Part 3 — INDEX.

Absorption, 13, 22-28

Aceraceæ, 497

Acorn, 451

Acorus, 493

Æcidiomycetes, 218

Æcidiospore, 189

Æsculus hippocastanum, 498

Agaricaceæ, 199, 219

Agaricus arvensis, 206

Agaricus campestris, 200-207

Akene, 451

Albumen, 98

Albuminous, 98, 108

Alder, 495

Algæ, 136-176

Algæ, absorption by, 22

Alismaceæ, 493

Alpine formation, 474

Alpine plant societies, 483

Amanita phalloides, 207, 208

Amaranth, 495

Amaryllidaceæ, 494

Aments, 429

American mistletoe, 495

Ampelopsis, 498

Ancylistales, 215

Andreales, 249

Andrœcium, 319, 419

Anemophilous, 435

Angiosperms, morphology of, 318-348;

classification, 487

Antheridiophore, 227

Antheridium, 144, 149, 155, 176, 223, 228,

240, 245, 246, 266, 287, 433

Anthesis, 429

Anthoceros, 240, 241

Anthocerotales, 242

Anthocerotes, 242

Apogamy, 346

Apogeotropic (ap″o-ge″o-trop´ic), 126

Apogeotropism (ap″o-ge-ot′ro-pism), 126

Apple, 456, 497

Apple family, 497

Aquatic formations, 475

Aquatic plant societies, 486

Araceæ, 493

Archegonia (ar-che-go′ni-a), 223, 229, 233, 241, 244-246,

267, 288, 291, 307, 308

Archegoniophore, 229

Archegonium, 433

Archesporium (ar″che-spo´ri-um), 235

Archidiales, 249

Arctic formation, 481

Aril, 457

Arisæma, 493

Arisæma triphyllum, 442, 443

Aristolochiales, 495

Arrow leaf, 492

Arum family, 493

Asclepias, 500

Asclepias cornuti, 462

Ascomycetes (as-co-my-ce′tes), 195-198, 216-218

Ascus, 190, 213

Ash of plants, 79, 80

Ash tree, 500

Aspidium acrostichoides, 253, 257

Assimilation, 67, 109

Aster, 502

Atriplex, 495

Auriculariales, 218

Autotrophic plants, 85

Azalea, 499

Azolla, 296

Bacteria, 164, 165

Bacteria, nitrite and nitrate, 83

Bacteriales, 164, 165

Bacteroid, 93

Bangiales, 175

Basidiomycetes (ba-sid″i-o-my-ce′tes), 199-208, 218

Basidium, 201, 213

Bast, 50-52

Batrachospermum, 171-173, 175

Bazzania, 25

Beard-grasses, 480

Bedstraws, 501

Beechnut, 452

Beet, osmose in, 15, 16, 17, 18

Begonia, 407

Bellflower, 501

Berry, 454, 455, 456

Betulaceæ, 495

Bicuculla, 496

Bidens, 458

Bignonia, 501

Bilberries, 500

Biotic factors, 466

Birch, 495

Bird’s-nest fungi, 220

Blackberry, 454

Black fungi, 198

Bladderwort, 501

Blasia, 164, 236

Bloodroot, 496

Bluets, 436, 437, 501

Boletus, 209

Boletus edulis, 209

Boraginaceæ, 500

Botrychium, 295

Botrydiaceæ, 162

Botrydium granulatum, 146, 162

Broom-sedge, 480

Brown algæ, 167-170

Bryales, 349

Buckeye family, 498

Buckthorn, 498

Buckwheat, 495

Buds, winter condition of, 374-377

Buffalo-grass, 480

Bug seed, 495

Bulb, 372

Bunch-grasses, 480

Butternut, 452, 494

Buttonbush, 501

Buttonwood, 497

Cacti, 395, 498

Callithamnion, 173

Calyptrogen, 361

Cambium, 50, 52, 358, 363

Campanula rotundifolia, 442, 444, 510

Campanulales, 501

Canna, 445-449, 494

Capsella bursa-pastoris, 496

Capsule, 453

Carbohydrate, 71, 75, 80, 90

Carbon dioxide, 62-67, 110-113

Cardinal-flower, 501

Carpogonium, 172, 176

Carrot family, 499

Caryophyllaceæ, 496

Caryopsis, 451

Cassia marilandica, 402

Cassiope, 395

Castalia odorata, 496

Castor-oil plant, 497

Catalpa, 501

Catkin, 428

Cattail-flag, 492

Caulidium, 371

Cedar apples, 194

Cell, 3;

artificial 20

Cell-sap, 3, 40

Ceratopteris thalictroides, 296

Chætophora, 151, 162

Chætophoraceæ, 162

Chara, 176

Charales, 176

Chemical condition of soil, 466

Chemosynthetic assimilation, 109

Chenopodiales, 495

Chenopods, 495

Chestnut, 452, 494

Chicory family, 502

Chlamydomonas, 159, 160

Chlamydospores, 180

Chloral hydrate, 65, 87

Chlorophyceæ, 158

Chlorophyll, 2, 67, 72

Chloroplast, 68, 69, 71

Christmas fern, 251-253

Chromoplast, 71

Chromosomes, 342-345

Chroococcaceæe, 163

Chrysanthemum, 502

Chytridiales, 215

Cichoriaceæ, 502

Cichorium intybus, 502

Clavaria botrytes, 212

Clavariaceæ, 210, 219

Claytonia virginica, 496

Cleistogamous, 435

Clematis virginiana, 462, 463, 496

Climatic factors, 466

Climatic formations, 470

Clostridium pasteurianum, 93

Clover, 497

Club mosses, 284, 289

Coccogonales, 163

Cocklebur, 502

Cold wastes, 474

Coleochætaceæ, 162

Coleochæte, 153-156, 226

Collenchyma, 356, 363

Comandra, 495

Compass plants, 409

Compositæ, 502

Comptonia asplenifolia, 494

Cone-fruit, 456

Confervoideæ, 162

Coniferæ, 316

Conjugation, 137, 141, 160, 162, 179

Convallariaceæ, 494

Cooperia, 494

Cordyceps, 218

Coreopsis, 502

Cork, 357, 363

Corm, 373

Cortex, 50

Corymb, 427

Cotyledon, 99-101

Cranberry, 500

Cratægus, 497

Crowfoot family, 496

Cruciferæ, 496

Cryptonemiales, 175

Cucurbitaceæ, 501

Culture formations, 470, 475

Cultures, water, 28, 29

Cup fungi, 199

Cupuliferæ, 495

Cuscuta, 83, 500

Cushion type of vegetation, 483

Cuticle, 43

Cyanophyceæ, 163

Cyatheaceæ, 295

Cycadales, 316

Cycas, 311, 312, 457

Cyclosis, 9, 10

Cyclosporales, 171

Cyme, 430, 432

Cyperaceæ, 493

Cypripedium, 443, 447, 494

Cystocarp, 174

Cystopteris bulbifera, 260

Cystopus, 215

Cytase, 92, 108

Cytisus, 445

Cytoplasm (cy′to-plasm), 5

Dacryomycetales, 219

Dahlia, 108

Dandelion, 502

Dasiphora fruticosa, 497

Daucus carota, 499

Dehiscence, 453

Dentaria, 322-324

Dentaria diphylla, 496

Dermatogen, 359

Desert formation, 473

Desert societies, 480

Desmodium, 458

Desmodium gyrans, 399

Diadelphous (di″a-del′phous), 425

Diageotropism (di″a-ge-ot′ro-pism), 126

Diaheliotropic (di″a-he″li-o-trop′ic), 127

Diaheliotropism (di″a-he″li-ot′ro-pism), 127

Diastase, 77, 78, 108, 116

Diatoms, 166

Dichogamous (di-chog′a-mous), 437, 442

Dicentra, 496

Dicotyledons, 494

Dictyophora, 219

Diffusion, 13-20

Digestion, 107, 108, 109

Dimorphism of ferns, 273-280

Diœcious, 435

Dionæa muscipula, 133

Dipodascus, 216

Dipsacus, 501

Discomycetes, 217

Dodder, 83, 84, 500

Dogwood, 499

Dothidiales, 218

Downy mildews, 185

Drosera rotundifolia, 133, 496

Drupaceæ, 497

Drupe, 454

Duckweeds, 26, 28

Dudresnaya, 175

Dunes, 484

Ebenales, 500

Ecological factors, 464

Ecology (sometimes written œcology), 464

Ectocarpus, 167

Edaphic formations, 475

Elaphomyces, 217, 218

Elder, 501

Elm family, 495

Elodea, 61-63

Embryo of ferns, 269-272

Embryo sac, 326-328

Empusa, 215

Endocarp, 450

Endomyces, 216

Endosperm, 103, 105, 107, 306, 309;

nucleus, 327, 329-334

Entomophthorales, 215

Enzyme, 92, 98, 116, 117

Epidermal system, 358

Epidermis, 358, 359, 363

Epigæa repens, 499

Epigynous, 425

Epilobium, 498

Epinastic (ep-i-nas′tic), 129

Epinasty (ep′i-nas-ty), 129

Epipactis, 444, 447

Epiphegus, 84

Epiphytes, 416

Equisetales, 296

Equisetineæ, 296

Equisetum, 280-283

Ericaceæ, 499

Ericales, 499

Erythronium, 493

Etiolated plants (e′ti-o-la″ted), 68

Euascomycetes, 217

Eubasidiomycetes, 219

Eupatorium, 403, 502

Euphorbiaceæ, 497

Eurotium oryzæ, 78

Evening primrose family, 498

Exalbuminous, 108

Exoascus, 217

Exobasidiales, 219

Exocarp, 450

Fagales, 494

Fehling’s solution, 75, 76

Ferment, 98, 108, 116

Ferns, 251-279, 292, 457;

classification of, 295

Fertilization, 307, 308, 328, 329, 140, 145,

169, 172, 174, 197, 421

Fibrovascular bundles, 49-54

Figwort family, 501

Filicales, 295

Filicineæ, 295

Fittonia, 404

Flagellates, 83, 165

Flax, 497

Flower cluster, 419

Flower, form of, 422;

parts of, 419;

union of parts, 424

Flowers, arrangements of, 426;

kinds of, 421

Follicle, 453

Forest, formations 471;

societies, 477

Forests, relation to rainfall, 479

Fresh-water societies, 486

Frond, 352

Fruit, 450-457;

parts of, 450

Frullania, 25, 236

Fucus, 168-170

Fungi, absorption by, 22;

classification of, 213-222;

nutrition of, 86-90;

respiration in, 115

Gametangium (gam″et-an′gi-um), 140

Gamete (gam′ete), 138, 139

Gametophore (gam′et-o-phore), 230, 248

Gametophyte (gam′et-o-phyte), 225, 226, 244, 245, 250, 262, 270,

283, 292, 294, 305, 314, 317,

336-339, 340-348, 434

Gamopetalous (gam″o-pet′a-lous), 424

Gamosepalous (gam-o-sep′a-lous), 424

Gas in plants, 60-64

Gasteromycetes, 219

Gemmæ, 179, 235

General formations, 470

Gentian, 500

Geotropism (ge-ot′ro-pism), 125-127, 410

Geraniaceæ, 497

Geraniales, 497

Geranium family, 497

Germ, 459

Gigartinales, 175

Gingko, 313-315, 457

Gingkoales, 316

Ginseng, 499

Glasswort, 495

Gleicheniaceæ, 295

Glucose, 108. See sugar.

Gnetales, 316

Gonidia, 118, 143, 172, 174, 178-184

Gonidiangium (go″nid-an′gi-um), 178

Gonidium, 213

Gooseberry, 496

Goosefoot family, 495

Gracilaria, 173, 174, 175

Graminales, 492

Gramineæ, 492

Grape, 498

Grass family, 492

Grassland formation, 471

Green algæ, 158

Growth, 118-124, 380

Gulfweed, 170

Gymnosperms, 311, 456

Gymnosporangium, 194

Gynœcium, 320, 419, 451, 452

Gyrocephalus, 219

Halophytes, 468

Harpochytrium, 214, 215

Haustorium, 87, 88

Hawkweed, 502

Hawthorn, 497

Hazelnut, 452, 495

Head, 428

Heart-leaf, 495

Heath family, 499

Heliotrope, 500

Heliotropism (he-li-ot′ro-pism), 127-131, 133, 397

Helvellales, 217

Hemiascomycetes, 216

Hemibasidiomycetes, 218

Hepaticæ, 242

Heterospory (het″er-os′po-ry), 434

Heterothallic, 180

Heterotrophic plants, 85

Hickory, 494

Hickory-nut, 452

Hilum, 101, 102

Hippocastanaceæ, 498

Holdfasts, 418

Hollyhock, 498

Homothallic, 180

Honeysuckle, 501

Hormogonales, 163

Horse-chestnut, 498

Horsetails, 280-283

Houstonia cœrulea, 437

Huckleberry, 499

Humus saprophytes, 85, 91

Hybridization, 338

Hydnaceæ, 210, 219

Hydnum coralloides, 210

Hydnum repandum, 211

Hydrocarbon, 75

Hydrodictyaceæ, 161

Hydrophytes, 468

Hydropterales, 295

Hydrotropism (hy-drot′ro′pism), 133, 134, 412

Hygrophytes, 468

Hymeniales, 219

Hymenogastrales, 219

Hymenomycetes, 219

Hymenomycetineæ, 219

Hymenophyllaceæ, 295

Hypericum, 498

Hypocotyl (hy′po-co″tyl), 101

Hypocreales, 217

Hypogenous, 425

Hyponastic (hy-po-nas′tic), 129

Hyponasty (hy′po-nas-ty), 129

Hysteriales, 217

Impatiens, 498

Impatiens fulva, 460

Indian-pipe, 499

Indian turnip, 493

Indusium, 252

Inflorescence, 426

Insectivorous plants, 133, 496

Integument, 304

Intramolecular respiration, 113, 114

Inulase, 108

Inulin, 108, 417

Iodine, 65

Ipomœa, 500

Iridaceæ, 493

Iris, 493

Irritability, 125-135

Isoetales, 296

Isoetes, 289-291, 292

Isoetineæ, 296

Ivy, 498

Jack-in-the-pulpit, 373

Jewelweed, 498

Juglandales, 494

June-berry, 497

Jungermanniales, 242

Kalmia latifolia, 444

Karyokinesis, 341-344

Kelps, 168

Kingdom, 492

Labiatæ, 423, 501

Laboulbeniales, 218

Labrador tea, 499

Lactuca canadensis, 460

Lactuca scariola, 409, 460, 461

Lagenidium, 214, 215

Laminaria, 168, 169

Lamium, 424, 501

Larch, 367

Laurel, 499

Leaf patterns, 404

Leathesia difformis, 168

Leaves, form and arrangement, 383-391;

function of, 387;

protective modifications of, 392;

protective positions, 395;

reduction of surface, 394;

relation to light, 397;

structure of, 40-43, 131, 391, 393

Legumes, 92, 93, 453

Leguminosæ (= Papilionaceæ), 396, 399

Leitneria floridana, 494

Leitneriales, 494

Lemanea, 171, 173, 175, 492

Lemna, 418

Lemna trisulca, 26, 27

Lenticel, 357, 358

Lepiota naucina, 208

Lettuce, 502

Leucoplast, 71

Lichens, 86, 93-95, 220, 221

Light, 465

Liliaceæ, 490, 493

Liliales, 490, 493

Lilium, 489-493

Linaria vulgaris, 501

Linden, 498

Linum vulgaris, 497

Lipase, 108

Liquidambar, 496

Liriodendron, 496

Live-forever, 394

Liverworts, 222-239;

absorption by, 23-25;

classification of, 242

Lobelia, 501

Lupinus perennis, 353

Lycoperdales, 220

Lycopodiaceæ, 296

Lycopodiales, 296

Lycopodiineæ, 296

Lycopodium, 284-286

Macrosporangium, 94, 302, 304, 311, 312, 321

Macrospore, 287, 290, 326-328, 434

Magnolia, 496

Mallow family, 498

Malvales, 498

Maple family, 497

Marchantia, 24, 226-236

Marchantiales, 242

Marine plant societies, 486

Marratiales, 295

Marsilia, 370

Marsiliaceæ, 296

Matoniaceæ, 295

Medicago denticulata, 92

Medulla, 50

Members of the flower, 335

Members of the plant, 349-353

Meristem, 359

Mesocarp, 450

Mesophytes, 467

Microsporangia, 294, 299

Microspore, 287, 290, 299, 312, 435

Microsporophylls, 299, 320, 420

Milkweed family, 500

Mimosa, 132, 396

Mimulus, 501

Mint family, 501

Mistletoe, 84, 495

Mitchella, 501

Mixotrophic plants, 85

Mnium, 243-246

Molds, nutrition of, 86-90

Molds, water, 181

Monadelphous, 424

Monoblepharidales, 215

Monoblepharis, 215

Monocotyledons, 490, 492

Monœcious, 435

Monotropa uniflora, 499

Morchella, 198, 199

Morel, 198, 199

Morning-glories, 500

Mosaics, 405

Mosses, 243-248, 457;

absorption by, 25;

classification of, 248

Mucor, 6, 7, 15, 118, 119, 177-180, 215

Mucorales, 215

Mulberry, 495

Mullein, 366, 394, 501

Mushrooms, 199-208

Mustard family, 496

Mutation, 338

Mutualism, 95

Mycelium, 6, 86-90

Mycetozoa, 213, 214

Mycorhiza, 86, 91, 92, 217

Myosotis, 500

Myrica cerifera, 494

Myrica gale, 494

Myricales, 494

Myriophyllum, 403

Myrtales, 498

Myxobacteriales, 165

Myxomycetes, 83, 213, 214

Naiadaceæ, 492

Naiadales, 492

Naias, 492

Nemalion, 171, 172, 175

Nemalionales, 175

Nettle, 495

Nicotiana, 501

Nidulariales, 220

Nitella, 8, 9, 176

Nitrobacter, 83

Nitrogen, 92, 93

Nitromonas, 83

Nostocaceæ, 164

Nucellus, 304

Nucleus, 3, 4;

morphology of, 340-345

Nuphar advena, 496

Nutation, 123, 124

Nymphæa odorata, 496

Oak, 495

Oak family, 495

Œdogoniaceæ, 162

Œdogonium, 147-151, 350

Œnothera biennis, 498

Œnothera gigas, 338

Œnothera lamarkiana, 338

Olpidium, 214, 215

Onagar biennis, 498

Onagraceæ, 498

Onoclea sensibilis, 254, 273-278

Oogonium, 144, 150, 155

Oomycetes, 214, 215

Ophioglossales, 295

Ophioglossum, 295

Opuntiales, 498

Orchidaceæ, 494

Orchidales, 494

Orchids, 442

Oscillatoriaceæ, 163

Osmosis, 13-20

Osmundaceæ, 295

Ostrich fern, 279

Ovule, 302, 321, 334, 421

Oxalis, 497

Oxycoccus, 500

Oxydendrum arboreum, 501

Oxygen, 63, 110-113

Palisade cells, 41, 43

Palmaceæ, 493

Palmales, 493

Palms, 408

Pandanales, 492

Pandanus, 492

Pandorina, 160, 350

Panicle, 427

Papaverales, 496

Papilionaceæ, 423, 497

Parasites, 83, 84, 86

Parasitic fungi, nutrition of, 86-90

Parenchyma, 50, 356, 363

Parietales, 498

Parkeriaceæ, 296

Parmelia, 96

Parthenogenesis, 184

Partridge-berry, 501

Pea, 497

Pea family, 497

Pear, 456

Pediastrum, 161

Pellia, 164

Pellonia, 405

Peltigera, 94, 95

Pepo, 456

Pericycle, 360

Peridineæ, 166

Perigynous, 425

Perisperm, 331, 332

Perisporiales, 217

Peronospora, 183, 215

Peronosporales, 215

Persimmon, 500

Pezizales, 217

Phacidiales, 217

Phæophyceæ, 167

Phæosporales, 171

Phallales, 219

Phloem, 50-52, 360, 361, 363

Phlox family, 500

Phoradendron flavescens, 495

Photosynthesis, 67, 68, 70, 117

Phycomycetes (Phy″co-my-ce′tes), 214, 215

Phyllidium, 371

Phylloclades, 373, 395

Phyllotaxy, 375, 384

Physical condition of soil, 465

Physical factors, 465

Phytolaccaceæ, 495

Phytomyxa leguminosarum, 92

Phytophthora, 182, 184, 215

Pickerel-weed, 493

Pilularia, 296

Pinales, 216

Pine, white, 297-310

Piperales, 494

Pitcher-plant, 496

Pith, 50

Plant food, sources of, 81

Plant formations, 496

Plant substance, analysis of, 79, 80

Plantaginales, 501

Plantago, 501

Plasmolysis (plas-mol′y-sis), 19

Plasmopara, 183, 215

Plectascales, 217

Plectobasidiales, 220

Pleurococcaceæ, 161

Pleurococcus, 161

Plum family, 497

Plumule, 99

Podostemon, 496

Poison-hemlock, 499

Poison-ivy, 497

Poison-oak, 497

Poisonous mushrooms, 207, 208

Poison-sumac, 497

Pokeweed, 495

Polemoneales, 500

Pollen grain, 299, 305

Pollination, 303, 304, 420, 430, 433-449

Pollinium, 420

Polygonales, 495

Polygonum, 495

Polypodiaceæ, 296

Polyporaceæ, 209, 219

Polyporus, 209, 210

Polyporus mollis, 92

Polyporus sulphureus, 209

Pomaceæ, 497

Pondweeds, 492

Poppy, 496

Porella, 237

Portulaca, 495

Potamogeton, 492

Potato, 501

Powdery mildews, 195-198, 217

Primrose, 498, 500

Primula, 438

Primulales, 500

Procarp, 172, 174, 175

Progeotropism (pro″ge-ot′ro-pism), 126

Promycelium (pro″my-ce′li-um), 192

Proterandrous, 441, 442

Proterandry, 444

Proterogenous, 441, 442

Proterogeny, 440

Prothallium, 265, 287, 288, 291, 292, 304, 305,

311, 325, 328, 335, 433, 434

Protoascales, 216

Protoascomycetes, 216

Protobasidiomycetes, 218

Protococcoideæ, 158, 162

Protodiscales, 217

Protomyces, 216

Protonema (pro″to-ne′ma), 248, 264

Protoplasm, 1-12, 42-43, 342;

movement of, 7-11

Psilotaceæ, 296

Pteridophytes, 295, 434

Pteris cretica, 346

Puccinia, 187

Puff-balls, 220

Pumpkin, 501

Purslane, 495

Pyrenoid, 2, 3

Pyrenomycetes, 217

Pyrola, 499

Pyxidium, 453

Quercus, 495

Quillworts, 289-291

Quince, 456

Raceme, 427

Radicle, 99

Ragweed, 502

Rainy-season flora, 481

Ranales, 496

Ranunculaceæ, 496

Raspberry, 454, 455

Red algæ, 171, 174;

uses of, 175

Reproduction, 137, 143, 149, 154, 155, 179, 185, 186

Respiration, 110-116, 117

Rhamnales, 498

Rhizoids, 24-26

Rhizome, 354

Rhizomorph (rhi′zo-morph), 89

Rhizophidium, 214, 215

Rhizopus, 177-180, 215

Rhododendron, 499

Rhodomeniales, 175

Rhodophyceæ, 171

Rhus radicans, 416, 497

Riccia, 23, 164, 222-226

Ricinus, 497

Riverweed, 496

Root, function of, 410-418

Root hairs, absorption by, 19, 30, 32

Root hairs, action on soil, 82

Root pressure, 33, 34, 45

Root, structure of, 30, 361, 362

Root-tubercles, 92

Roots, kinds of, 415

Rosaceæ, 497

Rosales, 496

Rose family, 497

Rosette, 405

Rosette plants, 483

Rubiales, 501

Rudbeckia, 502

Rusts, 187-194

Salicaceæ, 494

Salix, 494

Salsify, 502

Salviniaceæ, 296

Samara, 451

Sandalwood, 495

Sanguinaria, 496

Santalales, 495

Sap, rise of, 53, 54

Sapindales, 497

Saprolegnia, 181-184

Saprolegniales, 215

Saprophytes, 83-85

Sargassum, 170

Sarraceniales, 496

Sarsaparilla, 499

Saxifrage, 496

Schizæaceæ, 295

Schizocarp, 451

Schizomycetes, 164

Schizophyceæ, 163

Sclerenchyma, 356-357, 361, 363

Scouring rush, 282

Screw-pine, 409, 492

Scrophulariaceæ, 501

Sedge family, 492

Seed, dispersal of, 458-463

Seed plants, 338

Seed, structure of, 98, 102

Seedlings, 97-107

Seeds, 330-334

Selaginella, 286-288, 292

Selaginellaceæ, 296

Sensitive fern, 273

Sensitive plants, 132, 396, 399

Sexual organs, 144, 147

Shadbush, 497

Shepherd’s-purse, 496

Shoot, floral, 419, 432

Shoots, 353-355;

types of, 361-373;

winter condition of, 374-377

Sieve tissue, 358, 363

Sieve tubes, 52, 53

Silique, 453

Silk-cotton tree, 417

Silver bell, 500

Siphoneæ, 146, 162

Skunk’s cabbage, 439-442

Slime molds, 83

Smoke-tree, 497

Societies, 475

Solanum, 501

Solidago, 502

Sourwood, 499

Spadix, 428

Spartium, 446

Spathyema fœtida, 438, 493

Spermagonia, 190

Spermatophytes, 338

Sphacelaria, 168

Sphærella lacustris, 158, 159

Sphærella nivalis, 158, 350

Sphæriales, 218

Sphagnales, 248

Sphagnum, 164

Spiderwort, 11, 493

Spike, 428

Spirodela polyrhiza, 27

Spirogyra, 1-5, 13, 14, 60, 72, 136-140, 350

Sporangia, 178-182

Sporangium, 253-258, 281, 290

Spores, 225, 256-258, 263, 264, 281

Sporocarp, 173

Sporogonium (spo″ro-go′ni-um), 224, 231, 233, 234, 237, 238,

239, 241, 246, 247, 248

Sporophyll, 274, 281, 292

Sporophyte (spo′ro-phyte), 225, 226, 232, 234, 237-239, 241, 242,

250, 261, 268, 270, 283, 292, 294, 314,

315, 317, 336-339, 340-348 434

Spurge family, 497

Squash, 501

Staminodium, 446

Starch, formation of, 68, 70-74;

changed to sugar, 77, 78;

translocation of, 73;

digestion of, 75

Stems, types of, 365-373

Stems, woody, structure of, 381-382

Stoma (pl. stomata) (sto′ma-ta), 42-44, 46

Strawberry, 455, 497

Sugar, test for, 75, 76

Sumac, 497

Sundew, 133, 496

Sunflower, 399-401, 502

Sweet gum, 496

Symbiosis, 85, 86, 92-95

Synergids (syn´er-gids), 327, 330

Syngenœsious, 424

Synthetic assimilation, 67

Tape-grass, 493

Taraxacum densleonis, 502

Teasel, 501

Telegraph-plant, 399

Teleutospore, 188

Temperature, 134, 135, 465

Tetrasporaceæ, 161

Tetraspores, 173, 174

Thallophytes, 352

Thallus, 352

Thelephoraceæ, 219

Thistle family, 502

Thunderwood, 497

Thyrsus, 427

Tilia, 498

Tillandsia, 493

Tissue, tensions of, 57-59

Tissues, classification of, 363, 364;

kinds of, 356-359;

organization of, 356-362

Toad-flax, 501

Tomato, 501

Tradescantia, 493

Tragopogon, 502

Trailing arbutus, 499

Trametes pini, 90

Transpiration, 35-46

Tremellales, 218, 219

Triadelphous, 425

Trillium, 318-322, 494

Trumpet-creeper, 501

Tuberales, 217

Tubers, 373

Tundra, 481

Turgescence, 14, 15

Turgor, 20;

restoration of, 56, 57

Typha, 493

Ulmaceæ, 495

Ulmus americana, 495

Ulothrix, 162

Ulotrichaceæ, 162

Ulvaceæ, 162

Umbel, 428

Umbellales, 498

Uredinales, 218

Uredineæ, 187-194, 218

Uredospore, 189

Uromyces caryophyllinus, 87

Urticales, 495

Ustilaginales, 218

Ustilagineæ, 218

Utricularia, 501

Vaccinium, 499

Vacuoles, 7, 8

Valerianales, 501

Vallisneria spiralis, 493

Variation, 338

Vascular tissue, 358, 363

Vaucheria, 142-146

Vaucheriaceæ, 162

Vegetation types, 464

Venus fly-trap, 133

Verbascum, 501

Verbena, 501

Vessels, 52, 53

Vetch, 92, 497

Viburnum, 501

Vicia sativa, 459

Viola cucullata, 436

Violaceæ, 498

Virgin’s bower, 462, 463

Viscum album, 84

Vitaceæ, 498

Volvocaceæ, 158

Walnut, 452, 494

Water, 465;

flow of, in plants, 53, 54

Water-lilies, 496

Water-plantain, 493

White pine, 396

Wild carrot, 499

Willow family, 494

Wind, 471

Wintergreen, 499;

leaf of, 43

Witch-hazel, 496

Wolffia, 28

Woodland formation, 470

Xerophytes, 467

Xylem, 50, 52, 360, 361, 363

Xylogen, 92

Xyridales, 493

Yeast, 216;

fermentation of, 115, 116

Yucca, 480, 493

Zamia, 313, 316, 457

Zoogonidia, 143, 149, 178-184

Zoospore, 149, 154

Zygomycetes, 215

Zygospore, 2, 138-140, 157, 160, 179, 180

Zygote (zy′gote), 138, 179

TWO NOTABLE NATURE BOOKS.

FERNS

A Manual for the Northeastern States. By C. E. WATERS, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins). With Analytical Keys Based on the Stalks. With over 200 illustrations from original drawings and photographs. 362 pp. Square 8vo. Boxed. $3.00 net. (By mail, $3.34.)

A popular, but thoroughly scientific book, including all the ferns in the region covered by Britton’s Manual. Much information is also given concerning reproduction and classification, fern photography, etc.

PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, OF COLUMBIA:

“It is really more scientific than one would expect from a work of a somewhat popular nature. The photographs are very fine, very carefully selected and will add much to the text. I do not see how they could be much finer.”

THE PLANT WORLD:

“This book is likely to prove the leading popular work on ferns. The majority of the illustrations are from original photographs; in respect to this feature, it can be confidently asserted that no finer examples of fern photography have ever been produced.... May be expected to prove of permanent scientific value, as well as to satisfy a want which existing treatises have but imperfectly filled.”

MUSHROOMS

Edible, Poisonous Mushrooms, etc. By Prof. GEO. F. ATKINSON, of Cornell.

With recipes for cooking by Mrs. S. T. RORER, and the chemistry and toxicology of mushrooms, by J. F. CLARK. With 230 illustrations from photographs, including fifteen colored plates. 320pp. 8vo. $3.00 net (by mail, $3.23).

Among the additions in this second edition are ten new plates, chapters on the “Uses of Mushrooms,” and on the “Cultivation of Mushrooms,” illustrated by several flash-light photographs.

EDUCATIONAL REVIEW:

“It would be difficult to conceive of a more attractive and useful book, nor one that is destined to exert a greater influence in the study of an important class of plants that have been overlooked and avoided simply because of ignorance of their qualities, and the want of a suitable book of low price. In addition to its general attractiveness and the beauty of its illustrations, it is written in a style well calculated to win the merest tyro or the most accomplished student of the fungi.... These clear photographs and the plain descriptions make the book especially valuable for the amateur fungus hunter in picking out the edible from the poisonous species of the most common kinds.”

THE PLANT WORLD:

“This is, without doubt, the most important and valuable work of its kind that has appeared in this country in recent years.... No student, either amateur or professional, can afford to be without it.”

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY,

NEW YORK. (xii, ’03). CHICAGO.

BRITTON’S MANUAL OF THE FLORA OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA.

By Director N. L. Britton of the New York Botanical Garden. 1080 pp. 8vo. $2.25, net.

A comprehensive manual of over a thousand pages, containing about 4,500 descriptions, probably one-third more than any other. It is designed to meet modern requirements and outline modern conceptions of the science. It is based on An Illustrated Flora, prepared by Prof. Britton in co-operation with Judge Addison Brown. The text has been revised and brought up to date, and much of novelty has been added. All illustrations are omitted, but specific reference has been made to all of the 4,162 figures in the Illustrated Flora.

“It is the most complete and reliable work that ever appeared in the form of a flora of this region, and for the first time we have a manual in which the plant descriptions are drawn from the plants themselves, and do not represent compiled descriptions made by the early writers.”—Prof. D. M. Underwood of Columbia.

“This work will at once take its place as the standard manual of the region that it covers. It is far superior to any other work of its class ever published in America.”—Prof. Conway MacMillan of University of Minnesota.

“This book must at once find its way into the schools and colleges, to which it may be commended for the students in systematic botany.”—Prof. Chas. E. Bessey in “Science.”

“It is nothing if it is not compact; it is nothing if it is not up to date; it is nothing if it is not the work of a master. What more can be said, save that the more it is used the greater the appreciation by the plant-lovers in the region which it covers.”—Prof. Byron D. Halsted of Rutgers College.

“The work is well done; and as it is the only volume which gives in a way suitable for students the present state of the science, it cannot fail to take its place as a standard work.”—Prof. George Macloskie of Princeton.

“I regard the book as one that we cannot do without and one that will henceforth take its place as a necessary means of determination of the plant species within its range.”—Prof. V. M. Spalding of University of Michigan.

“An exceedingly valuable contribution to our botanical literature.... It is convenient to handle, and the low price will help to give it a large circulation.”—Prof. T. J. Burrill of the University of Illinois.

HENRY HOLT & CO. 29 West 23d Street, New York

378 Wabash Avenue, Chicago

viii, ’05

CHAMPLIN’S YOUNG FOLKS’

Cyclopædia of Natural History

By J. D. Champlin and F. A. Lucas

With over 800 illustrations. 725 pp. $2.50

A whole “nature library” about animals prepared by experts. Scientific facts are presented in simple language, and are enlivened by anecdotes, personal experiences, and references to history, art, and literature.

The illustrations are not only superior as animal pictures, but are genuinely illustrative, since they show the creature in its natural surroundings and characteristic action.

Extinct animals are fully treated, because these strange forms are fascinating to children, and because they illustrate the derivation of such familiar living animals as birds, horses, and dogs.

“A full menagerie of all sorts of animals, with a multitude of pictures.... A wonderful exhibition, and the story of each individual is interesting and calculated to stimulate the youthful mind in research.... Pictures carefully reproduced, so that they represent the creatures in their real forms and proportions.”—Brooklyn Eagle.

CHAMPLIN’S YOUNG FOLKS’

Cyclopædia of Literature and Art

With 270 illustrations. 604 pp. 8vo. $2.50

Brief accounts of the great books, buildings, statues, pictures, operas, symphonies, etc.

“Few poems, plays, novels, pictures, statues, or fictitious characters that children—or most of their parents—of our day are likely to inquire about will be missed here.... Mr. Champlin’s judgment seems unusually sound—will be welcome and useful.”—Nation.

“Every schoolboy should have it on his study table.... The range of the volume is very wide, for besides those items of classical knowledge which constitute the average school encyclopædia, we have brief descriptions given of modern books, poems, inventions, pictures, and persons about which the lad of the period should be acquainted.... The pictures in the volume are varied and truly illustrative. Old pictures and sculpture are presented in the usual line of drawings, but modern scenes and buildings are pictured through excellent half-tone reproductions of photographs.”—N. Y. Times Saturday Review.

Earlier Volumes of Champlin’s Young Folks’ Cyclopædia.

With numerous illustrations. 8vo. $2.50 each.

COMMON THINGS.PERSONS and PLACES. GAMES and SPORTS.

⁂ 12-page circular, with sample pages of Champlin’s Young Folks’ Cyclopædias and his other books, free.

HENRY HOLT & CO. 29 West 23d Street, New York

378 Wabash Avenue, Chicago

viii, ’06

AMERICAN SCIENCE SERIES

All prices are NET unless marked RETAIL. Details of the books will be found in Henry Holt & Co.’s Educational Catalogue, free on application.

Physics. By Prof. George F. Barker, University of Pennsylvania.

Advanced Course. 902 pp. 8vo. $3.50

Chemistry. By Prest. Ira Remsen, Johns Hopkins University.

Chemistry. Advanced Course. 850 pp. 8vo. 2.80

College Chemistry, xx + 669 pp. 8vo. 2.00

Chemistry. Briefer Course. (New Edition, 1901.) 435 pp. 12mo. 1.10

Chemistry. Elementary Course. 272 pp. 12mo. 80c.

Laboratory Manual (to Elementary Course). 196 pp. 12mo. 40c.

Chemical Experiments. By Prof. Remsen and Dr. W. W. Randall.

(For Briefer Course.) No blank pages for notes. 158 pp. 12mo. 50c.

Astronomy. By Prof. Simon Newcomb of Johns Hopkins and

Edward S. Holden, late Director of the Lick Observatory, California.

Advanced Course. 512 pp. 8vo. 2.00

The same. Briefer Course. 352 pp. 12mo. 1.12

The same. Elementary Course. By E. S. Holden, 446 pp. 12mo. 1.20

Geology. By Profs. Thomas C. Chamberlin and Rollin D. Salisbury,

Univ. of Chicago. Vol. I., 684 pp., $4.00. Vol. II. [In press.]

General Biology. By Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, Mass. Institute of Technology,

and Prof. E. B. Wilson, Columbia Univ. Revised and Enlarged. 231pp. 8vo. 1.75

Botany. By Prof. C. E. Bessey, Univ. of Nebraska.

Advanced Course. 611 pp. 8vo. 2.20

The same. Briefer Course. 356 pp. 1.12

Zoology. By Prof. A. S. Packard, Jr., Brown University.

Advanced Course. 722 pp. 8vo. 2.40

The same. Briefer Course. 338 pp. 1.12

The same. Elementary Course. 290 pp. 12mo. 80c.

The Human Body. By H. Newell Martin, sometime professor in

the Johns Hopkins University.

Advanced Course. 685 pp. 8vo. (Copies without

chapter on Reproduction sent when specially ordered.) 2.50

The same. Briefer Course. (Entirely new edition,

revised by Prof. G. Wells Fitz of Harvard.) 408 pp. 12mo. 1.20

The same. Elementary Course. 261 pp. 12mo. 75c.

The Human Body and the Effects of Narcotics. 261 pp. 12mo. 1.20

Psychology. By Prof. William James of Harvard.

Advanced Course. 689 + 704 pp. 8vo. 2vols. 4.80

The same. Briefer Course. 478 pp. 12mo. 1.60

Ethics. By Profs. John Dewey and James H. Tufts, Chicago University.

(In preparation.)

Political Economy. By the late President Francis A. Walker,

Mass. Institute of Technology.

Advanced Course. 537 pp. 8vo. 2.00

The same. Briefer Course. 415 pp. 12mo. 1.20

The same. Elementary Course. 423 pp. 12mo. 1.00

Finance. By Prof. Henry Carter Adams, University of Michigan.

Advanced Course. 573 pp. 8vo. 3.50

HENRY HOLT & CO. 29 West 23d Street, New York

378 Wabash Avenue, Chicago

viii, ’02

CHEMISTRY

Cairns’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis

Revised and enlarged by Dr. E. Waller. 417 pp. 8vo. $2.00, net.

Cohen’s Physical Chemistry for Biologists

Translated by Dr. Martin Fischer, Chicago University. 343 pp. 12mo, $1.75, net.

Congdon’s Qualitative Analysis

By Prof. Ernest A. Congdon, Drexel Institute. 64 pp. Interleaved. 8vo. 60c., net.

Nicholson and Avery’s Exercises in Chemistry

With Outlines for the Study of Chemistry. To accompany any elementary text. By Prof. H. H. Nicholson, University of Nebraska, and Prof. Samuel Avery, University of Idaho. 413 pp. 12mo. 60c., net.

Noyes’s (A. A.) General Principles of Physical Science

An Introduction to the Study of the Principles of Chemistry. By Prof. A. A. Noyes, Mass. Institute of Technology. 160 pp. 8vo. $1.50, net.

Noyes’s (W. A.) Organic Chemistry

By Prof. Wm. A. Noyes, Rose Polytechnic Institute. 534 pp. 12mo. $1.50, net.

Qualitative Analysis (Elementary)

x + 91 pp. 8vo. 80c., net.

Remsen’s Chemistries

By Pres. Ira Remsen, Johns Hopkins. (American Science Series.)

Inorganic Chemistry (Advanced). xxii + 853 pp. 8vo. $2.80, net.

College Chemistry xx + 689 pp. 8vo. $2.00, net.

Introduction to Chemistry (Briefer). xix + 435 pp. 12mo. $1.12, net.

This book is used in hundreds of schools and colleges in this country. It has passed through several editions in England, and has been translated into German (being the elementary text-book in the University of Leipsic), French, and Italian.

Remsen and Randall’s Experiments (for the “Introduction”). 50c., net.

Elements of Chemistry (Elementary). x + 272 pp. 12mo. 80c., net.

Laboratory Manual (for the “Elements”). 40c., net.

Torrey’s Elementary Chemistry By Joseph Torrey, Jr., Harvard. 437 pp. 12mo. $1.25, net.

White’s Qualitative Analysis

By Prof. John White, Univ. of Nebraska. 96 pp. 8vo. 80c., net.

Woodhull and Van Arsdale’s Chemical Experiments

By Prof. John F. Woodhull and M. B. Van Arsdale,

Teachers’ College, New York City. 136 pp. 12mo. 60c., net.

Extremely simple experiments in the chemistry of daily life.

HENRY HOLT & CO. 29 West 23d Street, New York

378 Wabash Avenue, Chicago

viii, ’05

CHAMBERLIN & SALISBURY’S

GEOLOGY

By Thomas C. Chamberlin and Rollin D. Salisbury, Professors in the University of Chicago. (American Science Series.) 2 vols. 8vo.

Vol. I. Geological Processes and their Results. xix + 654 pp. $4.00.

Vol. II. Earth History. [In preparation.]

This is a notable scientific work by two of the highest authorities on the subject in the United States, and yet written in a style so simple that it can be clearly understood by the intelligent reader who has had little previous training in the subject.

Chas. D. Walcott, Director of U. S. Geological Survey:—I am impressed with the admirable plan of the work and with the thorough manner in which geological principles and processes and their results have been presented. The text is written in an entertaining style and is supplemented by admirable illustrations, so that the student cannot fail to obtain a clear idea of the nature and work of geological agencies, of the present status of the science, and of the spirit which actuates the working geologist.

Henry S. Williams, Professor in Yale University.—I believe it is the best treatise on this part of the subject which we have seen in America.

R. S. Woodward, Professor in Columbia University:—It is admirable for its science, admirable for its literary perfection, and admirable for its unequalled illustrations.

T. C. Hopkins, Professor in Syracuse University:—It gives us the most advanced thought on all the great questions of dynamical and structural geology to be found in geological literature.

H. Foster Bain, U. S. Geological Survey:—The book is pre-eminently a teaching book and I have no doubt that it will at once become the standard American text-book on geology.

William N. Rice, Professor in Wesleyan University:—The book is full of new ideas. It is one of the indispensable books for the library of every working geologist and every one who wishes to be an up-to-date teacher of geology.

T. A. Jaggar, Jr., Assistant Professor in Harvard University:—The book appears to be an excellent statement of modern American geology, with abundant new illustrative material, based upon the most recent work of government and other surveys. It is especially satisfactory to have in hand a geological volume which does not attempt to cover the whole field. Modern geology is much too large a subject to be condensed into a single volume.

HENRY HOLT & CO. 29 West 23d Street, New York

378 Wabash Avenue, Chicago

viii, ’05

THE METRIC SYSTEM.

10-centimeter rule. The upper edge is in millimeters, the lower in centimeters and half centimeters.

Units. The most commonly used divisions and multiples.

The Meter, for Length Centimeter (cm), 1/100 meter;

Millimeter (mm), 1/1000 meter;

Micron (μ), 1/1000 millimeter.

The micron is the unit in micrometry.

Kilometer, 1000 meters;

used in measuring roads and other long distances.

The Gram, for Weight Milligram (mg), 1/1000 gram.

Kilogram, 1000 grams,

used for ordinary masses, like groceries, etc.

The Liter, for Capacity Cubic Centimeter (cc), 1/1000 liter.

This is more common than the correct form,

Milliliter.

Divisions of the units are indicated by Latin prefixes:

deci, 1/10; centi, 1/100; milli, 1/1000.

Multiples are designated by Greek prefixes:

deka, 10 times; hecto, 100 times; kilo, 1000 times; myria, 10,000 times.

TABLE OF METRIC AND ENGLISH MEASURES.

Meter = 100 centimeters, 1000 millimeters, 1,000,000 microns, 39.3704 inches.

Millimeter (mm) = 1000 microns, 1/10 millimeter, 1/1000 meter, 1/25 inch, approximately.

Micron (μ) = 1/1000 mm, 1/1000000 meter (0.000039 inch), 1/25000 inch, approximately.

(unit of measure in

micrometry)

Inch (in.) = 25.399772 mm (25.4 mm, approx.).

Liter = 1000 milliliters or 1000 cubic centimeters, 1 quart (approx.).

Cubic centimeter (cc or cctm) = 1/1000 liter.

Fluid ounce (8 fluidrachms) = 29.578 cc (30 cc, approx.).

Gram = 15.432 grains.

Kilogram (kilo) = 2.204 avoirdupois pounds (2⅕ pounds, approx.).

Ounce Avoirdupois = 28.349 grams (30 grams, approx.).

(437½ grains)

Ounce Troy or Apothecaries’ = 31.103 grams

(480 grains)

TEMPERATURE.

To change Centigrade to Fahrenheit: (C. × ⁹/₅) + 32 = F. For example, to find the equivalent of 10° Centigrade,

C. = 10°, (10° × ⁹/₅) + 32 = 50° F.

To change Fahrenheit to Centigrade: (F. - 32°) × ⁵/₉ = C. For example, to reduce 50° Fahrenheit to Centigrade,

F. = 50°, and (50° - 32°) × ⁵/₉ = 10° C.;

or - 40° Fahrenheit to Centigrade,

F. = - 40°, (- 40° - 32°) = - 72°,

whence - 72° × ⁵/₉; = - 40° C.

—From “The Microscope” (by S. H. Gage) by permission.

Footnotes: