CONTENTS
Reading edition
A MAP OF BRITAIN to illustrate THE ROMAN OCCUPATION.
ERRATA.
PREFACE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANCIENT AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK
LATER AUTHORITIES
CHAPTER I
PRE-ROMAN BRITAIN
§ A.—Palaeolithic Age—Extinct fauna—River-bed men—Flint implements—Burnt stones—Worked bones—Glacial climate
§ B.—Neolithic Age—"Ugrians"—Polished flints—Jadite—Gold ornaments—Cromlechs —Forts—Bronze Age—Copper and tin—Stonehenge
§ C.—Aryan immigrants—Gael and Briton—Earliest classical nomenclature—British Isles —Albion—Ierne—Cassiterides—Phoenician tin trade viâ Cadiz
§ D.—Discoveries of Pytheas—Greek tin trade viâ Marseilles—Trade routes—Ingots—Coracles —Earliest British coins—Lead-mining
§ E.—Pytheas trustworthy—His notes on Britain—Agricultural tribes—Barns—Manures—Dene Holes—Mead—Beer—Parched corn—Pottery—Mill-stones—Villages—Cattle—Pastoral tribes—Savage tribes—Cannibalism—Polyandry—Beasts of chase—Forest trees—British clothing and arms—Sussex iron
§ F.—Celtic types—"Roy" and "Dhu"—Gael—Silurians—Loegrians—Basque peoples—Shifting of clans—Constitutional disturbances—Monarchy—Oligarchy—Demagogues—First inscribed coins
§ G.—Clans at Julian invasion—Permanent natural boundaries—Population Celtic settlements —"Duns"—Maiden Castle
§ H.—Religious state of Britain—Illustrated by Hindooism—Totemists—Polytheists—Druids —Bards—Seers—Druidic Deities—Mistletoe—Sacred herbs—"Ovum Anguinum"—Suppression of Druidism—Druidism and Christianity
CHAPTER II
THE JULIAN INVASION
B.C. 55, 54
§ A.—Caesar and Britain—Breakdown of Roman Republican institutions—Corruption abroad and at home—Rise of Caesar Conquest of Gaul
§ B.—Sea-fight with Veneti and Britons—Pretexts for invading Britain—British dominion of Divitiacus—Gallic tribes in Britain—Atrebates—Commius
§ C.—Defeat of Germans—Bridge over Rhine—Caesar's army—Dread of ocean—Fleet at Boulogne—Commius sent to Britain—Channel crossed—Attempt on Dover—Landing at Deal—Legionary sentiment—British army dispersed
§ D.—Wreck of fleet—Fresh British levy—Fight in corn-field—British chariots—Attack on camp—Romans driven into sea
§ E.—Caesar worsted—New fleet built—Caesar at Rome—Cicero—Expedition of 54 B.C. —Unopposed landing—Pro-Roman Britons—Trinobantes—Mandubratius—British army surprised—"Old England's Hole"
§ F.—Fleet again wrecked—Britons rally under Caswallon—Battle of Barham Down—Britons fly to London—Origin of London—Patriot army dispersed
§ G.—Passage of Thames—Submission of clans—Storm of Verulam—Last patriot effort in Kent—Submission of Caswallon—Romans leave Britain—"Caesar Divus"
CHAPTER III
THE ROMAN CONQUEST
B.C. 54-A.D. 85
§ A.—Britain after Julius Caesar—House of Commius—Inscribed coins—House of Cymbeline —Tasciovan—Commians overthrown—Vain appeal to Augustus—Ancyran Tablet—Romano-British trade—Lead-mining—British fashions in Rome—Adminius banished by Cymbeline—Appeal to Caligula—Futile demonstration—Icenian civil war—Vericus banished—Appeal to Claudius—Invasion prepared
§ B.—Aulus Plautius—Reluctance to embark—Narcissus—Passage of Channel—Landing at Portchester—Strength of expedition—Vespasian's legion—British defeats—Line of Thames held—Arrival of Claudius—Camelodune taken—General submission of island
§ C.—Claudius triumphs—Gladiatorial shows—Last stand of Britons—Gallantry of Titus—Ovation of Plautius—Distinctions bestowed—Triumphal arch—Commemorative coinage—Conciliatory policy—British worship of Claudius—Cogidubnus—Attitude of clans—Britain made Imperial province
§ D.—Ostorius Pro-praetor—Pacification of Midlands—Icenian revolt—The Fleam Dyke—Iceni crushed—Cangi—Brigantes—Silurian war—Storm of Caer Caradoc—Treachery of Cartismandua —Caradoc at Rome—Death of Ostorius—Uriconium and Caerleon—Britain quieted—Death of Claudius
§ E.—Neronian misgovernment—Seneca—Prasutagus—Boadicean revolt—Sack of Camelodune —Suetonius in Mona—Druidesses—Sack of London and Verulam—Boadicea crushed at Battle Bridge—Peace of Petronius
§ F.—Otho and Vitellius—Civil war—Army of Britain—Priscus—Agricola—Vespasian Emperor —Cerealis—Brigantes put down—Silurians put down—Agricola Pro-praetor—Ordovices put down—Frontinus—Pacification of South Britain—Roman civilization introduced—Caledonian campaign—Galgacus—Agricola's rampart—Domitian—Resignation and death of Agricola
CHAPTER IV
THE ROMAN OCCUPATION
A.D. 85-211
§ A.—Pacification of Britain—Roman roads—London their centre—Authority for names—Watling Street—Ermine Street—Icknield Way
§ B.—Romano-British towns—Ancient lists—Method of identification—Dense rural population —Remains in Cam valley—Coins—Thimbles—Horseshoes
§ C.—Fortification of towns late—Chief Roman centres—London—York—Chester—Bath —Silchester—Remains there found—Romano-British handicrafts—Pottery—Basket-work —Mining—Rural life—Villas—Forests—Hunting-dogs—Husbandry—Britain under Pax Romana
§ D.—The unconquered North—Hadrian's Wall—Upper and Lower Britain—Romano-British coinage—Wall of Antoninus—Britain Pro-consular
§ E.—Commodus Britannicus—Ulpius Marcellus—Murder of Perennis—Era of military turbulence —Pertinax—Albinus—British army defeated at Lyons—Severus Emperor—Caledonian war —Severus overruns Highlands
§ F.—Severus completes Hadrian's Wall—"Mile Castles"—"Stations"—Garrison —The Vallum—Rival theories—Evidence—Remains—Coins—Altars—Mithraism—Inscription to Julia Domna—"Written Rock" on Gelt—Cilurnum aqueduct
§ G.—Death of Severus—Caracalla and Geta—Roman citizenship—Extension to veterans —Tabulae honestae missionis—Bestowed on all British provincials
CHAPTER V
THE END OF ROMAN BRITAIN
A.D. 211-455
§ A.—Era of Pretenders—Probus—Vandlebury—First notice of Saxons—Origin of name—Count of the Saxon Shore—Carausius—Allectus—Last Romano-British coinage—Britain Mistress of the Sea—Reforms of Diocletian—Constantius Chlorus—Re-conquest of Britain—Diocletian provinces—Diocletian persecution—The last "Divus"—General scramble for Empire—British army wins for Constantine—Christianity established
§ B.—Spread of Gospel—Arianism—Britain orthodox—Last Imperial visit—Heathen temples stripped—British Emperors—Magnentius—Gratian—Julian—British corn-trade—First inroad of Picts and Scots—Valentinian—Saxon raids—Campaign of Theodosius—Re-conquest of Valentia—Wall restored and cities fortified
§ C.—Roman evacuation of Britain begun—Maximus—Settlement of Brittany—Radagaisus invades Italy—Twentieth Legion leaves Britain—Britain in the 'Notitia'—Final effort of British army—The last Constantine—Last Imperial Rescript to Britain—Sack of Rome by Alaric—Final collapse of Roman rule in Britain
§ D.—Beginning of English Conquest—Vortigern—Jutes in Thanet—Battle of Stamford —Massacre of Britons—Valentinian III.—Latest Roman coin found in Britain—Progress of Conquest—The Cymry—Survival of Romano-British titles—Arturian Romances—Procopius —Belisarius—Roman claims revived by Charlemagne—The British Empire
§ E.—Survivals of Romano-British civilization—Romano-British Church—Legends of its origin —St. Paul—St. Peter—Joseph of Arimathaea—Glastonbury—Historical notices—Claudia and Pudens—Pomponia—Church of St. Pudentiana—Patristic references to Britain—Tertullian —Origen—Legend of Lucius—Native Christianity—British Bishops at Councils—Testimony of Chrysostom and Jerome
§ F.—British missionaries—Ninias—Patrick—Beatus—British heresiarchs—Pelagius—Fastidius —Pelagianism stamped out by Germanus—The Alleluia Battle—Romano-British churches—Why so seldom found—Conclusion
INDEX
FOOTNOTES