INDEX.
Reading edition
Air-blast cooled transformers, 129
Air-gap data, 183
Air gaps, number in series to stand given voltage, 183
Albany-Hudson Ry. Plant, 121
Alternating currents, 227
Alternator voltage, 118
Alternators, 103
data, 118
for high voltage, 120
inductor, 112
types of, 111
Aluminum as a conductor, 200, 209
cables in use, 213
conductor joints, 206
conductors, 27, 28
corrosion of, 211
properties of, 212
soldered joints, 206
vs. copper, 209
wire, cost of, 29
Amoskeag Mfg. Co. plant, 51, 52
Amsterdam (N. Y.) plant, 121
Anchor ice, 59
Anderson (S. C.) plant, 121
Apple River (Minn.) plant, 1, 26, 27, 28, 71, 97, 98, 99, 102, 118, 119, 124, 126, 127, 134, 174, 187, 190, 192, 208, 245, 264, 294
Arc lighting, 167
Arcing, 46
Automatic regulators, 162
Barbed wire, 169, 175
Belt drive, 83, 107
Bienne plant (Switzerland), 42
Birchem Bend, 57, 67, 79, 95, 97, 98, 102
Blower capacity necessary to cool transformers, 130
Boosters, 133
Boston-Worcester Ry. plants, 121
Braces for cross-arms, 259
Bronze conductors, 200
Brush discharge, 281
Buchanan (Mich.) plant, 88
Building materials, 95
Bulls Bridge plant, 63
Burrard Inlet (B. C.) plant, 111, 112
Bus-bars, 142, 147
dummy, 145
Cable insulation, 195
sheaths, 194
ways, 140
Cables, aluminum, 212
aluminum, in use, 213
charging current, 197
cost of, 188, 196
for alternating current, 194
high-voltage, 191
paper insulated, 196
protection against electrolysis, 195
rubber-covered, 195
submarine, 192
temperature of, 198
voltage in, 190, 196
Canadian-Niagara Falls Power Co., 121
Canals, 51, 53
long, 68
Cañon City plant, 26, 27, 28, 117, 118, 127, 208
Cañon Ferry plant, 1, 3, 26, 27, 28, 46, 49, 53, 62, 68, 69, 83, 89, 94, 95, 97, 102, 105, 112, 113, 118, 119, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 132, 134, 174, 208, 233, 234, 245, 246, 249, 254, 257, 259, 268, 272, 280, 282, 294, 295, 302
Cedar Lake plant, 90
Chambly plant, 96, 110, 149, 156, 172, 189, 249, 255, 256, 257, 267, 272, 287, 294, 295, 311, 312
Charging current for cable, 197
Charring of pins, 276, 278
Chaudière Falls plant, 118
Choke-coil used with lightning arresters, 180
Circuit breakers, 135, 150
breakers, time limit, 152
Circuits, selection of, 233
Coal, price of, in Salt Lake City, 8
Colgate plant, 1, 3, 26, 27, 28, 74, 82, 83, 90, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 108, 112, 113, 118, 127, 130, 132, 134, 187, 190, 201, 206, 208, 213, 245, 246, 250, 254, 257, 272, 277, 280, 282, 294, 295, 304, 309
Columbus (Ga.) plant, 83, 115
Compounding, 160
Compressive strength of woods, 302
Conductivity of the conductor metals, 201
Conductors, 200
aluminum, 27, 28, 206
aluminum, properties of, 212
coefficients of expansion, 200
corrosion of, 211
cost of, 22, 29, 203, 204, 205
cost of aluminum, 29
cost of per k. w., 28
cost of copper, 29
data, 204
data from representative transmission plants, 208
expansion of aluminum and copper, 211
melting points, 200
minimum size for transmission line, 202
properties of ideal, 200
relative conductivity, 201
relative cost of, 20
relative properties for equal lengths and resistances, 204
relative strengths for given area, 203
relative weight for given conductivity, 202
relative weight of, 202
relative weights of three-phase, two-phase, and single-phase lines, 220
resistance of, 225
skin effect, 206, 233
weight per k. w., 27
Conduits, 195
radiation loss in, 198
temperature rise in, 198
Constant current regulator, 167
transformer, 167
Control equipment for d. c. and a. c. plants, 35
Copper conductors, 200
cost of, 22
vs. aluminum, 209
wire, cost of, 29
Corrosion of conductors, 211
Cross-arm braces, 258
iron, 284
location of, 257
material, 258
Cross-arms, 49, 256
Crossings, 187
Dales plant (White River), 26, 27, 28, 71, 134, 208
Dams, 62
Delta connection, 131
Depreciation, 11
Design of power-plant, 83
Dike, 60
Direct connection, 84
Discharge, static, 170
Distribution system, 158
Draught tubes, 79
Dummy bus-bars, 145
Easton (Pa.) plant, 121
Edison Co. (Los Angeles) plant, 118
Efficiency constant-current transmission, 216
curves, motor-generator set, 117
of constant-voltage transmission, 217
of transformers, 133
relative, of a. c. and d. c. transmission, 35
Electra plant, 1, 3, 74, 82, 83, 92, 94, 97, 98, 101, 102, 108, 112, 113, 118, 127, 174, 206, 208, 212, 213, 233, 235, 236, 245, 248, 253, 254, 256, 259, 272, 275, 277, 280, 281, 282, 294, 295
Electric power, market for, 7
Electrical Development Co., Niagara plant, 120
Electricity vs. gas, 6
Electrolysis, 195
Energy curves of hydro-electric stations, 13
electrical, cost of at switchboard, 23
Entrance end strain, 261, 325
insulating discs, 262
into buildings, 179
of lines, 179, 261, 265
through roof, 269
wall openings, 262
Entries for transmission lines, 261
Expansion, coefficient of, for copper and aluminum, 211
coefficients of, for various conductor metals, 200
Farmington River (Conn.) plant, 26, 27, 28, 58, 118, 125, 134, 208, 212, 213, 245
Feeders, 143
Ferranti cables, 192
Fire-proofing, 95
Floor, distance from roof to, 95
location of, 79
space, 12, 101, 102
space per k. w. of generators, 12
Floors, 95
Fog, 46, 277
Fore-bay, 59, 60
Foundations, 95
Frequency, 113, 127
effect on transformer cost, 116
Fuel, price of, in Salt Lake City, 8
Fuses, 135, 150
Garvins Falls plant, 56, 60, 79, 80, 94, 96, 97, 102, 113, 145, 240, 294
Gas vs. electricity, 6
Gears, 84, 108
Generators (a. c.), 103
d. c. vs. a. c., 31
Generators, belt-driven, 107
capacity of, 32
compounding of, 160
cost of, 40
(a. c.) cost, 32
(a. c.) data, 118
direct-connected to horizontal turbines, 89
to impulse wheels, 90
connection to vertical shafts, 84
(d. c.) field excitation of, 41
floor space, 101
per k. w., 12
gear-driven, 108
(a. c.) high-voltage, 120
(d. c.) in series, 31
(d. c.) installation of, 41
insulation of, 39, 45
lightning protection, 34
limiting voltage of, 44
(a. c.) limiting voltage of, 32
(d. c.) limiting voltage of, 31
overload capacity, 103
relation between voltage and capacity, 127
revolving armatures, 112
fields, 112
series-wound, 41
speed regulation, 38
Glass vs. porcelain insulators, 288
Great Falls plant, 54, 60, 61, 64, 67, 78, 92, 93, 102, 114, 118
Greggs Falls plant, 54, 56, 64, 240
Ground connections, 178
for guard wires, 171, 172
Grounded guard wires, 168
Guard wires, 168
installation of, 175
Guying of poles, 255
Hagneck (Switzerland) plant, 86
Hooksett Falls plant, 56, 131
Hydro-electric plants, 1
built at the dam, 64-67
canals, long, 68-73
long and short, 58
short, 53-56
capacity and weight of conductors per k. w. for various plants, 27
(800 k. w.) cost of, 10
(1500 k. w.) cost of, 11
cost of labor, 12
cost of operation, 12, 77
design of, 83
floor, 79
space per k. w., 101
interest and depreciation, 11
linked together, 56-58
load factors, 14, 15
location of, 64
model design, 12
operation, 59
vs. steam plant, 5, 12
with pipe-lines, 73-77
with steam auxiliary, 84
Ice, 59
Impulse wheel speed, 108
wheels, 82, 90
location of, 99
Indian Orchard plant, 57, 84
Inductance, 206, 230
Induction, electro-magnetic, electrostatic, 168
on lines, 206
regulator, 162
Inductor alternators, 112
Insulation, as affected by ozone, 197
cost of paper vs. rubber, 196
of a. c. and d. c. lines, 34
of apparatus, 142
of cables, 195
of electrical machines, 45
of generators, 39
protection against ozone, 198
Insulator arc-over test, 291
-pins, 270 (see Pins)
Insulators, 277, 282, 287, 322
and pins, data from various plants, 280
defective, 288
glass vs. porcelain, 288
in snow, 293
method of fastening to iron pins, 271
novel clamp, 323
on various transmission lines, 294
petticoats, 294
testing of, 288
tests, 290
test voltage, 289
with oil, 287
Iron conductors, 200
Kelley’s Falls plant, 56
Kelvin’s law, 219
Labor, cost of, 12
in hydro-electric stations, 12
Leakage, 275, 287
line, 207, 214
Lewiston (Me.) plant, 118, 120, 122, 167, 213
Lighting, incandescent, minimum frequency, 116
series distribution, 167
Lightning arrester, effect of series resistance, 185
arresters, 168, 176
ground connection, 178
multiple air-gap, 176, 183
non-arcing metals in, 184
series connection of, 180
shunted air-gaps, 185
with choke coil, 180
protection, 34
Line calculations, 221-232
charging current, 197
conductors, 200
conductors, cost of, 22
weight of, 21
construction, 222
cost, 310
cross-arms, 49
spacing of wires, 46
(a. c.) transmission, 34
(d. c.) transmission, 33
end strain, 325
leakage, 47
loss, 39
losses due to grounded guard wires, 176
Lines, sag, 309
transposition of, 314
Line voltages, 45
Load factors, 14, 15
lighting, 61
maximum, 60
motor, 160
railway, 164
Loss in conduits, 198
relation to weight of conductors, 215
Losses due to grounded guard wire, 176
on transmission lines, 215
Ludlow Mills plant, 26, 27, 28, 57, 79, 100, 121, 208, 213
Madrid (N. M.) plant, 26, 27, 28, 118, 208
Manchester (N. H.) plants, 120
Market for electric power, 7
Materials, building, 95
for line-conductors, 200
Mechanicsville plant, 58, 67, 109, 121, 174
Melting points of conductor metals, 200
Montmorency Falls plant, 26, 27, 28, 240
Motor load, 160
Motor-generator set efficiency curve, 117
Motors, series-wound, 41
(d. c.) speed regulation, 38
synchronous, 241
Multiple air-gap arrester, 176
Needle-point spark-gap for measuring pressure, 290
Neversink River plant, 75, 179
Niagara Falls Power Co., 3, 59, 81, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 112, 113, 117, 118, 119, 127, 133, 137, 140, 143, 145, 151, 153, 161, 165, 170, 181, 188, 194, 195, 208, 211, 240, 245, 246, 257, 272, 273, 275, 280, 287, 289, 294, 295, 297
Nitric acid from air, 281
Non-arcing metals, 184
North Gorham (Me.) plant, 120
Ogden (Utah) plant, 26, 27, 28, 118, 120, 132, 134, 208, 245
Ohm’s law, 223
Oil switches, 136
Ontario Power Co., 121
Operating expenses, 59
Operation, cost of, 12, 77
Operations, reliability of, 311
Ouray (Col.) plant, 121
Overhead line connection to underground, 197
Overload capacity of generators, 103
Ozone, 197
Painting of poles, 255
Paper insulated cables, 196
vs. rubber insulation, 196
Payette River (Idaho) plant, 73, 101
Penstocks, 59, 98
Phase, 113
Pike’s Peak plant, 77
Pilot wires, 161
Pins, 259, 270
and insulators, data from various plants, 280
burning of, 270, 276, 278
charring of, 276, 278
composite, 281
compressive strength of woods, 302
design of, 298
dimensions of, 301
formula for diameter of, 299
iron, 275, 285, 286
expansion of, 290
method of fastening insulators, 271
method of fastening to cross-arms, 271
metal, 271, 275, 282, 285, 286
of uniform strength, 300, 302
proportions, 301
relative cost of metal and wooden, 284
shank, 274
shoulder, 275, 299, 305
softening of threads, 280
steel, 275, 312
strain with 1⁄2-inch sleet and 100-mile wind for different spans, 324
strains on, 270, 298
strength of, 303
table of standard, 301
treatment of, 259, 275
weakest point, 298
wooden, data from various plants, 272
dimensions of, 272
dimensions of standard, 273
Pipe-lines, 73
Pittsfield (Mass.) plant, 121
Pole line, cost of, 21
lightning arresters, 179
relative cost of, 20
lines, 246
Poles, cost, 310
depth in ground, 254
diameter of, 254
dimensions of, 254
guying of, 255
iron, 284
length of, 253, 309
life of, 255
setting of, 252
spacing of, 249
steel, cost of, 307
treatment of, 255
woods for, 252
Porcelain vs. glass insulators, 288
Portland (Me.) plant, 120, 166, 239
Portsmouth, N. H. plant (steam), 102, 118, 119, 120, 121, 144, 194, 264, 294
Power plant, relative cost of a. c. and d. c., 36
transmitted, total cost of, 24
Radiation loss in conduits, 198
Railway crossing, 187, 252
service, 164
Red Bridge plant, 53, 60, 79, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102
Regulation, 155, 239
as effected by synchronous motors, 165
at receiving end, 162
hand, 161
Regulator, automatic, 162
constant-current, 167
induction, 162
Relay-switches, 145
Resistance, 225
in series with lightning arrester, 185
Revolving armature alternators, 112
field alternator, 112
River crossings, 187, 190, 249
Roof, distance from floor, 95
Roofs, 95
Rope-drive, 83
Rotaries, cost of, 117
suitable frequency for, 115
Rubber-covered cables, 195
maximum temperature, 198
protection against ozone, 198
Sag in lines, 309
St. Hyacinthe (Que.) plant, 118
St. Joseph plant, 66
St. Maurice plant (Switzerland), 31
Salem (N. C.) plant, 121, 122
San Gabriel Cañon plant, 26, 27, 28, 208
Santa Ana plant, 1, 26, 27, 28, 74, 76, 82, 83, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 208, 245, 263, 280, 281, 294, 295, 296
Sault Ste. Marie plant, 72, 83, 85, 89, 97, 102, 104, 105, 112, 113, 117, 118, 120, 127
Scott system, 132
Series distribution, 167
machines, 41
Sewall’s Falls plant, 26, 27, 28, 155
Shawinigan Falls plant, 1, 70, 71, 107, 116, 117, 163, 164, 166, 209, 212, 213, 235, 236, 242, 245, 267, 272, 273, 280, 282, 294, 295, 296
Sheaths for cables, 194
Shunted air-gaps, 185
Skin effect, 206, 232
Snoqualmie Falls plant, 3, 4
map of transmission lines, 4
Snow, 293
Soldered joints, 206
Spacing of poles, 249
of wire, 234
Spans, long, 190, 250
strains for different lengths, 324
Sparking distances, 182
voltages, 182
Speed, peripheral, of impulse wheels, 108
peripheral of turbines, 85, 103
regulation, 38, 42
d. c. motors, 38
Spier Falls plant, 1, 2, 3, 54, 58, 61, 62, 68, 91, 94, 98, 124, 126, 127, 130, 141, 142, 146, 161, 174, 236, 237, 243, 244, 245, 250, 253, 266, 280, 285, 287, 289, 291, 294, 295, 296, 312
Star connection, 131
Static discharges, 170
Steam and water-power station combined, 84
electric plant, cost of labor, 12
cost of operation, 12
floor area per k. w., 102
vs. water-power, 5
Steel towers, 306
Storage capacity, 15
Strains on insulation as affected by resistance in series with arrester, 185
Stray currents, protection against, 195
Submarine cables, 187, 192, 194
Sub-station, arrangement of apparatus, 128
Sub-stations, 157, 237
Surges, 136
Switchboard, 156
wiring, 146, 148, 149
Switches, 135, 244
arcing of, 135
electrically operated, 140
long break, 135
oil, 136
open-air, 136
pneumatically operated, 140
power operated, 138
relay, 145
Switch-houses, 141, 142, 238, 244
Switching, 146
high-tension, 147
Synchronous converters, 115
cost, 117
motors, 165, 241
Tail-race, 96
Telephone, 161
Telluride plant, 47, 160, 169, 181
Temperature of cables, 198
rise in conduits, 198
Tensile strength of conductor metals, 201
Time-limit circuit-breaker, 152
Time relays, 152, 153
Towers, 250, 306
angle, 320
cost, 310
dimensions, 314
erection of, 316-319
heavy, 320
reliability of operation, 311
spans, 313
steel, cost, 307, 308
steel pins, 312
strain on, 324
Transformers, 122
air-blast vs. water-cooled, 129
artificially cooled, 129
at sub-stations, 125
blower capacity necessary to cool, 130
constant-current, 167
cooling, quantity of water necessary, 129
cost, 21, 116, 124, 134
cost of operation, 129
cost of, relative, 20
delta and star connections, 131
efficiency, 133
frequency, effect of, 116
insulation, 45
in transmission systems, 134
limiting voltage for, 32
location of, 97
polyphase, 124
regulation, 125
reserve, 149
secondary, in series, 131
single-phase, 124
two- to three-phase, 132
used to compensate drop, 133
used to regulate voltage, 162
voltages, 45
when to use, 122
Transmission, constant-current, 38, 216
constant-voltage, 40, 217
continuous-current, 31, 32
control equipment, 35
cost of, 19, 40, 222
(d. c.) cost of, 40
efficiency, 35, 41
first long line, 37
frequency, 113
generator end, 103
lightning protection, 34
limiting voltage, 44
lines, arcing, 46
calculation of, 221-232
charging current, 197
construction, 222
cost, 310
cross-arms, 49, 256
crossings, 187, 190
data from various plants, 245
effect of length on cost, 20
effect of length on cost of power, 24
efficiency, 22, 24
end strain at entries, 325
entrance to buildings, 179, 261
inductance, 206
induction, 168
insulation, 34
insulators (see Insulators), 287
insulator-pins (see Pins), 270
interest, maintenance and depreciation, 22
leakage, 47, 207, 214
length of, capacity of, population supplied, 8
lightning arresters (see Lightning Arresters), 179
lightning protection, 118
long spans, 190
loss, 22, 39
losses, 215
maximum investment in, 220
method of fastening conductors to insulators, 323
operation, 311
pole spacing, 249
regulation with synchronous motors, 241
relative weights of three-phase, two-phase, and single-phase, 228
right-of-way, 246
sag in, 309
spacing of wire, 234
steel towers (see Towers), 306
switch-houses, 238
switches, fuses, and circuit-breakers, 135
take up, arrangement for, 325
total cost of, 22
total cost of operation, 23
transposition of wires, 206, 314
voltage, 21, 215
in cables, 190
regulation, 130
wind pressure, 210
long line, 221
minimum-sized wire, 202
physical limits of, 44
a. c. pole line construction, 34
d. c. pole line construction, 33
pole lines, 246
problems, 19
regulation, 155, 239
selection of circuits, 233
single vs. parallel circuits, 241
spacing of conductors, 46
submarine, 187
three-phase, 113
three-phase and two-phase, 228
two-phase, 113
underground, 187
without step-up transformers, 120
Transposition of wires, 206
Turbines, high-speed, 107
horizontal, 79, 83, 89, 97
impulse, 82, 90, 99
speed of, 108
low-head good speed, 105
peripheral, speed of, 85, 103
pressure, 79
several on same shaft, 85, 105
vertical, 79, 84, 85, 86, 97
Underground cable connected to overhead line, 197
cables, 187
Victor (Colo.) plant, 26, 27, 28, 208
Virginia City plant, 118
Voltage drop compensation, 133
fluctuations, 218
high, alternators, 120
measurements, 290
in cables, 190, 196
limiting, 44
for a. c. machines, 32
for d. c. machines, 31
of transmission lines, 21, 215
regulation, 130, 155
sparking, 182
test for insulators, 289
Volts per mile, 26
Wages paid attendants, 12
Walls, 95
Washington & Baltimore Ry., 121
Washouts, 81
Water-cooled transformers, 129
Water-power, development of, 51
high head, 74-77
low head, 51-74
per cent. of energy available, 16
pure hydraulic development, 51
stations (see Hydro-electric Stations)
storage capacity, 15, 61
utilization of, 10
vs. steam, 5
Water, storage of, 15, 61
Weight of the conductor metals, 202
Welland Canal plant, 1, 26, 27, 28, 208, 245, 248
Westbrook (Me.) plant, 120
White River to Dales plant, 26, 27, 28, 71, 134
Wind, 324
pressure on lines, 210
Winooski River plant, 64
Wire room, 139
Wood, compressive strength of, 302
Woods for poles, 252
Yadkin River (N. C.) plant, 26, 27, 28, 118, 208