INDEX.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Acacia, 209.

Acer, -aceæ. See “Maple.”

Acetic acid, 3, 59, 98, 138, 230.

Achimenes, 218.

Acorus. See “Sweet-flag.”

Actinomorphic, 213.

Adder-tongue, 116; Fig. 70. See also “Erythronium.”

Adiantum. See “Maiden-hair.”

Adlumia. See “Mountain-fringe.”

Æsculinæ, 199.

Æsculus. See “Buckeye,” “Horse-chestnut.”

Aggregatæ, 222.

Alcohol, 5, 31, 55, 83, 230, 233.

Algæ, 4, 21. green, 21. red, 21, 49. brown, 21, 41.

Alga-fungi. See “Phycomycetes.”

Alisma, -ceæ. See “Water-plantain.”

Allium. See “Wild onion.”

Amaranth, 185.

Amarantus, -aceæ. See “Amaranth.”

Amœba, 7; Fig. 2.

Ampelidæ. See “Vine.”

Ampelopsis. See “Virginia creeper.”

Anatomy, 3. gross, Implements for study of, 3. minute, Implements for study of, 3, 4.

Anatropous, 151.

Andreæaceæ, 99, 100.

Andrœcium, 148.

Andromeda, 211.

Anemone, 185.

Angiocarpæ, 84.

Angiosperm, 129, 143, 145.

Aniline colors, 233.

Anisocarpæ, 210, 213.

Anonaceæ. See “Custard-apple.”

Anther, 148, 175, 179.

Antheridium, 27, 36, 39, 45, 51, 59, 68, 89, 96, 106, 122.

Anthoceros, Anthoceroteæ, 91; Fig. 57.

Aphanocyclæ, 185, 196.

Aplectrum, 167; Fig. 90.

Apocynum, -aceæ. See “Dog-bane.”

Apostasieæ, 164.

Apple, 145, 171, 206; Fig. 114.

Apricot, 207.

Aquilegia. See “Columbine.”

Aralia, -aceæ. See “Spikenard.”

Archegonium, 89, 97, 105, 122, 133, 140, 144.

Archicarp, 138, 145.

Arcyria, 13; Fig. 5.

Arethusa, Arethuseæ, 166; Fig. 90.

Argemone, 191.

Aril, 189.

Arisæma, 78, 157; Fig. 86.

Aristolochia, -aceæ, 224.

Aroid, Aroideæ, 157.

Arrow-grass, 167.

Arrowhead, 167; Fig. 91.

Arrowroot, 163.

Asarum. See “Wild ginger.”

Asclepias, -daceæ. See “Milk-weed.”

Ascobolus, 71–73; Fig. 43. culture of, 71. spore fruit, 71. archicarp, 71. spore sacs, 72.

Ascomycetes, 65, 66.

Ascospore, 66.

Ascus, 66, 69.

Ash, 218; Fig. 122.

Asimina. See “Papaw.”

Aspidium, Fig. 70.

Asplenium, 104; Fig. 70.

Aster, 224.

Atropa. See “Deadly nightshade.”

Axil, 174.

Azalea, 210; Fig. 116.

Azolla, 117; Fig. 71.

Bacteria, 15, 17, 19; Fig. 8.

Balsam, Balsamineæ, 198.

Bamboo, 162.

Bambusa. See “Bamboo.”

Banana, 163.

Barberry, 17, 187; Fig. 101.

Bark. See “Cortex.”

Basidiomycetes, 77.

Basidium, 77, 80, 83.

Basswood, 195; Fig. 106.

Bast. See “Phloem.”

Batatas. See “Sweet-potato.”

Batrachospermum, 53; Fig. 31.

Bean, 207, 208.

Bear-grass. See “Yucca.”

Bee, 227, 228.

Beech, 183.

Beech-drops, 218.

Beet, 184.

Beggar’s-ticks, 215.

Begonia, 3, 205.

Bell-flower, 220, 226; Fig. 123.

Bellwort, 156.

Berberis, -ideæ. See “Barberry.”

Bergamot oil, 234.

Berry, 145, 156.

Betulaceæ, 183.

Bicornes, 210.

Bignonia, -aceæ, 218.

Biology, 2.

Birch, 183.

Bird’s-nest fungus. See “Cyathus.”

Bishop’s cap, 202; Fig. 111.

Bismarck brown, 233.

Bitter-sweet, 199; Fig. 109.

Black alder, 199.

Blackberry, 207.

Black fungi. See “Pyrenomycetes.”

Bladder-nut, 199; Fig. 108.

Bladder-weed, 33, 217; Fig. 120.

Bleeding-heart. See “Dicentra.”

Blood-root, 191; Fig. 103.

Blue-eyed grass, 156.

Blue-flag. See “Iris.”

Blue-green slime, 15.

Blue valerian. See “Polemonium.”

Borage, 215.

Borragineæ. See “Borage.”

Bordered pits, 138.

Botany defined, 2. systematic, 3.

Botrychium. See “Grape fern.”

Box, 201.

Bract, 199, 222, 229.

Brasenia. See “Water-shield.”

Breathing pore, 91, 99, 113, 130, 147, 150, 177.

Bromeliaceæ, 156.

Bryophyte, 86.

Buck-bean, 218.

Buckeye, 171, 199.

Buckthorn, 199.

Buckwheat, 184.

Budding, 64.

Bulbochæte, 28; Fig. 16.

Bulb, 146, 153, 172.

Bulrush, 161; Fig. 87.

Bundle-sheath, 110, 176.

Burning-bush. See “Spindle-tree.”

Bur-reed, 159; Fig. 86.

Buttercup, 181, 185; Fig. 99.

Butterfly, 227, 228.

Button-bush, 223.

Buttonwood. See “Sycamore.”

Buxus, Buxaceæ. See “Box.”

Cabbage, 192.

Cabombeæ, 190.

Cactus, Cactaceæ, 203; Fig. 112.

Cæsalpineæ, 210.

Calcium, 2.

Calla, 157, 229.

Callithamnion, 50–52; Fig. 29. general structure, 51. tetraspores, 51. procarp, 51. antheridium, 51. spores, 52.

Callitriche, -chaceæ. See “Water starwort.”

Calluna. See “Heath.”

Calopogon, 166; Fig. 91.

Calycanthus, -aceæ, 187; Fig. 100.

Calycereæ, 223.

Calycifloræ, 200.

Calyx, 174, 182.

Cambium, 137–138, 175.

Campanula. See “Bell-flower.”

Campanulaceæ, 220.

Campanulinæ, 220.

Canada balsam, 230–234.

Canada thistle, 224; Fig. 125.

Canna, -aceæ, 162, 163; Fig. 88.

Caper family, 194.

Capparis, -ideæ. See “Caper.”

Caprifoliaceæ, 223.

Capsella. See “Shepherd’s-purse.”

Caraway, 202.

Carbon, 2, 95.

Carbon-dioxides, 95.

Cardinal-flower. See “Lobelia.”

Carex, 161; Fig. 87.

Carmine, 25, 233.

Carnation, 185.

Carpel, 148, 154, 175, 179.

Carpophyll. See “Carpel.”

Carpospore, 51–53.

Carrot, 202.

Caryophylleæ. See “Pink.”

Caryophyllus. See “Clove.”

Castalia, 189.

Castor-bean, 200.

Catalpa, 218.

Cat-brier, 154.

Catkin, 181.

Catnip, 215.

Cat-tail, 159.

Cedar apple, Cedar rust. See “Gymnosporangium.”

Celastraceæ, 199.

Celastrus. See “Bitter-sweet.”

Celery, 3.

Cell, 6. apical, 38, 96, 105, 115. division, 23, 31, 229. row, 8; Fig. 3. mass, 8; Fig. 4. sap, 6, 151.

Cellulose, 3.

Centaury, 219.

Centrospermæ, 183.

Cephalanthus. See “Button-bush.”

Cerastium. See “Chick-weed.”

Ceratophyllum. See “Horned pond-weed.”

Cercis. See “Red-bud.”

Chamærops. See “Palmetto.”

Chara, 38–40; Fig. 23. general structure, 38. method of growth, 39. cortex, 39. non-sexual reproduction, 39. oögonium, 39. antheridium, 39, 40. spermatozoids, 40. germination, 40.

Characeæ, 21, 37, 40.

Chareæ, 40.

Cheiranthus. See “Wall-flower.”

Chenopodium, -aceæ. See “Goose-foot.”

Cherry, 15, 206; Fig. 114.

Chicory, 223.

Chick-weed, 185; Fig. 98.

Chimaphila. See “Prince’s pine.”

Chionanthus. See “Fringe-tree.”

Chlorine, 2.

Chlorococcum, 23; Fig. 12.

Chloroform, 234.

Chloroplast, 22, 45.

Chlorophyll, 15.

Chlorophyll body. See “Chloroplast.”

Chlorophyceæ, 21.

Chondrus. See “Irish moss.”

Choripetalæ, 181, 208.

Chromic acid, 25–35, 233.

Chromoplast, 150.

Cicinnobulus, 69; Fig. 39.

Cilium, 8.

Cinquefoil, 206.

Cistaceæ. See “Rock-rose.”

Cistifloræ, 192.

Citron, 196.

Citrus. See “Orange,” “Lemon.”

Cladophora, 24, 25. structure of cells, 25. nuclei, 25. cell division, 25. zoöspores, 25.

Classification, 3–9.

Clavaria, 85; Fig. 51.

Claytonia. See “Spring-beauty.”

Clematis, 185.

Climbing plants, 171.

Closterium, 33; Fig. 20.

Clove, 205.

Clove oil, 234.

Clover, 207.

Club moss, 116. larger, 116. smaller, 123–126; Fig. 74. gross anatomy, 125. spores, 126. prothallium, 126. systematic position, 126.

Cluster-cup, 78.

Cocos. See “Palm-coco,” 159.

Coleochæte, 28; Fig. 17.

Collateral fibro-vascular bundle, 135.

Collema, 76; Fig. 44.

Columella, 55.

Columbine, 186; Fig. 99.

Column, 165.

Columniferæ, 195.

Commelyneæ, 157.

Compositæ, 223, 224.

Compound flower, 224. leaf, 159, 170.

Conceptacle, 45.

Cone, 131.

Conferva, 26.

Confervaceæ, 21, 24.

Conidium, 68.

Conifer, 129, 140, 141.

Coniferæ. See “Conifer.”

Conjugatæ, 22–29.

Connective, 148.

Conocephalus. See “Liverwort, giant.”

Contortæ, 218.

Convolvulaceæ, 213.

Convolvulus. See “Morning-glory.”

Coprinus, 82–84; Fig. 48. general structure, 82, 83. young spore fruit, 83. gills basidia, 83. spores, 84.

Coral root, 167.

Corallorhiza. See “Coral root.”

Coriander, 202.

Corn, 160, 161.

Cornus, -aceæ. See “Dogwood.”

Corolla, 174, 182.

Cortex, 39, 130.

Corydalis, 192.

Cotton, 195.

Cotyledon, 134, 146, 180.

Cowslip, 211.

Coxcomb, 185.

Crab-apple, 77, 80.

Cranberry, 211.

Crassulaceæ, 203.

Crane’s-bill, 3, 196; Fig. 107.

Cress, 192.

Croton, 200.

Cruciferæ. See “Mustard family.”

Crucifloræ. See “Rhœadinæ.”

Cucumber, 221.

Cucumber-tree. See “Magnolia.”

Cucurbitaceæ. See “Gourd.”

Cup fungi (“Discomycetes”), 71.

Cupuliferæ, 183.

Curl, 66.

Currant, 203.

Cuscuta. See “Dodder.”

Custard-apple, 186.

Cyanophyceæ. See “Blue-green slime.”

Cyathus, 84; Fig. 50.

Cycad, -eæ, 140.

Cycas revoluta, 141; Fig. 71.

Cyclamen, 212.

Cynoglossum. See “Hound’s-tongue.”

Cyperaceæ. See “Sedge.”

Cyperus, 161.

Cypress, 142.

Cypripedium. See “Lady’s-slipper.”

Cystopus. See also “White rust.” bliti, 57; Fig. 33. general structure, 57. structure of filaments, 57. non-sexual spores (conidia), 57. germination of conidia, 58. resting spores, 59. oögonium, 59. antheridium, 59. candidus, 60; Fig. 34.

Daisy, 223.

Dandelion, 66, 223; Fig. 125.

Darlingtonia, 195.

Datura. See “Stramonium.”

Day lily, 155.

Deadly nightshade, 215.

Dead nettle, 215; Fig. 120.

Delphinium. See “Larkspur.”

Dermatogen, 176.

Desmid, 33, 34; Fig. 20.

Devil’s apron. See “Laminaria.”

Dianthus. See “Pink.”

Diatomaceæ, 41, 42; Figs. 24, 25. structure, 42. movements, 42. reproduction, 42.

Dicentra, 192; Fig. 103.

Dicotyledon, 145, 170, 181, 225.

Digitalis. See “Foxglove.”

Diœcious, 88.

Dionæa. See “Venus’s fly-trap.”

Dioscoreæ. See “Yam.”

Dioscorea villosa, 154.

Diospyros. See “Persimmon.”

Diospyrinæ, 210.

Dipsacus, -aceæ. See “Teasel.”

Dirca. See “Moosewood.”

Ditch-moss, 167; Fig. 91.

Dodder, 214.

Dodecatheon. See “Shooting-star.”

Dog-bane, 219; Fig. 122.

Dogwood, 202, 229; Fig. 110.

Draparnaldia, 26; Fig. 14.

Drosera -aceæ. See “Sun-dew.”

Drupe. See “Stone-fruit.”

Duck-weed, 159; Fig. 86.

Dutchman’s pipe. See “Aristolochia.”

Earth star. See “Geaster.”

Ebenaceæ (ebony), 212.

Echinospermum. See “Beggar’s-ticks.”

Ectocarpus, 45, 47; Fig. 28.

Eel-grass, 168, 169; Fig. 91.

Egg apparatus, 144.

Egg cell, 27, 36, 39, 45, 90, 106, 133, 144.

Egg-plant, 215.

Eichler, 153.

Elater, 91, 122.

Elder, 224.

Elæagnaceæ, 206.

Elm, 183.

Elodea. See “Ditch-moss.”

Embryo, 90, 97, 107, 133, 149, 180.

Embryology, 3.

Embryo sac, 143, 144, 151.

Enantioblastæ, 153, 156; Fig. 85.

Endosperm, 133, 146, 152.

Entire leaves, 170.

Entomophthoreæ, 57.

Epacrideæ, 210.

Epidermis, 91, 111, 112, 113, 122, 135, 137, 150, 177.

Epigæa. See “Trailing arbutus.”

Epilobium. See “Willow-herb.”

Epiphegus. See “Beech-drops.”

Epiphyte, 166.

Equisetum, -tinæ. See “Horse-tail.”

Ergot, 76.

Erica, -aceæ. See “Heath.”

Erysiphe, 70.

Erythræa. See “Centaury.”

Erythronium, 146–152; Fig. 81. leaf, 146. stem, 146. root, 146. gross anatomy of stem, 147. flower, 148. fruit and seed, 150. histology of stem, 150. of leaf, 150. of flower, 151. of ovule and seed, 151, 152.

Eschscholtzia, 191.

Eucalyptus, 206.

Eucyclæ, 196, 200.

Eudorina, 20.

Euglena, 11, 19; Fig. 9.

Euonymus. See “Spindle-tree.”

Euphorbia, 199; Fig. 109.

Eurotium, 70; Fig. 42.

Evening primrose, 206.

Exoascus, 66.

Fagopyrum. See “Buckwheat.”

Feather-veined. See “Pinnate-veined.”

Fern, 5, 102, 104, 116. flowering, 118; Fig. 70. lady, 104; Fig. 70. maiden-hair. See “Maiden-hair fern.” ostrich. See “Ostrich-fern.” sensitive, 104. true, 117. water. See “Water-fern.”

Fertilization, 225.

Fibre, 124, 175, 177.

Fibro-vascular bundle, 107, 110, 121, 123, 135, 136, 147, 150, 159, 174.

Fig, 183.

Figwort, 215, 216; Fig. 120.

Filament (of stamen), 148, 17.

Filices. See “True ferns.”

Filicineæ. See “Fern.”

Fir, 142.

Fission, 23.

Flagellata, 19.

Flagellum, 19.

Flax, 197; Fig. 107.

Flies, 229.

Flower, 128, 131.

Flowering-plant. See “Spermaphyte.”

Forget-me-not, 215.

Four-o’clock, 183.

Foxglove, 217.

Frangulinæ, 199.

Fraxinus. See “Ash.”

Fringe-tree, 218; Fig. 122.

Fruit, 145.

Fucaceæ, 43.

Fuchsia, 201.

Fucus, 42–46. vesiculosus, 43; Figs. 26, 27. general structure, 43, 44. conceptacles, 44. collecting plants, 44. cells, 44. chloroplasts, 44. oögonium, 45. platycarpus, 45. antheridium, 45, 46. fertilization, 46. germination, 46.

Fumariaceæ. See “Fumitory.”

Fumitory, 192.

Funaria, 93–99; Figs. 58–62. gross anatomy, 93, 94. protonema, 93. “flower,” 94. structure of leaf, 94. chloroplasts, division of, 95. formation of starch in chloroplasts, 95. structure of stem, 96. root hairs, 96. buds, 96. antheridium spermatozoids, 96, 97. archegonium, 97. embryo, 98. capsule and spores, 98, 99. germination of spores, 99.

Fungi, culture of, 5, 54. true. See “Mycomycetes.” alga. See “Phycomycetes.”

Funiculus, 151, 175.

Funkia. See “Day lily.”

Galium, 223; Fig. 124.

Gamopetalæ. See “Sympetalæ.”

Gaultheria. See “Wintergreen.”

Gaylussacia. See “Huckleberry.”

Geaster, 84; Fig. 49.

Gentian, 218; Fig. 122.

Gentian violet, 4, 138, 231.

Gentiana, -aceæ. See “Gentian.”

Geranium, -aceæ, 3, 171, 196; Fig. 107.

Gerardia, 217.

Germ cell. See “Egg cell.”

Gesneraceæ, 218.

Ghost flower. See “Indian-pipe.”

Gill, 83.

Ginger, 163.

Gingko, 142; Fig. 78.

Gleditschia. See “Honey locust.”

Gloxinia, 218.

Glumaceæ, 153, 160; Fig. 87.

Glume, 162.

Glycerine, 4, 51, 55, 59, 67, 83, 98, 224, 231, 233.

Gnetaceæ. See “Joint fir.”

Golden-rod, 224.

Gonium, 20.

Gooseberry, 203; Fig. 111.

Goose-foot, 184; Fig. 98.

Gossypium. See “Cotton.”

Gourd, 221.

Gramineæ. See “Grass.”

Grape, 171, 199; Fig. 109.

Grape fern, 116; Fig. 70.

Graphis, 75; Fig. 45.

Grass, 161, 225; Fig. 87.

Gray moss. See “Tillandsia.”

Green-brier, 154.

Green-felt. See “Vaucheria.”

Green monad, 12, 19.

Green slime, 21, 22; Fig. 11.

Ground pine, 123; Fig. 73.

Ground tissue, 110, 111, 113, 124, 137, 177, 178.

Gruinales, 196.

Guard cell, 113, 135, 150.

Gulf weed. See “Sargassum.”

Gum. See “Eucalyptus.”

Gymnocarpæ, 84.

Gymnosperm, 129, 141.

Gymnosporangium, 79–81; Fig. 47. cedar apples, 79. spores, 80.

Gynandræ, 153, 164.

Gynœcium, 148, 167.

Gynostemium. See “Column.”

Habenaria, 166, 227; Fig. 90.

Hæmatoxylin, 233.

Hair, 8, 177.

Haloragidaceæ, 206.

Hazel, 182, 183, 225; Fig. 97.

Head, 181.

Heath, 211.

Helobiæ, 153, 167.

Hemerocallis. See “Day lily.”

Hemi-angiocarpæ, 84.

Hemlock, 142; Fig. 78.

Hemp, 183.

Hepaticæ. See “Liverwort.”

Hermaphrodite, 199.

Heterocyst, 17.

Heterostylism, 228.

Hibiscus, 195.

Hickory, 170, 183.

Holly, 199.

Hollyhock, 195.

Honey locust, 209.

Honeysuckle, 170, 172, 181, 223; Fig. 124.

Hop, 171, 181; Fig. 97.

Horned pond-weed, 224.

Horse-chestnut, 170, 199.

Horse-tail, 116–120. field, 120–122; Fig. 72. stems and tubers, 120. fertile branches, 120. leaves, 121. cone, 121. stem, 121. sporangia and spores, 121. sterile branches, 121. histology of stem, 121. of sporangia, 122. spores, 122. germination, prothallium, 122.

Hound’s-tongue, 215; Fig. 119.

Houstonia, 223; Fig. 124.

Hoya. See “Wax-plant.”

Huckleberry, 181, 211; Fig. 116.

Humming-bird, 226.

Hyacinth, 146.

Hydnum, 84; Fig. 51.

Hydrangea, -geæ, 202; Fig. 111.

Hydrocharideæ, 167.

Hydrogen, 2, 95.

Hydropeltidinæ, 189.

Hydrophyllum, -aceæ. See “Water-leaf.”

Hypericum, -aceæ. See “St. John’s-wort.”

Ilex. See “Holly.”

Impatiens. See “Jewel-weed,” “Balsam.”

India-rubber, 200.

Indian-pipe, 144, 210; Fig. 79.

Indian turnip. See “Arisæma.”

Indusium, 118.

Inflorescence, 157.

Integument, 133, 144, 151, 180.

Intercellular space, 124, 135, 150.

Internode, 39.

Iodine, 4, 22, 31.

Ipomœa, 213.

Iridaceæ, 156.

Iris, 154, 156; Fig. 84.

Irish moss, 49.

Isocarpæ, 210, 212.

Isoetes. See “Quill-wort.”

Iulifloræ, 181.

Ivy, 202.

Jack-in-the-pulpit. See “Arisæma.”

Jasmine, 218.

Jeffersonia. See “Twin-leaf.”

Jewel-weed, 197; Fig. 107.

Joint fir, 140, 142.

Juncagineæ, 167.

Juncus. See “Rush.”

Jungermanniaceæ, 92; Fig. 57.

Kalmia. See “Mountain laurel.”

Karyokinesis, 233.

Keel, 208.

Kelp. See “Laminaria.” giant. See “Macrocystis.”

Knotgrass. See “Polygonum.”

Labellum. See “Lip.”

Labiatæ. See “Mint.”

Labiatifloræ, 215.

Lady’s-slipper, 164, 166, 198; Fig. 90.

Lamella, 83.

Laminaria, 45, 47; Fig. 28.

Lamium. See “Dead nettle.”

Larch. See “Tamarack.”

Larix. See “Tamarack.”

Larkspur, 186, 227; Fig. 99.

Latex, 191.

Laurel, 188.

Laurineæ. See “Laurel.”

Lavender, 215.

Leaf-green. See “Chlorophyll.”

Leaf tendril, 171.

Leaf thorn, 172.

Leguminosæ, 207.

Lemanea, 53; Fig. 31.

Lemna. See “Duck-weed.”

Lemon, 198.

Lentibulariaceæ, 217.

Lettuce, 223.

Lichenes, 73; Figs. 44, 45.

Ligula, 127.

Ligulatæ, 125.

Lilac, 170, 181, 218.

Liliaceæ, 155.

Liliifloræ, 153, 155; Fig. 83.

Lilium. See “Lily.”

Lily, 146, 155.

Lily-of-the-valley, 155.

Lime. See “Linden.”

Linden, 195; Fig. 106.

Linear, 159.

Linum, -aceæ. See “Flax.”

Lip, 165.

Liriodendron. See “Tulip-tree.”

Lithospermum. See “Puccoon.”

Liverwort, 86. classification of, 91. horned. See “Anthoceroteæ.” giant, 91; Fig. 57.

Lizard-tail, 181, 183; Fig. 97.

Lobelia, -aceæ. 221; Fig. 123.

Loganieæ, 219.

Lonicera. See “Honeysuckle.”

Loosestrife. See “Lythrum.” swamp. See “Nesæa.”

Lotus. See “Nelumbo.”

Lychnis, 185.

Lycoperdon, 84; Fig. 49.

Lycopersicum. See “Tomato.”

Lycopodiaceæ. See “Ground pine.”

Lycopodinæ. See “Club moss.”

Lycopodium, 123. dendroideum, 123, 124; Fig. 73. stem and leaves, 123. cones and sporangia, 123. gross anatomy, 123. histology, 124. spores, 124.

Lysimachia. See “Moneywort.”

Lythrum, -aceæ, 206, 228.

Mace, 189.

Macrocystis, 48.

Macrospore, 126, 127, 128, 143.

Madotheca, 86–90; Figs. 52–56. gross anatomy, 86–88. male and female plants, 87, 88. histology of leaf and stem, 88. antheridium, 88, 89. archegonium, 89, 90. embryo, 90. spores and elaters, 90.

Magnesium, 2.

Magnolia, -aceæ, 186.

Maiden-hair fern, 109–115; Figs. 67–69. general structure, 109. gross anatomy of stem, 110. histology of stem, 110, 111. gross anatomy of leaf, 111. histology of leaf, 111, 112. sporangia, 113, 114. root, 114, 115. apical growth of root, 115.

Mallow, 171, 195; Fig. 106.

Malva, -aceæ. See “Mallow.”

Mamillaria, Fig. 112.

Mandrake. See “May-apple.”

Maple, 199; Fig. 108.

Maranta. See “Arrowroot.”

Marattiaceæ. See “Ringless ferns.”

Marchantia, 91; Fig. 57. breathing-pores, 91. sexual organs, 91. buds, 91.

Marchantiaceæ, 91.

Marsilia, 118; Fig. 71.

Martynia, 218.

Matthiola. See “Stock.”

May-apple, 187; Fig. 101.

May-weed, 223; Fig. 125.

Medeola, 155; Fig. 83.

Medullary ray, 130, 137.

Melampsora, 81.

Melastomaceæ, 206.

Melon, 221.

Menispermum, -eæ. See “Moon-seed.”

Menyanthes. See “Buck-bean.”

Mesocarpus, 33; Fig. 19.

Mesophyll, 135.

Methyl-violet, 4, 233.

Micropyle, 180.

Microsome, 231.

Microspore, 126, 128, 131, 138.

Mignonette, 192; Fig. 104.

Mildew. See “Peronospora,” “Phytophthora,” “Perisporiaceæ.”

Milk-weed, 220; Fig. 122.

Milkwort, 199.

Mimosa. See “Sensitive-plant.”

Mimosaceæ, 209, 210.

Mimulus, 217.

Mint, 181, 215.

Mirabilis. See “Four-o’clock.”

Mistletoe, 224.

Mitella. See “Bishop’s cap.”

Mitchella. See “Partridge-berry.”

Mitre-wort. See “Bishop’s cap.”

Mock-orange. See “Syringa.”

Moneywort, 212; Fig. 117.

Monocotyledon, 146, 153, 225, 229.

Monotropa. See “Indian-pipe,” “Pine-sap.”

Monotropeæ, 210.

Moon-seed, 188; Fig. 101.

Moosewood, 206; Fig. 113.

Morchella. See “Morel.”

Morel, 73.

Morning-glory, 171, 213; Fig. 118.

Morphology, 3.

Moss, 5, 86. true, 93. common. See “Bryaceæ.” peat. See “Sphagnaceæ.”

Moth, 229.

Mould, black. See “Mucorini.” blue. See “Penicillium.” herbarium. See “Eurotium.” insect. See “Entomophthoreæ.” water. See “Saprolegnia.”

Mountain-fringe, 192.

Mountain-laurel, 210; Fig. 116.

Mucor, 55. mucedo, 56; Fig. 32.

Mucor stolonifer, 55–56. general structure, 55. structure of filaments, 55. spore cases, 55. sexual spores, 56.

Mucorini, 54.

Mulberry, 183.

Mullein, 217; Fig. 120.

Musa, -aceæ. See “Banana.”

Musci. See “True mosses.”

Mushroom, 82.

Mustard, 192.

Mycomycetes. See “True fungi.”

Myosotis. See “Forget-me-not.”

Myristica, -ineæ. See “Nutmeg.”

Myrtifloræ, 205.

Myrtle, 205, 206.

Myrtus. See “Myrtle.”

Myxomycetes. See “Slime-mould.”

Naias. See “Pond-weed.”

Naiadeæ, 159.

Narcissus, 146.

Nasturtium, 197, 227.

Navicula, 42; Fig. 24.

Nectar, 225.

Nectary, 186.

Nelumbo, 189, 190; Fig. 101.

Nelumbieæ, 190.

Nemophila, 214.

Nepenthes, -eæ. See “Pitcher plant.”

Nesæa, 206.

Nettle. See “Urticinæ.”

Nicotiana. See “Tobacco.”

Night-blooming cereus, 204.

Nightshade, 215; Fig. 119.

Nitella, 40.

Nitelleæ, 40.

Node, 39.

Nucleus, 7, 31, 231.

Nuclear division, 7, 31, 231; Figs. 127, 128.

Nucleolus, 7, 231.

Nutmeg, 188.

Nyctagineæ, 183.

Nymphæa, 189; Fig. 101.

Nymphæaceæ, 190.

Oak, 183, 225; Fig. 97.

Œdogonium, 26–28; Fig. 16. reproduction, 27. fertilization, 28. resting spores, 28.

Œnothera. See “Evening primrose.”

Oil-channel, 202.

Oleaceæ. See “Olive.”

Oleander, 219.

Olive, 218.

Onagraceæ, 206.

Onoclea, 104; Fig. 70.

Oögonium, 27, 36, 39, 45, 59, 62.

Oöphyte, 109.

Opium--opium poppy, 191.

Ophioglosseæ. See “Adder-tongue.”

Ophioglossum, 116.

Opuntia. See “Prickly pear.”

Opuntieæ, 203.

Orange, 198.

Orchid, 164, 166, 227; Figs. 89, 90.

Orchideæ, 164.

Orchis, 227; Fig. 89.

Organic bodies, 1.

Origanum oil, 234.

Oscillaria, 15, 16; Fig. 6. movements, 15. color, 16. structure and reproduction, 16.

Osmunda. See “Flowering-fern.”

Ostrich-fern, 104–109. germination of spores, 104. prothallium, 104, 105. archegonium, 105, 106. antheridium and spermatozoids, 106. fertilization, 107. embryo and young plant, 107, 108. comparison with sporogonium of bryophytes, 109.

Ovary, 129, 148, 156, 202.

Ovule, 129, 131, 144, 148, 151, 179.

Oxalis. See “Wood-sorrel.”

Oxydendrum, 211; Fig. 116.

Oxygen, 2, 95.

Palea, 161.

Palisade parenchyma, 178.

Palm, 157. date, 159. coco, 159.

Palmæ. See “Palm.”

Palmate, 171.

Palmetto, 159.

Pandaneæ, 159.

Papaveraceæ. See “Poppy.”

Papaw, 186; Fig. 100.

Papilionaceæ, 208.

Pappus, 223.

Papyrus, 161.

Paranucleus, 231.

Parasite, 54.

Parenchyma. See “Soft tissue.”

Parmelia, 73, 75; Fig. 44.

Partridge-berry, 223, 228.

Passiflora. See “Passion-flower.”

Passiflorinæ, 205.

Passion-flower, 204; Fig. 112.

Pea, 207, 208; Fig. 115.

Peach, 206.

Pear, 206.

Pediastrum, 23; Fig. 11.

Pelargonium, 197.

Peltate, 190.

Peltigera, 75; Fig. 45.

Penicillium, 71; Fig. 42.

Pepper, 183.

Perianth. See “Perigone.”

Periblem, 176.

Perigone, 143, 148, 151, 170.

Perisperm, 163.

Perisporiaceæ, 66.

Periwinkle, 219.

Peronospora, 60; Fig. 35.

Peronosporeæ, 57.

Persimmon, 212; Fig. 117.

Petal, 148, 174, 179.

Petiole, 173.

Petunia, 215; Fig. 119.

Peziza, 73; Fig. 43.

Phacelia, 214.

Phæophyceæ. See “Brown algæ.”

Phænogam. See “Spermaphyte.”

Phascum, -aceæ, 99, 101; Fig. 65.

Philadelphus. See “Syringa.”

Phloem, 110, 124, 135, 137, 150, 173, 176.

Phlox, 214; Fig. 118.

Phœnix dactylifera. See “Date-palm.”

Phosphorus, 2.

Phragmidium, 81; Fig. 47.

Physarum, 14.

Physianthus, 220.

Physiology, 3.

Phytolacca, -aceæ. See “Poke-weed.”

Phytophthora, 60.

Pickerel-weed, 156, 228; Fig. 84.

Picric acid, 156, 233.

Pig-weed. See “Amaranth.”

Pine, 9, 10, 129, 142.

Pineapple, 156.

Pine-sap, 210; Fig. 116.

Pinguicula, 218.

Pink, 181, 185; Fig. 97.

Pink-root, 218; Fig. 122.

Pinnate (leaf), 159. veined, 171.

Pinnularia, 42; Fig. 24.

Pinus sylvestris. See “Scotch pine.”

Piper. See “Pepper.”

Piperineæ, 183.

Pistil, 143, 145, 174.

Pitcher-plant, 194, 195; Fig. 105.

Pith, 130, 174, 177.

Placenta, 148, 179.

Plane, 183.

Plantago, -ineæ. See “Plantain.”

Plantain, 223, 225; Fig. 121.

Plasmodium, 12.

Plataneæ. See “Plane.”

Platanus. See “Sycamore.”

Plerome, 176.

Plum, 207.

Plumbago, -ineæ, 212.

Pod, 156.

Podophyllum. See “May-apple.”

Podosphæra, 66–70; Fig. 39. general structure, 66. structure of filaments, 68. suckers, 68. conidia, 68. sexual organs, 68. spore fruit, 68, 69. spore sac, 69.

Pogonia, 166.

Poinsettia, 199.

Poison-dogwood, 198.

Poison-hemlock, 202.

Poison-ivy, 171, 198.

Poke-weed, 185; Fig. 97.

Polemonium, -aceæ, 214; Fig. 118.

Pollinium, 165.

Polycarpæ, 185.

Polygala, -aceæ. See “Milkwort.”

Polygonatum. See “Solomon’s Seal.”

Polygonum, -aceæ, 184; Fig. 98.

Polysiphonia, 52; Fig. 29.

Pomegranate, 206.

Pond-scum, 22, 29, 30.

Pond-weed, 159; Fig. 86.

Pontederia. See “Pickerel-weed.”

Poplar, 181, 183.

Poppy, 191.

Portulaca, -aceæ. See “Purslane.”

Potash (caustic), 4, 5, 59, 67, 75, 97, 106, 111, 151, 176, 179, 180.

Potassium, 2.

Potato, 215.

Potato-fungus. See “Phytophthora.”

Potentilla. See “Cinquefoil.”

Potomogeton. See “Pond-weed.”

Prickly-ash, 198.

Prickly fungus. See “Hydnum.”

Prickly-pear, 204.

Prickly-poppy. See “Argemone.”

Primrose, 211.

Primula, -aceæ. See “Primrose.”

Prince’s-pine, 210; Fig. 116.

Procarp, 51.

Proteaceæ, 205.

Prothallium, 102, 103, 114, 122, 125, 133, 144, 177.

Protococcus, -aceæ, 22, 74; Fig. 11.

Protophyte, 11.

Protoplasm, 7. movements of, 7.

Pteridophyte, 102, 153.

Puccinia, 81; Fig. 47. See also “Wheat-rust.”

Puccoon, 215.

Puff-ball. See “Lycoperdon.”

Purslane, 185.

Putty-root. See “Aplectrum.”

Pyrenoid, 25, 31.

Pyrenomycetes, 76.

Pyrola, -aceæ, 210.

Quince, 170.

Quill-wort, 125, 126; Fig. 74.

Raceme, 174.

Radial fibro-vascular bundles, 138, 176.

Radish, 192.

Ranunculus, -aceæ. See “Buttercup.”

Raspberry, 207.

Ray-flower, 223.

Receptacle, 167, 207, 223.

Receptive spot, 106.

Red algæ, 21, 49, 52, 53; Figs. 29–31.

Red-bud, 209; Fig. 115.

Red cedar, 79, 131, 141; Fig. 78.

Red-wood, 142.

Reference-books, 235–236.

Reseda, -aceæ. See “Mignonette.”

Resin, 130.

Resin-duct, 130, 135, 137.

Resting-spore, 28, 32, 37, 57.

Rheumatism-root. See “Twin-leaf.”

Rhexia, 206.

Rhizocarpeæ. See “Water-fern.”

Rhizoid. See “Root-hair.”

Rhizome. See “Root-stock.”

Rhododendron, 210; Fig. 116.

Rhodophyceæ. See “Red algæ.”

Rhodoraceæ, 211.

Rhœadinæ, 190.

Rhus. See “Sumach.” cotinus. See “Smoke-tree.” toxicodendron. See “Poison-ivy.” venenata. See “Poison-dogwood.”

Ribes, -ieæ, 203; Fig. 111.

Ricciaceæ, 91; Fig. 57.

Richardia. See “Calla.”

Ricinus. See “Castor-bean.”

Ringless-fern, 116.

Rock-rose, 195.

Rock-weed. See “Fucus.”

Root, 102, 104, 114, 173.

Root-cap, 115, 175.

Root-hair, 38, 87, 91, 96, 104, 135.

Root-stock, 154, 172.

Rosa, -aceæ. See “Rose.”

Rose, 181, 206; Fig. 114.

Rosifloræ, 206.

Rubiaceæ, 223.

Rush, 154, 225; Fig. 83.

Rust, white. See “Cystopus.” red. See “Uredineæ.” black. See “Uredineæ.”

Sabal. See “Palmetto.”

Sabbatia. See “Centaury.”

Saccharomycetes. See “Yeast.”

Sac fungi. See “Ascomycetes.”

Safranine, 233.

Sage, 215; Fig. 120.

Salicineæ, 183.

Salix. See “Willow.”

Salvinia, 118.

Sambucus. See “Elder.”

Sanguinaria. See “Blood-root.”

Sapindaceæ, 199.

Saprolegnia, -aceæ, 60–62; Fig. 36. zoöspores, 62. resting spores, 62. antheridium, 62.

Sargassum, 48; Fig. 28.

Sarracenia, -aceæ. See “Pitcher-plant.”

Sassafras, 188.

Saururus. See “Lizard-tail.”

Saxifrage, 202.

Saxifraginæ, 202.

Scabiosa. See “Scabious.”

Scabious, 224.

Scalariform, 110.

Scale-leaves, 170.

Scenedesmus, 24; Fig. 11.

Schizomycetes. See “Bacteria.”

Schizophytes, 12, 14.

Schlerenchyma. See “Stony tissue.”

Schrankia. See “Sensitive-brier.”

Scilla, 151.

Scirpus. See “Bulrush.”

Scitamineæ, 153, 162.

Scotch pine, 129–140; Figs. 75–77. stems and branches, 129. leaves, 129, 130. gross anatomy of stem, 130. growth-rings, 130. roots, 131. sporangia, 131. cones, 132. macrospores and prothallium, 133. ripe cone and seeds, 133. germination, 134. young plant, 134. histology of leaf, 135. of stem, 136–138. of root, 138. microsporangium and pollen spores, 138, 139. archegonium, 140. fertilization, 140.

Scouring-rush, 122.

Scrophularia, -ineæ. See “Figwort.”

Sea-lettuce, 26; Fig. 15.

Sea-rosemary, 212.

Sea-weed (brown). See “Brown algæ.” (red). See “Red algæ.”

Sedge, 161; Fig. 87.

Sedum. See “Stonecrop.”

Seed, 128, 133, 145, 150.

Seed-plant. See “Spermaphyte.”

Selaginella, -eæ. See “Smaller club-moss.”

Sensitive-brier, 209; Fig. 115.

Sensitive-plant, 209.

Sepal, 148, 150, 174, 179.

Sequoia. See “Red-wood.”

Sessile leaf, 170.

Shepherdia, 206.

Shepherd’s-purse, 173–180; Figs. 93–95. gross anatomy of stem, 173. leaf, 124, 173. root, 173. branches, 174. flower, 174, 175. fruit and seed, 175. histology of root, 175, 176. stem, 177. leaf, 177, 178. development of flower, 179. ovule, 179. embryo, 180.

Shooting-star, 212; Fig. 117.

Sieve-tube, 111, 137.

Silene. See “Catch-fly.”

Silicon, 2.

Simple leaf, 170.

Siphoneæ, 22, 34.

Sisyrinchium. See “Blue-eyed grass.”

Skunk cabbage, 157.

Slime mould, 12, 14; Fig. 5. plasmodium, 12. movements, 13. feeding, 13. spore-cases, 13. spores, 13. germination of spores, 14.

Smart-weed. See “Polygonum.”

Smilaceæ, 155.

Smoke-tree, 198.

Smut, 64, 65.

Smut-corn. See “Ustillago.”

Snowberry, 223.

Soft-tissue, 112.

Solanum, -eæ, 215.

Solomon’s Seal, 154; Fig. 83.

Soredium, 74.

Sorus, 118.

Spadicifloræ, 153, 157.

Spadix, 157.

Spanish bayonet. See “Yucca.”

Sparganium. See “Bur-reed.”

Speedwell. See “Veronica.”

Spermaphyte, 128–129.

Spermatozoid, 28, 36, 40, 46, 51, 89, 96, 106, 122.

Spermagonium, 79, 80.

Sphagnum, -aceæ, 99, 100. sporogonium, 100. leaf, 100.

Spice-bush, 188.

Spiderwort, 6, 151, 157; Fig. 85.

Spigelia. See “Pink-root.”

Spike, 181.

Spikenard, 202; Fig. 110.

Spinach, 184.

Spindle-tree, 199; Fig. 109.

Spirogyra, 30–32; Fig. 18. structure of cells, 30. starch, 31. cell-division, 31. sexual reproduction, 32.

Sporangium, 55, 62, 113, 121, 122, 131, 148, 151, 179.

Spore-case. See “Sporangium.”

Spore-fruit, 51, 66, 69, 70, 73, 83.

Spore-sac. See “Ascus.”

Sporocarp. See “Spore-fruit.”

Sporogonium, 87, 90, 102, 123.

Sporophyll, 128, 131, 148.

Sporophyte, 109.

Spring-beauty, 185; Fig. 98.

Spruce, 142.

Spurge. See “Euphorbia.”

Squash, 221.

Staining agents, 4, 231, 233.

Stamen, 128, 143, 148, 174, 179.

Standard, 207.

Staphylea. See “Bladder-nut.”

Starch, 31, 95, 152.

Statice. See “Sea-rosemary.”

Stellaria. See “Chick-weed.”

Stemonitis, 13; Fig. 5.

Sticta, 75; Fig. 45.

Stigeoclonium, 26; Fig. 14.

Stigma, 145, 148, 175, 179.

St. John’s-wort, 195; Fig. 105.

Stock, 192.

Stoma. See “Breathing-pore.”

Stonecrop, 202; Fig. 113.

Stone-fruit, 206.

Stone-wort. See “Characeæ.”

Stony-tissue, 110.

Stramonium, 215.

Strawberry, 171, 202, 206; Fig. 113.

Style, 148, 175, 179.

Stylophorum, 187; Fig. 103.

Sugar, 8, 145.

Sulphur, 2.

Sumach, 198; Fig. 108.

Sun-dew, 192, 193; Fig. 104.

Sunflower, 224.

Suspensor, 180.

Sweet-flag, 157.

Sweet-potato, 214.

Sweet-scented shrub. See “Calycanthus.”

Sweet-william, 185.

Sycamore, 183.

Sympetalæ, 210.

Symphoricarpus. See “Snowberry.”

Symplocarpus. See “Skunk-cabbage.”

Synergidæ, 144.

Syringa, 199; Fig. 111. See also “Lilac.”

Tamarack, 142.

Tap-root, 131, 173.

Taraxacum. See “Dandelion.”

Taxodium. See “Cypress.”

Taxus. See “Yew.”

Teasel, 224; Fig. 124.

Tecoma. See “Trumpet-creeper.”

Teleuto-spore, 80, 81.

Tendril, 171.

Terebinthinæ, 198.

Tetraspore, 51, 52.

Thistle, 173, 223; Fig. 125.

Thorn, 172.

Thyme, 215.

Thymeleaceæ, 206.

Thymelinæ, 206.

Tilia, -aceæ. See “Linden.”

Tillandsia, 156; Fig. 84.

Tissue, 8.

Tissue system, 115.

Toadstool, 82.

Tobacco, 215.

Tolypella, 40.

Tomato, 215.

Touch-me-not. See “Jewel-weed.”

Tracheary tissue, 110, 121, 177.

Tracheid, 110, 138.

Tradescantia. See “Spiderwort.”

Trailing arbutus, 211.

Tremella, 81; Fig. 51.

Trichia, 13, 14; Fig. 5.

Trichogyne, 51.

Tricoccæ, 199.

Triglochin. See “Arrow-grass.”

Trillium, 146, 154, 155; Fig. 83.

Triphragmium, 81.

Tropæolum. See “Nasturtium.”

Trumpet-creeper.

Tuber, 120, 153, 172.

Tubifloræ, 213.

Tulip, 146.

Tulip-tree, 187; Fig. 100.

Turnip, 192.

Twin-leaf, 187; Fig. 101.

Typha, -aceæ. See “Cat-tail.”

Ulmaceæ. See “Elm.”

Ulva. See “Sea-lettuce.”

Umbelliferæ. See “Umbel-wort.”

Umbel-wort, 202.

Umbellifloræ, 202.

Uredineæ, 77.

Uromyces, 81; Fig. 47.

Urticinæ, 183.

Usnea, 75; Fig. 45.

Ustillagineæ. See “Smut.”

Ustillago, 65; Fig. 38.

Utricularia. See “Bladder-weed.”

Uvularia. See “Bellwort.”

Vaccinium. See “Cranberry.”

Vacuole, 8.

Valerian, 224; Fig. 124.

Valeriana, -eæ. See “Valerian.”

Vallisneria. See “Eel-grass.”

Vanilla, 166.

Vaucheria, 34–37; Figs. 21, 22. structure of plant, 35. racemosa, 35. non-sexual reproduction, 36. sexual organs, 36. fertilization, 36. resting spores, 37.

Venus’s fly-trap, 192.

Verbascum. See “Mullein.”

Verbena, -aceæ, 218; Fig. 121.

Veronica, 217; Fig. 120.

Vervain. See “Verbena.”

Vessel, 121, 135, 150, 175, 177.

Viburnum, 223; Fig. 124.

Victoria regia, 190.

Vinca. See “Periwinkle.”

Vine, 199.

Violet, 192; Fig. 104.

Viola, -aceæ. See “Violet.”

Virginia creeper, 171, 199.

Vitis. See “Grape.”

Vitaceæ. See “Vine.”

Volvox, 12, 20; Fig. 10.

Volvocineæ, 12, 19.

Wall-flower, 192.

Walnut, 183.

Wandering-Jew, 157.

Water fern, 117.

Water-leaf, 214; Fig. 118.

Water-lily. See “Nymphæa,” “Castalia.”

Water-milfoil, 206; Fig. 113.

Water mould. See “Saprolegnia.”

Water net, 24; Fig. 11.

Water-plantain, 167.

Water-shield, 190.

Water-starwort, 200.

Wax-plant, 220.

Wheat, 78.

Wheat rust, 78, 81; Fig. 47.

Whitlavia, 214.

Wild ginger, 224; Fig. 126.

Wild onion, 230.

Wild parsnip, 202.

Willow, 181–183; Fig. 96.

Willow-herb, 206, 226; Fig. 113.

Wing (of papilionaceous flower), 208.

Wintergreen, 211.

Wolffia, 159.

Wood. See “Xylem.”

Wood-sorrel, 197; Fig. 107.

Xylem, 110, 124, 135, 150, 173, 176.

Yam, 154.

Yeast, 63, 64; Fig. 37. cause of fermentation, 63. reproduction, 64. systematic position, 64.

Yew, 141.

Yucca, 153.

Zanthoxylum. See “Prickly ash.”

Zingiber, -aceæ. See “Ginger.”

Zoölogy, 2.

Zoöspore, 25, 37, 58, 62.

Zygnema, 33; Fig. 19.

Zygomorphy, Zygomorphic, 164, 215, 226.