Part 3 — APPENDIX.
Robert Kerr translation
No. I.
Table for Converting Lines, or Twelfth Parts of an Inch, and Fractions of Lines, into Decimal Fractions of the Inch.
Twelfth Parts of a Line.Decimal Fractions.Lines.Decimal Fractions.
10.0069410.08333
20.0138920.16667
30.0208330.25000
40.0277840.33333
50.0347250.41667
60.0416760.50000
70.0486170.58333
80.0555680.66667
90.0625090.75000
100.06944100.83333
110.07639110.91667
120.08333121.00000
No. II.
Table for Converting the Observed Heighths of Water in the Jars of the Pneumato-Chemical Apparatus, expressed in Inches and Decimals, into Corresponding Heighths of Mercury.
Water.Mercury.Water.Mercury.
.1.007374..29480
.2.014745..36851
.3.022016..44221
.4.029487..51591
.5.036858..58961
.6.044229..66332
.7.0515910..73702
.8.0589611..81072
.9.0663312..88442
1..0737013..96812
2..1474014.1.04182
3..2201015.1.11525
No. III.
Table for Converting the Ounce Measures used by Dr Priestly into French and English Cubical Inches.
Ounce measures.French cubical inches.English cubical inches.
11.5671.898
23.1343.796
34.7015.694
46.2687.592
57.8359.490
69.40211.388
710.96913.286
812.53615.184
914.10317.082
1015.67018.980
2031.34037.960
3047.01056.940
4062.68075.920
5078.35094.900
6094.020113.880
70109.690132.860
80125.360151.840
90141.030170.820
100156.700189.800
10001567.0001898.000
No. IV. Additional.
Table for Reducing the Degrees of Reaumeur's Thermometer into its corresponding Degrees of Fahrenheit's Scale.
R. F.R. F.R. F.R. F.
0=3221=79.2541=124.2561=169.25
1=34.2522=81.542=126.562=171.5
2=36.523=83.7543=128.7563=173.75
3=38.7524=8644=13164=176.
4=4125=88.2545=133.2565=178.25
5=43.2526=90.546=135.566=180.5
6=45.527=92.7547=137.7567=182.75
7=47.7528=9548=14068=185
8=5029=97.2549=142.2569=187.25
9=52.2530=99.550=144.570=189.5
10=54.531=101.7551=146.7571=191.75
11=56.7532=10452=14972=194.
12=5933=106.2553=151.2573=196.25
13=61.2534=108.554=153.574=198.5
14=63.535=110.7555=155.7575=200.75
15=65.7536=11356=15876=203
16=6837=115.2557=160.2577=205.25
17=70.2538=117.558=162.578=207.5
18=72.539=119.7559=164.7579=209.75
19=74.7540=12260=16780=212
20=77
Note—Any degree, either higher or lower, than what is contained in the above Table, may be at any time converted, by remembering that one degree of Reaumeur's scale is equal to 2.25° of Fahrenheit; or it may be done without the Table by the following formula, R × 9 / 4 + 32 = F; that is, multiply the degree of Reaumeur by 9, divide the product by 4, to the quotient add 32, and the sum is the degree of Fahrenheit.—E.
No. V. Additional.
Rules for converting French Weights and Measures into correspondent English Denominations[62].
§ 1. Weights.
The Paris pound, poids de mark of Charlemagne, contains 9216 Paris grains; it is divided into 16 ounces, each ounce into 8 gros, and each gros into 72 grains. It is equal to 7561 English Troy grains.
The English Troy pound of 12 ounces contains 5760 English Troy grains, and is equal to 7021 Paris grains.
The English averdupois pound of 16 ounces contains 7000 English Troy grains, and is equal to 8538 Paris grains.
To reduce Paris grs. to English Troy grs. divide by1.2189
To reduce English Troy grs. to Paris grs. multiply by
To reduce Paris ounces to English Troy, divide by1.015734
To reduce English Troy ounces to Paris, multiply by
Or the conversion may be made by means of the following Tables.
I. To reduce French to English Troy Weight.
The Paris pound=7561}
The ounce=472.5625}English.
The gros=59.0703}Troy.
The grain=.8194}Grains.
II. To Reduce English Troy to Paris Weight.
The English Troy pound of 12 ounces=7021.}
The Troy ounce=585.0830}
The dram of 60 grs.=73.1353}Paris
The penny weight, or denier, of 24 grs.=29.2540}grains.
The scruple, of 20 grs.=24.3784}
III. To Reduce English Averdupois to Paris Weight.
The averdupois pound of 16 ounces, or 7000 Troy grains.=8538.} Paris grains.
The ounce=533.6250
§ 2. Long and Cubical Measures.
To reduce Paris feet or inches into English, multiply by1.065977
English feet or inches into Paris, divide by
To reduce Paris cubic feet or inches to English, multiply by1.211278
English cubic feet or inches to Paris, divide by
Or by means of the following tables:
IV. To Reduce Paris Long Measure to English.
The Paris royal foot of 12 inches=12.7977}English
The inch=1.0659}
The line, or 1/12 of an inch=.0888}inches.
The 1/12 of a line=.0074}
V. To Reduce English Long Measure to French.
The English foot=11.2596}
The inch=.9383}
The 1/8 of an inch=.1173}Paris inches.
The 1/10=.0938}
The line, or 1/12=.0782}
VI. To Reduce French Cube Measure to English.
The Paris cube foot=1.211278}English cubical feet, or{2093.088384}inches.
The cubic inch=.000700}{1.211278}
VII. To Reduce English Cube Measure to French.
The English cube foot, or 1728 cubical inches=1427.4864}French
The cubical inch=.8260}cubical
The cube tenth=.0008}inches.
§ 3. Measure of Capacity.
The Paris pint contains 58.145[63] English cubical inches, and the English wine pint contains 28.85 cubical inches; or, the Paris pint contains 2.01508 English pints, and the English pint contains .49617 Paris pints; hence,
To reduce the Paris pint to the English, multiply by2.01508.
To reduce the English pint to the Paris, divide by
No. VI.
Table of the Weights of the different Gasses, at 28 French inches, or 29.84 English inches barometrical pressure, and at 10° (54.5°) of temperature, expressed in English measure and English Troy weight.
Names of the Gasses.Weight of a cubical inch.Weight of a cubical foot.
(A)qrs.oz.dr.qrs.
Atmospheric air.321121115
Azotic gas.300641039.5
Oxygen gas.342111151
Hydrogen gas.023940041.26
Carbonic acid gas.441081441
(B)
Nitrous gas.370001239
Ammoniacal gas.185150519.73
Sulphurous acid gas.715802438
[Note A: These five were ascertained by Mr Lavoisier himself.—E.]
[Note B: The last three are inserted by Mr Lavoisier upon the authority of Mr Kirwan.—E.]
No. VII.
Tables of the Specific Gravities of different bodies.
§ 1. Metallic Substances.
GOLD.
Pure gold of 24 carats melted but not hammered19.2581
The same hammered19.3617
Gold of the Parisian standard, 22 carats fine, not hammered(A)17.4863
The same hammered17.5894
Gold of the standard of French coin, 21-22/32 carats fine, not hammered17.4022
The same coined17.6474
Gold of the French trinket standard, 20 carats fine, not hammered15.7090
The same hammered15.7746
[Note A: The same with Sterling.]
SILVER.
Pure or virgin silver, 24 deniers, not hammered10.4743
The same hammered10.5107
Silver of the Paris standard, 11 deniers 10 grains fine, not hammered(B)10.1752
The same hammered10.3765
Silver, standard of French coin, 10 deniers 21 grains fine, not hammered10.0476
The same coined10.4077
[Note B: This is 10 grs. finer than Sterling.]
PLATINA.
Crude platina in grains15.6017
The same, after being treated with muriatic acid16.7521
Purified platina, not hammered19.5000
The same hammered20.3366
The same drawn into wire21.0417
The same passed through rollers22.0690
COPPER AND BRASS.
Copper, not hammered7.7880
The same wire drawn8.8785
Brass, not hammered8.3958
The same wire drawn8.5441
IRON AND STEEL.
Cast iron7.2070
Bar iron, either screwed or not7.7880
Steel neither tempered nor screwed7.8331
Steel screwed but not tempered7.8404
Steel tempered and screwed7.8180
Steel tempered and not screwed7.8163
TIN.
Pure tin from Cornwall melted and not screwed7.2914
The same screwed7.2994
Malacca tin, not screwed7.2963
The same screwed7.3065
Molten lead11.3523
Molten zinc7.1908
Molten bismuth9.8227
Molten cobalt7.8119
Molten arsenic5.7633
Molten nickel7.8070
Molten antimony6.7021
Crude antimony4.0643
Glass of antimony4.9464
Molybdena4.7385
Tungstein6.0665
Mercury13.5681
§ 2. Precious Stones.
White Oriental diamond3.5212
Rose-coloured Oriental ditto3.5310
Oriental ruby4.2833
Spinell ditto3.7600
Ballas ditto3.6458
Brasillian ditto3.5311
Oriental topas4.0106
Ditto Pistachio ditto4.0615
Brasillian ditto3.5365
Saxon topas3.5640
Ditto white ditto3.5535
Oriental saphir3.9941
Ditto white ditto3.9911
Saphir of Puy4.0769
Ditto of Brasil3.1307
Girasol4.0000
Ceylon jargon4.4161
Hyacinth3.6873
Vermillion4.2299
Bohemian garnet4.1888
Dodecahedral ditto4.0627
Syrian ditto4.0000
Volcanic ditto, with 24 sides2.4684
Peruvian emerald2.7755
Crysolite of the jewellers2.7821
Ditto of Brasil2.6923
Beryl, or Oriental aqua marine3.5489
Occidental aqua marine2.7227
§ 3. Silicious Stones.
Pure rock cristal of Madagascar2.6530
Ditto of Brasil2.6526
Ditto of Europe, or gelatinous2.6548
Cristallized quartz2.6546
Amorphous ditto2.6471
Oriental agate2.5901
Agate onyx2.6375
Transparent calcedony2.6640
Carnelian2.6137
Sardonyx2.6025
Prase2.5805
Onyx pebble2.6644
Pebble of Rennes2.6538
White jade2.9502
Green jade2.9660
Red jasper2.6612
Brown ditto2.6911
Yellow ditto2.7101
Violet ditto2.7111
Gray ditto2.7640
Jasponyx2.8160
Black prismatic hexahedral schorl3.3852
Black spary ditto3.3852
Black amorphous schorl, called antique basaltes2.9225
Paving stone2.4158
Grind stone2.1429
Cutler's stone2.1113
Fountainbleau stone2.5616
Scyth stone of Auvergne2.5638
Ditto of Lorrain2.5298
Mill stone2.4835
White flint2.5941
Blackish ditto2.5817
§ 4. Various Stones, &c.
Opake green Italian serpentine, or gabro of the Florentines 2.4295
Coarse Briancon chalk 2.7274
Spanish chalk 2.7902
Foliated lapis ollaris of Dauphiny 2.7687
Ditto ditto from Sweden 2.8531
Muscovy talc 2.7917
Black mica 2.9004
Common schistus or slate 2.6718
New slate 2.8535
White rasor hone 2.8763
Black and white hone 3.1311
Rhombic or Iceland cristal 2.7151
Pyramidal calcareous spar 2.7141
Oriental or white antique alabaster 2.7302
Green Campan marble 2.7417
Red Campan marble 2.7242
White Carara marble 2.7168
White Parian marble 2.8376
Various kinds of calcareous stones}from1.3864
used in France for building.}to2.3902
Heavy spar 4.4300
White fluor 3.1555
Red ditto 3.1911
Green ditto 3.1817
Blue ditto 3.1688
Violet ditto 3.1757
Red scintilant zeolite from Edelfors 2.4868
White scintilant zeolite 2.0739
Cristallized zeolite 2.0833
Black pitch stone 2.0499
Yellow pitch stone 2.0860
Red ditto 2.6695
Blackish ditto 2.3191
Red porphyry 2.7651
Ditto of Dauphiny 2.7033
Green serpentine 2.8960
Black ditto of Dauphiny, called variolite 2.9339
Green ditto from Dauphiny 2.9883
Ophites 2.9722
Granitello 3.0626
Red Egyptian granite 2.6541
Beautiful red granite 2.7609
Granite of Girardmas 2.7163
Pumice stone .9145
Lapis obsidianus 2.3480
Pierre de Volvic 2.3205
Touch stone 2.4153
Basaltes from Giants Causeway 2.8642
Ditto prismatic from Auvergne 2.4153
Glass gall 2.8548
Bottle glass 2.7325
Green glass 2.6423
White glass 2.8922
St Gobin cristal 2.4882
Flint glass 3.3293
Borax glass 2.6070
Seves porcelain 2.1457
Limoges ditto 2.3410
China ditto 2.3847
Native sulphur 2.0332
Melted sulphur 1.9907
Hard peat 1.3290
Ambergrease .9263
Yellow transparent amber 1.0780
§ 5. Liquids.
Distilled water 1.0000
Rain water 1.0000
Filtered water of the Seine 1.00015
Arcueil water 1.00046
Avray water 1.00043
Sea water 1.0263
Water of the Dead Sea 1.2403
Burgundy wine .9915
Bourdeaux ditto .9939
Malmsey Madeira 1.0382
Red beer 1.0338
White ditto 1.0231
Cyder 1.0181
Highly rectified alkohol .8293
Common spirits of wine .8371
Alkohol15 pts.water 1 part..8527
14 2.8674
13 3.8815
12 4.8947
11 5.9075
10 6.9199
9 7.9317
8 8.9427
7 9.9519
6 10.9594
5 11.9674
4 12.9733
3 13.9791
2 14.9852
1 15.9919
Sulphuric ether .7394
Nitric ether .9088
Muriatic ether .7298
Acetic ether .8664
Sulphuric acid 1.8409
Nitric ditto 1.2715
Muriatic ditto 1.1940
Red acetous ditto 1.0251
White acetous ditto 1.0135
Distilled ditto ditto 1.0095
Acetic ditto 1.0626
Formic ditto .9942
Solution of caustic ammoniac,or volatil alkali fluor .8970
Essential or volatile oil of turpentine .8697
Liquid turpentine .9910
Volatile oil of lavender .8938
Volatile oil of cloves 1.0363
Volatile oil of cinnamon 1.0439
Oil of olives .9153
Oil of sweet almonds .9170
Lintseed oil .9403
Oil of poppy seed .9288
Oil of beech mast .9176
Whale oil .9233
Womans milk 1.0203
Mares milk 1.0346
Ass milk 1.0355
Goats milk 1.0341
Ewe milk 1.0409
Cows milk 1.0324
Cow whey 1.0193
Human urine 1.0106
§ 6. Resins and Gums
Common yellow or white rosin1.0727
Arcanson1.0857
Galipot(A)1.0819
Baras(A)1.0441
Sandarac1.0920
Mastic1.0742
Storax1.1098
Opake copal1.1398
Transparent ditto1.0452
Madagascar ditto1.0600
Chinese ditto1.0628
Elemi1.0182
Oriental anime1.0284
Occidental ditto1.0426
Labdanum1.1862
Ditto in tortis2.4933
Resin of guaiac1.2289
Ditto of jallap1.2185
Dragons blood1.2045
Gum lac1.1390
Tacamahaca1.0463
Benzoin1.0924
Alouchi(B)1.0604
Caragna(C)1.1244
Elastic gum.9335
Camphor.9887
Gum ammoniac1.2071
Sagapenum1.2008
Ivy gum(D)1.2948
Gamboge1.2216
Euphorbium1.1244
Olibanum1.1732
Myrrh1.3600
Bdellium1.3717
Aleppo Scamony1.2354
Smyrna ditto1.2743
Galbanum1.2120
Assafoetida1.3275
Sarcocolla1.2684
Opoponax1.6226
Cherry tree gum1.4817
Gum Arabic1.4523
Tragacanth1.3161
Basora gum1.4346
Acajou gum(E)1.4456
Monbain gum(F)1.4206
Inspissated juice of liquorice1.7228
—— Acacia1.5153
—— Areca1.4573
Terra Japonica1.3980
Hepatic aloes1.3586
Socotrine aloes1.3795
Inspissated juice of St John's wort1.5263
Opium1.3366
Indigo.7690
Arnotto.5956
Yellow wax.9648
White ditto.9686
Ouarouchi ditto(G).8970
Cacao butter.8916
Spermaceti.9433
Beef fat.9232
Veal fat.9342
Mutton fat.9235
Tallow.9419
Hoggs fat.9368
Lard.9478
Butter.9423
[Note A: Resinous juices extracted in France from the Pine. Vide Bomare's Dict.]
[Note B: Odoriferous gum from the tree which produces the Cortex Winteranus. Bomare.]
[Note C: Resin of the tree called in Mexico Caragna, or Tree of Madness. Ibid.]
[Note D: Extracted in Persia and the warm countries from Hedera terrestris.—Bomare.]
[Note E: From a Brasilian tree of this name.—Ibid.]
[Note F: From a tree of this name.—Ibid.]
[Note G: The produce of the Tallow Tree of Guayana. Vide Bomare's Dict.]
§ 7. Woods.
Heart of oak 60 years old1.1700
Cork.2400
Elm trunk.6710
Ash ditto.8450
Beech.8520
Alder.8000
Maple.7550
Walnut.6710
Willow.5850
Linden.6040
Male fir.5500
Female ditto.4980
Poplar.3830
White Spanish ditto.5294
Apple tree.7930
Pear tree.6610
Quince tree.7050
Medlar.9440
Plumb tree.7850
Olive wood.9270
Cherry tree.7150
Filbert tree.6000
French box.9120
Dutch ditto1.3280
Dutch yew.7880
Spanish ditto.8070
Spanish cypress.6440
American cedar.5608
Pomgranate tree1.3540
Spanish mulberry tree.8970
Lignum vitae1.3330
Orange tree.7050
Note—The numbers in the above Table, if the Decimal point be carried three figures farther to the right hand, nearly express the absolute weight of an English cube foot of each substance in averdupois ounces. See No. VIII. of the Appendix.—E.
No. VIII. ADDITIONAL.
Rules for Calculating the Absolute Gravity in English Troy Weight of a Cubic Foot and Inch, English Measure, of any Substance whose Specific Gravity is known[64].
In 1696, Mr Everard, balance-maker to the Exchequer, weighed before the Commissioners of the House of Commons 2145.6 cubical inches, by the Exchequer standard foot, of distilled water, at the temperature of 55° of Fahrenheit, and found it to weigh 1131 oz. 14 dts. Troy, of the Exchequer standard. The beam turned with 6 grs. when loaded with 30 pounds in each scale. Hence, supposing the pound averdupois to weigh 7000 grs. Troy, a cubic foot of water weighs 62-1/2 pounds averdupois, or 1000 ounces averdupois, wanting 106 grains Troy. And hence, if the specific gravity of water be called 1000, the proportional specific gravities of all other bodies will nearly express the number of averdupois ounces in a cubic foot. Or more accurately, supposing the specific gravity of water expressed by 1. and of all other bodies in proportional numbers, as the cubic foot of water weighs, at the above temperature, exactly 437489.4 grains Troy, and the cubic inch of water 253.175 grains, the absolute weight of a cubical foot or inch of any body in Troy grains may be found by multiplying their specific gravity by either of the above numbers respectively.
By Everard's experiment, and the proportions of the English and French foot, as established by the Royal Society and French Academy of Sciences, the following numbers are ascertained.
Paris grains in a Paris cube foot of water=645511
English grains in a Paris cube foot of water=529922
Paris grains in an English cube foot of water=533247
English grains in an English cube foot of water=437489.4
English grains in an English cube inch of water=253.175
By an experiment of Picard with the measure and
weight of the Chatelet, the Paris cube foot of
water contains of Paris grains=641326
By one of Du Hamel, made with great care=641376
By Homberg=641666
These show some uncertainty in measures or in weights; but the above computation from Everard's experiment may be relied on, because the comparison of the foot of England with that of France was made by the joint labours of the Royal Society of London and the French Academy of Sciences: It agrees likewise very nearly with the weight assigned by Mr Lavoisier, 70 Paris pounds to the cubical foot of water.
No. IX.
Tables for Converting Ounces, Drams, and Grains, Troy, into Decimals of the Troy Pound of 12 Ounces, and for Converting Decimals of the Pound Troy into Ounces, &c.
I. For Grains.
Grains= Pound.
1.0001736
2.0003472
3.0005208
4.0006944
5.0008681
6.0010417
7.0012153
8.0013889
9.0015625
10.0017361
20.0034722
30.0052083
40.0069444
50.0086806
60.0104167
70.0121528
80.0138889
90.0156250
100.0173611
200.0374222
300.0520833
400.0694444
500.0868055
600.1041666
700.1215277
800.1388888
900.1562499
1000.1736110
2000.3472220
3000.5208330
4000.6944440
5000.8680550
60001.0418660
70001.2152770
80001.3888880
90001.5624990
II. For Drams.
Drams= Pound.
1.0104167
2.0208333
3.0312500
4.0416667
5.0520833
6.0625000
7.0729167
8.0833333
III. For Ounces.
Ounces= Pounds.
1.0833333
2.1666667
3.2500000
4.3333333
5.4166667
6.5000000
7.5833333
8.6666667
9.7500000
10.8333333
11.9166667
121.0000000
IV. Decimals of the Pound into Ounces, &c.
Tenth parts.
lib. =oz.dr.gr.
0.11136
0.22312
0.33448
0.44624
0.5600
0.67136
0.78312
0.89448
0.910624
Hundredth parts.
0.010057.6
0.020155.2
0.030252.8
0.040350.4
0.050448.0
0.060545.6
0.070643.2
0.080740.8
0.090338.4
Thousandths.
0.001005.76
0.0020011.52
0.0030017.28
0.0040023.04
0.0050028.80
lib. =grs.
0.00634.56
0.00740.32
0.00846.08
0.00951.84
Ten thousandth parts.
0.00010.576
0.00021.152
0.00031.728
0.00042.304
0.00052.880
0.00063.456
0.00074.032
0.00084.608
0.00095.184
Hundred thousandth parts.
0.000010.052
0.000020.115
0.000030.173
0.000040.230
0.000050.288
0.000060.346
0.000070.403
0.000080.461
0.000090.518
No. X.
Table of the English Cubical Inches and Decimals corresponding to a determinate Troy Weight of Distilled Water at the Temperature of 55°, calculated from Everard's experiment.
For Grains.
Grs.Cubical inches.
1 =.0039
2.0078
3.0118
4.0157
5.0197
6.0236
7.0275
8.0315
9.0354
10.0394
20.0788
30.1182
40.1577
50.1971
For Drams.
Drams.Cubical inches.
1 =.2365
2.4731
3.7094
4.9463
51.1829
61.4195
71.6561
For Ounces.
Oz.Cubical inches.
1 =1.8927
23.7855
35.6782
47.5710
59.4631
611.3565
713.2493
815.1420
917.0748
1018.9276
1120.8204
For Pounds.
Libs. Cubical inches.
1 =22.7131
245.4263
368.1394
490.8525
5113.5657
6136.2788
7158.9919
8181.7051
9204.4183
10227.1314
501135.6574
1002271.3148
100022713.1488