APPENDICES

Appendix A

The following table, from a “Report to the Board of Trade on the State of Employment in the United Kingdom,” of February, 1915, compares the number of males and females on full time, on overtime, on short time, and unemployed, between September, 1914, and February, 1915.

STATE OF EMPLOYMENT IN SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER AND DECEMBER, 1914, AND FEBRUARY, 1915

(Numbers Employed in July = 100 per cent.)

September, 1914 October, 1914 December, 1914 February, 1915

M F M F M F M F

Full time 60.2 53.5 66.8 61.9 65.8 66.6 68.4 75.0

3,913,000 1,337,500 4,342,000 1,547,500 4,277,000 1,665,000 4,446,000 1,875,000

Overtime 3.6 2.1 5.2 5.9 12.8 10.8 13.8 10.9

234,000 52,500 338,000 147,500 832,000 270,000 897,000 272,500

Short time 26.0 36.0 17.3 26.0 10.5 19.4 6.6 12.6

1,690,000 900,000 1,124,500 650,000 682,500 485,000 390,000 15,000

Contraction in Nos. employed 10.2 8.4 10.7 6.2 10.9 3.2 11.8 1.5

663,000 210,000 695,000 155,000 708,500 80,000 767,000 37,500

Enlisted 8.8 ... 10.6 ... 13.3 ... 15.4 ...

572,000 ... 689,000 ... 864,500 ... 1,010,000 ...

Net displacement (-) or replacement (+) -1.4 -8.4 -0.1 -6.2 +2.4 -3.2 +3.6 -1.5

-91,000 -210,000 -6,500 -155,000 +156,000 -80,000 +243,000 37,500

Appendix B

The following table indicates some of the processes formerly reserved for men on which the factory inspectors found women employed by the end of 1915:

INDUSTRY PROCESSES

Linoleum Attending cork grinding and embossing machines,

machine printing, attending stove, trimming

and packing.

Woodworking—

Brush making Fibre dressers, brush makers and on boring

machinery.

Furniture Light upholstery, cramping, dowelling,

glueing, fret-work, carving by hand or

machine, staining and polishing.

Saw mills On planing, moulding, sand-papering, boring,

mortising, dovetailing, tenoning, turning and

nailing machines. Taking off from circular

saws; box making, printing and painting.

Cooperage Barrel making machines.

Paper mills In rag grinding and attending to beating and

breaking machines, and to coating machines,

calenders and in certain preparations and

finishing and warehouse processes.

Printing Machine feeding (on platen machines and

on guillotines) and as linotype operators.

Wire rope On stranding and spinning machines.

Chemical works Attending at crystallising tanks and for

yard work.

Soap As soap millers and in general work.

Paint At roller mills, filling tins and kegs,

labeling and packing.

Oil and cake mills Trucking, feeding and drawing off from chutes,

attending to presses.

Flour mills Trucking.

Bread and biscuits Attending to dough-breaks, biscuit machines,

and at the ovens assisting bakers.

Tobacco Leaf cutting, cigarette making, soldering,

trucking and warehouse work.

Rubber At washing machines, grinding mills, dough

rolls, solutioning, motor tube making.

Malting Spreading and general work.

Breweries Cask washing, tun-room work, beer bottling

and bottle washing.

Distilleries In the mill and yeast houses.

Cement Attending weighing machines, trucking.

Foundries Core making, moulding.

Tanning and currying At the pits, in finishing and drying, and in

oiling, setting up, buffing and staining.

Woolen mills Beaming and overlooking, attending drying

machines, carding, pattern weaving.

Jute mills On softening machines, dressing yarn,

calendering.

Cotton mills In blowing room on spinning mules, beaming,

twisting and drawing, and in warehouse.

Hosiery Folding and warehouse work.

Lace Threading.

Print, bleach and Beetling, assisting printers at machines,

dye works warehouse processes.

Appendix C

The following tables from the second report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science bring out in detail, first, the gradual disappearance of unemployment and short time and the increase of women’s numbers in industry from September, 1914, to April, 1916; second, the changes in numbers of women in the various occupations, both industrial and nonindustrial in December, 1915, and April, 1916, compared with July, 1914, and, third, similar details as to the number of women who were undertaking “men’s work.”

STATE OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AT VARIOUS DATES SINCE THE OUTBREAK OF WAR, COMPARED WITH STATE OF EMPLOYMENT IN JULY, 1914

(“Industrial” employment only. Numbers employed July, 1914 = 100 per cent.)

Sept., 1914 Oct., 1914 Dec., 1914 Feb., 1915 Oct., 1915 Dec., 1915 Feb., 1916 April, 1916

Contraction (-) or expansion (+) in numbers employed -8.4 -6.2 -3.2 -1.5 +7.4 +9.2 +10.9 +13.2

Employed on overtime 2.1 5.9 10.8 10.9 13.9 14.5 12.8 ...

Employed on short time 36.0 26.0 19.4 12.6 5.6 6.1 4.6 ...

EXTENSION OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN DECEMBER, 1915 AND APRIL, 1916

Occupations Group Estimated Industrial Population. Increase (+) or Decrease (-) of Females in

July, 1914, Females Dec., 1915 April, 1916

Building 7,000 + 3,600 + 6,400

Mines and Quarries 9,000 + 800 + 2,300

Metal Trades 144,000 + 71,700 +126,900

Chemical Trades 40,000 + 19,400 + 33,600

Textile Trades 851,000 + 29,700 + 27,800

Clothing Trades 654,000 + 6,700 + 11,700

Food Trades 170,000 + 31,700 + 30,900

Paper and Printing Trades 169,000 ... - 900

Wood Trades 39,000 + 7,400 + 13,200

Other Trades 96,000 + 25,400 + 35,700

All “Industrial” Occupations 2,180,000 +196,500 +287,500

Commercial 474,500 ... +181,000

Professional 68,500 ... + 13,000

Banking and Finance 9,500 ... + 23,000

Public Entertainment 172,000 ... + 14,000

Agriculture ... ... ...

Transport 9,500 ... + 16,000

Civil Service 63,000 ... + 29,000

Arsenals, Dockyards, etc. 2,000 ... + 13,000

Local Government (incl. Teachers) 184,000 ... + 21,000

Domestic Service ... ... ...

Total for “Nonindustrial” Occupations 983,000 ... +310,000

Total for all Occupations 3,163,000 ... +597,500

EXTENT OF SUBSTITUTION OF FEMALE FOR MALE WORKERS IN DECEMBER, 1915, AND APRIL, 1916.

Occupations Group Estimated number of Females on work in substitution of Males’ work

December, 1915 April, 1916

Building 6,100 8,800

Mines and Quarries 2,700 4,400

Metal Trades 70,300 117,400

Chemical Trades 9,600 16,200

Textile Trades 57,600 73,400

Clothing Trades 30,400 42,300

Food Trades 29,500 35,000

Paper and Printing Trades 22,500 23,600

Wood Trades 11,400 17,400

Other Trades 27,000 37,400

All “Industrial” Occupations 267,100 375,900

Commercial ... 189,000

Professional ... 16,000

Banking and Finance ... 25,000

Public Entertainment ... 32,000

Agriculture ... ...

Transport ... 18,000

Civil Service ... 31,000

Arsenals, Dockyards, etc. ... 13,000

Local Government (incl. Teachers) ... 37,000

Domestic Service ... ...

Total for “Nonindustrial” Occupations ... 361,000

Total for all Occupations ... 736,900

Appendix D

The following table, compiled from the quarterly reports in the Labour Gazette and a special report of the Board of Trade, gives the increase in the employment of women between April, 1916, and July, 1918, for the most of the important occupational groups. It can not be compared directly with the similar tables, previously given, prepared by the British Association for the Advancement of Science, because of slight differences in the estimates of the numbers employed in July, 1914.

EXTENSION OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, APRIL, 1916-JULY, 1918

(Classified by employers’ position, not by nature of work.)

Estimated No. Empl July, 1914 Estimated increase since July, 1914

April, 1916 July, 1916 Oct., 1916 Jan., 1917 April, 1917

Industrial Occupations[291] 2,176,000 275,000 361,000 393,000 423,000 453,000

Government Establishments[292] 2,000 25,000 79,000 117,000 147,000 198,000

Commercial 496,000 166,000 240,000 268,000 274,000 307,000

Professional (mainly clerks) 50,500 13,000 14,000 15,000 18,000 21,000

Banking, Finance (mainly clerks) 9,500 23,000 32,000 37,000 43,000 50,000

Hotels, Theaters 181,000 12,000 20,000 16,000 10,000 13,000

Agriculture (perm. labor Gt. Britain) 80,000 -14,000 20,000 500 -14,000 ...

Transport (not municipal) 17,000 23,000 35,000 41,000 51,000 62,000

Civil Service 66,000 39,000 58,000 67,000 76,000 89,000

Local Government[293] 198,000 21,000 30,000 34,000 44,000 47,000

Other ... ... ... ... ...

Total 3,276,000 583,000 889,000 988,500 1,072,000 1,240,000

Estimated increase since July, 1914 Per cent of increase July, 1914- July, 1918

July, 1917 Oct., 1917 Jan., 1918 April, 1918 July, 191

Industrial Occupations[294] 518,000 529,000 533,000 537,000 565,000 26.0

Government Establishments[295] 202,000 211,000 207,500 197,000 223,000 11,200.0

Commercial 324,000 333,000 343,000 354,000 364,000 73.4

Professional (mainly clerks) 20,000 50,000 50,000 57,000 ... 4.0

Banking, Finance (mainly clerks) 54,000 59,000 61,000 63,000 65,000 687.0

Hotels, Theaters 22,000 28,000 26,000 25,000 39,000 21.5

Agriculture (perm. labor Gt. Britain) 23,000 7,000 -6,000 9,000 33,000 41.3

Transport (not municipal) 72,000 77,000 76,000 78,000 ... ...

Civil Service 98,000 116,500 124,000 159,000 168,000 255.0

Local Government[296] 49,000 51,500 51,500 53,000 52,000 26.5

Other ... ... ... ... 150,000 ...

Total 1,382,000 1,462,000 1,466,000 1,532,000 1,659,000 50.6

Appendix E

The following table, compiled from the Labour Gazette, and a special report of the Board of Trade, gives a quarterly estimate of the number of women replacing men for the period between April, 1916, and April, 1918.

NUMBER OF FEMALES SUBSTITUTED FOR MALE WORKERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS, BY QUARTERS, APRIL, 1916-APRIL, 1918

April, 1916 July, 1916 Oct., 1916 Jan., 1917 April, 1917

Industrial Occupations[297] 213,000 264,000 314,000 376,000 438,000

Government Establishments[298] 13,000 79,000 117,000 139,000 187,000

Commercial 152,000 226,000 264,000 278,000 308,000

Professional (mainly clerks) 12,000 15,000 15,000 17,000 20,000

Banking, Finance (mainly clerks) 21,000 31,000 37,000 42,000 48,000

Hotels, Theaters 27,000 31,000 30,000 31,000 35,000

Agriculture (perm. labor, Gt. Britain) 37,000 35,000 20,000 23,000 32,000

Transport (not municipal) 24,000 35,000 41,000 52,000 64,000

Civil Service 30,000 41,000 64,000 73,000 83,000

Local Government[299] 18,000 26,000 31,000 40,000 41,000

Total 547,000 783,000 933,000 1,071,000 1,256,000

July, 1917 Oct., 1917 Jan., 1918 April, 1918 (A)

Industrial Occupations[300] 464,000 490,000 503,000 531,000 24.4

Government Establishments[301] 191,000 202,000 197,000 187,000 9,350.0

Commercial 328,000 337,000 342,000 352,000 70.9

Professional (mainly clerks) 21,000 22,000 22,000 22,500 44.5

Banking, Finance (mainly clerks) 53,000 55,000 57,000 59,500 626.3

Hotels, Theaters 38,000 44,500 45,000 44,500 24.5

Agriculture (perm. labor, Gt. Britain) 43,000 33,000 31,000 40,000 50.0

Transport (not municipal) 74,000 78,500 78,000 79,500 21.3

Civil Service 99,000 107,000 123,000 153,000 231.8

Local Government[302] 43,000 44,000 44,000 47,000 23.7

Total 1,354,000 1,413,000 1,442,000 1,516,000 46.2

(A) = Per cent No. of substitutes in April, 1918, is of total No. employed in July, 1914

Appendix F

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF FEMALES DIRECTLY REPLACING MALES IN VARIOUS BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY IN JANUARY, 1918.

(Compiled from the Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry.)

Trade

Metal 195,000

Chemical 35,000

Textile 64,000

Clothing 43,000

Food, Drink and Tobacco 60,000

Paper and Printing 21,000

Wood, China and Earthenware, Leather 23,000

Other 62,000

Government Establishments 197,000

Total 700,000

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF FEMALES DIRECTLY REPLACING MALES IN VARIOUS BRANCHES OF COMMERCE IN APRIL, 1918.

(Compiled from the Report of the Board of Trade on the Employment of Women in April, 1918.)

Wholesale and Retail Drapers, Haberdashers, Clothiers, 41,000

Wholesale and Retail Grocers, Bakers, Confectioners 92,000

Wholesale and Retail Stationers and Booksellers 16,000

Wholesale and Retail Butchers, Fishmongers, Dairymen 30,000

Retail Chemists 12,000

Retail Boot and Shoe Dealers 8,000

Total (including some not specified above) 352,000

Appendix G

ESTIMATE BY THE BRITISH WAR CABINET COMMITTEE ON WOMEN IN INDUSTRY ON AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS AT THE END OF THE WAR.

Earnings under 25s. weekly:

Dressmakers, milliners (first five years), laundry workers, pottery workers (most grades), knife girls and kitchen hands in refreshment houses.

Earning between 25s. and 30s. weekly:

Cutlery workers, soap and candle makers (unskilled), corner tenters (cotton), woolen and worsted weavers, backwashers (Scotch Tweed), dyers and cleaners, biscuit makers, cigarette makers, pottery workers (certain grades), waitresses in refreshment depots.

Earning between 30s. and 35s. weekly:

Ammunition makers (women’s work), chainmakers, salt packers, fine chemical workers, soap makers (most operations), card-room operatives (cotton), clothing machinists, workers in grain milling and brewing, cigar makers, shop assistants (co-operative).

Earning between 35s. and 40s. weekly:

Workers in the light casting trade, chemical laborers, big tenters and ring-spiners (cotton), wool combers, tailoring fitters and cutters, boot operatives, bakery workers, jigger women in potteries, tanners, shop assistants (large stores).

Earning between 40s. and 45s. weekly:

Workers in engineering, chemicals (shift work) and explosives; textile dyers, tobacco machinists, motor drivers (for shop), railway carriage cleaners, telephonists, railway clerks.

Earning between 45s. and 50s. weekly:

Cloth lookers (cotton), hosiery machinists, web dyers, gas index readers and lamp-lighters, railway porters, ticket collectors, telegraphists.

Earning between 50s. and 60s. weekly:

Ledger clerks, Civil Service clerks (Class I).

Earning over 60s.:

Women on skilled men’s work in engineering omnibus conductors (London), gas workers (heavy work for South Metropolitan Gas Co.).

Appendix H

NUMBER OF ORDERS MODIFYING THE LABOR LAWS, ISSUED FROM AUGUST 4, 1914, TO FEBRUARY 19, 1915

(Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, p. 56.)

Textile: Clothing:

Wool 748 Uniforms 514

Hosiery 231 Fur coats 9

Cotton 159 Boots 245

Flax 28 Caps 28

Hemp and jute 29 Shirts 73

Silk 8 Bedding 33

Dyeing and finishing 37 Surgical dressings 21

Leather and leather equipment 105 Tobacco 10

Canvas equipment 137 Food 37

Munitions 151 Tin boxes 37

Shipbuilding 15 Camp equipment 52

Electrical supply 35 Wire and wire netting 34

Metal accessories 141 Wagons, etc. 34

Machinery 57 Rubber 16

Wood 44 Miscellaneous 73

Total 3,141

Appendix I

The following list of modifications of the hour laws in 1915 was compiled from the Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915.

Industry Persons Affected Latitude

Munitions. Women. As in 1914.

Boys over 14.

Girls over 16.

Woolen and worsted Women and young persons. 6 hours weekly overtime,

(from May). in 2-hour shifts on

3 days or 1½ hours on

4 days. No overtime

on Saturday.

Weaving (July-Nov.). Women and young 8 hours weekly overtime

persons over 16. in 2-hour shifts on 4 days.

Hosiery. Protected persons. 1½ hours overtime on 4

days, or 1 hour on

5 days, but not on

Saturday or Sunday.

Cotton. Protected persons. 6 hours overtime weekly.

Margarine. Not stated. Not stated.

Window shades. Not stated. Not stated.

Flax. Not stated. Not stated.

Rope walks. Not stated. 6 hours overtime weekly.

Bleach and dye works Not stated. 6 hours overtime weekly.

(surgical dressings;

raising and finishing

flannelette).

Tanning and currying. Women. 4 hours overtime weekly.

Boys over 14.

Canvas equipment. Not stated. 5 hours overtime weekly.

Shipbuilding. Boys over 14. (a) Overtime, 5 hours a

week for boys under

16; 7½ hours for

those over 16.

(b) Eight hour shifts.

(c) Day and night shifts.

Bread baking. (a) Boys 17. (a) Night shift (not

exceeding 9 hours).

(b) Boys 15 and over. (b) Any period of 9 hours

between 4 a.m. and

8 p.m.

Pastry baking (a) Women and boys (a) Night shift (not

(Scotland). of 17. exceeding 9 hours).

(b) Boys 15 and over. (b) Any period of 9 hours

between 4 a.m. and

8 p.m.

Chocolate.[303] Women. When necessary, on account

of hot weather, between

6 a.m. and 10 p.m. for

for two spells of 4 hours

each, one in the morning

and one in the afternoon.

Leather equipment.[304] Women and young Overtime 1½ hours per day.

persons over 16.

Aerated waters.[305] Women. Extension of overtime

allowed by S. 49.

Glass. Boys over 13 Extension of S. 55.

(educationally qualified).

Oil and cake mills. Women and boys 8-hour shifts, or day

over 16. and night shifts.

Flour mills. Women and boys 8-hour shifts, or day

over 16 and night shifts.

Toys and games.[306] Women. Overtime as allowed by S.49

and night shifts during

the Christmas season.

Dairies. Women and young 5 hours on Sundays, with

persons. weekly limit of 60 hours.

No other overtime during

the week.

Paper mills. Women. 8-hour shifts, or day

and night shifts.

Pottery. Not stated. Suspension of certain

regulations.

Sandbags.[307] Women and young persons. Overtime, 3 hours per week.

Cement (Essex and Kent). Women. Night shift.

Waterproof capes Women and young (1) Overtime, 4½ hours

(War Office persons over 16. per week.

contracts).[308] (2) Permission for Christians

to work on Saturday

and Jews on Sunday.

Manchester warehouses. Women and boys Overtime, 2 hours on not

over 16. more than 4 days a week

and on not more than 12

days in any 4 weeks.

Lace and patent net Women, (1) Different periods

factories (processes girls over 16; of employment for

of threading, brass boys over 14. different workers.

bobbin winding, (2) Where (1) is impractic-

jacking off able overtime 1½ hours

and stripping). per day, but with a

weekly limit of 60

hours exclusive of

meal times.

Non-textile works Women, Rearrangement of the

engaged on work for girls over 16; statutory hours but

the Crown, or on boys over 14. period of employment

work required in not to exceed 14 hours

the national on any one day, or 60

interest.[309] hours (exclusive of

meal times) in any week.

Appendix J

GENERAL ORDER REGULATING OVERTIME ISSUED BY THE HOME OFFICE SEPTEMBER 9, 1916.

The following is the full text of the parts of the order applying to women:

Scheme A. (Three Shifts.)

This scheme applies to women and female young persons of 16 years of age and over, and male young persons of 14 years of age and over. Three shifts, none of which may be longer than 10 hours, may be worked in each period of 24 hours, subject to the following conditions:

(1) Each worker shall have one break of 24 hours or more in every week, or of 32 hours or more in every alternate week, or of 40 hours or more in every third week.

(2) Each worker shall have an interval of two unemployed shifts between each two shifts of employment.

(3) An interval of not less than half an hour shall be allowed if the shift is 8 hours or less, and an interval of not less than one hour if the shift is more than 8 hours.

Provided that the superintending inspector of factories may authorize, subject to compliance with condition (1) and to such other conditions as he may impose, different arrangements as regards hours of work and breaks at the week end for the purpose of changing over the shifts.

Scheme B. (Two Shifts.)

This scheme applies to women and female persons of 16 years of age and over and male young persons of 14 years of age and over, provided that the employment in the night shift of girls under 18 or boys under 16 years of age shall be subject in each case to the approval of the superintending inspector of factories. Two shifts of 12 hours each may be worked, subject to the following conditions:

(1) No person shall be employed more than 6 turns by day or more than 6 turns by night in any week.

(2) Unless otherwise sanctioned by the superintending inspector no person shall be employed on Sunday except in a night shift commencing on Sunday evening or ending on Sunday morning.

(3) The total hours worked per week (exclusive of meal times) shall not exceed 60 provided that in the case of male young persons 16 years of age and over the total hours worked per week (exclusive of meal times) may be 63.

(4) Intervals for meals amounting to not less than 1½ hours shall be allowed in the course of each shift, of which in the case of the night shift one-fourth of an hour or more shall be allowed as a break within 4 hours of the end of the shift.

(5) Each worker shall have an interval of one unemployed shift between each two shifts of employment.

Providing that the superintending inspector may authorize, subject to such conditions as he may impose, a system of one long shift, not exceeding 13 hours with a corresponding reduction in the other shift, so that the average weekly total of hours shall not exceed the limits specified above in paragraph (3).

Scheme C. (Rearrangement of Statutory Hours.)

This scheme applies to women and female young persons of 16 years of age and over, and male young persons of 14 years of age and over.

In the case of such women and young persons the hours of work and intervals for meals allowed by the (factory and workshop) act may be arranged, subject to the following conditions:

(a) The total hours worked per week (exclusive of intervals for meals) shall not exceed 60.

(b) The daily period of employment (including overtime and intervals for meals)—

(1) Shall not commence earlier than 6 a.m. or end later than 10 p.m.

(2) Shall not exceed 14 hours.

(c) Intervals for meals amounting to not less than 1½ hours shall be allowed during the period of employment, with an additional half an hour if the period of employment is more than 13½ hours.

(d) No overtime shall be worked on Saturday.

Naval Ship Repairing Work.

In cases of special emergency women, female young persons of 16 years of age and over, and male young persons of 14 years of age and over, employed on repair work for His Majesty’s ships may be employed for special hours on any day of the week on the express instructions of the senior naval officer in charge and subject to such conditions as he may lay down as regards intervals for meals and rest, provided that in any case—

(1) No male young person over 16 years of age shall be employed for more than 67½ hours in the week (exclusive of intervals for meals and rest).

(2) No other young person or woman shall be employed for more than 65 hours in the week (exclusive of intervals for meals and rest).

Miscellaneous Provisions.

No woman or young person shall be employed continuously at any time for more than five hours without an interval of at least half an hour, except that where not less than one hour is allowed for dinner, an afternoon spell of six hours may be worked, with an interval of quarter of an hour only for tea, if the factory inspector is satisfied that adequate provision is made for the worker to obtain tea in the works and for tea to be actually ready for them as soon as they stop work.

If work commences before 8 a.m. and no interval is allowed for breakfast, an opportunity shall be given to take refreshment during the morning.

A woman or young person shall not be allowed to lift, carry, or move anything so heavy as to be likely to cause injury to the woman or young person.

Different schemes of employment may be adopted and different intervals for meals fixed for different sets of workers.

Employment on night shifts shall be subject to the provision, to the satisfaction of the factory inspector, of proper facilities for taking and cooking meals, and in the case of female workers, for their supervision by a welfare worker or a responsible forewoman.

Circular letter 198802 to accompany Home Office Order of Sept 9, 1916.

No requirement is laid down in the order that workers on the night shift shall change periodically to the day shift. The matter is left to the individual employers to determine in consultation with their work people. Care should be taken in selecting women and young persons for night work. They should not be put on night work indiscriminately.

Appendix K

DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG PERSONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS IN JULY, 1914, OCTOBER, 1917, AND JANUARY, 1918

(Compiled from Ministry of Reconstruction, Juvenile Employment During the War and After, pp. 10, 11, 77.)

Total Boys and Girls Under 18

Estimated numbers employed Oct., 1917 Estimated numbers employed Jan., 1918 Increase or decrease July, 1914- Jan., 1918

Building 50,000 48,000 - 12,300

Mines and Quarries 168,000 178,000 + 11,300

Metal Trades 404,000 409,000 +173,800

Chemical Trades 47,000 48,000 + 22,300

Textile Trades 329,000 324,000 - 15,000

Food, Drink and Tobacco 96,000 96,000 + 7,200

Clothing Trades 169,000 169,000 - 19,600

Paper and Printing 75,000 74,000 - 11,700

Wood Trades 54,000 55,000 + 10,000

Other Industries 80,000 81,000 + 10,000

Industries Total 1,472,000 1,482,000 +176,000

Municipal gas, water, electricity 4,000 3,500 + 2,000

Government establishments 32,000 30,000 + 27,000

Agriculture 136,000 130,000 - 9,000

Transport 101,500 102,500 + 25,100

Finance and commerce 427,000 416,000 + 94,000

Professional occupations 29,000 27,000 + 8,000

Hotels, cinemas, theaters 30,000 32,000 + 7,000

Postoffice 24,000 23,000 - 4,000

Other civil service 13,500 14,500 + 11,400

Local government (including education, but excluding Municipal trams, water gas,electricity) 18,000 17,500 + 4,500

Grand Total 2,287,000 2,278,000 +342,000

Total Boys Under 18

Estimated numbers employed Oct., 1917 Estimated numbers employed Jan., 1918 Increase or decrease July, 1914- Jan., 1918

Building 44,000 42,000 - 17,000

Mines and Quarries 164,000 174,000 + 9,000

Metal Trades 296,000 303,000 +113,000

Chemical Trades 22,000 22,000 + 7,500

Textile Trades 116,000 114,000 - 10,000

Food, Drink and Tobacco 43,000 43,000 + 3,000

Clothing Trades 45,000 45,000 - 3,000

Paper and Printing 30,000 30,000 - 10,000

Wood Trades 34,000 34,000 - 500

Other Industries 43,000 44,000 - 1,000

Industries Total 837,000 851,000 + 91,000

Municipal gas, water, electricity 3,000 3,000 + 1,500

Government establishments 22,000 21,000 + 18,000

Agriculture 118,000 113,000 - 14,000

Transport 89,500 90,500 + 14,400

Finance and commerce 224,000 216,000 - 22,500

Professional occupations 18,000 17,000 + 3,000

Hotels, cinemas, theaters 17,000 19,000 + 6,500

Postoffice 10,000 9,000 - 7,800

Other civil service 4,500 4,500 + 1,500

Local government (including education, but excluding Municipal trams, water gas,electricity) 10,000 10,000 + 2,400

Grand Total 1,353,000 1,354,000 + 94,000

Total Girls Under 18

Estimated numbers employed Oct., 1917 Estimated numbers employed Jan., 1918 Increase or decrease July, 1914- Jan., 1918

Building 6,000 6,000 + 4,700

Mines and Quarries 4,000 4,000 + 2,250

Metal Trades 108,000 106,000 + 60,800

Chemical Trades 25,000 26,000 + 14,850

Textile Trades 213,000 210,000 - 5,000

Food, Drink and Tobacco 53,000 53,000 + 4,200

Clothing Trades 124,000 124,000 - 16,550

Paper and Printing 45,000 44,000 - 1,750

Wood Trades 20,000 21,000 + 10,500

Other Industries 37,000 37,000 + 11,000

Industries Total 635,000 631,000 + 85,000

Municipal gas, water, electricity 1,000 500 + 500

Government establishments 10,000 9,000 + 9,000

Agriculture 18,000 17,000 + 5,000

Transport 12,000 12,000 + 10,700

Finance and commerce 203,000 200,000 +116,500

Professional occupations 11,000 10,000 + 5,000

Hotels, cinemas, theaters 13,000 13,000 + 500

Postoffice 14,000 14,000 + 3,800

Other civil service 9,000 10,000 + 9,900

Local government (including education, but excluding Municipal trams, water gas,electricity) 8,000 7,500 + 2,100

Grand Total 934,000 924,000 +248,000

Appendix L

POSTWAR EMPLOYMENT

(Tables Compiled from Labour Gazette, May, 1919, pp. 287-288; October, p. 418; November, p. 473.)

1. Number of Out-of-Work Donation Policies Outstanding Weekly for Ten Months of 1919.

Week Ending Civilians Demobilized Members of H. M. Forces

Men Boys Women Girls Total Men Women Total Grand Total

Jan. 3 101,390 16,988 224,955 13,374 356,707 23,938 50 23,988 380,695

Jan. 10 119,315 16,462 265,479 16,365 417,621 31,543 88 31,631 449,252

Jan. 17 139,113 18,131 303,813 18,018 479,075 40,400 131 40,531 519,606

Jan. 24 156,671 20,543 343,742 22,259 543,215 47,209 170 47,379 590,594

Jan. 31 177,361 22,562 399,864 25,362 625,149 53,316 238 53,554 678,703

Feb. 7 191,371 24,538 427,734 26,790 670,433 63,277 380 63,657 734,090

Feb. 14 212,205 26,752 452,810 28,183 719,950 84,298 394 84,692 804,642

Feb. 21 218,278 28,195 470,294 31,544 748,311 132,471 841 133,312 881,623

Feb. 28 227,836 28,019 494,471 32,037 782,363 165,429 828 166,257 948,620

Mar. 7 234,402 27,356 494,365 34,398 790,521 200,686 1,025 201,711 992,232

Mar. 14 208,540 26,327 485,784 31,070 751,721 235,737 1,161 237,898 988,619

Mar. 21 207,973 27,567 474,452 28,082 738,074 264,257 995 265,252 1,003,326

Mar. 28 209,486 26,461 488,655 29,380 753,982 305,251 1,012 06,263 1,060,245

Apr. 4 214,263 26,148 469,550 30,189 740,155 336,570 961 337,531 1,077,686

Apr. 11 217,538 26,093 455,736 30,134 729,501 347,895 917 348,812 1,078,313

Apr. 18 210,119 23,882 452,144 29,279 715,424 369,992 1,013 371,005 1,086,429

Apr. 25 215,687 23,679 443,941 28,964 712,271 379,799 1,258 381,057 1,093,328

May 2 214,761 23,040 422,890 29,242 689,933 402,151 1,316 403,467 1,903,400

May 9 191,651 19,175 366,536 20,871 598,233 409,959 1,008,192

May 16 178,284 16,845 312,373 17,023 524,525 403,356 927,881

May 23 164,569 14,988 250,010 14,869 444,436 402,036 846,472

May 30 150,250 12,912 207,897 13,231 384,290 386,921 771,211

June 6 135,317 10,405 169,621 9,880 325,223 385,652 710,875

June 13 123,134 8,439 146,578 7,910 286,061 378,768 664,829

June 20 116,158 7,551 132,649 7,491 263,849 381,247 645,096

June 27 106,661 6,615 113,462 6,544 233,282 372,843 606,125

July 4 100,270 5,905 100,576 6,077 212,828 66,197 579,025

July 11 96,472 5,341 91,413 6,155 199,381 365,768 565,149

July 18 92,762 4,985 83,755 5,707 187,209 362,982 550,191

July 25 93,828 5,226 72,813 5,354 177,221 363,663 540,884

Aug. 1 100,228 6,529 73,878 6,176 186,811 366,671 553,482

Aug. 8 98,298 6,245 64,029 5,673 174,245 362,741 536,986

Aug. 15 94,863 6,669 61,065 6,093 168,690 361,833 530,523

Aug. 22 92,345 6,267 55,526 5,182 159,320 350,755 510,075

Aug. 29 83,035 5,006 49,038 4,053 141,132 336,952 478,084

Sept. 5 72,113 4,008 40,701 3,041 119,863 326,751 446,614

Sept.12 66,686 3,236 36,230 2,471 108,623 311,959 420,582

Sept. 19 63,557 3,111 34,448 2,334 103,450 305,253 408,703

Sept. 26 62,435 3,151 32,915 2,230 100,731 302,272 403,003

Oct. 17[310] 70,589 4,371 29,622 2,586 107,168 337,948 445,116

Oct. 24 86,036 6,551 30,396 2,672 125,655 343,672 469,327

Oct. 31 94,058 7,349 30,940 2,838 135,185| 344,242 479,427

2. Number of Unemployed Women and Girls by Industries.

a. In Insured Industries.

Trade Number Insured January 12, 1919 Number Unemployed April 25, 1919 Number Unemployed October 31, 1919

Building 6,152 950 55

Construction of Works 1,825 46 1

Shipbuilding 8,810 522 21

Engineering and Ironfounding 419,524 35,614 1,426

Construction of Vehicles 17,577 6,336 107

Sawmilling 812 331 17

Other 171 1 ...

Total Insured Under Act of 1911 454,871 43,800 1,627

Iron and Steel Manufacture 12,805 400 18

Tinplate Manufacture 3,550 92 23

Wire Manufacture 9,431 828 46

Anchors, Chains, Nails, Bolts, Nuts, Rivets, etc. 12,690 2,888 169

Brass 8,413 219 6

Copper, Tin, Lead, Zinc, etc. 10,561 738 62

Hardware and Hollowware 49,749 5,437 228

Tools, Files, Saws, Implements, Cutlery 6,432 827 64

Clocks, Plate, Jewelry 6,175 388 27

Needles, Pins, Typefounding, Dyes, etc. 6,664 336 15

Electrical, Scientific, etc., Appliances and Apparatus 28,866 2,152 151

Miscellaneous Metal 5,185 1,455 70

Ammunition and Explosives 197,128 5,818 100

Chemicals 34,071 2,631 193

Leather and Leather Goods 31,313 2,679 162

Brick, Tile and Artificial Building Material 9,804 1,172 59

Sawmilling, Machined Woodwork and Wooden Cases

Rubber and Manufactures Thereof 35,319 2,369 151

Total Insured Under Act of 1916 496,332 32,478 1,595

Grand Total 951,203 76,278 3,222

b. In Uninsured Industries.

Trade Number of Policies of Women and Girls Remaining Lodged

April 25, 1919 October 11, 1919

Agriculture 1,956 152

Conveyance of Men, Goods and Messages 11,932 962

Mines and Quarries 982 78

Cotton 81,635 1,171

Woolen and Worsted 4,670 162

Other Textiles, including Printing, Dyeing, etc. 35,835 1,951

Commercial 24,124 8,616

Food, Drink and Tobacco 19,926 1,818

Dress 26,519 2,924

Domestic Offices and Services 84,529 7,348

General Laborers, Factory Workers, etc. 56,900 3,740

Other Uninsured Industries 48,877 5,632

Total 397,885 34,554

Appendix N

AVERAGE WAGES OF WOMEN AND GIRLS IN NON-MUNITION TRADES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

(Calculated from Monthly Returns made by Employers to the Department of Labour Statistics.)[311]

LAST WHOLE WEEK IN EACH MONTH.

Industry Ordinary week in 1906 May- Aug. 1915 Sept.- Dec. 1915 Jan.- April 1916 May- Aug. 1916 Sept.- Dec. 1916 Jan.- April 1917 May- Aug. 1917 Sept.- Dec. 1917 Jan.- April 1918 May- Aug. 1918

s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d.

Cotton 16 2 17 1 17 0 17 11 18 4 18 9 19 7 20 7 21 5 23 3 24 1

Woolen and worsted 12 1 15 3 15 6 16 1 16 8 17 11 19 8 19 9 21 9 22 8 25 3

Linen 9 9 10 7 10 10 11 3 11 11 12 5 13 8 15 4 17 1 18 8 20 4

Jute 12 5 18 4 18 10 18 10 19 2 20 2 20 4 22 7 23 9 24 4 24 7

Hosiery 12 3 15 9 15 10 16 8 17 2 17 1 18 5 20 0 20 7 22 6 23 10

Lace 11 7 13 3 13 6 14 0 14 4 14 10 15 6 16 9 17 11 18 6 19 2

Silk 9 9 12 0 12 5 12 11 13 5 13 7 14 9 15 7 17 2 18 7 20 5

Carpet 11 10 16 8 16 4 17 1 17 0 17 8 18 9 20 4 21 3 22 11 24 4

Bleaching, etc. 11 0 14 5 15 0 15 7 15 9 17 3 18 6 20 10 22 3 23 10 24 9

Boot and shoe 10 6 15 4 14 10 14 7 16 3 16 7 17 6 19 6 20 6 22 3 22 10

Shirt and collar 11 4 13 7 13 7 14 1 14 7 14 10 15 9 17 2 18 3 19 11 21 5

Ready-made tailoring 10 10 15 2 14 2 14 10 15 7 16 0 17 4 18 9 21 5 23 2 25 8

Printing 9 8 12 3 12 7 13 7 13 6 14 5 15 9 16 4 18 2 19 10 21 8

Bookbinding 10 2 12 3 12 8 13 0 13 0 14 3 15 2 16 1 17 11 19 11 21 6

Pottery 10 1 12 2 12 5 12 3 12 10 13 1 13 8 16 11 17 7 19 1 21 7

Glass 8 6 10 3 11 2 10 9 11 1 11 9 12 1 13 9 14 9 15 6 16 10

Food preparation 10 0 14 5 14 10 15 2 15 2 17 6 18 3 20 2 21 7 23 0 24 5

Total 12 8 14 9 14 10 15 4 15 10 16 8 17 8 19 1 20 5 21 10 23 6 [312]

Appendix M

List of trades in which women have been substituted for men during the war, but “which from their nature and other conditions of work appear in the main unsuitable for female labor in normal times.”

(Compiled from the British Home Office report on the “Substitution of Women in Nonmunition Factories during the War,” pp. 16-26.)

Sawmilling Rope and Binder Twine

Wood Wool Manufacture Heavy Edge Tools

India Rubber Scythes and Sickles

Heavy Chemicals Wire Ropes (heavy)

Oil and Seed Crushing Shale Oil Refining

Glasshouse processes Cement Manufacture (most processes)

Flint Glass Feltmongering

Glass Bottles Matting

Papermaking Linoleum Manufacture

Flour and Corn Milling (except a few light processes)

Sugar Refining Paints and colours

Gas Manufacture China and earthenware