Chapter XXIV

ELIZABETH (ix), 1587-1588-THE ARMADA 1587. Results of Mary's Death— Attitude of Philip—Attitude of Elizabeth—The situation—Drake's Cadiz Expedition—Negotiations with Parma—Elizabeth's Diplomacy—French Affairs —Preparations for the Armada—1588. Plans of Campaign—Forces of the Antagonists—The New Tactics—Defective Arrangements—The Land Forces—May to July—The Fleets off Plymouth—The Fight off Portland—The Fight off the Isle of Wight—Effect on the Fleets—The Armada at Calais—The Battle off Gravelines—Flight and Ruin of the Armada.