INDEX
Reading edition
Abstinence: as a title to interest, 182-186.
Adams, T. S.: 301, 302.
Adam Smith: 331, 341.
Agriculture: co-operation in, 217-220.
Alaska: leasing system in, 96.
Altruism: efficacy of under Socialism, 165-167; promoted by co-operation, 229.
Ambrose, Saint: 305.
American Sugar Refining Company: 267, 272, 289.
American Tobacco Company: 263, 267, 288.
Analogy: economic, as justifying interest, 205, 206.
Anthracite coal: a monopoly, 75, 78, 95, 132.
Antoine, Charles: 337-340.
Antoninus, Saint: 270.
Aquinas, Saint Thomas: 63, 64, 175, 181, 208, 304, 306, 307, 333.
Arbitration: failure of, 324.
Ashley, W. J.: 9.
Astor estate: 88, 89.
Augustine, Saint: 305.
Australasia: special land taxes in, 118-120, 131; minimum wage in, 401, 402.
Authorities: Catholic and Protestant, on living wage, 277, 278.
Basil, Saint: 305.
Bible, the: on the duty of benevolence, 303, 304, 316, 317.
Brandeis, Louis D.: 265, 275.
Business man: functions and rewards of, 237-239, 255-258; no right of to minimum profits, 258-260, 362, 363; the superfluous, 260, 261.
Canada: special land taxes in, 117-120.
Canonist: doctrine of wage justice, 333-336.
Canons of distributive justice: 243-253.
Capital: meaning of, 137, 138; power of to create value, 146-148; Catholic teaching concerning interest on, 175-177; titles of to interest, 177-186; value of in a no-interest régime, 188-190; need for a wider distribution of, 213, 214; need for ownership of by labour, 214, 229, 230.
Capitalists: two kinds of, 138; expropriation of, 154-158; right of to take interest, 201-209; claims of, versus claims of labourers, 367-369, 390-393, 396.
Carnegie, Andrew: 300.
Carver, T. N.: 351-355.
Catholic Church: attitude of toward interest, 172-176.
Child workers: right of to a living wage, 373.
Christian conception of welfare: 316-318.
Clark, J. B.: 271, 347-351.
Compensation: to landowners, 34-39; to capitalists under Socialism, 154-158.
Competition: alleged failure of, 275-278.
Confiscation: of land values under the Single Tax, 34-39; of capital under Socialism, 154-158; of wealth by taxation, 297, 298.
Constitutionality of minimum wage laws: 405-407.
Consumer: injury to through stockwatering, 282-288; obligations of to business man, 258, 259, 362, 363; versus labourer, 393-398.
Contract: onerous, 326; free, as a rule of wage justice, 328-330, 370-372.
Co-operation: as a partial solvent of capitalism, 210-233; essence and kinds of, 214, 215; in banking, 216, 217; in agriculture, 217-220; in stores, 220-222; in production, 222-228; effect of on social stability, 229, 230; as compared with individualism and Socialism, 230, 231; province and limitations of, 231-233; bearing of on the superfluous business man, 260, 261; and on the labouring classes, 423-425.
Co-partnership: 223, 224.
Corporation: profits of a, 241, 242, 257, 258, 262, 389.
Cost of living: 378, 379.
Cost of production: of capital, 188, 189.
Credit societies: co-operative, 216, 217.
Defects of our land system: 74-93; monopoly, 75-80; excessive gains, 80-89; exclusion, 90-93.
Devas, Charles: 184.
Disagreeable tasks: 384, 385.
Dixon, F. H.: 323.
Discriminative transportation contracts: 272, 273.
Discriminative underselling: 267-270.
Distribution of superfluous wealth: 303-319.
Distributive justice: canons of, 243-253, 381, 382.
Earth: right of access to, 358-360.
Economic determinism: inconsistent with ethical judgments, 20, 145, 146, 343, 344.
Efficiency: monopolistic, 265-267, 275-277, 279; exceptional, 388-390.
Efforts: exceptional, as claim to rewards, 382-383.
Efforts and sacrifices: as canons of distribution, 245-247.
Ely, R. T.: 330.
Employer: gains of from wage contract, 327, 328; obligation of to pay a living wage, 365-372.
Engels, F.: 20.
Ensor, E. K.: 50.
Equal gains: as a canon of wage justice, 326-328.
Equality: as a canon of justice, 243, 244; of men's claims to the bounty of nature, 358, 359; of rights to a decent livelihood, 360-363.
"Equitable minimum": of wages, 388, 390, 392, 393, 395, 397, 398, 399, 417.
Equity: meaning of, 256.
Exchange-equivalence: theories of, 326-340; equal gains, 326-328; free contract, 328-330; market value, 330-332; mediæval, 332-336; modern, 336-340.
Exclusion from the land: 90-93.
Exclusive-sales contracts: 270-272.
Expropriation: of capitalists under Socialism, 154-158.
Extrinsic titles: of interest, 172.
Family living wage: 373-376.
Fathers of the Church: on private property in land, 62; on duty of beneficence, 305, 306.
Fay, C. R.: 214, 221, 227.
Fisher, Irving: 196.
Fortunes: legal limitation of, 291-302; directly, 292-295; by taxation, 296-302.
France: co-operative production in, 223.
Fustel de Coulanges: 9.
Gains: excessive from land, 80-89; from monopolies, 263-265.
Germany: co-operation in, 216.
Giffen, Sir Robert: 189.
Godwin, W.: 341.
Government ownership: 93-95; limitations of, 163-165; and rate of interest, 212.
Great Britain: co-operation in, 220-222; income taxes in, 299-300; minimum wage in, 401, 402.
Haines, H. T.: 405.
Hammond, M. B.: 402.
Henry George: on primitive common ownership, 17; on first occupancy, 21-24; on title of labour, 24-29; on natural right to land, 30-39; on right of community to land values and rent, 39-47; on Single Tax, 51, 52.
Hillquit, Morris: 159.
Hobson, J. A.: 418.
Howe, F. C.: 76-78.
Human welfare: the test of property rights in land, 36-38; and of a system of land tenure, 74; and of increment taxes, 109-111; and of titles of property, 150, 151, 244, 293-295; as a canon of distributive justice, 252, 253; as justifying profits, 256, 257, 389; as justifying higher than living wages, 386.
Hyndman and Morris: 20.
Income: distribution of national, 81-83.
Incomes: injustice of equal, 244; progressive taxation of, 297-302.
Increment taxes: 102-117.
Inefficiency: of leadership and labour under Socialism, 158-168.
Inheritance: legal limitation of, 293-295; progressive taxation of, 296-302.
Interest: nature of, 137-140; rate of, 141-144; alleged intrinsic justifications of, 171-186; attitude of Church toward, 172-176; extrinsic titles of, 172; and the title of productivity, 176-181; and the title of service, 181, 182; and the title of abstinence, 182-186; social and presumptive justifications of, 187-209; necessity of, 191-199; civil authorization, 201-204; how justified, 204-209, a "workless" income, 210; possibility of reducing rate, 211-213; distinguished from profits, 238, 239; versus wages, 390-393.
Investor: the "innocent," 286, 287.
Ireland: reduction of rents in, 69-71; compulsory sale of land in, 110; co-operation in, 217-219.
Italy: co-operation in, 223.
Justice: dependence of on charity, 318; not found in prevailing-rate theory, 325; nor in exchange equivalence theories, 326-340; nor in productivity theories, 340-355; and the wage contract, 370-372; and the legal minimum wage, 407.
Kautsky, Karl: 153.
King, W. I: 82, 83, 122, 123, 155, 240, 310, 414.
Labour: as a title to land, 24-29; and to products, 45; and to the entire product of industry, 145-152, 341-347; productivity of, 178, 179; inefficiency of under Socialism, 162-167; mediæval measure of cost of, 336, 337; claims of different groups of, 381-387; legislative proposals for, 416, 417.
Labour unions: efficacy and limitations of, 417-420; and legislation, 420-423.
Labourer, the: claim of to rent, 71-73; right of to his product, 25, 26, 28, 43, 45, 149, 150, 179, 180; gains of from wage contract, 327, 328; right of to a living wage, 363-369, 373; versus the capitalist, 390-393, 396; versus the consumer, 393-398; and co-operative enterprise, 423-425.
Land: distribution of, 16, 17, 87-89; large holdings of, 89, 90; accessibility to, 91-95; the leasing system, 95-97; public ownership of, 98-100.
Landowner: right of to rent, 67-73; his share of product, 80-89.
Landownership: in history, 8-18; two theories of, 8, 9; in pre-agricultural conditions, 10-12; origin of private, 12-14; prevalence and benefits of, 15-18; arguments against private, 19-47, by Socialists, 19-21, by Henry George, 21-47; private, the best system of tenure, 48-55; four elements of, 48; a natural right, 55-56. See Henry George, Occupancy, Labour, Right, Compensation, Confiscation, Defects, Rent.
Land System: defects of the existing, 74-93.
Land values: how created by the community, 40-47; increase of, 83-86; taxation of, 117-130.
Langenstein: 335.
Lassalle, F.: 183.
Large estates: special taxation of, 130-132.
Leadership: industrial, under Socialism, 158-167.
Leasing system: 95-97.
Legislation: for labour, 120-123, 416.
Liberty: under Socialism, 168-170.
Liebknecht, W.: 152.
Life: right to, 57; true conception of, 317.
Limitation of fortunes: 291-302; directly, 292-295; by taxation, 296-302.
Livelihood, decent: 360-363; the labourer's right to, 363-365; the employer's, 366.
Living wage: the minimum of wage justice, 356-380; three fundamental principles, 358-360; and a decent livelihood, 360-363; right of labourer to, 363-369; obligation of employer to pay, 365-372; for a family, 373-376; and social welfare, 376, 377; authorities for, 377, 378; money measure of, 378-380; versus other titles of reward, 381, 382, 386.
Loan capitalist: and the claims of the labourer, 366, 367, 390, 391.
Loans: attitude of Church toward interest on, 172-174; and productive capital, 174, 175.
Maine, Sir Henry: 17.
Market value: and wage justice, 330-332, 370, 375.
Marriage: right to, 57, 58; and reasonable life, 374.
Marx, Karl: 145-148, 342, 343, 374.
Materialism: in current conception of welfare, 314-318.
Meade, E. S.: 265, 266.
Menger, A.: 342.
Middle Ages, doctrines of: on interest, 172, 175, 176, 201; on titles of gain, 175; on wage justice, 332-336.
Minimum: of wage justice, 356-380.
Minimum profits: question of right to, 258-260.
Minimum wage: 353-355, 400-423; in operation, 400-405; ethical and political aspects of, 407, 408; economic aspect of, 408-416; opinions of economists on, 412-416, 420-423.
Modern: version of exchange-equivalence, 336-340.
Monopoly: in relation to land, 75-80; moral aspect of, 262-278; excessive gains of, 263-265; efficiency of, 265-267, 275-277; discriminative underselling by, 267-270; favors to by railroads, 262, 273; natural, 273-275; suppression versus regulation of, 275-278; by labour, 390, 397.
Natural monopolies: 273-275.
Natural rights: 57-59. See Rights.
Nearing, Scott: 83-85; 154, 210, footnote.
Needs: as a canon of justice, 244, 246, 356-358; classification of, 308, 309; exaggerated conception of, 314-318; a standard of wage justice in Middle Ages, 335, 336.
Occupancy, first: as a title to land, 21-24; as exemplified in increment taxes, 109.
Occupation: question of right to a livelihood from a present, 362, 363.
Original titles: See Occupancy, Labour.
Overcapitalization: 279-290. See Stockwatering.
Ownership: titles of determined by reasonable distribution, 150, 151.
Perkins, G. W.: 276.
Personality: as basis of industrial rights, 358-371, 374.
Pesch, H.: 215.
Pope Benedict XIV: 173. Clement IV: 23. Gregory the Great: 306. Innocent XI: 316. Leo XIII: 64-66, 306, 309, 377. Sixtus V: 176.
Population: excessive increase of urban, 86.
Possession: as a partial justification of interest: 205, 206.
Possessors: obligation of to non-possessors, 359, 360.
Presumption: as a partial justification of interest, 205; and the canon of productivity, 248.
Prevailing rate theory: of wage justice, 323-325.
Prices: test of extortionate, 269, 270; legalized agreements fixing, 277, 278; versus wages, 393-399.
Principles: three fundamental to living wage doctrine, 358-360.
Product: distribution of national, 181-183. See Labour, Labourer, Right.
Production: of land values by the community, 39-47; co-operation in, 222-228.
Productivity: as a title to the product, 25, 26, 28, 43, 45, 149, 150, 179; as a title to interest, 172, 173, 176-181, 204, 205; of labour and capital, 178-180; as a canon of distribution, 246-249, 350, 351; as justifying large profits, 255-258, 262, 388, 389; as a title to wages, 341-355, 385; Clark's theory of, 347-351; Carver's theory of, 351-355.
Profits: nature of, 237-242; as compared with interest and rent, 139, 140, 238, 239; amount of, 239, 240; in a corporation, 241, 242; in conditions of competition, 254-261; indefinitely large, 255-258; minimum, 258-260; surplus and excessive, 263-265; in natural monopolies, 273, 274; versus wages, 388-390.
"Progress and Poverty": 21, 22, 24, 25, 30, 34, 39, 51, 52.
Proudhon: 342.
Public honour: efficacy of under Socialism: 165-167.
Pullman Company: 289.
Reform: versus revolution, 94.
Rent: economic, 3-7; commercial, 5; how produced by society, 39-47; right of landowner to, 67-75; right of tenant and labourer to, 69-73, 396; increase and amount of, 80-87; distribution of, 87-89; in United States, 122.
Rent charges: attitude of theologians toward, 175, 176.
"Res fructificat domina": limitations of this formula, 60, 61, 104, 105, 111, 180, 345.
Revolution: versus reform, 94.
Riches: from land, 88, 89.
Right: of the individual to land, 30-39; of the community to land values and rent, 39-47; of the producer to his product, see productivity; of private landownership, 56-66; to take rent, 67-73; of access to the earth, 358-360; to a decent livelihood, 360-363; to a living wage, 363-369, 372, 376.
Rights: three principal kinds of natural, 57-59; of property, as created by the State, 202.
Rodbertus, K.: 342.
Roman Congregations: on lawfulness of interest taking, 173, 174.
Saint-Simon: 342.
Sacrifice: principle of in taxation, 131, 297; as a title to interest, 185-188; as a title of reward, 383-385.
Savers: three kinds of, 183-185.
Scarcity: effect of on rewards of productive agents, 80; as a canon of distributive justice, 250, 251; as justifying very large profits, and more than a living wage, 255-258.
Schmoller: 253.
Schoolmen: doctrines of on wage justice, 333-336.
Seligman, E. R. A.: 101, 296, 297.
Service: as a title to interest, 181, 182, 204, 205.
Shifting: of land taxes, 102, 103.
Sidgwick, H.: 329.
Single Tax: injustice of, 33-39, 100; proposals and defects of, 51, 54, 108.
Skelton, O. D.: 165.
Small, A. W.: 171.
Social benefits: of special taxes on land, 127-130.
Socialism: as regards land, 49, 51; not inevitable, 153; expropriation of capitalists by, 154-158; inefficiency of, 158-168; hostile to individual liberty, 168-170; not co-operation, 230, 231.
Socialists: on private landownership, 19-21; on interest, value, and labour, 145-148; on the collectivist State, 152, 153; on morality of profits, 254; on wage justice, 341-347; on the principle of needs, 356.
Socialist party: of the United States, on landownership, 51.
Spargo, John: 51.
Specific productivity: as a measure of wage justice, 347-351.
Speculation: effect of on land values, 92, 93, 103.
Spencer, Herbert: 23.
Standard Oil Company: 76, 263, 267.
State, the: should permit interest, 199-201; power of to create property rights, 202-204; not obliged to guarantee living profits, 259; fixing of maximum prices by, 275-278; and the "innocent" investor, 286, 287; and the prevention of stockwatering, 289, 290; and the limitation of fortunes, 291-302; and payment of living wages, 365; and minimum wage, 407, 408, 420-423; and other labour legislation, 416, 417.
Stockholders: claim of to surplus gains, 257, 258, 262; as related to stockwatering, 279-281, 285.
Stockwatering: moral aspect of, 279-290; definition of, 280; injurious effects of, 281-286 and the "innocent" investor, 286, 287; magnitude of, 288, 289; prevention of, 289, 290.
Stores: co-operation in, 220-222.
Superfluous wealth: duty of distributing, 303-319; kinds of, 308, 309; a false conception of, 314-316; true conception of, 318, 319. See Wealth.
Supertax: on large landed estates, 130-132.
Supply and demand: as determining rent, 80; as determining interest, 143, 144.
Taussig, F. W.: 198, 214, 282, 289, 290; on minimum wage, 412-416.
Tawney, R. H.: 421.
Taxation: as a social instrument, 101, 102; of increases in land value, 102-117; faculty theory of, 107, 108; progressive, as a method of limiting fortunes, 296-302.
Taxes: shifting of to land, 117-130; social benefits of, 127-130.
Tenant: claim of to rent, 69-71.
Theologians: on private landownership, 62-64; on interest, 172-176, 202-204; on civil creation of property rights, 202; on duty of benevolent distribution, 308, 309.
Thompson, W.: 341.
Undertaker: See Business man.
United States: special land taxes in, 119; co-operation in, 218, 263; minimum wage in, 401, 403-407.
United States Commissioner of Corporations, reports of: on Standard Oil Company, 76, 263, 267, 268, 272; on Steel Corporation, 79, 89, 263, 267, 285; on water power ownership, 79, 95; on the lumber industry, 85, 89, 94, 132; on American Tobacco Company, 263, 267, 288; on American Sugar Refining Company, 267, 272, 289.
United States Shipbuilding Company: 288, 289.
United States Steel Corporation: 79, 89, 267, 285, 289.
Use: right, as a confirmatory justification of interest taking, 206-208.
Value: Marxian theory of, 145-148, 333, 343, 344; relation of to wage justice, 330-340; and to a living wage, 370, 375.
Van Hise, C. R.: 266, 267, 277, 278, 288.
Wage justice: unacceptable theories of, 323-355; prevailing rate theory, 323-325; exchange equivalence theory, 326-340; productivity theories, 341-355; the minimum of, 356-380; problem of complete, 381-399; claims of different labour groups, 381-387; wages versus profits, 388-390; wages versus interest, 390-393; wages versus prices, 393-399.
Wages: versus profits, 388-390; "equitable minimum" of, 388; versus interest, 390-393; versus prices, 393-399; methods of increasing, 400-425; legal minimum, 400-416; other legislation for, 416, 417; labour unions, 417-423; co-operative enterprise, 423-425.
Wagner, A.: 342.
Watered stock: 279-290. See Stockwatering.
Water power: in the United States, 79, 95.
Wealth, superfluous: duty of distributing, 303-319; as regards a part, 303-307; as regards the whole, 308-314; a duty of charity or of justice, 305-307; the supply of capital and business ability, 311-313; false and true conceptions of, 314-316.
Welfare: a false conception of, 314-316; true conception of, 316-318; social, demands a living wage for all, 376, 377. See Human welfare.
Whittaker, Sir Thomas: 10, 14, 28.
Wicker, G. R.: 350, 351.
Williams, A.: 232.
Wolman, L.: 417, 418.
Women: right of to a living wage, 373.
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