INDEX
Reading edition
A.
Accident, Darwin’s use of the word, 334-340; beauty due to, 408, 409.
Achromatin, 126-134.
Acquired characters, see Characters.
Acræa eurita, 328.
Adaptation, facts of, in relation to theory of natural selection, 401-403, 411.
Adaptive characters, see Characters.
Æsthetic sense in animals, 380-385; see Beautiful.
Agassiz, Prof. A., on fauna of the Mammoth cave, 70.
Alpine plants, 209, 210, 440-442.
Amauris niavius, 328.
Amblyornis inornata, 381-383.
Amphioxus, 137, 138, 145, 146.
Analogy, 38, 50-65, 176, 177, 347-350.
Anthropoid, see Apes.
Antlers, 98-100, 167-169.
Ants, co-operative instincts of, 268; leaf-cutting, 332; keeping aphides, 292.
Ape, eye of, 75; appendix vermiformis of, 84-86.
Apes, ears of, compared with those of man, 88; muscles of, 77, 82, 83; feet of, 77, 78; tail of, compared with that of man, 82-84; hair of, compared with that of man, 89-91; teeth of, compared with those of man, 92-94; flattening of tibiæ of, 95, 96.
Aphides, 292.
Appendix vermiformis of man compared with that of orang, 84-86.
Apteryx, 68, 69.
Archæopteryx, 171-173.
Arctic plants, 209, 210 , 440-442.
Argyll, Duke of, on natural selection, 334-362 .
Aristotle, his idea of scientific method, 1; on classification, 23, 24.
Arm, distribution of hair on, in man and apes, 89-92.
Arthropoda, embryology of, 155.
Artificial selection, analogy of, to natural selection, 295-314;
pictorial representations of products of, 298-312.
Artiodactyls, 182-191.
Association, principle of, in æsthetics, 404-407.
Aster, 129-133.
Attraction-spheres, 128, 132, 133.
Australia, fauna of, 204, 205; thriving of exotic species in, 286; portrait of wild dog of, 304.
Azores, 224, 225.
B.
Bacon, Lord, on scientific method, 2.
Balanoglossus, 147, 148.
Baptanodon discus, posterior limb of, 179-181.
Barriers, in relation to geographical distribution, 216-224.
Bats, 56, 224, 226, 240.
Battle, law of, 385, 386.
Baya-bird, 381.
Bear, skeleton of, 174; feet of, 178.
Beautiful, the, sense of, in animals, 380-385; standards of, 380-404; Darwin’s explanation of, in organic nature, 379-411; facts of, in inorganic nature in relation to Darwin’s theory of, in organic, 404; often determined by natural selection, 406, 407; absent in many plants and animals, 408; in nature often accidental, 409-411; does not exist in organic nature as an end per se, 410, 411.
Bees, co-operative instincts of, 268.
Beetles, wingless, 68-70; on oceanic islands, 224, 226, 229, 232.
Bell, Dr., on natural theology, 412.
Bell-bird, 396-398.
Bembidium, 233.
Bermudas, 225-227.
Biology, ideas of method in, 1-9.
Birds, ovum of, 124; embryology of, 151-155; paleontology of, 163-165, 172, 173; brain of, 194-197; as carriers of seed, eggs, and small organisms, 217, 218; distribution of, 224-240; æsthetic sense of, 380-385; courtship of, 380-385.
Birgus latro, 62-65.
Blood, colour of arterial, 409.
Boar, see Pig.
Bombus lapidarius, 331.
Bower-birds, play-houses of, 381-383.
Boyd-Dawkins, on flattening of early human tibiæ, 96.
Brain, palæontology of, 194-197.
British Isles, see Islands.
Broca, 363.
Bronn, 363.
Budding, see Germination.
Burdon-Sanderson, Prof., on electric organ of skate, 366.
Butler, Bishop, on argument from ignorance, 41.
Butterflies, defensive colouring of, 321-329.
C.
Cæsalpino, on classification, 24.
Calf, embryology of, 153.
Camel, foot of, 187-191.
Canadian stag, 196, 198, 199.
Canaries, portraits of, 303; first mentioned by Gesner, 312, 313.
Cape de Verde Archipelagoes, fauna of, 228.
Carcharias melanopterus, 149.
Carruthers, on evolution, 436-442.
Caterpillars, colours and forms of, 319, 322-326.
Cattle, portraits of, 311.
Causation, natural, 402, 413, 414.
Caves, faunas of dark, 70-72.
Cell, physiological, and properties of the, 104-134.
Cerura vinula, 325, 326.
Cervalces Americanus, 196, 198, 199.
Cervus dicrocerus, issiodorensis, matheronis, pardinensis, Sedgwickii, tetraceros, 168.
Chalmers, Dr., on natural theology, 412.
Chameleons, 317.
Characters, as adaptive, 273-276, 286-293, 349; as specific, 274-276, 286-295; as congenital and acquired, 274-276.
Chasmorhynchus niveus, and C. tricarunculatus, 396-398.
Chelydra serpentina, anterior limb of, 179-181.
Chick, embryology of, 153.
Chimpanzee, see Apes.
Chlorophyll, 408.
Chondracanthus cornutus, 122.
Cirripedes, 430.
Classification, 23-49; of organic nature by Genesis and Leviticus, 23; artificial and natural, 24-26; empirical rules of, 33-40; Darwin on, 35, 36, 39,40; form of, a nexus or tree, 29-32; of organic forms like that of languages, 32; single characters in relation to, 37; aggregates of characters in relation to, 35-37; adaptive and non-adaptive characters in relation to, 34, 35, 38, 39; chains of affinities in relation to, 39-40; biological differs from astronomical, 43.
Cockerell, on vegetable galls, 447, 448.
Colours, of plants and animals in relation to the theory of natural selection, 317-332; in relation to the theory of sexual selection, 391, 392, 394-396, 408-410, 448-450.
Colouring, see Recognition marks, Protective, Seasonal, Warning, and Mimicry.
Congenital characters, see Characters.
Conjugation, of Protozoa, 115-117.
Continuity, principle of, in nature, 15-21.
Contrivance, Darwin’s use of the word, 281.
Co-operation, mutual, of species alleged, 445-448.
Co-operative instincts, due to natural selection, 267, 269.
Cope, Professor, his table of geological formations, 163, 164; his table of palæontological development of feet, vertebral column, and brain, 197.
Correlation of growth, 357-362.
Cossonidæ, 233.
Courtship, see Sexual Selection.
Crabs, 62-65, 139.
Cuttle-fish, 317.
Cuvier, on method in natural history, 3-4; on monkeys, 429.
Cyst, see Encystation.
D.
Darwin, Charles, his influence on ideas of method, 1-9; on classification, 35, 36, 39, 40; on vestigial characters in man, 77, 86, 87, 92; on imperfection of geological record, 165, and Appendix; on means of dispersal, 216, 218; on geographical distribution, 218, 219; on fauna of the Galapagos Archipelago, 227, 228; on natural selection, 252, 253, 255, 256, 286, 375, 376; his use of such words as ‘accident,’ ‘fortuitous,’ ‘purpose,’ ‘contrivance,’ &c., 281, 334-340 on sexual selection, 379-400.
Darwin, Erasmus, his theory of evolution, 253.
De Blainville, on the theory of descent, 258.
De Candolle, on classification, 34.
Deer, 98, 99, 167-169, 187, 191, 196, 198, 199.
Degeneration, 269, 270, 342.
Delamination, 139.
Diadema euryta, 330.
Diaster, 129-133.
Dingo, see Dog.
Dinornis, 60, 61.
Diptera mimicking Hymenoptera, 329.
Dog, dentition of, 39; Dingo, 304; domesticated varieties of, 305, 307; hairless, 307; skulls of, 307.
Duck, logger-headed, 68.
Dugong, eye of, 75.
E.
Eagle, eye of, 75.
Ear, of whales, 65; vestigial features of human, 76, 86-89; of man and apes compared, 88.
Eaton, Rev. A. E., on wingless insects, 70.
Echinodermata, 125-127, 138, 155.
Ectoderm, 137-142.
Egg, see Ovum.
Eimer, 363.
Elaps fulvius imitated by non-venomous snakes, 330.
Electric organs, 365-373.
Elephant, foot of, 185, 186; rate of propagation of, 261, 262.
Elk, 196-198, 199.
Embryo, human, see Man.
Embryogeny, see Ontogeny.
Embryology, 98-155.
Embryos, comparative series of, 152, 153.
Encyclopædia Britannica, eighth ed., on instinct, 289-291.
Encystation of Protozoa, 115.
Endoderm, 137-142.
Equatorial plate, 129.
Equus, see Horse.
Erythrolamprus venustissimus, 330.
Evolution, organic, fact of, Section I; Method of, Section II; ideas upon, prior to Darwin, 253-258; divergent, 266, 267.
Ewart, Professor Cossar, on electric organ of skate, 364, 367.
Existence, see Struggle for.
Eye, of octopus, 57, 58, 347-350; absence of, in dark cave animals, 70-72; nictitating membrane of, 74, 75; development of, from cutaneous nerve-ending, 352-354.
F.
Feet, 51-59, 66, 77-80, 174-192, 197.
Fertilization of ova, 127, 128; of flowers by insects, 406.
Fish, embryology of, 143-155; palæontology of, 163, 165, 169-171; brain of, 194-197; distribution of, 224-246; flying, 355.
Fission, reproduction by, 106, 107.
Flat fish, 317.
Float, see Swim-bladder.
Flowers, fertilization of, by insects, 406.
Fly, imitating a wasp, 329.
Flying-fish, and squirrels, 355.
Foraminifera, 346.
Forbes, H. O., on scapulo-coracoid bones of Dinornis, 60.
Fortuitous, Darwin’s use of the word, 340.
Fossils, see Palæontology.
Frogs, 317.
G.
Galapagos Islands, 227-231, 236, 237.
Galeus, eye of, 75.
Galls, vegetable, 293-295, 446-448.
Gastræa, 137-140.
Gastrophysema, 138.
Gastrulation, 137, 140.
Gegenbaur, 147, 181.
Gemmation, reproduction by, 106, 107, 110, 111.
Generalization, 5.
Generalized types, 33.
Genesis, classification of organic nature in, 23.
Genial tubercle, 96.
Geographical distribution, 204-248; see Glacial period, Barriers Transport of organisms, Oceanic islands, &c.
Geology, record of imperfect, 156-160, and Appendix; see Palæontology.
Germs, prophetic, 272, 351-362.
Gesner, on classification, 24; on canaries, 313.
Gill-arches, 146, 147, 150, 151.
Gill-slits, 146, 147, 150-153.
Gills, of young salamanders, 102; origin of, in embryo, 144; of fish, 150, 152.
Giraffe, neck of, in relation to Lamarck’s theory, 254.
Glacial periods, effects of, on distribution of plants and animals, 209, 210, and Appendix.
Goose, Frizzled, portrait of, 304.
Gorilla, see Apes.
Gray, Professor Asa, 337
Great-toe, in man and apes, 79-81.
Grouse, 317-319
Growth, correlation of, 357, 362.
Gymnotus, 365, 367.
H.
Häckel, on analogy between species and languages, 32; on reproduction as discontinuous growth, 105, 106; his ideal primitive vertebrate, 143, 144.
Hair, vestigial characters of, in man, 89-92.
Hales, 3.
Haller, 3.
Hamilton, Sir William, 272.
Hands, 51-55, 66, 80-82, 174-192.
Hare, 318, 319.
Hartmann, on flattening of early human tibiæ, 96.
Harvey, on Lord Bacon’s writings, 2.
Heart, development of, 154.
Heilprin, on skulls of deer, 198, 199; on fossil shells, 201, 202.
Hen, ovum of, 122.
Heredity, in relation to classification, 28-31; in relation to embryology, 98-102; chromatin-fibres in relation to, 134; in relation to theories of organic evolution, 253-255, 260-264, 377.
Hermit-crabs, 62-65, 288, 289.
Heteromera, 233.
Hilgendorf, on shells of Planorbis, 201.
Hipparion, 191, 192.
Hippopotamus, foot of, 187.
Hog, see Pig.
Homology, 38, 50-65, 176, 177, 347-350, 357-359.
Homopterous insect, imitating leaf-cutting ants, 331, 332.
Hooker, Sir Joseph, on flora of St. Helena, 234.
Horns, 98-100, 167. -169.
Horse, eye of, 75; limb-bones of, 176, 177, 186, 188-192; teeth of, 189-191; portraits of domesticated breeds of, 309.
Human, see Man.
Humerus, perforations of, in quadrumana and man, 94, 95.
Humming-birds, restricted to the New World, 211.
Hunter, 3; on ear of whale, 65.
Huxley, Prof., on mechanical selection, 283; on age of the earth, 435, 436; on Dr. Whewell, 243.
Hyatt, on shells of Planorbis, 201.
Hydra, 111, 122.
Hyrax, foot of, 185, 186.
I.
Ignorance, argument from, 41, 42, 49.
Illative Sense, 6.
Imitative colours, 317-323, 326-332.
Infant, feet of, 78, 79; grasping power of, 81.
Infertility, inter-specific, in relation to natural selection, 374-376.
Insects, wingless, 68-70; in primary formations, 163, Appendix; on oceanic islands, 224-238; in relation to galls, 293-295, 446-448; defensive colouring of, 321-332; fertilizing flowers, 406.
Instincts, always of primary use to species presenting them, 286-293.
Intercrossing, in relation to natural selection, 374-376.
Inutility of specific characters, in relation to natural selection, 374-376.
Islands, oceanic, 224-237; British, 238-241.
J.
Japan, hairless dog of, 101.
Jelly-fish, 119, 120.
K.
Kallima, 323.
Karyokinesis, 112-114, 128-134.
Kepler, 272.
Kerguelen Island, flightless insects of, 70.
Kropotkin, Prince, on co-operative instincts, 269.
L.
Lagopus mutus, 317, 318.
Lamarck, his method in natural history, 4; his theory of evolution, 253-256.
Lamprey, 148.
Languages, classification of, resembles that of organic forms, 32.
Lankester, E. Ray, on karyokinesis, 129, 130.
Leaf insect, 322.
Le Conte, on geological succession of animal classes, 164, 165; on types of tails, 169-173; on fossil shells of Planorbis, 201; his work on the relation of the theory of evolution to religious thought, 412.
Leptalis, 328.
Leuculmis echinus, 122.
Leviticus, classification of organic nature in, 23.
Life, origin of, 15.
Linnæus, on method in natural history, 3; on classification, 26, 35-40.
Lion, skeleton of, 175; feet of, 178.
Lizard, heart and gill-arches of, 150.
Lloyd Morgan, 273, 449, 450.
Lungs, development of, 154, 354.
Lyell, Sir Charles, on classification, 32; on uniformitarianism, 258; on rational species, 344; on geological record, 422, 435, 439.
M.
Madeira, wingless beetles of, 68-70; peculiar beetles of, 226, 227.
Mammals, ovum of, 120-124; embryology of, 151-155; palæontology of, 163, 165, 167, 180-199; limbs of, 174-178, 182-199; brain of, 194-199; of Australia and New Zealand, 204, 205; distribution of, on islands, 224-240.
Mammoth cave, fauna of, 70-72.
Man, nictitating membrane of, 75; vestigial muscles of, 76, 77, 82, 83; tail of, compared with that of apes, 82-84; hair of, compared with that of apes, 89-92; teeth of, compared with those of apes, 92-94; perforation of humerus of, 94, 95; flattening of ancient tibiæ of, 95, 96; embryology of, 119, 153; hand of, 54; arm of, 90, 91; limb-bones of, 176, 177; palæontology of, 163, 165; brain of, 194, 195; Mr. Syme on, 346, 347.
Marsh, on palæontology of the horse, 188-190.
Matthew, Patrick, on natural selection, 257.
Mesoderm, 142.
Mesohippus, 189, 192.
Metaphyta, 104, 105.
Metazoa, 104.
Method, ideas of, in natural history, 1-9; of organic evolution, 252-261.
Meyer, Professor Ludwig, on helix of the human ear, 86.
Mimicry, 320-322.
Ministration, mutual, of species alleged, 445, 446.
Miohippus, 189.
Mivart, St. George, on eye of octopus, 57, 58, 348, 349; on incipient organs, 362; on mutual ministration of species, 445, 446.
Mollusca, shells of, 19, 199-203; eye of, 57, 58; embryology of, 155; palæontology of, 163, 165.
Monkeys, why all, do not become men, 342-344.
Monotremata, 205.
Morgan, see Lloyd Morgan.
Morphology, 50-97.
Mule, portrait of, 309.
Multicellular organisms, 104.
Multiplication, see Reproduction.
N.
Nägeli, Prof., 337, 367.
Natural History, ideas of method in, 1-9.
Natural, interpretations as opposed to super-natural, 13-15; causation, 13-15.
Natural selection, 252-378, 401-410; Wells, Matthew, and Whewell on, 257, 258, 443-445; statement of theory of, 256-284; of evidences of, 285-332; of criticisms of, 333-378; relation of theory of, to religious thought, 401-410; preserves types, 264-267; cessation and reversal of, 270, 342; errors touching theory of, 270-284, 332-364; definition of, 275-276;[**] antecedent standing of theory of, 277-284; Prof. Owen on, 333, 334; Duke of Argyll on, 334-362; Mr. Syme on, 340, 341, 345; need not always make for improvement, 341-347; homology and analogy in relation to, 347-350; often determines beauty, 406, 407; in relation to the formation of galls, 293-295. 446-448.
Nature, organic, 17; inorganic, 1, 17, 18.
Nauplius, 138.
Neumayr, 19.
New Zealand, fauna of, 68, 204, 205; thriving of exotic species in, 286.
Newman, on the Illative Sense, 6.
Newton, his idea of scientific method, 6.
Nictitating membrane, 74, 75.
Notochord, 146.
Novum Organon, the, on scientific method, 2.
Nucleus, 105, 112-134.
Nucleus-spindle, 129.
Nut-hatch, Syrian, ornamented nests of, 381.
O.
Objective methods, 6.
Oceanic islands, see Islands.
Octopus, eye of, 57, 58, 348-350.
Œdicnemus crepitans, 320.
Ontogeny, as recapitulation of phylogeny, 98-104.
Orang Outang, see Apes.
Oredon Culbertsoni, 167.
Origin of Species, the, influence exercised by, on ideas of method, 1-9
Orohippus, 189.
Otaria, eye of, 75.
Ovum, 113-142; human, 120-133; amœboid movements of young, 121-123; segmentation of, 134, 135.
Owen, on ear of whale, 65; on natural selection, 333, 334.
Owl, eye of, 75.
P.
Paddle, see Whale, and Baptanodon discus.
Pagurus bernhardus, 64.
Pain, in relation to the theory of evolution, 417.
Palæontology, 159-203; general testimony of, 156-165; testimony of, in particular cases, 165-203; consideration of objections to theory of evolution founded on grounds of, 156-165, and Appendix.
Palæotherium, 190, 191.
Paley, on natural theology, 98, 412.
Paludina, successive forms of, 19.
Panama, Isthmus of, 219.
Panniculus carnosis, 77.
Papilio merope, 330.
Parasites, of animals, devoid of beauty, 408.
Parsimony, law of, 272.
Parthenogenesis, 119.
Partridges, 319.
Peacock, tail of, 378; courtship of, 383.
Peckham, Mr. and Mrs., on courtship of spiders, 388-390.
Perissodactyls, 182-192.
Petromyzon marinus, 148.
Phenacodus primævus, 184, 185.
Phylogeny, see Ontogeny.
Physiological selection, 376.
Pig, embryology of, 153; feet of, 176, 187; portraits of wild and domesticated, 312.
Pigeons, portraits of, 298, 299; feather-footed, 359.
Pilot fish, 289.
Planorbis, transmutations of, 200, 201.
Pleasure and pain, in relation to the theory of evolution, 417.
Plica semilunaris, 75.
Pliohippus, 189.
Polar bear, skeleton of, 174; feet of, 178.
Polar bodies, 125, 126.
Polar star, 129.
Polyps, 114.
Porpoises, 24, 25, 50.
Poulton, E. B., on warning colours, 325, 326; on mimicry, 331, 332; sexual selection, 400, 401, 449, 450.
Poultry, portraits of, 300-302.
Pronucleus, 126-128.
Prophetic types, 272, 351-362.
Prophysema primordiale, 140.
Protective colouring, 317-323.
Protohippus, 189.
Protozoa, 104.
Ptarmigan, 317, 318.
Pterodactyl, wing of, 56.
Purpose, Darwin’s use of the word, 281, 340.
Puss moth, larva of, 325, 326.
Python, 66, 67.
Q.
Quadrumana, muscles of, 76, 82, 83; perforations of humeri of, 94, 95; hair on phalanges of, 91.
R.
Rabbit, embryology of, 153; multiplication of, in Australia, 286; portraits of wild and domesticated breeds of, 308; protective colouring of, 319, 320.
Radiate form, beauty of, 408, 409.
Raia radiata, and batis, 367-371.
Rats, species of, restricted to Old and New Worlds, 212; British and Norwegian, 285, 286.
Rattle-snake, tail of, 289.
Recognition marks, 271-273.
Religion, in relation to Darwinism, 401-418.
Reproduction, different methods of, 106-117; essence of sexual, 110; foreshadowing of sexual in unicellular organisms, 115-117.
Reptiles, wing of flying, 56; rudimentary limbs of, 67; nictitating membrane of, 75; branchial arches of, 150; embryology of, 152; palæontology of, 163, 165, 178-180; brain of, 194-197; distribution of, 224-240.
Rhinoceros, foot of, 186.
Robinson, Dr L., on grasping power of an infant’s hands, 80-82.
Rudimentary organs, 65-97.
Ruminants, palæontology of, 167, 168.
S.
Sacrum of man, compared with that of apes, 82-84.
Sagitta, 138.
Salamander, young of terrestrial, living in water, 102; embryology of, 152.
Sandwich Islands, 234-237.
Science, method of, 1-9.
Sclater, W. L., on a case of mimicry, 331, 332.
Scorpion in Silurian formation, 163.
Sea, lamprey, 148; destructive agency of the, 423, 424.
Seal, 51, 52, 75.
Seasonal changes of colour, 317-319.
Selection, value, 275; by physical processes, 282, 283, 335. See also Natural selection, Artificial selection, Sexual selection, Physiological selection.
Sentiency, in relation to the theory of evolution, 417.
Sex, difference of, restricted to Metazoa and Metaphyta, 105.
Sexual reproduction, see Reproduction.
Sexual selection, theory of, 277, 378-410; statement and evidences of, 379-391; criticisms of, 391-400; includes law of battle with that of charming, 385, 386; in relation to religious thought, 411-418; Tylor’s theory substituted for, by Wallace, 449, 450.
Shark, eye of, 75; man-eating, 149; and pilot-fish, 289.
Sheep, limb-bones of, 176, 177; portraits of, 310.
Shells, of crabs, 62-64; palæontology of mollusks, 199-203; land on oceanic islands, 224-240.
Silliman’s Journal, on fauna of the Mammoth Cave, 70.
Skate, electric organ of, 364-373.
Skull, palæontology of, 194-199; of bull-dog compared with that of deer-hound, 307.
Slavonia, Tertiary deposits of, 18, 19.
Species, not eternal, but either created or evolved, 13; named as such through absence of intermediate forms, 18-20; groups of, in classification, 20, and appearing suddenly in geological formations, 427-432, 437-440; origin of, coincide in space and time with pre-existing and allied species, 22; geographical distribution of, 204-248; extinct and living allied on same areas, 213; life of, preserved by natural selection, 264-270; not room for more than one rational, 344; characters of, 274-276, 286-295, 374-376; inter-sterility of allied, 374-376; mutual ministration of alleged, 445, 446.
Specific characters, see Characters.
Speculation, method of, 3-9.
Spencer, Herbert, on reproduction as discontinuous growth, 105, 106; on use-inheritance, 253-256; his failure to conceive the idea of natural selection, 257.
Spermatozoa, 123, 126, 128.
Spiders, in primary formations, 163; courtship of, 388, 389.
Sponges, 122, 139, 140.
Spontaneous, Darwin’s use of the term, 340.
Spores, 115.
Squirrels, flying, 355.
Sterility, see Infertility.
St. Helena, 231-234, 236-237.
St. Hilaire, 4.
Stick-insect, 322.
Stoat, 318.
Strombus accipilrinus, 201.
Strombus Leidy, 201.
Struggle for existence, 259-270.
Subjective, methods, 6.
Survival of the fittest, 335. See also Natural selection.
Swim-bladder of fish, 154, 354.
Symbiosis, 269.
Syme, David, on the theory of natural selection, 340, 341.
T.
Tail, types of, in fish and birds, 169-173.
Tasmanian wolf, dentition of, 39.
Teeth, of Tasmanian wolf, 39; molar, of man, compared with those of apes, 92-94; palæontology of horses’, 189-191.
Temperature, sense of, probable origin of that of sight, 353, 354.
Tennyson, 266.
Tibiæ, flattening of, 95, 96.
Tissue-cells, see Cell.
Toes, 79, 80; see also Feet.
Tomes, C. S., on molar teeth of man and apes, 94.
Torpedo, 365, 367.
Tortoise, embryology of, 152, 154.
Toxopneustes variegatus, and T. lividus, 122.
Transport of organisms, means of, 207, 216-218.
Tribal fitness, as distinguished from individual, 267-269.
Trout, ovum of, 122.
Turtle, eye of, 75.
Tylor, Alfred, on colouration of animals, 448-450.
Type, preserved by natural selection, 264-269; improvement of, by natural selection, 269, 270; prophetic, 272, 351-362.
Types, as simple and generalized, 33.
U.
Unicellular organisms, 104.
Uraster, 138.
Utility, of specific characters, 274, 275; of incipient characters, 351-363; of electric organs, 365-373.
V.
Variation, in relation to natural selection, 263, 335-340, 377.
Verification, 6-9.
Vertebral column, embryology of 145, 146; palæontology of, 192, 193.
Vertebrated animal, ideal primitive, 143, 144; embryology of, 143, 155.
Vespa vulgaris, 331.
Vestigial organs, 65-97.
Volucella inans, and V. bombylans, 329.
W.
Wagner, Moritz, on geographical distribution, 216.
Wallace, A. R., on origin of species as coincident in time and space with pre-existing and allied species, 22; on wingless insects, 70; on absence of hair from human back, and function of on arms of orang, 89; on geographical distribution, 207, 231, 232, 233, 243; on natural selection, 256; on recognition marks, 271-273; on alleged deductive consequences of the natural selection theory, 273-276; his theory of warning colours, 323, 324; on sexual selection, 391-400, 450; his principal defect in treating of animal colouration, 449, 450.
Warning colours, 323-326.
Wasp, imitated by a fly, 329.
Water-cress, multiplication of, in New Zealand, 286.
Weevils, on St. Helena, 232.
Weismann, his theory of heredity, 130, 134.
Wells, Dr., on natural selection, 257.
Wetterhan, Prof., on vegetable galls, 448.
Whales, 38, 50, 53, 54, 65, 180.
Whewell, on natural selection, 257, 258, 443-445.
Wings, 54-56, 60, 61, 68-70, 355.
Wolf, Tasmanian, dentition of, 34.
Wood, John, on vestigial muscles in man, 77.
Woodward, on fossil cirripedes, 431.
Woolner, on the human ear, 86.
Worms, embryology of, 155.
Wyman, Prof., on the great toe of human embryo, 79, 80.
Z.
Zona pellucida, 121.