BIBLIOGRAPHY By W. D. Witt
Reading edition
An extended bibliography of cryptography would fill many pages and is therefore beyond the scope of this work, but it is hoped that the following short selected list will be found useful. Some of these works are out of print or otherwise unobtainable, but may, in some instances, be found in public libraries or in old bookstores. The Riverbank Publications may be consulted at The Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
More or Less Elementary Works
Boyer, John Q. “The Cryptogram” in Real Puzzles by John Q. Boyer, Rufus T. Strohm and George H. Pryor, pp. 147-154. Baltimore, 1925. (Simple substitution ciphers only.)
Buranelli, Prosper, Margaret Petherbridge and F. Gregory Hartswick. The Cryptogram Book. New York, 1928. (Simple substitution ciphers only.)
Hitt, Parker (Colonel). The A B C of Secret Writing. New York, 1935.
Lysing, Henry, pseud. (John Leonard Nanovic). Secret Writing. New York, 1936.
―. The Cryptogram Book. New York, 1937.
Mansfield, Louis C. S. The Solution of Codes and Ciphers. London, 1936.
―. One Hundred Problems in Cipher. London, 1936.
Ohaver, M. E. Cryptogram Solving. Columbus, Ohio, 1933, (Simple substitution ciphers only.)
Thomas, Paul B. Secret Messages. New York and London, 1928. 2nd printing, 1929.
Windolph, J. Fred (“Phil Down”). “Cryptograms: Their Construction and Solution” in A Key to Puzzledom, pp. 53-64. New York, 1906. (Simple substitution ciphers only.)
Yardley, Herbert Osborne (Major). Yardleygrams. Indianapolis, 1932. (The London edition (1932) bears the title Ciphergrams.)
Advanced Works
Friedman, William F. (Lt.-Colonel). Elements of Cryptanalysis. Washington, Gov. Printing Office, 1924. “For Offcial Use Only.” (Contains a bibliography. Out of print and unobtainable.)
―. See also Riverbank Publications.
Givierge, Marcel (General). Cours de Cryptographie. Paris, 1st edition, 1925, 2nd edition, 1932.
Hitt, Parker (Colonel). Manual for the Solution of Military Ciphers. Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 1st edition, 1916, 2nd edition, 1918.
Riverbank Publications. Papers (except No. 19) by W. F. Friedman. Department of Ciphers, Riverbank Laboratories, Geneva, Illinois.
No. 15, 1917. “A Method of Reconstructing the Primary Alphabet.”
No. 16, 1918. “Methods for the Solution of Running-key Ciphers.”
No. 17, 1918. “An Introduction to Methods for the Solution of Ciphers.”
No. 18, 1918. “Synoptic Tables for the Solution of Ciphers, and a Bibliography of Cipher Literature.”
No. 19, 1918. “Formulae for the Solution of Geometrical Transposition Ciphers,” by Captain Lenox R. Lohr, with an introduction by W. F. Friedman.
No. 20, 1918. “Several Machine Ciphers and Methods for Their Solution.”
No. 21, 1918. “Methods for the Reconstruction of Primary Alphabets.”
No. 22, 1922. “The Index of Coincidence and Its Applications in Cryptographic Analysis.”
Sacco, Luigi (General). Manuale di crittografia. Rome, 2nd edition, revised and enlarged, 1936. (The first edition was privately printed under the title Nozioni di crittografia. Rome, 1930.)
Zanotti, Mario. Crittografia. Milan, 1928.
Miscellaneous (Primarily descriptive of systems, historical, special essays, etc., usually with little on cryptanalysis.)
Anon. “Cryptography” in Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 6, 14th edition, New York and London, 1929. (Contains a bibliography.)
Ball, W. W. Rouse. “Cryptographs and Ciphers” in his Mathematical Recreations and Essays. 7th edition, 1917 and later. (Latest edition is the 11th, 1939.)
Blair, William. “Cipher in Diplomatic Affairs” in Rees’s Cyclopaedia. 1803-1819.
Candela, Rosario. The Military Cipher of Commandant Bazeries, An Essay in Decrypting. New York, 1938.
Friedman, William F. (Lt.-Colonel). “Codes and Ciphers” in Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 5, 14th edition, New York and London, 1929. (Contains bibliography.)
―. “Edgar Allan Poe, Cryptographer” in American Literature, A Journal of Literary History, Criticism and Bibliography, Vol. 8, No. 3, Nov. 1936, pp. 266-280. Duke University, Durham, N. C.
Hulme, Frederick Edward. Cryptography, or, The History, Principles and Practice of Cipher-Writing. London, 1898.
Lange, André and E. A. Soudart. Traité de Cryptographie. Paris, 1st edition, 1925, new edition, 1935. (Contains an extensive bibliography.)
Lange, André. Cryptography. Translated from the French by J. C. H. Macbeth, London and New York, 1922.
Pratt, Fletcher. Secret and Urgent, The Story of Codes and Ciphers. Indianapolis, 1939.
Yardley, Herbert Osborne (Major). The American Black Chamber. Indianapolis and London, 1931. Reprinted, New York, 1933, London, 1934.
THE COMMONEST ENGLISH WORDS
Below are listed the hundred most frequently used words in English. The figures give occurrences in 242,432 words of English text taken from fifteen English authors and many newspapers. Compiled by Frank R. Fraprie, after the rest of the book had been completed.
THE 15568OR 1101WHEN 603ONLY 309
OF 9767HER 1093WHAT 570ANY 302
AND 7638HAD 1062YOUR 533THEN 298
TO 5739AT 1053MORE 523ABOUT294
A 5074FROM 1039WOULD 516THOSE288
IN 4312THIS 1021THEM 498CAN 285
THAT 3017MY 963SOME 478MADE 284
IS 2509THEY 959THAN 445WELL 283
I 2292ALL 881MAY 441OLD 282
IT 2255THEIR 824UPON 430MUST 280
FOR 1869AN 789ITS 425US 279
AS 1853SHE 775OUT 387SAID 276
WITH 1849HAS 753INTO 387TIME 273
WAS 1761WERE 752OUR 386EVEN 272
HIS 1732ME 745THESE 385NEW 265
HE 1727BEEN 720MAN 383COULD264
BE 1535HIM 708UP 369VERY 259
NOT 1496ONE 700DO 360MUCH 252
BY 1392SO 696LIKE 354OWN 251
BUT 1379IF 684SHALL 351MOST 251
HAVE 1344WILL 680GREAT 340MIGHT250
YOU 1336THERE 668NOW 331FIRST249
WHICH 1291WHO 664SUCH 328AFTER247
ARE 1222NO 658SHOULD327YET 247
ON 1155WE 638OTHER 320TWO 244
ENGLISH TRIGRAMS
The ninety-eight most frequent English trigrams, combining a count of 20,000 trigrams by Fletcher Pratt, in “Secret and Urgent,” supposed not to include overlaps between words, and 5,000 by Frank R. Fraprie, including overlaps. This table and the following one are not referred to in the text, having been compiled since the completion of the book.
THE 1182 HER 170 HIS 130 ITH 111
ING 356ATE 165RES 125TED 110
AND 284VER 159ILL 118AIN 108
ION 252TER 157ARE 117EST 106
ENT 246THA 155CON 114MAN 101
FOR 191ATI 148NCE 113RED 101
TIO 188HAT 138ALL 111THI 100
ERE 173ERS 135EVE 111IVE 96
REA 95 INE 73 ORE 65 ART 58
WIT 93WHI 71BUT 64NTE 58
ONS 92OVE 71OUT 63RAT 58
ESS 90TIN 71URE 63TUR 58
AVE 84AST 70STR 62ICA 57
PER 84DER 70TIC 62ICH 57
ECT 83OUS 70AME 61NDE 57
ONE 83ROM 70COM 61PRE 57
UND 83VEN 70OUR 61ENC 56
INT 80ARD 69WER 61HAS 56
ANT 79EAR 69OME 60WHE 55
HOU 77DIN 68EEN 59WIL 55
MEN 76STI 68LAR 59ERA 54
WAS 76NOT 67LES 59LIN 54
OUN 75ORT 67SAN 59TRA 54
PRO 75THO 66STE 59
STA 75DAY 65ANY 58
ENGLISH DIGRAMS
The one hundred and nine most frequent English digrams, compiled from a count of 20,000 trigrams by Fletcher Pratt, in “Secret and Urgent,” supposed not to include overlaps between words, and 5,000 by Frank R. Fraprie, including overlaps.
TH 1582 RO 275 WI 188 SA 146 CT 111
IN 784LI 273HO 184NI 142TU 108
ER 667RI 271TR 183RT 142DA 107
RE 625IO 270BE 181NA 141AM 104
AN 542LE 263CE 177OL 141CI 104
HE 542ND 263WH 177EV 131SU 102
AR 511MA 260LL 176IE 129BL 101
EN 511SE 259FI 175MI 128OF 101
TI 510AL 246NO 175NG 128BU 100
TE 492IC 244TO 175PL 128
AT 440FO 239PE 174IV 127
ON 420IL 232AS 172PO 125
HA 420NE 232WA 171CH 122
OU 361LA 229UR 169EI 122
IT 356TA 225LO 166AD 120
ES 343EL 216PA 165SS 120
ST 340ME 216US 165IL 118
OR 339EC 214MO 164OS 117
NT 337IS 211OM 163UL 115
HI 330DI 210AI 162EM 114
EA 321SI 210PR 161NS 113
VE 321CA 202WE 158OT 113
CO 296UN 201AC 152GE 112
DE 275UT 189EE 148IR 112
RA 275NC 188ET 146AV 111