corn-badgers, 365, 375-377, 385, 386; carriers, 326, 375, 376, 385, 487, 488; factors, 487-491; engrossing and engrossers of, 376, 386, 389, 391-396; export and import of, 398, 407-411, 424, 428-430, 487; do., discussed, 274, 407-412; Laws, of 1815, 697; do., debates on, 692, 705; do., repeal of, 523; price of, fluctuations in, 368; do., means of enhancing, 407-412; production of, fluctuations in, 273-275; regulation of price and distribution of, 367, 368, 374-378, 385, 386, 389, 391-396; trade, condition of, in 18th century, 479, 487-491 (see also Customs) Coroners, 27, 38, 39 Cost of living, in 19th century, 521 Costermongers, excluded from operation of Statute of Artificers, 356 Cotters, cotmen, 5, 9, 61, 63, 65, 242 Cotton industry, in the 18th and 19th centuries, 545, 546, 571, 572, 576, 577; arbitration on disputes in, 544, 568-571; depression of wages in, 500, 501; fluctuations in, 480; introduction of power loom weaving in, 505-510; petition of journeymen in, to House of Commons, 480, 500 (see also Factories) Council, the King's, 48; Privy, 328, 455, 473, 474; intervention of, 229; for the protection of tenants, 266; for the regulation of wages, 316; for the regulation of prices, 365, 368; for the relief of the poor, 363, 364, 379, 382-384, 390, 649; of the North, 429, 430; of Wales, 429, 430 Council, Orders in, effect of, on industry and commerce, 480, 691 County courts, 34, 94 Courts, Royal (see Chancery, Requests, Star Chamber, Wards and Liveries) Craft-gilds, 111, 131, 133, 279, 315; adulterine, 114-116; censured, 296; charters to, protected in the Statute of Monopolies, 467; common box of, 136, 137; control of trade and industry by, 136-147, 284, 297-299, 300, 303, 307-311, 345; dependence of industrial on mercantile, 302-305; election of officers of, 137, 138, 142, 145, 309, 310, 311; exclusiveness of, 142, 143, 145, 280, 282, 299, 307, 361; incorporation of, 113, 144, 305, 308, 474; litigation of, 311; the livery of, 310; monopoly of, 280, 306, 311; municipal control of, 137-144, 147; ordinances of, 136-144, 195-197, 297; state supervision of, 113, 279, 284, 285, 286, 306, 307; religious aspect of, 136, 137, 139, 140, 144, 145, 280, 289, 290; restraint of trading by, 469; (see also Apprentices, Journeymen, Yeomanry) Craft-gilds and Companies of London, Clothworkers, 300-302; Feltmakers, 302; incorporation of, 303; Haberdashers, 302-304; incorporation of, 144-146; Weavers, alien, ordinances of, 195-197; Whitetawyers, ordinances of, 136-138 Craftsmen, alien, ordinances of, 195; classification of, in Tudor period, 414; desire of, for cheap corn, 409; for protection, 426; excessive prices charged by, 165, 166, 168, 169; excluded from operation of Statute of Artificers, 356; licensed to exercise more than one craft, 70; limited to one craft, 70, 294, 295, 306, 321 (see also Apprentices, Industry, Journeymen, Labour, Labourers, Prices, Wages) Credit, trading on, 305, 416-418, 420-424, 493-495 Crown, indebtedness of the, 153, 416-418 Currency, condition of, in fourteenth century, 217-223; in seventeenth century, 668, 677, 678; debasement of, 398, 405, 406, 416-418; discussions on, 220, 405; provisions for, 180, 181; recoinage of Queen Elizabeth, 419, 677; recoinage of 1696, 668, 677, 678 (see also Bullion, Mint) Customary holdings, 228; alienation of, 243, 258; bequest of, 233, 234; cotlands, 63; custom touching inheritance of, 233, 234; dayworks, 64; division of, among heirs, 232; eviction from, 254, 255, 263; fines for entry on, 66, 67, 68, 69, 86, 229, 233, 235, 238, 239, 240, 249, 251, 259; do., enhancement of, 229, 249, 251, 253, 255, 265; forelands, 62; forfeited, 242, 243; lease of, 55, 76, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 91, 235, 238, 241, 242, 254, 255, 258, 259; oxgangs, 258; sale and purchase of, 233, 234; yardlands, 242 (see also Copyhold, Landmeasures, Leasehold, Manor) Customary tenants, 5-9, 23, 24, 54, 80-86, 228, 232-246, 251-255; eviction of, 364; grant of manor to, 81; lease of manor to, 81 (see also Bordiers, Copyholders, Cotters, Manor, Serfs, Villeins) Customary tenure, 54, 55 Customs, the, in Middle Ages, 203, 207-216; in London and the outports, contrasted, 445; in American colonies, suggested, 673; on imports, 211-216, 401; exemption of the Cabots from, 401; on cloth, 403, 412, 417, 440, 459, 469, 471; on coal, 472; on exported corn, 398, 407, 430; on wine, 208, 214; on wool, 207, 215, 407, 413 Debt, the National, 676, 677; measures for reduction of, 679-681 Debts, recovery of, in Middle Ages, 161-163, 192 Defoe, Daniel, his accounts of eighteenth century industrial and trade conditions, 482-492; his criticism of Poor Laws, 649 Demesne, ancient, 36, 89; tenants of, 36, 55, 90, 91 Demesne lands, in boroughs, 132; in manors, 6, 9, 16, 17, 32, 33, 54, 56, 57, 64, 228, 237, 238, 240, 245, 246, 254, 258, 259; farmers of, 228; lease of, 259; lying in scattered strips, 76 Demesnes, the king's, 21, 36, 161; tallage assessed on, 35, 65 Depopulation, caused by the Black Death, 65-68, 102, 164; in rural districts, 267, 269, 395, 531, 536; acts against, 229, 260, 270n., 315 Dialogus de Scaccario, 4n. Diminishing Returns, Law of, 272 Discovery, voyages of, 400-402 Disraeli, Benjamin, protest of, against capitalist domination, 710, 711 Domesday Book, 3, 4, 20, 40n, 54; extracts from, 9-17 Domestic System, 355, 483, 508 Dorchester Agricultural Labourers Union, 618, 638-641; rules of, 640, 641 Dyeing, English and foreign, 155, 432, 433 Dyers of Bristol, ordinances of, 141-144 Eastland Merchants, 399 Economic theory and opinion, in eighteenth century, 488, 559, 590, 668; of state regulation, 365 (see also Mercantile Theory) Education, of working classes, 611, 711 (see also Schools,industrial) Edward I, charters of, 158, 164; enquiry of, touching royal rights and feudal liberties, 36-40 Enclosures of land, in Middle Ages, 54, 229; in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 229, 247, 248n., 389; in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 482, 483, 523-542; advocated, 526, 527; effect of, on cottagers, 532; expense of fencing, 535, 539; petition against, 531; speeches in House of Commons on, 270-275; statutes against, 247; by Act of Parliament, 523, 528, 532-542; do., expense of, 532, 535n.; by agreement ratified in Chancery, 523, 525, 526, 530; of arable, 260-277, 408; of common fields, 73, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 540, 541; of common pasture, 88, 89, 257; of waste, 54, 55, 87, 88, 244, 526-529, 532, 534, 540, 541; Consolidating Act, 537; General Act, 541 Encroachments (see Purprestures) Escheat (see Feudal Incidents) Escheators, 20, 23-26, 30, 31, 40, 107-110, 249, 250; offences of, 40; office of, 20, 21 Exchange, letters of, 421-424 Exchanges, foreign, fluctuations and manipulation of, 398, 416-424; tax on, 398, 420-424; certifications into, 35, 47; fines paid in, 34 Excise, 399, 475-6, 667; imposition of, in lieu of feudal dues, 670; Walpole's proposal for, on salt, 678-9 Factories, growth of, checked in Tudor Period, 320, 321, 344; cotton, 495, 496, 591 (see also Cotton Industry); child labour in, 480, 495, 496, 502-505, 510-516, 544, 571-573, 591-595, 600, 609, 610, 612-614; effect of, on health of operatives 495, 496, 503-505, 511, 514-516, 609, 610; hours of labour in, 503, 510-516, 591-593, 594, 595, 599-614; inspection of, by magistrates and parsons, 572, 573; do., by state inspectors, 595, 609, 610, 612; wages in, 512, 513; woman labour in, 614 Factory Acts, 480, 503, 504, 544, 545, 571-573, 591, 594-596, 612-614; alleged failure of, 608; debate on, in House of Commons, 599-612 Factory system, 320n. Fairs, 121, 152, 155, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 188, 193, 209, 210, 213, 340, 421, 484; courts of, proceedings in, 159, 162, 163, 188, 193; granted to the lord of a manor, 157, 158; tolls at, 119 Fealty, 70 Felony, concealment of, 38 Feltmakers, journeymen, strike of, 617, 619-622 Feodary, 21, 249 Feudal, army, 4; commendation, 11, 16; commutation of services for rent, 21; courts or sokes, 12, 15, 16; customs and services, 5, 37; do., castleguard, 29; do., foreign, 29; do., commutations of, 27; franchises and liberties, 4, 39, 152 (see also Gallows, Frankpledge, Infangenethef, Sac and soc); do., enquiry touching, 36-40; incidents, escheat, 33, 36, 81, 82, 83; do., relief, 25, 65, 70, 116, 242; do., wardship and marriage, 26, 27, 29-31, 34, 40, 65, 68, 69, 237, 250, 670; knight's fees, 21, 33, 34, 36, 38; do., the king's, alienation of, 36; subinfeudation, 21, 28, 29; tenants, thegns, 14, 15; tenures, frankalmoin, 12, 22, 32, 90; do., knight service, 13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 32, 34, 69, 123, 670; do., payment of fines in lieu of, 34; do., serjeanty, 21, 27, 33, 34; do., grand, 24; do., petty, 25; socage, free, 26, 670 Feudal System, the, 19-22; documents illustrating, 22-41 Firebote, 242 Fiscal policy, documents illustrating, 207-216, 416, 424, 440-476, 667, 670, 671, 672-674, 689-702, 705-711 Fishing, fishmongers and fishermen, 133, 166, 326, 435 Forelanders, 62 Forestallers, 168, 388 Frankpledge, view of, 65, 80, 82, 84, 156 Free trade, 468n.; arguments for, 696, 698-701; Sir Edwin Sandys' Bill for, 399, 443-453 Freehold, 48, 88, 89, 90, 93, 97 250, 324, 326, 332 Freeholders, 23, 65, 87, 91, 228, 248, 255, 256, 257, 526 Freemen, 7, 9, 16, 17, 32, 96, 101; marriage of, to bondwomen, 72 French Revolution, 590 French wars, in 18th and 19th centuries, effect of, on industry and commerce, 480, 501, 544, 689, 690 Friendly Societies, 561, 566, 640 Gallows, feudal liberty of, 37, 156 Gatebote, 242 Gebur, 6 Geneat, 5 Gerefa, 3 Gigmills, 442 Gild, at Dover, 4, 10 Gilds, craft (see Craft-gilds) Gilds, lands of, confiscation of, 280, 286-294; do., exceptions to, 291-294; do., distribution of, by agreement, 267 Gilds, merchant, 111, 112, 114, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131; characteristic features of, defined, 130; disputes of, with lords, 123, 128; privileges of, 123; restraint of trade by, 123 Gilds, social, 148-150 Half-time Child Labour, 613 Health, Public, effect of factory conditions on, 496, 503-505, 511, 514-516, 609, 610; in towns, 519, 520; recommendations of commission on, 614-616; provision for, in factories (see Factory Acts) Hedgebote, 242 Henry II., charters of, 45, 124, 308 Henry III., charters of, 119, 124, 126, 127 Heriots, 65, 84, 116, 242 Highways, enlarged for safety of merchants and travellers, 160, 161 Homage, 59, 70, 123 House of Commons, Bills in, on labourers and wages (1388), 176; on minimum rates in textile industry (1593), 336; on free trade (1604), 443; on minimum wages (1795), 554; on factories (1844), 599; debates in, on enclosures (1597, 1601), 270-275; on the confiscation of gild lands (1548), 292; on salt duties (1732), 678; on Whitbread's minimum wage bill (1795), 554; on the income tax (1798), 683; on apprenticeship (1813-14), 577; on the Corn Laws (1815, 1846), 692, 705; on factory legislation (1844), 599; petitions of journeymen to, 307-312, 573, 624 Housebote, 242 Houses of Correction, 364, 378, 381, 389, 627 (see also Bridewells, Workhouses) Hundred aid, 80 Hundred, the, as a geographical unit, 12, 17; as an administrative unit, 9, 32, 36-38, 47, 111, 172, 174, 324, 327, 374, 379, 384; as a feudal liberty, 15, 37, 117; bailiffs of, 32; farms of, 36-37; do., enhancement of, 38 Hurdle, punishment of the, 157 Income Tax, 667; objections to, 688; Pitt's speech on, 683 Industrial Revolution, 480, 509, 617, 618, 668 Industrial riots, 495 Industries (see Calico printers, Coal, Cotton, Craft-gilds, Feltmakers, Iron, Linen, Woollen Cloth) Industry, changes in organisation of, in 18th century, 479, 480, 617; encouragement of, by patents, 467; migration of, to suburbs and country districts, 304, 314, 321; municipal regulation of, 195-197, 280, 282-284, 294-299 (see also Craft-gilds, Markets, Prices, Wages); protection of small masters by Stuarts, 280; state encouragement of, 399; state regulation of, 313-362; do., delegated to private speculators, 336n.; in country districts, 14; in manors, 70, 111 (see also Combinations, Craft-gilds, Craftsmen, Labour, Prices, Wages) Infangenethef, 125, 156, 156n. Inquisitions, royal, 38 Interlopers, and the East India Company, 675 Irish Potato Famine, 705, 706 Iron industry, in 18th century, 545 Iron-works, 55; accounts of, 103-105; Elizabethan patent as to, 442 Jews, the, charter of liberties to, 44; conversion of, 46; chirographs and chests of, 46, 49, 50; debts to, 44-51; exemption of, from tolls, 45; expulsion of, 51; function of, 43; grant of, 47; justices of, 46, 47, 48, 50; litigation between Christians and, 44, 47, 48; ordinances touching, 45, 48, 51; pledging of land to, 48, 49; prohibited from acquiring freehold, 48, 49; restrictions on worship of, 45; royal protection of, 43, 44; tallage assessed on, 46; transferred from town to town, 43, 50 John, King, charters of, 44, 126, 158 Joint Stock Companies, 399; incorporation of, 427 Journeymen, yeomen, servants 113, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 280, 285, 286, 297-299, 305, 310, 311, 325-332, 334-336, 341, 344, 345, 349, 350, 499n., 547-551, 588, 589; associations of, 138-141, 280, 297-299, 307-312; do., common fund of, 298, 299, 301; combinations of (see Combinations); disciplinary rules as to, 113, 137, 140, 141, 345; disputes between masters and, 137, 138-141, 196 (see also Labour disputes); petitions of, to House of Commons, 500; proportion of, to apprentices, fixed, 332, 550, 551, 573, 574; wages of, effect of fall in value of money on, 405; do., regulation of (see Wages); (see also Agricultural Labourers, Calico Printers, Feltmakers, Tailors, Weavers, Woolcombers) Justice, administration of royal and feudal, 19, 20, 36n., 39 (see also King's Bench) Justices, 105, 106, 109, 110, 128, 155, 170, 183, 229 Justices of assize, 26, 55, 90, 93-96, 285, 297, 340, 343, 391, 429, 430, 622 Justices of the Bench, 75, 176, 285 Justices of the Jews, 46, 47, 48, 50 Justices of the Peace, administration of Statutes of Labourers and Artificers by, 172, 173, 176, 178, 231, 326, 329, 333, 352, 353, 356, 577; attacked in the Peasants' Revolt, 106, 107; inspection of factories by, 572, 573; intervention in industrial disputes by, 569, 570, 576, 623, 631; regulation of apprenticeship by, 332, 333, 344, 352; regulation of cloth industry by, 318, 340, 343, 358, 359; regulation of export of corn by, 429, 430; regulation of markets and prices by, 368, 373-380, 385, 386, 388, 389, 391-396; regulation of poor relief by, 364, 372, 380, 564, 646; regulation and assessment of wages by, 314, 315, 316, 324, 328, 329, 341-343, 345, 351, 352, 353, 356, 359, 361, 546-551, 554, 558, 565, 566, 577, 624n., 631, 632; returns to Privy Council made by, on enclosure, 275; do., on the cloth industry, 318; do., on scarcity of corn, 373-374 (see also Quarter Sessions) Justiciar, 36 Ket's Rebellion, 247 King's Bench, 623 Knight service (see Feudal) Knighthood, respite from, 39 Knights, 87 Knight's Fees (see Feudal) Labour, cheap, deprecated, 589; Child and Woman (see Child labour, Women); disputes, arbitration in, 544, 568-571, 617, 630 (see also Combinations, Craft-gilds, Journeymen); hours of, 630, 637; do., in agriculture 327; do., in factories, 503, 510-516, 591-593, 594, 595, 599-614; do., in mines, 516-519 Labour, movement of, 164-166, 172-177, 314; effect of Poor Laws on, 561; effect of enclosure on, 532 Labourers, Ordinance of (1349), 164; Statutes of (see Statutes) Land, alienation of, without licence, 30; do., fines for, 670; disseisins of, 38, 88, 89, 93, 96, 97; extents of, 40; limitation of purchase of, by merchants, husbandmen and artificers, 324; low rents of, in eighteenth century, 509; measures of:— acres, passim; bovates, 66, 67, 68, 69, 92; carucates, 16, 32, 33; fardels, 24; hides, 9, 15, 16, 17, 28, 29, 32, 54; league, 16, 17; ploughlands, 32; roods, passim; selions, 61; virgates, 13, 23, 27, 28, 29, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 84, 95, 246, 247; ownership of, as qualification for apprenticeship, 330; pledged to Jews, 48, 49; speculation in, 229, 251, 259; waste committed in, by escheators, 40; (see also Agriculture, Enclosures, Feudal, Manor) Landowners, competition of manufacturing interest with, 600, 668, 694, 710 Lastage, 24, 119, 122, 124, 127 Laud, agrarian policy of, 276, 277 Law Merchant, 130, 210, 213, 214 Leasehold, 55, 87, 228, 530, 539; (see also Copyhold, Customary holdings, Manor) Leyrwite, 71, 84 Linen manufacture, in Ireland, establishment of, 471 Local Government Board, 646 London, craft-gilds and companies of (see Craft-gilds); mercantile interest concentrated in, 443; merchant gild of, 127; regulation of entry into companies in, 309; regulation of usury in, 200 Lords, mesne, 36 Machinery, accidents to children, in cleaning, 512, 609; Arkwright's and Watt's inventions, 582; discouraged by Tudors, 321, 442, 544; effect of, on industry, 480; introduction and development of, 505-510; regulations for cleaning, 612 Magna Carta, 20, 22, 31n., 36n., 152 Manor, the Saxon, 3, 4, 5-9; in Domesday Book, 9, 16, 17; documents illustrating, 3-9, 16, 17, 53-102, 155, 158, 232-255, 258; the king's, alienation of, 36; common fields in (see Common Fields); courts, 20, 22, 36n., 54, 89; do., proceedings before, 65-75, 95, 232; do., pleas and perquisites of, 65, 80, 81; court rolls, 54, 55, 85, 234-236, 238-240, 259, 527; do., extracts from, 65-75; custom and customs of, 54, 66-75, 228, 229, 232-235, 238-244, 254-259 (see also Cartbote, Firebote, Gatebote, Hedgebote, Housebote, Pannage, Ploughbote); do., breach of, by lords, 241, 248, 249, 251, 252, 254, 258, 259; do., repudiated by tenants, 108; do., touching inheritance, 243; do., touching widows, 234; do., grass-swine, 5 (see also Pannage); do., leph, 58; customaries, 56, 232, 314; customary services in, 24, 54, 57-61, 64, 80-82, 84, 85, 90-93, 96, 241, 246; do., commutation of, for rent, 21, 27, 28, 55, 60-62, 85; do., boon-works, 6, 7, 85, 92; do., castle-guard, 248; do., heriots (see Heriots); do., of being crier in the lord's court, 244; do., of serving with horses against the Scots, 254; do., reliefs (see Reliefs); do., suit of court, 70, 242; demesne lands of (see Demesne); extent of, 56; fines, gersoms, and forfeitures in, 17, 232; do., for entry, 80, 242, 247; do., enhancement of, 254; do., for offences, 66-75; do., for marriage, 80, 90, 92, 93, 96, 241, 243 (see also Merchet); do., for waste committed, 242, 243; grant of, to customary tenants, at fee farm, 81; leases of, to farmers, 55, 85, 91, 245, 246; do., to tenants, 55, 79, 91; lords of, 5-9, 21, 37, 66-76, 90-100, 161, 228, 232, 235-246, 248-255, 259, 541; do., grant of liberties to, 156; officers of, 3, 5-8; bailiffs, 36, 57, 58, 65, 72, 80, 81, 82, 95, 233, 250; hayward, 8, 79; radman, 17; reeves, 5, 9, 17, 32, 80; do., complaints against, 84; serjeant, 81; stewards, 32, 37, 70, 74, 172, 173, 232, 233, 243, 259, 340, 526; woodward, 8; rents, 5-9, 23, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 79, 86, 92; do., decay of, 83; do., enhanced, 252, 253; rents of assize, 60, 63; social and economic development of, 53, 54, 227-230; stock, 6-8, 16, 17, 57, 58, 61, 77-81; strips, 8, 9, 22; tenants, 3, 21, 54, 55, 57 (see also Bordiers, Copyholders, Cotters,Customary tenants,Forelanders, Freeholders, Freemen, Gebur, Geneat, Serfs, Sokemen, Villeins); do., marriage of, 65; sub-tenants, 64; waste (see Commons) Markets, 14, 58, 69, 111, 257, 340; customs in, 129; for corn, 488-491; for woollen goods, 484, 485, 493; granted to the lord of a manor, 157, 158; organisation of, in eighteenth century, 479, 487-491; regulation of, by justices of the peace, 364, 365, 367, 374-378, 385, 386, 388, 389, 391-396; do., by towns, 280, 283, 296; sale and purchase by samples in, 490, 491 Market towns, 34, 166, 209, 210, 213, 260, 321, 322, 331 (see also Boroughs) Marque and Reprisals, letters of, 190 Mercantile System, 397, 398, 399 Mercantile Companies (see Companies) Mercantile Theory, 220-222, 420; expounded, 407-416 Merchants (see Aliens, Companies, Corn, Gilds, Middlemen, Staple, Wool) Merchet, 71, 93 (see also Manor, fines for marriage) Middlemen, 479; corn badgers, 365, 375-7, 385, 386; corn factors, 487-491; mealmen, 487, 488, 491; wool-merchants, 354, 355 (see also Staple); in woollen industry, 492-495; yarn-jobbers 336, 340, 341 Milan Decrees, 692 Mills, 9, 11, 16, 79; fulling, 483; tucking, 321 (see also Factories, Gigmills) Miners, 326, 389 (see also Coal Industry) Mining Company, incorporation of, 427 Mint, 220, 417; coinage of money at, before 1696, 677, 678; free coinage of bullion at, 674; profits of, 221, 222, 406 (see also Moneyers) Monasteries, effect of dissolution of, 229, 251 Money, fall in value of, 314, 398, 405, 406; regulation of export and import of, 216-223 Moneyers, 12, 13, 119 Monopoly and monopolies, 480, 497, 584, 587, 611 (see also Patents); of craft and merchant gilds, 112; of mercantile companies, 443-453 Murage, 126, 127, 212, 282 Muscovy or Russia Merchants, 399, 449, 450, 452, 453 Navigation Act (1660), 670; attack on, 672-674 Newcastle Coal Vend, 497 Norman Conquest, the, 3, 4, 53, 54, 55, 90; effects of, on boroughs, 10-14; do., on rural population, 54, 55 North-West Passage, 436 Oastler, Richard, campaign of, against child labour, 544, 592-594 Orders in Council, effect of, on British industry and trade, 480, 501, 691 Outdoor relief, condemned by Poor Law Commission (1834), 662; prohibitory order as to, 665 Pannage, 58, 61, 243, 259 Parish, as a unit for poor relief, 372, 379, 380, 647; overseers (see Poor) Parliament, 20, 103, 180, 206, 217, 229, 261, 537; and minimum wages, 316; petitions to, 553; regulation of trade and industry by, 153, 160-163, 171-178 (see also House of Commons) Passage, 122, 124 Pasture, reconversion of, to arable, 271-273, 275, 276 (see also Arable, Common, Enclosures) Patents and Monopolies, 399, 443-453, 461, 465-468, 472-474; list of, 440-443; revoked, 472-475 Paupers (see Poor) Pavage, 126, 127, 133-135, 212; collectors of, 135 Peasants' revolt, the, 55, 105-110; burning of muniments in, 108 Perceval, Dr., report of, on child labour, in factories, 480, 495 Pesage, 122 Picketing, 549, 627, 637 Pilgrimage of Grace, agrarian programme of, 247 Pillory, punishment of the, 156, 157, 393, 394 Piracy, 188-192 Place, Francis, 618 Pleas, of quo warranto, 40n.; of replevin, 37 Ploughbote, 242 Pontage, 119, 122, 124, 126, 127, 212 Poor, analysis of classes of, in 19th century, 663; children, apprenticing of, 381, 388, 504, 652; do., boarding out of, 653, 654; do., education of, 663; farmed to contractors, 646, 657; fines for enhancing price of corn, reserved to, 392, 393; guardians of, 652, 653, 654, 655, 663, 664; impotent, 174, 175, 364, 378, 388; impotent and idle, distinguished, 174, 175, 364; licensed to beg, 174, 175; overseers of, 372, 380, 381, 384, 648, 660, 661; do., misconduct of, 652; proportionate taxation of, 35; provision made by gilds for, 136, 150; provision made by enclosure acts for, 534, 535; provision of food for, 377; provision of work for, 364, 367, 369-371, 373, 378, 380, 383, 384, 389, 391, 648 (see also Houses of Correction, Workhouses); rates, 468, 533, 536, 537, 552, 555, 561, 562, 651,662; do., made compulsory, 364, 372, 380; do., increase of, in 18th century, 557; relief of, in Middle Ages, 113, 150, 174, 175; do., in 16th and 17th centuries, 272, 287n., 363-391, 647; do., in 18th and 19th centuries, 544, 649-665; do., by craft and other gilds, 113, 150, 311, 345; do., by parishes, 270; do., by towns, 363, 366, 369, 649; do., by journeymen associations, 299; do., by private charity, 364, 366; do., Pitt's suggested changes in, 563-565, 647; do., unions of parishes for, 651, 664, 665; settlement of, 364, 372, 381, 382, 386, 387, 561, 647, 651, 655 Poor Laws, 275, 366, 372, 373, 380, 567, 646, 648, 652; administration of, by justices of the peace (see Justices of the Peace); 18th century abuses in, 560-562; inspectors advocated for, 564; Amendment Act (1834), 545, 646, 663; Settlement Act (1662), 645, 647; Workhouse Test Act (1722), 650; Gilbert's Act (1782), 645, 652; Speenhamland "Act of Parliament" (1795), 646, 655; Board, 646; Commission (1834), 646; do., recommendations of, 661-663 Poverty, alleged causes of, in 18th century, 649 Precipe, writs of, 21, 36, 36n. Prerogative, the royal, 153 Prerogative Courts, 229, 230 (see also Requests and Star Chamber, Courts of) Prices, enhancement of, 265, 368, 391-396, 404, 405, 407-411; regulation of, by Privy Council and Justices of the Peace, 341, 364; rise in, after the Black Death, 166, 168, 169; do., in Tudor period, 314; do., in 18th and 19th centuries, 555-559, 565-567, 576, 692-696, 707; of coal, regulation of, 497-499; of grain, 283; and wages, lack of correspondence between, 553, 555-559, 565-567, 576, 695, 696 Price of wines, 45, 206, 209, 214 Privy Council (see Council, Privy) Profit, a just, views on, 294, 295, 296, 367, 368 Protection, for native manufactures, 425 Protective tariffs, arguments for and against, 696, 698-701, 706-711; for revenue, 700 Purprestures or Encroachments, 38, 54, 63, 64, 542 Quarter Sessions, 173, 176, 316, 324, 343, 345, 351, 352, 356, 392, 429, 543, 546, 548, 549, 551, 576, 577, 623, 648, 656 (see also Justices of the Peace) Rackrenting, 251n., 252, 253, 265 Regrators, 156, 336, 386, 388 Reliefs, 25, 65, 70, 116, 242 Revenue, the national, 153, 667; effect of debasement of coin on, 405, 406 (see also Customs, Excise, Taxation) Report of Committee on Ribbon weavers, 590, 591 Richard I., charter of, 125 Riots, agrarian (see Ket, Peasants' Revolt, Pilgrimage of Grace); industrial, 495 Rochdale Pioneers, 618 Roundsmen, 646, 660, 661 Sac and Soc, 10, 11, 125 Saltpans mentioned in Domesday Book, 17 Schools, 249, 287; fine for attending, 84; industrial, in 18th century, 563; provision for, in 16th century, 287, 290 Scotch weavers, strike of, 618, 631-633 Scutage, 21, 29, 33, 34n., 80 Seisin, 122; feudal conception of, 63n. Serfs, 7, 9, 16, 17, 75n., 323 Sheep, restriction of numbers of, to be owned by individuals, 264-266 Sheep-graziers and sheep-grazing, 250, 264-266, 269, 274, 407, 408, 530, 531; in 18th century, 484-487 Sheriffs, 6, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 27, 32, 34, 35, 40, 46-48, 50, 90, 94, 109, 114, 115, 120, 121, 136, 155-157, 160, 161, 164, 165, 174, 175, 189, 192, 200-202, 214, 250, 264, 324, 329, 372, 374, 379, 429, 473; offences of, 38, 39 Sheriff's aid, 80 Sheriffs' tourns, 38, 340 Shipping and Ships, 10, 188, 190, 191, 192, 197, 206, 210, 401, 402, 431, 675; encouragement and protection of, 153, 190, 206, 428, 437, 670, 671 (see also Navigation Act) Silkweavers (see Spitalfields) Sinking Fund, 667, 689; Act, 679 Small holders, enclosure disadvantageous to, 531, 532, 534, 535, 537 Small holdings, consolidation of, 523, 530, 541 Soap manufacture, 461-465 Social Contract, theory of, 281, 308 Sokemen, socmen, 9; bond, 36; free, 36 Somerset, Lord, Protector, 292, 293; agrarian policy of, 266 Speenhamland "Act of Parliament," 646 Spitalfields, silk weavers of, 484 Spitalfields Act, authorising the regulation of wages of London silk-weavers, 544, 547-551, 558, 575, 577, 591, 596 Stallage, 119, 122, 124 Staple, the, 153, 178-185, 407; custom of partition in, 185; mayor, council and merchants of, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185 Staplers, 484, 485: (See also Wool merchants) Star Chamber, Court of, 302, 365, 460; case in, 391 Statutes, 153; touching alienation of land, 69; touching depopulation, 315 (see also below); touching enclosure, 247 (see also below); of Merton (1234), 87; of Marlborough (1267), 37; of Acton Burnel (1283), 162; of Merchants (1285), 161-163; of Winchester (1285), 160; of Mortmain, 146, 150; of Quia Emptores (1290), 29n.; of Labourers, 153, 168, 171-178, 231, 314, 323, 325, 367, 388 (see also below); of Monopolies, 399, 465-468 (see also below); of Inmates, 275; Poor Law, 275, 366 (see also below); 3 Edward I., touching freedom of elections, 309, 310; 12 Richard II., touching labourers, 171, 314, 323; 13 Richard II., touching wages, 324; 8 Henry VI., touching regrators of yarn, 340; 15 Henry VI., touching gild ordinances, 279; 18 Henry VI., touching hosting of aliens, 153, 198, 199; 4 Edward IV., touching truck, 318; 4 Henry VII., touching depopulation, 229, 271n., 324; 12 Henry VII., touching merchant companies, 444, 445, 453; 19 Henry VII., touching gild ordinances, 279, 284, 307; 6 Henry VIII., touching depopulation, 229; 7 Henry VIII. ditto, 229, 260; 22 Henry VIII., touching gilds, 280, 285, 310; 25 Henry VIII., touching depopulation, 229, 264; 27 Henry VIII., ditto, 229, 269; 28 Henry VIII., touching gilds, 280, 284; 31 Henry VIII., touching cornmarkets, 368; 33 Henry VIII., touching gaming houses, 442; 35 Henry VIII., touching depopulation, 269; 37 Henry VIII., touching gilds and chantries, 280, 287n.; 1 Edward VI., ditto, 280, 286, 291; do., touching vagrants, 323; 5 Edward VI., touching depopulation, 324; 5 and 6 Edward VI., ditto, 229; do., touching gig-mills, 442; 3 Philip and Mary, touching depopulation, 229; 5 Elizabeth, touching depopulation, 229; do., touching weavers, 344; 5 Elizabeth, Statute of Artificers, 306, 307, 315, 325-336, 361, 424, 442, 544, 557, 576, 591, 624, 656; apprenticeship clauses of, 544, 579-589, 590; do., administration of, 353, 361; do., repeal of, 588; wages clauses of, 544, 576, 577; do., administration of, 341, 352; do., repeal of, petition against, 576; breaches of, 334, 342, 352, 353, 361; proceedings before Privy Council on, 361, 362; 19th century opinion on, 576-589; 8 Elizabeth, touching export of cloth, 426; establishing Muscovy Company, 453; 13 Elizabeth, touching export of corn, 428; 14 Elizabeth, touching compulsory poor rate, 372; 31 Elizabeth, touching depopulation, 229; 39 Elizabeth, ditto, 229, 268, 270n.; 43 Elizabeth, touching poor relief, 364, 380, 662; 1 James I., ditto, 343, 557, 656; 21 James I., touching depopulation, 229; 21 James I., touching monopolies, 465; 12 Charles II., Navigation Act, 670; 14 Charles II., Settlement Act, 647; 7 George I., touching combinations, 624; 9 George I., touching workhouses, 650; 12 George I., touching truck, 546; 7 George III., touching poor relief, 663; 13 George III., Spitalfields Act, 547; 39 George III., touching combinations, 626; 26 George III., touching Sinking Fund, 679; 39 and 40 George III., touching industrial arbitration, 568, 570, 576; 39 and 40 George III., touching combinations, 618, 627, 633; 41 George III., touching enclosures, 537; 42 George III., touching factories, 504; 44 George III., touching industrial arbitration, 570, 576; 54 George I I., touching apprenticeship, 588; 55 George III., Corn Law, 697; 59 George III., Factory Act, 591; 3 and 4 William IV., ditto, 594; 4 and 5 William IV., Poor Law Amendment Act, 663; 7 and 8 Victoria, Factory Act, 612; do., Bank Charter Act, 702; 8 and 9 Victoria, General Enclosure Act, 541 Statute Law Revision Act (1863), 229 Steam power, use of, 544 Steelyard, the, 416, 417, 418, 440 Stock and land leases, 79, 81n., 245, 246 Stocks, punishment of, 172, 329, 366 Stafford, policy of, in Ireland, 399, 470-472 Strikers, prosecuted under law of conspiracy, 635 Strikes, 196, 617, 618, 619-622, 631-633, 635 (see also Combinations, Labour disputes) Stuarts, the, fiscal methods of, 399 (see also Patents) Tailors, journeymen, combination of, 617, 622-624 Tariff war, with Netherlands, 399 Taxation, 203-216, 667; aids, 29; carucage, 21, 32; do., fines for evasion of, 32, 33; geld, 12, 15, 16; Parliamentary subsidies, 406, 468; tonnage and poundage, 206; Parliamentary tenths and fifteenths, 170, 171; do., assessment of, 204, 205; scutage (see Scutage); tallage, 27, 65, 80, 82, 93, 117, 127; do., assessment of, in London, 35; do., assessed on Jews, 46; Pitt on incidence of, 686 (see also Income Tax); Walpole on incidence of, 679 Taxes, the Assessed, 684 Tenures of land (see Burgage, Copyhold, Customary tenure, Feudal, Freehold, Leasehold, Villeinage) Testimonials or certificates of service, 172, 174, 175, 324, 327, 334-336, 353 Theam, 125 Tin, internal trade in, patent for, 442 Tithes, 249, 288, 289, 380, 528 Tolls (see Boroughs, Fairs, Lastage, Markets, Murage, Passage, Pavage, Pesage, Stallage) Towns (see Boroughs) Trade, Internal, combinations in restraint of, 108, 128-130 (see also Craft-gilds, Gilds Merchant, Trade Unions); intermunicipal, 112, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 133, 134, 152, 280, 282; municipal regulation of, 280, 282, 283, 294-299; state regulation of, 152, 153, 160-178; restrictions on, by a lord, 133; of aliens in England, 127 Trade, Colonial, effect of Navigation Act on, 672-674 Trade, Foreign, 152, 698-701; condition of, in 1587, 438-440; do., in 19th century, 689-692; depression of, 364, 383; encouragement of export and checking of import, 398, 399, 407-416, 424, 425, 426, 431-434, 439, 440, 454-461; export of dressed cloth, 398, 399, 402-404, 426, 454-461, 469; export of undressed cloth, 398, 399, 402-404, 424, 426, 454, 459; fluctuations of, 610; fostering of, 397, 398; instructions to a factor in Turkey, 431-434; perils of, 181, 188-192; protection of, 153, 187; relative merits of exports and imports discussed, 413, 421-425; with Africa, 691; with the Baltic, 691; with Canada, 690; with Continent, 502, 690; with East Indies, 452; with Flanders, 413; with France, 413; with Italy, 413; with Levant, 452, 691; with Low Countries, 179; with Portugal, 690, 691; with Russia, 449, 450, 452; with South America, 690, 691; with Spain, 413, 690; with United States, 502, 689, 690, 691; with West Indies, 690 Trade, Board of, 597 Trade boards, local, advocated, 596, 597 Trade Unions, 281, 617, 618; benefit clubs of, 618, 626; funds of, 629, 637 (see also Combinations, Journeymen, Labour disputes) Trial by battle, 119, 123 Trial by jury, 123 Truck, 284, 318, 513; acts against, 318, 544, 545 Tumbrel, 156 Turkey Company, 431, 450 Unemployment, 364, 366, 369-373, 383, 390, 398, 573, 611 Unions of parishes for relief of poor, 651, 664, 665 Universities, 287, 287n. Usury, 44, 45, 49, 51, 154; London ordinance touching, 200; petition in Chancery touching, 201; petition in Parliament touching, 200 Utopia, Sir Thomas More's, 275 Vagrants, 323, 335, 366, 369, 378, 379, 384, 388, 647, 648, 654 (see also Beggars, Bridewells, Houses of Correction, Labourers, Ordinance of, Poor, Workhouses) Village greens, excluded from enclosure act, 541 Villeins, bondmen, 9, 16, 17, 32, 36, 54, 55, 69, 71-75, 90-102, 165, 231, 249; actions brought by, 55; flight of, 55; grant of, 55, 98; imprisonment of, 99, 100, 101; licensed to leave a manor, 72, 75; manumission of, 55, 97; received in boroughs, 121, 125; regardant, 101; runaway, 69, 73, 74, 75, 125 Villeinage (status), 75, 228; acknowledgment of, 93, 94; cases before the Courts touching, 88-90, 92-97; survival of, in sixteenth century, 228, 231 Villeinage (tenure), bondage land, 24, 32, 54, 55, 66, 67, 68, 69, 84, 86, 235, 239, 248; grant of, by charter, 97 Wages, allowances in aid of, 646, 656; assessment of, under Statutes of Artificers, 314, 316, 325, 328, 329, 341-343, 345-353, 356-7, 359, 543, 546-7, 554, 576, 577, 631-2; do., abandoned, 576-7, 656; do., draft bill in House of Commons for, 336-341; do., petitions and requests for, 356-7, 361; do., under Spitalfields Act, 544, 547-551, 558; conspiracies to raise, 139, 140, 196; demand of excessive, 139, 140, 164-174, 176, 314, 324, 360, 361; depression of, 188, 314, 357, 358, 359, 507, 521, 590, 605; do., in cotton industry, 500, 501; in colonies, 315, 360; maximum, 315, 554; maximum, fixed by Statute, 153, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 624n.; minimum, 315, 316, 342, 544; do., bill in House of Commons for, 554-568; proclamation of, by justices, under Stat. 13 Richard II, 323n., 324; proposals for a sliding scale of, for agricultural labourers, 552-53; rates of, fixed by journeymen combinations, 620-622, 623, 624, 630, 637, 638; regulation of, by towns, 280, 282, 284, 296, 316; do., by wages boards, 544 Wages boards, advocated, 596, 597; in Scotland, 597 Wales, Council of, 429, 430 Wardpenny, 80 Wardship and marriage (see Feudal) Wards and Liveries, Court of, 21, 670 Waste (see Commons) Watchmakers, resolutions of, on apprenticeship, 588 Water power, 592; in woollen industry, 482 Weavers Act (1555), 320 Weavers, Cotton, journeymen, petition of, to House of Commons, 500; hand-loom, proposals for wages boards by, 596, 597 Weights and measures, 132, 154, 155, 214, 248, 388; assize of (see Assizes) Women, employment of, in agriculture, 7, 8, 173, 177, 178, 329, 346, 347, 547; in coal mines, 598, 599; in woollen industry, 350, 483; suggestions for employment of, in colonies, 436 Wool, 55, 265, 282, 284, 303; export of, 179-185, 187, 193, 407; growers, 355, 483; merchants, 132, 355, 484, 487 (see also Staple and Staplers); price of, 407; Spanish, 431; do., import of, 494; do., patent to import, 441; do., worked in England, 492 Woolcombers, benefit clubs of, 626 Woollen Cloth Industry, 154, 183, 184, 187, 188, 265, 282, 284, 357-360, 383, 399, 432, 503; apprenticeship in, 499, 500; do., abolished, 587, 587n; condition of, in eighteenth century, 479, 482-487, 492-495, 545, 546; credit trading in, 493-95; dyeing in, 141-144; fraudulent workmanship in, 432; geographical distribution of, 484; hiring of looms in, 320, 321; limitation of number of looms, to clothiers, 318, 321, 344; organisation of, in seventeenth century, 354; state regulation of, 317-322, 330, 331, 336-341, 343, 344, 345, 350, 351, 352, 357-360, 382, 383, 398, 399, 402-404, 426, 454-461; in Ireland, discouraged by Strafford, 471 Woollen Cloth Trade, internal trade in, 399, 404, 468-470; export trade in, 198, 301, 398, 399, 402-404, 421, 426, 427, 431-434, 438, 440, 441, 446, 447, 450, 453-461, 469; do., patent for, 443; foreign criticism of English cloth, 319, 587 Workhouses, 369-372, 380, 586, 646, 648, 649; character of work provided in, 369, 370, 657-659; mortality in, 659, 660 Workhouse Test Act (1722), 650 Working Men's Association, address of, to Queen Victoria, 641 Wreck of sea, 37, 40, 122 Writs, 39, 101; return of, 37; service of carrying, 28, 63; of Chancery, 48; of Jewry, 44, 48; of certiorari, 202; of corpus cum causa, 200; of precipe, 36; of quo warranto, 474; of recordari facias, 236; of replevin, 236; of right, the little, 55, 91; of scire facias, 474; of subpoena, 186, 244, 277 Yarn, imported from Ireland, 485, 486 Yeomanry organisations, 280, 300, 302 (see also Craft-gilds, Journeymen) Young, Arthur, his account of farming in Norfolk, 523, 530, 534; his advocacy of enclosures, 524; his criticism of commissioners' methods, 536, 537