CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

PAGES

Introduction—General Considerations—Enumeration of the Primary Causes of Slips and Subsidences in Cuttings and Embankments, and Earthworks Constructed To Contain or Exclude Water—Some Dominant Principles to be Remembered in Determining the Location of Earthworks 1–12

CHAPTER II.

The Probability of a Slip—Time of the most frequent Occurrence—Some Conditions under which Slips and Subsidences in Cuttings and Embankments may be expected in different Earths, such as Rock, Chalk, Sand, Gravel, Clay, &c., &c.—Notes on the Slopes of Repose 13–49

CHAPTER III.

The General Effect of a Slip in a Cutting or an Embankment—Enumeration and Consideration of some Protective and Remedial Works—Treatment of the Slipped Earth 50–64

CHAPTER IV.

Notes on the Percolation of Water—Systems of Drainage of Cuttings and Embankments in Different Kinds of Earth and under Diverse Conditions—The Construction of Culverts, Pipe-drains, Trenches, Ditches, and Catchwater Drains 65–86

CHAPTER V.

Approximate Safe Maximum Load upon Different Earths—Normal Pressure of the Earth—The Safe Maximum Load upon Deposited Earth—Approximate Safe Maximum Height of an Embankment 87–97

viiiCHAPTER VI.

Slopes, General Considerations—Table Showing the General Range of Slopes—Table of Coefficients of Friction—Notes on the Cohesion of Earth—Form of a Slope—Some Conditions Governing the Necessary Inclination—Widening Earthworks within the Original Fences 98–114

CHAPTER VII.

Notes upon the Preservation of the Foot of a Slope—Various Methods of Covering and Supporting a Slope—Protection from Snow-Drifts—The Formation Width of Cuttings and Embankments—The Deleterious Effects of Vibration 115–141

CHAPTER VIII.

Earthworks in or upon Sidelong Ground—Some Insecure Conditions—Precautionary Measures—Embankments upon Soft Ground—Embankments Composed of Soft Earth—The Promotion of Stability and Consolidation 142–155

CHAPTER IX.

The Deposition of an Embankment—Preparation of the Ground upon which an Embankment has to be Deposited—Methods of Procedure—Consideration of some of the Different Systems—The Effect of the Height of a Tip and the Length of a Lead—The Steam Navvy and Embankments 156–170

CHAPTER X.

Notes upon the Location, Preservation, and Protection of Sea, Estuary, Reclamation, Canal, and Reservoir Embankments of Earth Constructed to Contain or Expel Water 171–197

CHAPTER XI.

Notes upon the Failure of Dock and other Walls from a Forward Movement of the Earth Filling or Backing—Consideration of the Causes of such Action and some Preventive and Remedial Measures 198–215

CHAPTER XII.

Notes upon Slips of Earth, Subsidences, and Movement in Foundations caused by “Boils,” or an Upward Rush of Water in Loose Earths—Consideration of some Precautionary and Remedial Operations 216–225

EARTHWORK SLIPS AND SUBSIDENCES UPON PUBLIC WORKS.

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