GLOSSARY (continued 2)

προσίστασθαι. 132 8. To offend. Lat. obstrepere. Cp. de Isocr. c. 2 προσιστάμενος ταῖς ἀκοαῖς, c. 14 ibid. τῷ γὰρ μὴ ἐν καιρῷ γίνεσθαι, μηδ’ ἐν ὥρᾳ, προσίστασθαί φημι ταῖς ἀκοαῖς, Antiqq. Rom. i. 8 μονοειδεῖς γὰρ ἐκεῖναί τε καὶ ταχὺ προσιστάμεναι (= cito offendunt) τοῖς ἀκούουσιν.

προσκατασκευάζειν. 110 14 (v.l. προκατασκευάζειν). To model further, remodel. Lat. insuper instruere.

προσοδιακός. 86 3. Processional: see n. ad loc.

προσῳδία. 128 12, 196 17, 268 20. Accent. Lat. accentus. The word is defined in 196 17 τάσεις φωνῆς αἱ καλούμεναι προσῳδίαι. See further s.v. τόνος p. 329 infra, and compare Bywater Aristotle on the Art of Poetry p. 336 “προσῳδία with Aristotle comprises accent, breathing, and quantity—all the elements in the spoken word which in the ancient mode of writing were left to be supplied by the reader.” The symbols used in accentuation are supposed to have been introduced by Aristophanes of Byzantium, if not by some still earlier scholar, in order to recall to Greeks and teach foreign learners the true intonation of the language, which was in danger of being corrupted and forgotten when the Greek world grew vast and came to include so many foreign elements.

πρόσωπον. 160 18, 198 23. Person, character. Lat. persona. Cp. Demetr. p. 300.

πτῶσις. 106 20, 108 4, 132 7, 212 20, 264 4. Grammatical case. Lat. casus. ‘Verbal cases’ are mentioned in 108 4; in Aristotle the term πτῶσις includes inflexions in general.

πυρρίχιος. 168 17. Pyrrhic. Lat. pyrrhichius. The metrical foot ᴗ ᴗ.

ῥῆμα. 70 13, 21, 168 10, 218 6, 7, 264 5. Verb. Lat. verbum. So ῥηματικός 108 4 (verbal), 220 17 (verbal form).

ῥήτωρ. 74 8, 132 22, 166 12, 200 14, 206 25, 218 21, 236 20, 242 7, 248 15. Orator, rhetorician. Lat. orator, rhetor. As in English we have no similarly two-sided word, it is often hard to decide between the renderings, ‘speaker’ and ‘teacher of speaking.’ So ῥητορικός 68 9, 254 25, 262 20.

ῥοῖζος. 138 10. A whizzing. Lat. stridor.

ῥυθμίζειν. 180 13. To bring into rhythm, to scan. Lat. scandere. Cp. the use of βαίνειν and διαιρεῖν.

ῥυθμός. 120 18, 122 12, 124 6, 9, passim. Rhythm, harmonious movement of speech. Lat. numerus. For le nombre oratoire in Cicero (whose prose, however, like Roman prose generally, must not be taken to follow exclusively Attic standards) see Laurand’s Études pp. 109-11, and cp. Cic. Orat. 20. 67 “quicquid est enim, quod sub aurium mensuram aliquam cadat, etiamsi abest a versu—nam id quidem orationis est vitium—numerus vocatur, qui Graece ῥυθμός dicitur.” Quintil. Inst. Or. ix. 4. 45 “omnis structura ac dimensio et copulatio vocum constat aut numeris (numeros ῥυθμούς accipi volo) aut μέτροις, id est dimensione quadam.” It was a suggestive saying of Scaliger’s that metre gives the exact ‘measure’ of the line, rhythm its ‘temperament.’ As Dionysius identifies ῥυθμός and πούς (168 11; cp. 176 2, 3), we may translate ῥυθμός by ‘foot’ in 180 11, 182 19 (cp. σπονδεῖος πούς 178 7), 200 17, 206 9, etc.—Cp. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 8. 2 τὸ δὲ ἄρρυθμον ἀπέραντον, δεῖ δὲ πεπεράνθαι μέν, μὴ μέτρῳ δέ· ἀηδὲς γὰρ καὶ ἄγνωστον τὸ ἄπειρον. περαίνεται δὲ ἀριθμῷ πάντα· ὁ δὲ τοῦ σχήματος τῆς λέξεως ἀριθμὸς ῥυθμός ἐστιν, οὗ καὶ τὰ μέτρα τμητά· διὸ ῥυθμὸν δεῖ ἔχειν τὸν λόγον, μέτρον δὲ μή· ποίημα γὰρ ἔσται. ῥυθμὸν δὲ μὴ ἀκριβῶς· τοῦτο δὲ ἔσται ἐὰν μέχρι του ᾖ. So ῥυθμικός 128 18 (where the reference is to lyric metres), 168 8, 172 20 (cp. οἱ μετρικοί), 176 7. Quintilian (ix. 4. 68) provides a good example of the divisions recognized by the rhythmici: “quis enim dubitet, unum sensum in hoc et unum spiritum esse: animadverti, iudices, omnem accusatoris orationem in duas divisam esse partes? tamen et duo prima verba et tria proxima et deinceps duo rursus ac tria suos quasi numeros habent spiritum sustinentes, sicut apud rhythmicos aestimantur.”

ῥυπαρός. 134 24. Filthy, sordid. Lat. sordidus.

ῥύσις. 244 21. Flow. Lat. fluxus.

ῥυσός. 92 10. Wrinkled. Lat. rugosus.

ῥώθωνες. 144 22, 23, 146 11, 220 25. Nostrils. Lat. nares. In 146 11 διὰ τῶν ῥωθώνων συνηχούμενα = nasal.

Σαπφικός. 258 7. Of Sappho. Lat. Sapphicus.

σαφήνεια. 160 22. Clearness, lucidity. Lat. perspicuitas. Fr. clarté, netteté. The adjective σαφής occurs in 210 4.

σελίς. 186 2. Page. Lat. pagina libri.

σεμνότης. 84 2, 110 19, 164 20, 166 12, 170 2, 172 11, 236 8. Gravity, majesty. Lat. granditas, dignitas, gravitas. Fr. majesté. So σεμνολογία 120 23, 174 17; σεμνός 68 5, 80 12, 84 8, etc. It is not easy to find a good equivalent for σεμνός, as ‘dignified’ comes nearer to ἀξιωματικός; ‘impressive’ (or the like) to μεγαλοπρεπής; ‘lofty,’ ‘elevated,’ or ‘sublime,’ to ὑψηλός. ‘Solemn,’ ‘majestic,’ ‘august,’ or ‘stately’ will sometimes serve.

σημαίνειν. 74 3, 134 25. To betoken, to express. Lat. significare.

σιγμός. 138 10. A hissing. Lat. sibilus. Fr. sifflement.

σιωπή. 218 16, 220 2, 230 4. Silence, interval, pause. Lat. silentium, intermissio. Modern metrists who confine their attention to syllables are apt to neglect the interrelations of silence and sound. Dionysius would, on the contrary, have recognized that the pauses denoted by punctuation are the key to the metre in such lines as “Thy rankest fault; all of them; and require” (Tempest v. 1).

σκαιότης. 250 8. Clumsiness, stupidity. Lat. rusticitas, imperitia. Fr. gaucherie: cp. the editor’s Ancient Boeotians p. 6.

σκευωρία. 264 7. Elaboration. Lat. cura artificiosa. Cp. de Thucyd. c. 5 σκευωρίαν τεχνικήν, c. 29 μᾶλλον δὲ διθυραμβικῆς σκευωρίας οἰκειότερον: Hesych. σκευωρία· κατασκευή.

σκιερός. 234 13. Shady, dark. Lat. obscurus.

σκληρός. 132 1, 154 12. Hard. Lat. durus. Cp. D.H. p. 205.

σομφός. 122 25. Thick, husky. Lat. subraucus, fuscus. Cp. Schol. in M, σομφὸν ἤγουν θρυλιγμὸν καὶ ἐκμέλειαν. Some of the MSS. give ἀσύμφωνον, thus repeating a word used a few lines earlier.

σοφιστής. 190 10, 264 19. Sophist. Lat. sophista. The comprehensiveness of the term is well illustrated by the fact that in the former passage it is applied to Hegesias, in the latter to Isocrates and Plato. In the parallel passage of the de Demosth. (c. 51) ὁρῶν γε δὴ τούτους τοὺς θαυμαζομένους ἐπὶ σοφίᾳ καὶ κρατίστων λόγων ποιητὰς νομιζομένους Ἰσοκράτην καὶ Πλάτωνα γλυπτοῖς καὶ τορευτοῖς ἐοικότας ἐκφέροντας λόγους. Cp. Demetr. p. 301.

σπαδονίζειν. 142 9. To emasculate, to cramp. Lat. spadonium sonum reddere. This reading seems preferable on several grounds: (1) it is the more difficult of the two; (2) the sense of ‘choke the voice’ seems to agree well with οὐδὲ συγκόψει τοὺς ἤχους (162 4 ‘and will not impede the voice’); (3) σπανίζειν (intransitive: cp. de Demosth. c. 32, de Thucyd. c. 19) τοῦ ἤχου would be more common than σπανίζειν τὸν ἦχον: (4) σπαδονισμοὺς τῶν ἤχων (‘impediments to sound,’ ‘arrested sounds’) occurs, without variant, in de Demosth. c. 40, and is adopted by U.-R. as well as by other editors; (5) the authority of R seems to support σπαδονίζει rather than (as U.-R. think) σπανίζει.

σπονδεῖος. 170 2, 178 7 (with πόδες), 202 20. Spondee. The metrical foot – –. Vossius thus describes the effect of the spondee: “hic pes incessum habet tardum et magnificum; itaque rebus gravibus, et maxime sacris, vel ipso attestante vocabulo, imprimis adhibetur.” Cp. Hor. Ars Poet. 255 “tardior ut paulo graviorque veniret ad aures, | spondeos stabiles in iura paterna recepit [sc. iambus],” and Cic. Orat. 64. 216.

σπουδάζειν. 66 8, 94 16. To be eager. Lat. studere, sedulo operam navare. For the middle voice of this verb see note on p. 95 supra. The noun σπουδή occurs in 156 14, 186 4, 192 7, 212 16.

σταθερός. 234 4. Steadfast. Lat. stabilis. τὸ σταθερόν = la lenteur grave.

στάθμη. 236 4. A carpenter’s line or rule. Lat. amussis. ἀπὸ στάθμης = velut ad amussim, ‘regulated by line and rule, by square and level.”

στενός. 142 19, 146 3. Narrow. Lat. angustus. In 146 3 it is coupled with λεπτός.

στηριγμός. 202 24. A sustaining (of the voice on certain syllables), a pause. Lat. mora. See under ἐγκάθισμα, p. 297 supra; and under ἀντιστηριγμός, p. 288 supra. So στηριχθῆναι 220 18, ‘to be firmly planted,’ ‘to be sustained.’

στιβαρός. 216 16. Hardy, robust. Lat. robustus. The word occurs also in de Thucyd. c. 24. Cp. the French nerveux. Hesych. στιβαρόν· εὔρωστον, βαρύ, εὔτονον, στεῤῥόν, ἰσχυρόν. As is pointed out by Larue van Hook (Metaphorical Terminology of Greek Rhetoric p. 20), both Latin and English abound in similar terms of style drawn from good physical condition: nervi, vires, vigor, lacerti, ossa, robur: full-blooded, hearty, lively, lusty, muscular, nervous, robust, sinewy, supple, strenuous, vigorous, etc.

στίχος. 86 2, 12, 88 7, etc. A line of poetry. Lat. versus. In de Thucyd. c. 19 the word is used with reference to prose: ὅτι πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα πράγματα παραλιπών, τὸ προοίμιον τῆς ἱστορίας μέχρι πεντακοσίων ἐκμηκύνει στίχων.

στοιχεῖον. 70 11, 20, 108 10, 110 9, 138 1, etc. Element. Lat. elementum. So στοιχειώδης 138 14. With the use of στοιχεῖον in c. 14 cp. Aristot. Poet. c. 20, where the word is defined as φωνὴ ἀδιαίρετος, οὐ πᾶσα δέ, ἀλλ’ ἐξ ἧς πέφυκε συνετὴ γίγνεσθαι φωνή. In 108 10 the meaning practically is ‘principle,’ ‘rule.’

στρέφειν. 264 3, 270 11. To turn, to twist. Lat. torquere. In 270 11 the meaning may be conveyed by ‘to change the words about,’ ‘to permute or vary the order of the words,’ ‘to give a new turn to the sentence.’

στρογγύλος. 112 11. Compact, rounded, terse. Lat. rotundus. Fr. arrondi. See the examples quoted in D.H. p. 205, and add de Lys. c. 9 στρογγύλη καὶ πυκνή, de Isaeo c. 3 στρογγύλη τε καὶ δικανικὴ οὐχ ἧττόν ἐστιν ἡ Ἰσαίου λέξις τῆς Λυσίου. So στρογγυλίζειν 142 15. Latin equivalents, or parallels, may be found in Horace’s ore rotundo (Ars P. 323), Cicero’s contortus (Orat. 20. 66), Quintilian’s corrotundare (xi. 3. 102). “στρογγύλος is used of the new stylistic artifices of the sophistical rhetoric by Aristophanes Acharn. 686 (στρογγύλοις τοῖς ῥήμασι), and by Plato Phaedr. 234 E. In later usage it is constantly used of periodic composition” (G. L. Hendrickson in American Journal of Philology xxv. 138).

στροφή. 194 6, 9, 10, 16, 19, 254 13, 272 5, 278 8. Strophe, stanza. Lat. stropha.

στρυφνός. 228 7. Harsh, astringent. Lat. acerbus. See D.H. p. 205 (s.v. στριφνός: in C.V. 228 7 F has στριφνόν), with the reference to Jebb’s equivalent ‘biting flavour’ (Att. Orr. i. 35).

στύφειν. 154 13. To draw up the mouth. Lat. astringere. Used of sounds that make the hearer pull a wry face and screw up his lips. Cp. de Demosth. c. 38 ἀνακοπὰς καὶ ἀντιστηριγμοὺς λαμβάνειν καὶ τραχύτητας ἐν ταῖς συμπλοκαῖς τῶν ὀνομάτων ἐπιστυφούσας τὴν ἀκοὴν ἡσυχῇ βούλεται.

συγγραφεύς. 74 8, 76 3, 154 17, 206 25, 214 15, 228 11, 236 18, 248 14. Prose-writer, historian. Lat. scriptor (prosaicus); (scriptor) historicus. ἱστοριογράφος (de Thucyd. c. 2) is a less ambiguous expression than συγγραφεύς (c. 5 ibid.) or than λογογράφος (c. 20 ibid.).—In 68 9 συγγράφειν = to compose (a treatise).

συγκοπή. 156 19, 230 7. Stoppage. Lat. impeditio. So συγκόπτειν (‘impede the voice,’ ‘check the utterance’) 162 4. [This meaning seems to bring the three passages fairly into line: otherwise συγκοπαὶ τῶν ἤχων, in 230 7, might well mean ‘durae sonorum collisiones et concursiones.’]

συγκροτεῖν. 206 16. To weld together. Lat. compingere, coagmentare.

σύγκρουσις. 230 27. Collision, concurrence, consonance. Lat. concursus. Fr. rencontre. So συγκρούειν 202 18, 224 10. Cp. Demetr. p. 302. The reference is to a succession of two vowels which do not form a diphthong, either in the same word (e.g. λᾶαν) or with hiatus between two words (e.g. ἄλγε’ ἔχοντα: or καὶ ἐλπίσας, τε ἔσεσθαι, καὶ ἀξιολογώτατον). Cp. de Demosth. c. 43. Cicero’s opinion of the ‘concourse of vowels’ (quoted by Quintil. ix. 4. 37) is given in Orat. 23. 77 “verba etiam verbis quasi coagmentare neglegat; habet enim ille tamquam hiatus et concursus vocalium molle quiddam et quod indicet non ingratam neglegentiam de re hominis magis quam de verbis laborantis.” On the other hand, Pope (Essay on Criticism) states and exemplifies the weak side of hiatus by means of the line, ‘Tho’ oft the ear the open vowels tire’; and Cicero himself (Orat. 44. 150) writes, “quod quidem Latina lingua sic observat, nemo ut tam rusticus sit qui vocales nolit coniungere.” In English, the question of hiatus raises sundry points of an interesting kind. Should we, for example, say ‘an historian’ and ‘an historical book,’ on the ground that the initial aspirate is evanescent when the accent falls on the second syllable; and similarly ‘an united family’ but ‘a union of hearts’?

συγκρύπτειν. 130 26. To hide, to disguise. Lat. occulere.

συγξεῖν. 210 22, 228 4, 232 12, 234 19. To polish. Lat. expolire. Cp. de Demosth. c. 40 πολλὴν σφόδρα ποιουμένη φροντίδα τοῦ συνεξέσθαι καὶ συνηλεῖφθαι καὶ προπετεῖς ἁπάντων αὐτῶν εἶναι τὰς ἁρμονίας.

συγχρώζεσθαι. 244 17. To be closely joined. Lat. cohaerere, mutuo se contingere.

συζυγία. 84 11, 104 17, 106 19, etc. Coupling, grouping, combination. Lat. coniunctio. Fr. liaison. So de Demosth. c. 40 (the passage quoted s.v. συμβολή, infra).

συλλαβή. 150 16. Syllable. Lat. syllaba. Words like this serve to remind us how much of our modern rhetorical and grammatical terminology is taken direct from the Greek.

συλλεαίνειν. 230 20. To rub smooth, to polish. Lat. levigare, polire. Cp. de Demosth. c. 43 ἐν δὲ τῇ δευτέρᾳ περιόδῳ τραχύνεται μὲν ἡ σύνθεσις ἐν τῷ “μεγάλη γὰρ ῥοπή” διὰ τὸ μὴ συναλείφεσθαι τὰ δύο ρ ρ, καὶ ἐν τῷ “ἀνθρώπων πράγματα” διὰ τὸ μὴ συλλεαίνεσθαι ‹τὸ ν› τῷ ἑξῆς.

συμβεβηκότα, τά. 98 8, 9, 140 14, 264 6, 268 19. The accidental, non-essential, qualities of a thing. Lat. accidentia. In 268 19 the reference is to the changes which words undergo in the way of contraction, expansion, acute or grave accentuation, etc.

συμβολή. 210 20, 232 13. Clashing. Lat. concursus. In 232 13 the reference is to les chocs des voyelles. Cp. de Demosth. c. 40 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φεύγει μὲν ἁπάσῃ σπουδῇ τὰς τῶν φωνηέντων συμβολὰς ὡς τὴν λειότητα καὶ τὴν εὐέπειαν διασπώσας, φεύγει δέ, ὅση δύναμις αὐτῇ, τῶν ἡμιφώνων τε καὶ ἀφώνων γραμμάτων τὰς συζυγίας, ὅσαι τραχύνουσι τοὺς ἤχους καὶ ταράττειν δύνανται τὰς ἀκοάς.

σύμβολον. 84 4. Token, label. Lat. signum.

συμμετρία. 130 7, 12, 246 2, 4, 270 10. Due proportion. Lat. iusta mensura. In 270 10 συμμετρία would seem to mean the arrangement of the periods within the lines or verses (μέτρα: the variant ἐμμετρία is to be noticed); and with it should be compared συμμέτρως in 270 13, though there Upton suggests ἀσυμμέτρως and Schaefer συμμέτροις. συμμέτρως occurs also in 232 9; and συμμετρεῖν in 212 18, 276 26. Cp. de Demosth. c. 43 ὥστε συμμετρηθῆναι πρὸς ἀνδρὸς πνεῦμα.

συμπληροῦν. 180 11, 182 16. To complete, to constitute. Lat. absolvere.

συμπλοκή. 160 9, 198 6, 240 16. Intertwining, blending. Lat. implicatio. So συμπλέκειν 154 17, 258 4. For the metaphor from weaving cp. ῥάπτειν and ὑφαίνειν: Pindar Nem. iv. 153 ῥήματα πλέκων: Swinburne Erechtheus 1487 “I have no will to weave too fine or far, | O queen, the weft of sweet with bitter speech.”

σύμπτωσις. 240 12. Concurrence. Lat. concursus.

συμφορητός. 72 22. Collected promiscuously, miscellaneous. Lat. collatus, collecticius.

συνάγειν. 144 18, 212 3. To contract. Lat. contrahere, coarctare.

συναλοιφή. 108 18, 180 17, 218 7, 222 24, 256 22. Blending, fusion, amalgamation. Lat. coitus, vocalium elisio. Fr. synalèphe (contraction, ou jonction de plusieurs voyelles). So συναλείφειν 220 1, 222 26, 234 8, 236 6, 244 17. Compare Demetr. p. 303, together with the passage there quoted from Quintil. ix. 4. 35-7 (including the words “coëuntes litterae, quae συναλοιφαί dicuntur”), and see (as to hiatus) Sandys’ Orator pp. 160 ff. and Laurand’s Études pp. 114-6. Cp. de Demosth. c. 43 καὶ κατ’ ἄλλους δύο τόπους ἢ τρεῖς τὰ ἡμίφωνα ‹καὶ ἄφωνα› παραπίπτοντα ἀλλήλοις τὰ φύσιν οὐκ ἔχοντα συναλείφεσθαι ἔν τε τῷ “τὸν Φίλιππον” καὶ ἐν τῷ “ταύτῃ φοβερὸν προσπολεμῆσαι” ταράττει τοὺς ἤχους μετρίως καὶ οὐκ ἐᾷ φαίνεσθαι μαλακούς· ἐν δὲ τῇ δευτέρᾳ περιόδῳ κτλ. (the remainder of the passage is given under συλλεαίνειν, p. 324 supra).

συναπαρτίζειν. 212 11, 270 13. To complete (the sense) simultaneously. Cp. Demetr. de Eloc. §§ 2, 10 (together with ἀπαρτίζειν in Glossary p. 267 ibid.), and also the note on pp. 270, 271 supra. Cp. de Demosth. c. 39 ἔτι τῆς ἁρμονίας ταύτης οἰκεῖόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ τὰς περιόδους αὐτουργούς τινας εἶναι καὶ ἀφελεῖς καὶ μήτε συναπαρτιζούσας ἑαυταῖς τὸν νοῦν μήτε συμμεμετρημένας τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ λέγοντος μηδέ γε παραπληρώμασι τῶν ὀνομάτων οὐκ ἀναγκαίοις ὡς πρὸς τὴν ὑποκειμένην διάνοιαν χρωμένας μηδ’ εἰς θεατρικούς τινας καὶ γλαφυροὺς καταληγούσας ῥυθμούς.

συνάπτειν. 202 19, 240 20, 262 4. To link together. Lat. adiungere, connectere. Dionysius’ love of variety may be seen by comparing together 262 4, 258 4, 256 20, 22, 258 24.

συναρμόττειν. 118 14, 134 11, 234 19. To adapt one thing to another. Lat. accommodare. Used with reference to adjusting, dovetailing, interlinking.

συνασκεῖν. 282 1. To practise simultaneously. Lat. simul exercere.

σύνδεσμος. 70 14, 17, 72 1, 218 7, 220 5, 258 27. Conjunction, connective, connecting word. Lat. copula, coniunctio. ‘Particle,’ or ‘connecting-particle,’ will sometimes be a suitable rendering, as the term includes particles like ἄρα (258 27) and μέν and δή (Demetr. de Eloc. §§ 55, 56, 196), and may even be applied to prepositions (220 5, 6). In a difficult passage of Aristot. Poetics (xx. 6), among the examples offered of σύνδεσμος are ἀμφί, περί, μέν, ἤτοι, as well as δέ. A good account of the word will be found in Cope’s Introduction to Aristotle’s Rhetoric pp. 371-4, 392-7. See further Quintil. i. 4. 18; Aristot. Rhet. iii. 6. 6.

συνεδρεύειν. 100 10, 160 19. To attend, to accompany. Lat. assidere, adiungi. Used, in 100 10, of the accompanying relations (mode, place, time, etc.), which adverbs denote in reference to verbs.

συνεκτρέχειν. 274 24. To run out together, to be of the same length. Lat. aequis passibus concurrere.

συνεκφέρειν. 240 11. To pronounce concurrently. Lat. simul pronuntiare. Cp. συνεκφορά 230 3.

συνεφθαρμένος. 126 10, 144 12, 234 13. Imperceptibly blended, melting into each other. Lat. commistus. φθορά is the technical term for the mixing of colours in painting: e.g. Plut. Mor. 346 A καὶ γὰρ Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ ζωγράφος, ἀνθρώπων πρῶτος ἐξευρὼν φθορὰν καὶ ἀπόχρωσιν σκιᾶς, Ἀθηναῖος ἦν. Perhaps it is this sense of ‘fusion’ that led to φθορά being used, in Byzantine music, in some such sense as ‘modulation.’

συνεχής. 230 17, 20, 244 21, 246 1. Continuous, unbroken. Lat. continuus. So συνεχῶς 132 9, 230 29, 280 21. συνέχεια (240 5) = coherence, ‘continuus compositionis tenor.’

συνηχεῖν. 140 21, 144 20, 146 11. To sound at the same time. Lat. consonare. In 140 21 the translation of the manuscript reading συνεχούσης may be “while all these are pronounced, the windpipe constricts the breath,” A. J. Ellis op. cit. p. 41 (with the note, “probably this is what Dionysius considered the cause of voice”).

σύνθεσις. 68 5, 7, 19, 70 3, 9, 72 8, 74 15, 78 9, 86 2, 13, 90 19, 134 26 etc., 200 10, 16, 202 1, 7, 204 9, 232 25, 240 23, 270 9. Composition. Lat. compositio. ‘Composition’ (with the addition of ‘literary,’ to mark it off from other kinds of composition) seems the least inadequate English rendering of σύνθεσις, and comes nearest to the usual Latin title. To judge by the actual contents of the treatise (which go beyond Dionysius’ occasional and fragmentary definitions), the term ‘putting-together’ can be applied not only to ὀνόματα, but (on the one side) to γράμματα and συλλαβαί and (on the other) to κῶλα and περίοδοι, and to a poem of Sappho or the proem of Thucydides. Hence ‘arrangement (or order, ordonnance) of words’ proves, in practice, too narrow a title, though the euphonic and symphonic arrangement of words and the elements of words is the main theme, and though there is (as has been pointed out in the Introduction, p. 11 supra) some danger of ‘literary composition’ seeming to promise a treatment of the πραγματικὸς τόπος. One of the definitions of composition in the New English Dictionary will apply very fairly to the de Compositione Verborum: “the due arrangement of words into sentences, and of sentences into periods; the art of constructing sentences and of writing prose or verse,” while ἁρμονία (which is σύνθεσις in special reference to skilful and melodious combination) might well be defined in the words there quoted from the Arte of Rhetorique of T. Wilson (1553 A.D.): “composition ... is an apt joyning together of wordes in such order, that neither the eare shall espie any jerre, nor yet any man shalbe dulled with overlong drawing out of a sentence.” The form συνθήκη is found, in practically the same sense as σύνθεσις, in the Epitome c. 3; in Lucian de conscrib. hist. c. 46 καὶ μὴν καὶ συνθήκῃ τῶν ὀνομάτων εὐκράτῳ καὶ μέσῃ χρηστέον; and in Chrysostom de Sacerdotio iv. 6 (quoted under ἀπαγγελία p. 288 supra). As Latin equivalents (in addition to ‘de Compositione Verborum’), ‘de Collocatione Verborum’ or ‘de Constructione Verborum’ might be supported out of Cicero’s Orator and de Oratore; and something might be said, too, in favour of ‘de Structura Orationis’ or (more fully) ‘de compositione, seu orationis partium apta inter se collocatione.’—συνθετικός occurs in 104 15, and σύνθετος in 144 11, 176 3, 184 3.

σύνοψις. 208 13. A general view. Lat. conspectus. εἰς σύνοψιν ἐλθεῖν δυνάμενος would, in Aristotle’s conciser phrase, be: εὐσύνοπτος.—The verb συνορᾶν occurs in 184 22, συνιδεῖν 182 3.

συντάττεσθαι. 80 5, 94 15, 96 6, 98 19, 20, 104 5, 106 13, 264 21. To put together, to compose, to treat of. Lat. componere, tractare. So σύνταγμα 214 9, and σύνταξις (‘arrangement,’ ‘co-ordination,’ ‘treatise’) 94 3, 96 2, 13, 16, etc.

συντιθέναι. 68 3, 74 12, 106 11, etc. To arrange words or sounds, to compose. Lat. componere.

συνυφαίνειν. 134 12, 166 17, 184 14, 234 9, 20, 240 7. To weave together. Lat. contexere. Lucian (de conscrib. hist. 48) uses the word: καὶ ἐπειδὰν ἀθροίσῃ ἅπαντα ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα, πρῶτα μὲν ὑπόμνημά τι συνυφαινέτω αὐτῶν κτλ. [The passage is given in full under χρῶμα, p. 333 infra.]

συνῳδός. 220 17, 224 16, 232 8. In harmony with, accordant. Lat. concors.

συριγμός. 146 14, 148 7, 160 1. A hissing. Lat. sibilus. So σύριγμα 146 3. In 160 1 the reference is to the ‘whistling of ropes,’ the ‘shrieking of tackle’: cp. Virg. Aen. i. 87 “insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum.”

σύρρυσις. 162 21. A flowing together, conflux. Lat. concursus. Two forms of the word are found: σύρρευσις and (as here) σύρρυσις.

συστέλλειν. 140 19, 152 25, 206 1. To compress. Lat. contrahere, corripere. So συστολή 142 18, 268 20.

συστρέφειν. 204 9. To abbreviate. Lat. contrahere. Cp. D.H. p. 206, and Demetr. p. 305 (s.v. συστροφή). The condensation indicated in 204 9 consists in the fact that the rolling down of the stone is described in a single line, whereas the rolling up takes four lines.

σφραγίς. 268 3. Seal, impression of a seal. Lat. signum.

σχέδιος. 186 5. Sudden, off-hand, impromptu. Lat. extemporalis. Cp. αὐτοσχέδιος p. 291 supra.

σχῆμα. 88 12, 90 19, 130 7, 132 11, 148 20 etc., 196 25, 26, 198 6, passim. Figure, attitude. Lat. figura. See D.H. p. 206, and Demetr. p. 305, for various quotations and references (to which may be added Causeret La Langue de la rhétorique et de la critique littéraire dans Ciceron pp. 176 ff.). Sometimes ‘construction’ will be a good rendering (e.g. de Isocr. c. 3), or ‘form’ (de Thucyd. c. 37): cp. Cic. Brut. 17. 69 (‘sententiarum orationisque formae’). ‘Turns of expression’ (tours de phrase) will also serve occasionally.

σχηματίζειν. 104 18, 106 15, 108 1, 110 14, 112 18, 19, etc. To use a figure, to shape, to construct. Lat. figurare. Cp. D.H. p. 206, Demetr. p. 305.

σχηματισμός. 112 14, 20, 146 7, 212 21, etc. Configuration, construction; the employment of figures or turns of phrase. Lat. conformatio, figuratio.

σχολικός. 214 9. After the manner of lectures, tedious. Lat. longus. Dionysius has in mind treatises which are ‘academic’ rather than practical. Cp. Long. de Sublim. iii. 5 πολλὰ γὰρ ὥσπερ ἐκ μέθης τινὲς εἰς τὰ μηκέτι τοῦ πράγματος, ἴδια ἑαυτῶν καὶ σχολικὰ παραφέρονται πάθη.

σῶμα. 134 25. Person. Lat. persona. Same sense as πρόσωπον: compare, in Ep. ii. ad Amm. c. 14, πρόσωπα δὲ παρ’ αὐτῷ τὰ πράγματα γίνεται with πράγματα δὲ ἀντὶ σωμάτων τὰ τοιαῦτα ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ γίνεται.

Σωτάδειος. 88 1. Sotadean. Lat. Sotadeus. So called from Sotades, a native of Maroneia or of Crete, who lived under the early Ptolemies. The structure of the Sotadean verse is analyzed in P. Masqueray’s Abriss der griechischen Metrik pp. 141-4. For some further references see Demetr. p. 244.

ταμιεύειν. 246 4. To regulate, to manage. Lat. temperare, dispensare.

τάξις. 72 12, 18, 198 6, etc. Order. Lat. dispositio. Not identical in sense with σύνθεσις, which (in 72 18) forms part of one and the same sentence as τάξις. τάξις often (e.g. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 12. 6) refers to the marshalling of the subject matter of a speech.—The verb τάττειν occurs (with various senses) in 126 7, 196 6, 254 10, etc.

ταπεινός. 74 12, 78 10, 80 13, 92 17, 134 23, 166 3, 176 11, 186 19. Low, mean, vulgar. Lat. humilis, abiectus. So ταπεινότης 192 9.

τάσις. 126 7, 9, 128 5, 11, 196 16. Tension, pitch, accent. Lat. intentio (vocis), accentus. Cp. προσῳδία p. 320 supra, and τόνος p. 329 infra. Definition in 196 16: τάσεις φωνῆς αἱ καλούμεναι προσῳδίαι. Quintil. i. 5. 22 “adhuc difficilior observatio est per tenores, (quos quidem ab antiquis dictos tonores comperi, videlicet declinato a Graecis verbo, qui τόνους dicunt) vel accentus, quas Graeci προσῳδίας vocant,” etc.

ταυτολογία. 240 26. Verbal reiteration, tautology. Lat. eiusdem verbi iteratio. This is, apparently, the earliest recorded use of the word, though Polybius employs the verb ταυτολογεῖν. Quintil. viii. 3. 50 “sicut ταυτολογία, id est eiusdem verbi aut sermonis iteratio. haec enim quamquam non magnopere a summis auctoribus vitata, interim vitium videri potest, in quod saepe incidit etiam Cicero, securus tam parvae observationis: sicut hoc loco, Non solum igitur illud iudicium iudicii simile, iudices, non fuit.” The English word tautology must have been unfamiliar when Philemon Holland translated the Morals of Plutarch, since it is one of the terms included in the “explanation of certain obscure words” appended to Holland’s volume.

ταυτότης. 134 18, 192 20. Sameness, monotony. Lat. rerum earundem iteratio. Contrasted with μεταβολή: as in 134 18 διαναπαύειν δὲ τὴν ταυτότητά φημι δεῖν μεταβολὰς εὐκαίρους εἰσφέροντα.—Aristotle uses the word several times, in the sense of ‘identity.’

τέλειος. 84 21, 116 24, 144 17, 150 13, etc. Complete, perfect. Lat. absolutus, perfectus. See, further, note on 204 24.—So τελειοῦν 178 13.—In 120 4, 268 5, τέλος = ‘end,’ ‘object.’

τελεταί. 252 15. Rites, mysteries. Lat. sacra arcana, ritus et caerimoniae. αἱ τελεταὶ τοῦ λόγου = sacra eloquentiae.

τετράμετρος. 86 3, 14, 256 8, 13. Consisting of four metres or measures. Lat. tetrametrus (sc. versus: στίχος).

τετριμμένος. 252 29. Homely, ordinary. Lat. tritus. Fr. ordinaire. The word sometimes inclines to the sense ‘vulgar,’ ‘hackneyed,’ ‘banal,’ ‘rebattu’: cp. τέτριπται 134 22.

τέχνη. 68 9, 94 10, 14, 96 2, 104 10, 132 22, etc. Art, handbook. Lat. ars. αἱ τέχναι in Dionysius (cp. αἱ τέχναι τῶν λόγων, Aristot. Rhet. i. 1. 3) refers specially to rhetorical handbooks: e.g. 270 4, 282 3. αἱ ῥητορικαὶ τέχναι is often used to designate the Rhetoric of Aristotle: e.g. 254 25, and Ep. i. ad Amm. cc. 1, 2, etc.—In 124 3 τεχνίτης = ‘craftsman,’ ‘professional.’

τὴν ἄλλως. 176 6. To no purpose. Lat. temere. Coupled here with a negative: cp. Suidas, τηνάλλως. μάτην. καὶ οὐ τηνάλλως μετὰ τῆς ἀποφάσεως λέγεται.

τομή. 72 2. Division. Lat. partitio. Fr. partie, subdivision.

τόνος. 126 5, 15, 19, 142 8. Tone, tension, pitch, accent. Lat. tonus, intentio (vocis), accentus. If τόνον be read in 136 16 and τόνος in 236 8, the meaning will be energy: cp. D.H. p. 207. See also under τάσις p. 328 supra, and under περισπασμός p. 316 supra (for a passage of Aristot Rhet. iii. 1. 4).

τόπος. 66 6, 96 9, 144 18, 164 17, 248 8. Place, heading, department. Lat. locus. The πραγματικὸς τόπος (66 6) is the locus rerum, as opposed to the λεκτικὸς τόπος (96 9). In this connexion not only τόπος, but τρόπος, τύπος, χαρακτήρ and μέρος are sometimes used by Dionysius.

τορευτός. 264 18. Worked in relief, chased. Lat. caelatus. So τορευτής = caelator, 266 8.

τραγῳδοποιός. 236 17, 248 14. Tragic poet, tragedian. Lat. tragicus poëta. [For the Greek expressions used to denote tragic and comic poets see H. Richards in the Classical Review xiv. 211.]

τρανός. 230 14. Clear, distinct. Lat. perspicuus. In earlier Greek the form τρανής is used: cp. Soph. Ajax 23 ἴσμεν γὰρ οὐδὲν τρανές, ἀλλ’ ἀλώμεθα.

τραχύτης. 230 5, 232 8. Roughness. Lat. asperitas. Fr. âpreté, dureté. So τραχύς 130 26, 154 12, 228 7, 234 15, etc.; and τραχύνειν 130 19, 146 9, 202 26, 206 4, 216 17, 218 18, 240 17. By ‘rough’ letters, in 202 26, Dionysius may probably mean the following letters found in the four lines quoted in 202 3-6: Σ, σ, φ (?), σ, γ, χ, στ, ζ, σ, σκ, πτ, σχ, σκ, φ (?); and among these, σκ, σχ and πτ may be regarded as ‘juxtapositions of rough letters.’

τρίκωλον. 116 11. A sentence consisting of three members or clauses. Lat. oratio trimembris. τὸ τρίκωλον is here a noun: on the same principle as, for example, ἡ τρίοδος (= trivium).

τρίμετρος. 258 19, 25. Consisting of three metres or measures. Lat. trimetrus (sc. versus: στίχος).

τρισύλλαβος. 170 15, 174 8. Consisting of three syllables. Lat. trisyllabus.

τρόπος. 196 1. Mode (in music). Lat. modus. Cp. Monro’s Modes of Ancient Greek Music p. 2. In 132 12 the word means trope (metaphor particularly: cp. Quintil. viii. 6. 4): so τροπικός (figurative; Fr. figuré) 78 16, 252 24, 272 10.

τροχαῖος. 170 8, 184 11. Trochee. The metrical foot – ᴗ.

τρυφερός. 236 9. Delicate, dainty. Lat. delicatus, nitidus.

τύπος. 70 7, 268 2, 17, 24. Outline, form. Lat. forma, figura.

ὕλη. 266 9. Material. Lat. materia. Fr. matière.

ὑπαγωγικός. 90 5. Drawn slowly out, prolonged. Lat. dilatatus. Cp. de Demosth. c. 4 διώκει δ’ ἐκ παντὸς τρόπου τὴν περίοδον οὐδὲ ταύτην στρογγύλην καὶ πυκνὴν ἀλλ’ ὑπαγωγικήν τινα καὶ πλατεῖαν καὶ πολλοὺς ἀγκῶνας, ὥσπερ οἱ μὴ κατ’ εὐθείας ῥέοντες ποταμοὶ ποιοῦσιν, ἐγκολπιζομένην. It is possible, however, that in the de Comp. Verb. the word has an active meaning similar to that of ἐπαγωγικός, in which case the rendering will be ‘the effect of the passage will no longer be that of a narrative which gently carries the reader on.’

ὑπαλλαγή. 78 16. Hypallage. Lat. hypallage. Quintil. ix. 6. 23 “nec procul ab hoc genere discedit μετωνυμία, quae est nominis pro nomine positio. cuius vis est, pro eo, quod dicitur, causam, propter quam dicitur, ponere; sed, ut ait Cicero, ὑπαλλαγήν rhetores dicunt. haec inventas ab inventore et subiectas res ab obtinentibus significat: ut Cererem corruptam undis, et receptus Terra Neptunus classes Aquilonibus arcet.” Cp. Cic. Orat. 27. 93 “hanc ὑπαλλαγήν rhetores, quia quasi summutantur verba pro verbis, μετωνυμίαν grammatici vocant, quod nomina transferuntur.”

ὑπάτη. 210 7. Top note. Lat. chorda suprema. See L. & S. s.v.

ὑπεραίρειν. 224 11. To exceed. Lat. transgredi.

ὑπερβολή. 156 11. Excess, violence. Lat. impetus, ardor. [Not here used in the technical sense of superlatio, traiectio.]

ὑπέρμετρος. 214 8. Exceeding due measure, excessively long. Lat. excedens mensuram. [Not here used in the technical sense of passing beyond the bounds of metre: Demetr. de Eloc. § 118 ποίημα γὰρ ἄκαιρον ψυχρόν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ ὑπέρμετρον, ‘a bit of verse out of place is just as inartistic as the disregard of metrical rules in poetry.’]

ὑπεροπτικός. 232 20. Disdainful. Lat. ad contemnendum pronus.

ὑπερτείνειν. 132 14. To exceed. Lat. transcendere.

ὑπηχεῖν. 150 7. To sound in answer to, to re-echo. Lat. resonare.

ὑποβάκχειος. 174 23, 178 11, 13. Hypobacchius. The metrical foot ᴗ – –. The Epitome (c. 17) gives παλιμβάκχειος in the same sense as ὑποβάκχειος.

ὑπογράφειν. 122 7. To sketch. Lat. adumbrare. Fr. esquisser.

ὑπόδειγμα. 174 12. Pattern, specimen. Lat. documentum, exemplum.

ὑπόθεσις. 104 6. Subject, theme. Lat. argumentum operis. So τὰ ὑποκείμενα (the subject matter) 74 9, 106 17, 130 13, 134 21, 158 2.

ὑπόμνησις. 80 1. Reminder. Lat. admonitio. ὑπομνήσεως ἕνεκα = memoriae causa.

ὑποτακτικός. 220 19. Subordinate. Lat. subditus. Dionysius seems to mean that π is not apt to be amalgamated with, or absorbed in, a preceding ν. [The second vowel in a diphthong could be described as ὑποτακτικὸν φωνῆεν.] The verb ὑποτάττειν occurs in 100 23 and 126 21.

ὑποτίθεσθαι. 194 8. To take as a subject. Lat. argumentum sibi sumere. This (rather than ‘to postulate’) seems to be the meaning.

ὑποτραχύνειν. 222 7. To grate slightly on the ear. Lat. leni horrore aures afficere.

ὕπτιος. 108 3. Passive. Lat. supinus.

ὕφος. 234 12. Woven stuff, a web. Lat. tela. The word is used metaphorically in Long. de Subl. i. 4 τοῦ ὅλου τῶν λόγων ὕφους.

ὑψηλός. 92 18, 172 2, 180 2, 182 7. Lofty, elevated. Lat. sublimis.

φαντασία. 230 29. Representation, image. Lat. imago.

φάρμακον. 208 17. Colour (for painting). Lat. pigmentum. For φάρμακα (= βάμματα, χρώματα) cp. Horace’s “lana Tarentino violas imitata veneno” (Ep. ii. 1. 207).

φάρυγξ. 150 7. Throat. Lat. guttur. Here used in the masculine gender, according to the best-supported reading. Galen (on Hippocr. Progn. p. 45), ὅτι φάρυγγα τὴν προκειμένην χώραν στομάχου τε καὶ λάρυγγος ὀνομάζει δῆλόν ἐστι.

φθαρτός. 266 9. Perishable. Lat. mortalis, periturus.

φθόγγος. 128 4, 130 12, 268 10. Sound, note. Lat. sonus.

φιλόκαλος. 66 16. Loving beauty, artistic. Lat. pulchritudinis studiosus.

φιλόλογος. 264 24. Loving literature, literary; a scholar. Lat. litterarum studiosus; litteratus, philologus.

φιλοπονία. 264 25. Loving care; industry. Lat. diligentia: which (etymologically) contains the same suggestion of ‘work done con amore.’

φιλόσοφος. 74 8, 132 22, 164 22, 248 15. Philosopher. Lat. philosophus. The comprehensive sense in which philosophy is understood may be illustrated from φιλοσοφία (140 12) and φιλοσοφεῖν (70 12). Cp. in modern times such academic vestiges of ancient usage as ‘Natural Philosophy’ or ‘Ph. D.’ In Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (ii. 4) rhetoric is taught by the Maître de Philosophie; and Dionysius is fond of contrasting the philosophical, or scientific, rhetoric (ἡ φιλόσοφος ῥητορική) of the best Attic times with the later and purely empirical Asiatic rhetoric, to which he applies the epithet ἀμαθής. See further in D.H. p. 208.

φιλοτεχνεῖν. 154 20, 200 18. To practise an art lovingly, to be devoted to it. Lat. artem amare, in artem incumbere. So φιλοτέχνως 176 18. φιλοτεχνεῖν, φιλότεχνος and φιλοτεχνία are all used by Plato in reference to art pursued con amore; and Cicero (ad Att. xiii. 40. 1) uses φιλοτέχνημα of an elaborate work of art—a chef-d’œuvre: “Ubi igitur φιλοτέχνημα illud tuum quod vidi in Parthenone, Ahalam et Brutum?”

φιλοχωρεῖν. 110 5. To cling to a place, to haunt it. Lat. libenter in loco commorari. φιλοχωρεῖν is used repeatedly by Dionysius in the Antiqq. Rom. (e.g. i. 13 Ἀρκαδικὸν γὰρ τὸ φιλοχωρεῖν ὄρεσιν and v. 63 παρεκελεύοντο ἀλλήλοις μὴ φιλοχωρεῖν ἐν πόλει μηδενὸς αὐτοῖς ἀγαθοῦ μεταδιδούσῃ) and φιλοχωρία in i. 27 (ὑπὸ τῆς φιλοχωρίας κρατουμένους). Plutarch uses the word in reference to his birthplace Chaeroneia, telling us that he ‘clung fondly to the spot,’ lest by leaving it he should make a small place, but one which had witnessed thrilling scenes, ‘smaller yet’ (ἡμεῖς δὲ μικρὰν οἰκοῦντες πόλιν, καὶ ἵνα μὴ μικροτέρα γένηται φιλοχωροῦντες, Plut. Demosth. c. 2). The form χωροφιλεῖν seems to occur twice only in good Greek authors: (1) Antiphon de Caede Herodis § 78 εἰ δ’ ἐν Αἴνῳ χωροφιλεῖ [probably it is to this passage that Dionysius here refers]; (2) Ep. Thaletis ap. Diog. L. i. 44 σὺ μέντοι χωροφιλέων ὀλίγα φοιτέεις ἐς Ἰωνίην.

φλυαρία. 264 7, 268 15. Nonsense, foolery. Lat. nugae, ineptiae. So φλυάρημα (futility) 192 9. Notwithstanding the remarks in Stephanus, it would seem more natural to take φλύαρος as an adjective (than as a noun) in 272 20, 22, and this for two reasons: (1) the form φλυαρία has been used shortly before; (2) the adjectival use is sufficiently established by Hesychius’ note (φαῦλος, εὐήθης) and by that of Thom. M. p. 376 Ritschl (πολύλογος), while ἡ φλύαρος φιλοσοφία occurs in the Septuagint (Maccab. iv. 5, 10) and καὶ ὅλως ἀποδείκνυσι τὸν Πυθαγόρου λόγον φλύαρον in Plut. Mor. 169 E.

φορά. 144 22, 204 17, 244 20. Current, rush. Lat. cursus, impetus.

φορτικός. 252 14. Coarse, rude. Lat. insolens, importunus, insulsus.

φράσις. 84 2, 166 3, 182 8, 206 1, 15, 208 7, 250 14. Style, expression. Lat. elocutio. Cp. Quintil. viii. 1. 1 “igitur, quam Graeci φράσιν vocant, Latine dicimus elocutionem. ea spectatur verbis aut singulis aut coniunctis.”

φριμαγμός. 158 14. Snorting. Lat. fremitus. It is hardly likely that the word here means no more than βληχή, bleating.

Φρύγιος. 196 1. Phrygian. Lat. Phrygius. Cp. Monro’s Modes of Ancient Greek Music, passim.

φυλακή. 198 6. Preservation. Lat. conservatio.—In the de Imitat. B. vi. 3 the reading φυλακή (if correct) will correspond to the middle φυλάττεσθαι (not to φυλάττειν).

φυσικός. 96 23, 214 3, 224 5, 240 8, etc. Natural. Lat. naturalis. So φυσικῶς 200 12. ὁ φυσικός, in 214 3, = ‘the natural philosopher,’ ‘the physicist’ (of Empedocles). In 134 2 οὐδ’ ἔχει φύσιν τὸ πρᾶγμα ... πεσεῖν the meaning is ‘nor is the subject of such a nature that it can fall.’

φωνή. 130 4, 21, 136 22, 138 7, etc. Voice, sound. Lat. vox, sonus, sonus vocalis. Cp. φωνεῖν (‘to pronounce,’ etc.) 140 1, 20, 144 18, 148 14.

φωνήεις. 138 8, 9, 15, 140 2, 144 7, 150 17, 152 4, 220 11. Voiced. Lat. vocalis. φωνήεντα γράμματα = litterae vocales = vowels. For the term ‘voiced’ see s.v. ἄφωνος p. 292 supra. Cp. Dionys. Thrax Ars Gramm. p. 9 (ed. Uhlig) φωνήεντα δὲ λέγεται, ὅτι φωνὴν ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἀποτελεῖ.

φωτεινός. 234 13. Full of light. Lat. lucidus, luminosus.

χαρακτήρ. 68 21, 80 17, 90 10, etc. Characteristic stamp, type. Lat. forma, nota. So the adjective χαρακτηρικός in 232 21 (cp. de Demosth. c. 39 init.). See further in D.H. p. 208, Demetr. p. 308.—In 230 9 the verb χαράττειν = ‘to irritate.’

χάρις. 112 5, 120 20, 124 12, etc. Charm, grace. Lat. venustas, lepor. Fr. grâce. Cp. Demetr. p. 308. So χαρίεις (‘refined,’ ‘elegant,’ ‘accomplished,’ ‘consummate’) 106 16, 116 1, 154 16; χαριέντως 110 22.

χλευασμός. 192 7. Scoffing, satire. Lat. derisio, illusio. χλευάζειν 270 3.

χορδή. 122 23. String, note. Lat. chorda.

χορεῖος. 170 17, 184 11. Choree. Lat. choreus. The metrical foot ᴗ ᴗ ᴗ. In 170 18 the reading τρίβραχυς πούς (τροχαῖος πούς F) seems to be a gloss. The term χορεῖος is applied to the trochee more commonly than to the tribrach. The Epitome (c. 17) gives χορεῖος (without addition).

χρεία. 104 21, 198 2. Use, practical work. Lat. usus. Cp. de Demosth. c. 45, de Thucyd. c. 55. There may also be some notion of practical need, stress: cp. ἐν χρείᾳ δορός (Soph. Aj. 963) and ὑπὸ τῆς χρείας αὐτῆς (schol. on Hom. Odyss. viii. 163).

χρεμετισμός. 158 14. Neighing, whinnying. Lat. hinnitus.

χρῆμα. 158 2. Object. Lat. res ipsa. Cp. note on p. 158 supra.

χρόνοι. 130 1, 164 5, 204 22 (lit. ‘does not divide the times’), 210 19, 216 18, 234 4, 244 19, 264 4. Times, time-intervals, time-spaces, rests, pauses. Lat. tempora, morae. So in 128 15 χρόνους = ‘the length of syllables,’ and in 130 7 ἐν τοῖς χρόνοις τῶν μορίων = ‘in the duration of words,’ ‘in quantity.’ χρόνων = ‘tenses,’ 108 5; χρόνιος = diuturnus, 202 23; χρονίζειν = immorari, 164 12.

χρῶμα. 88 12, 198 14. Colour. Lat. color. In 198 14 χρώμασιν should be retained (in place of Usener’s χρήμασιν) in the sense of ‘ornaments’; the ornaments in question being μέλος εὐγενές, ῥυθμὸς ἀξιωματικός, μεταβολὴ μεγαλοπρεπής (136 11, where compare τὸ πᾶσι τούτοις παρακολουθοῦν πρέπον with τοῖς ἄλλοις χρώμασιν ἅπασι παρεῖναι δεῖ τὸ πρέπον in 198 14). Compare too de Demosth. c. 22 κοσμοῦντος ἅπαντα καὶ χρωματίζοντος τῇ πρεπούσῃ ὑποκρίσει ἧς δεινότατος ἀσκητὴς ἐγένετο, and the use of χρῶμα (or χρώματα) in de Isaeo c. 4 and de Thucyd. c. 42. Photius (Bibl. Cod. 214) has ἔστι δὲ ἡ φράσις τῷ ἀνδρὶ σαφὴς μὲν καὶ καθαρὰ καὶ σπουδῇ φιλοσόφῳ πρέπουσα, οὐ μήν γε τοῖς κεκαλλωπισμένοις καὶ περιττοῖς ἐξωραϊζομένη χρώμασι καὶ ποικίλμασι τῆς ῥητορείας. Similarly color in Quintil. x. 1. 116, and Cic. de Orat. iii. 25. 100. The stage at which the χρῶμα would best be introduced in a historical work is suggested in a passage of Lucian (de conscrib. hist. 48): καὶ ἐπειδὰν ἀθροίσῃ ἅπαντα ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα, πρῶτα μὲν ὑπόμνημά τι συνυφαινέτω αὐτῶν καὶ σῶμα ποιείτω ἀκαλλὲς ἔτι καὶ ἀδιάρθρωτον· εἶτα ἐπιθεὶς τὴν τάξιν ἐπαγέτω τὸ κάλλος καὶ χρωννύτω (i.e. ‘tinge’) τῇ λέξει καὶ σχηματιζέτω καὶ ῥυθμιζέτω. But might it not be more truly said that a great historian like Gibbon has his χρῶμα from the beginning, —from the moment when he stands in the Forum and conceives his vast theme? It is in fact one aspect of his inspiration.

χρωματικός. 194 7, 196 3. Chromatic. Lat. chromaticus. For the chromatic scale see note on 194 7.

χώρα. 144 13. Room, space. Lat. locus, spatium. χωρίον in 126 6 = ‘distance,’ ‘interval.’

ψιλός. 130 5, 148 7, 12 (bis), 18, 19, 150 3, 9, 154 2, 250 12, 254 1. Bare, smooth, unaspirated. Lat. lenis. So ψιλότης 148 21. See s.v. δασύς p. 294 supra, with the reference there given to A. J. Ellis’ pamphlet. In 148 7 Ellis takes ‘smooth’ to mean ‘unaccompanied by voice, but in this case possibly not mute.’ In 130 5 the ‘ordinary’ voice, the voice ‘pure and simple’ (or ‘without addition’), is meant: cp. 154 2, 250 12, 254 1. So ἐν τοῖς ψιλοῖς λόγοις Aristot. Rhet. iii. 2. 3, and “nuda oratio” Cic. Orat. 55. 183.

ψοφοειδής. 162 15. Sounding. Lat. sonans. If the term is technical, it may perhaps be translated by fricative; it can hardly be so wide as consonantal.

ψόφος. 138 7, 8, 9, 12, 146 4, 222 2. A sound, a noise. Lat. sonus, strepitus. The consonants (litterae consonantes) are called ψόφοι, as contrasted with the φωνήεντα γράμματα.

ψῦγμα. 202 26. Inhalation. Lat. respiratio. Used particularly of the ‘catch of the breath’ (interspiratio) between one word and another. [ψῦγμα must, of course, be distinguished from ψῆγμα: cp. Long. p. 174.]

ᾠδή. 124 16, 22, 148 1, 224 21, 278 8. Song, lay, ode. Lat. cantus, carmen. So ᾠδικός = vocal (of the voice accompanied by music), 126 16, 130 5.

ὤρα. 78 12. Care, heed. Lat. cura. Cp. Hesychius: ὥρα ... ψιλῶς δὲ φροντίς, ἐπιμέλεια· ὅθεν ὀλίγωρον (i.e. ‘a poco curante,’ ‘a Hippocleides’) λέγομεν τὸν ὀλίγην ἔχοντα φροντίδα. In 78 12 M has γρ φροντίδα in the margin.

ὥρα. 120 20, 124 12, 162 1. Freshness, bloom, beauty. Lat. venustas, flos. Fr. fraîcheur. Cp. Ep. ad Cn. Pomp. c. 2 (quoted from de Demosth. c. 5: in reference to Plato’s style ὅ τε πίνος ὁ τῆς ἀρχαιότητος ἠρέμα αὐτῇ καὶ λεληθότως ἐπιτρέχει ἱλαρόν τέ τι καὶ τεθηλὸς καὶ μεστὸν ὥρας ἄνθος ἀναδίδωσι, καὶ ὥσπερ ἀπὸ τῶν εὐωδεστάτων λειμώνων αὔρα τις ἡδεῖα ἐξ αὐτῆς φέρεται).—In 68 14 and 76 6 ὥρα = ‘time,’ ‘season.’

ὡραϊσμός. 66 18. Adornment, elegance. Lat. elegantia.