Chapter XV · (continued 2)

SINGING OF THE MISERERE IN THE POPE’S CHAPEL.

One of the most impressive performances of sacred music is the singing of the Miserere or fifty-first Psalm in the Sistine Chapel at Rome, and the musical score is kept secret and no copy allowed to be given to strangers under pain of excommunication. There are thirty-two voices employed in the singing, without any organ or other instrument to accompany it. The performance was supposed to be at its greatest height of excellence about 1780, before the growing practice of opera withdrew the choicest voices from the service of the Church. This celebrated piece is sung twice during Passion Week, and was composed about 1627. When it begins, the Pope and cardinals prostrate themselves on their knees. The grand picture by Michael Angelo of the Last Judgment which is over the altar is then discovered to be brilliantly illuminated by tapers. These are gradually extinguished till the pale light scarcely reveals the forms of the miserable creatures as they listen to the slow and dirgelike wail of the voices. It sounds as if the sinner, confounded before the majesty of God and prostrate with fear, awaited in silence some awful doom. The sublimity of the music is heightened by the peculiar manner of repeating the same melody in every verse of the psalm, and yet by retarding the tune and swelling or diminishing the sound according to the sense, never allowing the ear to feel the least tediousness. The music score is said to be no correct record of the peculiarity of the melody, and the mode of managing the voices is said to be a secret kept by the chapel-master alone, who hands down the tradition to his successor. It is performed only in the Sistine Chapel, and those who have heard it never forget the grand and solemn impression it produces.

LUTHER’S VIEW OF CHURCH MUSIC.

Luther, who was an excellent musician, received into his church a collection of anthems and hymns which so pleased him that he exultingly exclaimed, “We all know that such music is hateful and unbearable to the devil.” Dr. Wetenhall said the music of his church was such that no devil could stand against it.

ORIGINATOR OF ORATORIOS.

What is called the cantata spirituale or oratorio is generally believed to have been indebted for its origin to San Filippo Neri, a Florentine priest, who, about the middle of the sixteenth century, was accustomed after the sermons to assemble such of his congregation as had musical voices in the oratory of his chapel for the purpose of singing various pieces of devotional and other sacred music. Regularly composed oratorios were not, however, in use till nearly a century afterwards. These, at their commencement, consisted of a mixture of dramatic and narrative parts, in which neither change of place nor unity of time was observed. They consisted of monologues, dialogues, duets, trios, and recitatives of four voices. The subject of one of them was the conversation of Christ with the Samaritan woman; of another, the prodigal son received into his father’s house; of a third, Tobias with the angel, his father and wife; and of a fourth, the angel Gabriel with the Virgin Mary.

THE HEAVEN-BORN COMPOSER OF ANTHEMS.

Purcell, a famous English composer of anthems, was a born musician, and as a boy produced some of his best. At eighteen he was appointed organist at Westminster Abbey, in 1676. He excelled in every species of composition. Nothing can transcend the grand effect of his Te Deum, which soars to the highest elevation of holy fervour. He died prematurely at the age of thirty-seven of consumption. On a tablet fixed to a pillar in Westminster Abbey, where he is buried, the following inscription is to be seen: “Here lies Henry Purcell, Esq., who left this life, and is gone to that blessed place where only his harmony can be exceeded. He died in 1695.” There is also a Latin epitaph, of which four lines are thus translated:—

Purcell’s Te Deum was constantly performed at the annual festivals of the sons of the clergy, till Handel’s noble production of the Te Deum was produced in 1743, and then the two versions were used alternately. Dryden, not less than Pope, celebrates Purcell’s merit thus:—

Again he said:—

It is true that, after Purcell, Handel soon appeared and claimed even superior praise.

FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF HANDEL.

When Handel, dissatisfied with the reception of his oratorio of the Messiah in London, went to Dublin to test his work with a more impartial audience, he procured the best choristers from St. Patrick’s and Christ’s cathedrals. The chief singers were Mrs. Cibber and Mrs. Avolio. It is related that after Mrs. Cibber had sung “He was despised” with great pathos, a clergyman in one of the boxes was so excited and transported that he called out with a loud voice to her, “Woman, for this be all thy sins forgiven.” It was also a remarkable incident that, in compliance with a request that the ladies who honoured the performance would be pleased to come without their hoops, they actually made the great self-sacrifice requested, and left their hoops behind, thereby allowing of a great deal of additional space for the rest of the audience. Such music had never before been heard in England. When Handel’s oratorio was first performed in Ireland, it was heard with admiration. The expressive force and pathos of the recitatives and melodies, and the superlative grandeur of the choral parts, were equally appreciated, and the whole was hailed as a wonderful effort of the art of harmony. Taught by the better criticism of the sister kingdom, England at his return discovered the excellence to which she had been so unaccountably deaf, and lavished her praises on what she had before dismissed with disgrace or without approbation. In 1742 Handel gave a performance of the Messiah in the Foundling Hospital Chapel with great success, and the proceeds were presented by him to that institution, then recently established.

FIRST PERFORMANCE OF HANDEL’S “MESSIAH.”

It is related by Dr. Beattie, the poet, that when Handel’s Messiah was first performed the audience were greatly struck and affected by the music. But when the chorus reached the part beginning “For the Lord God omnipotent reigneth,” the audience, including the King (George II.), were so transported that they all instinctively started to their feet and remained standing till the conclusion of the passage. Hence it became a fashion in England for the audience to stand during that part of that magnificent hymn.

HANDEL COMMEMORATIONS IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY.

Except the dedication of the Temple, at which, according to Josephus, 200,000 musicians were engaged, the commemoration of Handel in Westminster Abbey in 1784 was considered at that time the greatest performance that ever was heard. The band contained 482 instrumentalists. The vocal performers included 22 cantos, 51 altos, 66 tenors, 69 basses. The receipts for the five commemorations amounted to £12,736. At this performance on so unprecedented a scale, the audience was melted and enraptured by the exquisite sweetness of the solos, the powerful execution of the choruses affected some to tears, and many fainted with the excitement. When the whole chorus, from each side of the stupendous orchestra, joined in by all the instruments, burst out “He is the King of glory,” the effect was so overpowering that the performers could scarcely proceed. Though Pope had no ear for music, he was aware of the triumphs of his contemporary, the great composer, and in “The Dunciad” thus describes him:—

INDEX.

Abbess of Arles, deathbed, 221. Abbey, officials of, 218. Abbots, power over monastery, 217; lecturing his monks, 223; war of two, 224; harassed with care, 306. Abdication of Emperor, 330; of Pope, 363; of Sultan, 372. Actor, the martyr, 148. Adriano, painter, 496. Agbarus writing to Christ, 12. Agnus Dei, 75. Agobard of Lyons, 340. Aidan, St., of Lindisfarne, 272; death of, 276. Aix-la-Chapelle cathedral, 455. Alaric respects churches, 112. Alban, St., martyr, 149; cathedral, 467, 469. Albigenses, 426. Alfred, King, 341, 343. All Saints’ Day, 80. Altar in churches, 441. Amalfi cathedral, 451. Ambrose, St., 194; asleep at Mass, 195; sayings of, 196; on relics, 196. Amiens cathedral, 454. Ammerghau plays, 82. Andrew, St., 28; patron saint, 29; head of, purchased by Pope, 191. Angel, monk wanting to be, 221. Angelico, painter, 479. Anschar, apostle to the North, 249. Anselm, Archbishop, 351. Antioch church, 51. Antony, St., temptations of, 161; visits Paul, 197. Antony of Padua, 257; psalm-book stolen, 308; preaching to the fishes, 406. Antwerp cathedral, 456. Ape of bishop painting, 475. Apocryphal gospels, 9, 20. Apostles, deaths and marriages of, 23. Apostolic Church, 64. Aquinas, Thomas, 137. Archbishop, choosing, 335; John the Almsgiver, 337; the ugliest, 345; Anselm, 351; Turstin, 353. Architecture, church, 438. Aretino, painter, 479. Arsenius, monk, 266. Ass, feast of the, 81. Athos, Mount, its monasteries, 312. Attila, impressed by the Pope, 113. Augustine, St., of Hippo, vision of, 203; faith in dreams, 203; on miracles, 207. Augustine in England, 245. Auricular confession, 67. Auto-da-fè, 380. Avignon, Popes at, 366. Barbara, martyr, 147. Barnabas, St., 27. Barnadatus, an austere hermit, 168. Bartholomew, St., 25. Bartholomew of Farne, hermit, 175. Basle, nuns of, 233. Bec monastery, 289. Becerra, sculptor, 492. Becket, St. Thomas, pilgrims to, 191; murder of, 355. Bede, Venerable, on Farne hermits, 173, 275; deathbed, 278. Bega, St., 397. Bells in church, 76, 501. Benedict, St., at Monte Cassino, 209, 268; death of, 269. Benedict of Aniane, 212. Bernard, St., monks of, 285. Bernard, St., begging for robber’s life, 208; against Abelard, 295; sister of, 299; second crusade, 420. Bethlehem church, 460. Bible, Septuagint, 21; English, 22; telling fortunes by, 93, 248. Birds and St. Francis, 402, 404; and St. Guthlac, 170. Bishops, early, 70; first degraded, 329; building workhouse, 330; seeking a site, 331; of fifth century, 332; putting down soothsayers, 333; releasing prisoners, 334; giving a horse to, 338; of Hexham, 339; at head of troops, 343; jokes of, 346; pompous, 347; at early Mass, 351; aerial music at death of, 362; inviting old master, 372; ape of, painter, 475. Black death, 90, 124. Blandina, martyr, 144. Bonaventura, St., life of Christ, 7; honouring the rich, 228. Bonfires of gaudy dresses, 262, 264. Boniface, St., missionary, 116. Boy bishop, feast of, 81. Bristol cathedral, 471. Bronzes for gates of Paradise, 480. Bruce, Robert, a crusader, 432. Buffalmacco, painter, 475, 477. Buffoons, feast of the, 81. Burial of monks, 227. Bury St. Edmunds monastery, 304, 306, 307. Cædmon, monk poet, 222. Cano, painter, 500. Canterbury, monks of, 189; pilgrims to, 192; cathedral, 463. Canute, visiting Rome, 346; rebuking the sea, 346. Capernaum, 54, 62. Cardinals, origin of, 328. Carileff, St., the hermit, 169. Carlisle cathedral, 469. Carthusians, 296, 300. Cassino, Monte, monastery, 209. Cassiodorus, his library, 236. Cathedrals, spires and dimensions, 440; Gothic, 441; St. Peter’s, 442; Genoa, 444; Turin, 444; Milan, 445; Florence, 446; Pisa, 446; San Gennaro, 447; Santiago, 448; Leon, 449; Seville, 450; Toledo, 450; Cordova, 451; Amalfi, 451; Oviedo, 452; Paris, Notre Dame, 453; Marseilles, 454; Chartres, 454; Amiens, 454; Rheims, 455; Aix-la-Chapelle, 455; Treves, 456; Antwerp, 456; Cologne, 457; St. Petersburg, 457; Vienna, 458; St. Paul’s, 461; Canterbury, 463; York, 463; Durham, 465; Winchester, 466; Oxford, 466; Peterborough, 467; Salisbury, 468; Wells, 468; English and Welsh, 469, 470. Catherine of Siena, 314. Cecilia, St., martyr, 144. Chad, St., 275. Chanting of monks, 225; of Charles V. as monk, 322. Charlemagne, doubts as to monks, 214; leaving his court to be monk, 215; monk at his court, 215. Charles V., Emperor, as monk, 318; his dress, 319; apartments, 319; detestation of heretics, 320. Chartres cathedral, 454. Cheese, painter fed on, 461. Chichester cathedral, 470. Children’s crusade, 428. Chimes on bells, 502. Christian, name of, 94; viewed by Pagans, 97; oppose wild beasts, 97. Christmas Day, 79. Christ in Egypt, 7; as a boy, 9; portraits of, 11, 12; false, 21; sentence on, 44; blood of, 188; painted by Micael, 190. Christina and the millstone, 389. Christopher, St., 389. Chrysostom, St., as hermit, 150; as preacher, 201; on monkery, 201; on speaking in church, 201. Church, building age, 84; spires of, 440; dimensions, 440; altars in, 441; bells, 501; chimes, 502; music, 503. Church, apostolic, 64; early, 64; ancient buildings, 72; service, 75; organs and bells, 76; sexes in, 77; praying for dead, 77; festivals, 80. Cimabue, painter, 475. Cinderella of the convent, 230. Cistercians, 297, 300. Clara, St., and the Saracens, 310. Claudius of Turin, 133. Clergy, dress, 69; foppish, 69; unity of, 326. Clovis, conversion of, 334. Cluny, monks of, 284. Coldingham, nuns of, 283. Cologne, archbishop, 345; cathedral, 457. Columba, St., of Iona, 269, 270. Columban, monk, 210, 271. Columbus, crusader, 435. Community of goods, 65. Compostella and St. James, 35, 36, 448. Conecte, Thomas, the monk, 263. Conrad, St., 399. Constantine, 99; standard of cross, 100; dream, 100; preaching, 101; last illness, 102. Constantinople, French pillaging, 425; cathedrals, 458. Constantius testing Christians, 98. Convent, life in a, 217. Coptic church, 439. Cordova cathedral, 451. Correggio, painter, 491. Cosmas, the monk tutor, 131. Council, of Nice, 102; owl attending, 370. Creeds, monks deciding on, 234. Cross, forms of, 15; discovery of, 15; nails of, 16; legend of, 17; dividing into parts, 183. Crown of thorns pawned, 19. Croyland, St. Guthlac at, 169, 170; monks of, 283; burning of abbey, 283, 290; Turketul as abbot, 286. Crucifix during plague, 190; clumsy, 482. Crucifixion, thieves at, 16. Crusaders, beginnings of, 408; Peter the hermit on, 411; and the earth of Palestine, 413; how they treated spies, 414; and the holy lance, 415; testing a doubtful point, 417; first sight of Jerusalem, 417; capturing Jerusalem, 419; first visit to holy places, 419; Bernard’s second crusade, 420; French Queen at, 421; bringing home relics, 422; Fulk of Neuilly, 424; death of Richard I., 424; pillaging Constantinople, 425; attacking heretics, 425; Albigenses, 427; children’s, 428; more preaching for, 428; paying money for, 429; master of Hungary, 430; deathbed of Louis of France, 431; entertained, 431; dying king as, 432; Knights Templars, 433; faith in Providence, 434; Columbus as, 435; numbers of, 436; Greek Church and pilgrims, 437. Customs, early church, 65. Cuthbert, St., 275, 278; his body carried, 277; his shrine at Durham, 465. Cyprian, St., and Justina, martyrs, 150. Cyril, St., of Alexandria, 204. Damascus and rivers, 54; John of, 131, 132. Damiani, Peter, 85. Dancing mania, 91. Deaconess, 72. Dead, prayers for, 77. Dead Sea, measurements, 53. Deathbed of Constantine, 102; of abbess, 221, 274; of monk, 227; of Bede, 278; of abbot, 302. Decretals, false, 117. Derwentwater, monk at, 171. Devil and St. Christopher, 391; showing a book, 392; and Theophilus, 393. Didymus and Theodora, martyrs, 149. Divine right, king by, 352. Divining-rod, 387. Doctors of the Middle Ages, 302. Dominic, St., 86; preaching, 253. Dominico, painter, 498. Donato, sculptor, 478. Dorotheus, architect to hermits, 166. Douglas, the, as crusader, 432. Dream, of Constantine, 100; St. Augustine’s faith in, 203. Dress of clergy, 69, 92. Dunstan, St., relics, 189; as monk, 285. Durham cathedral, 465. Easter Day, 79. Edward the Confessor and St. John, 33. Egypt, Holy Family in, 5. Einsiedeln monastery, 281. Eleanor, Queen, as crusader, 421. Eligius, bishop, 339. Elizabeth of Hungary, 310. Ely monks capturing relics, 182; cathedral, 469. Emblems of Christians, 66. Emperor as monk, 320; abdication of, 330; excommunication of, 359; retaliating on Pope, 360; as crusader, 423. Empire, Roman, 140, 141. Empress begging for relics, 185. England, St. Augustine landing in, 245, 246. Ethelbert receiving St. Augustine, 246. Ethelwald, hermit of Farne, 172. Eton montem, 82. Exeter cathedral, 469. Extortioners of Pope, 361. Farne, hermits of, 172, 175; Aidan at, 272; Cuthbert at, 275, 276. Fathers, the, 194; Origen, 194; Ambrose, 195, 196; Jerome, 197; Chrysostom, 200; Augustine, 202; Cyril, 204; notions of, 205. Felicitas, martyr, 144. Festivals in church, 80, 83. Fishes, St. Antony preaching to, 406. Flagellants, 91. Florence cathedral, 446. Fly killed by monk, 232. Foppish clergy, 69; Pope, 374. Fortunes, telling by Bible, 93; Eligius on, 248. Foundlings in Paris, 260. France receiving crown of thorns, 186. Francia, painter, 484. Francis, St., of Assisi, 254; dexterity, 255; stigmata, 255; biographer of, 256; and the birds, 403; and the wolf, 404. Friars and monks, 219; the order of, 230; wearing shoes, 257; startling the judges, 261; burning ornaments, 262, 264. Frogs rebuked by monk, 232. Fructuosus and the doe, 397. Fulk of Neuilly, 252, 424. Fuller on relics, 183; on monks, 214, 219. Galilee, sea of, 53, 54; population, 56. Gall, St., monks of, 274. Geismar, oak of, 116. Genes, St., martyr, 148. Genesius, martyr, 148. Geneviève, St., patron saint, 179. Genoa cathedral, 444. Gervasius, relics of, 196. Ghiberti, sculptor, 480. Gibbon on monks, 207. Glasgow, St. Mungo at, 268. Glastonbury, monks of, 189; chanting, 225. Gloucester cathedral, 470. Gnat stinging hermit, 165. Godiva, lady, 399. Gold, painter at sight of, 482. Gothic cathedrals, 440. Goths sacking Rome, 113. Greek Church, 400, 437. Greek philosophers driven out, 115; Church and Latin, 119. Gregorian chant, dispute about, 225. Gregory the Great sending missionaries to England, 246; a hard case put, 336; supper of, 395; releasing Trajan, 396. Gregory, St., on relics, 185. Gregory VII., 137. Grosso, sculptor, 482. Guizot on power of Popes, 138. Guthlac, St., the hermit, 169. Hallelujah victory, 391. Hameln, piper of, 399. Handel, 511. Hatto, Bishop, and the rats, 398. Heloïse, nun, 294. Herbert, St., monk of Derwentwater, 171. Hereford cathedral, 471. Heretic refuted, 103; Huss as, 377; pleasure of burning, 378; of Middle Ages, 382; crusaders against, 425. Hermits, outbreak of zeal, 160; Antony, 161; visit to another, 162; bunch of grapes to, 162; courtesies of, 162; trying to quarrel, 163; political economy of, 163; St. Pambo, 164; olive tree of, 164; stung by gnat, 165; Martin of Tours, 165; Dorotheus, 166; St. Pœmen, 167; St. Moyses, 167; Barnadatus, 168; St. Carileff, 169; Saxon hermits, 169; St. Guthlac, 170; Simeon Stylites, 171; St. Herbert, 171; Ethelwald, 172; Queen consulting, 174; a conscientious, 174; St. Bartholomew of Farne, 175; French King sending for, 176; consecration of, 177; invited by the Pope, 229; made Pope, 363. Hermon, Mount, 57. Herod and Holy Family, 5, 46. Henry II., King, at Becket’s tomb, 355. Hervé, little blind, 395. Hilda, St., deathbed, 274. Hildebrand, Pope, 137. Hillel, relationship, 49. History, church, how divided, 63. Holidays in Church, 80. Holy Family in Egypt, 5, 6. Holy Grail, 394. Holy water, 442. Host, the, 75. Huss, martyr, 152; on indulgences, 371; burnt as heretic, 377. Hymns, church, 506. Iconoclasts, 129, 130, 136. Ignatius Loyola, 259. Illuminating by monks, 241. Image, demolishing, 112, 121; worship, 129, 136; converting, 134; in churches, 472. Incense in churches, 442. Indulgences, sale of, 371. Innocents, massacre of, 4. Inquisition, 377; assassination of inquisitor, 380; auto-da-fè, 380. Interdict, papal, 356. Irene, Empress, 135. Isabella, Queen, 381. Isidore forging decretals, 118. James, intercisus, martyr, 151. James, St., 29, 34. Jerome, St., life of Paul, 197; the lion and ass, 198; deathbed of, 199; epistles of, 199. Jerusalem, sieges, 50; situation, 60; crusaders at, 417; churches of, 459. Jews, sacred vessels, 114; and Christians, 119, 128; incited by Julian, 120; golden age of, 121; and Pope, 122; of York, 122; crucifying boys, 123, 125; stealing Host, 125; banquets of, 126; in Spain, 126; physicians, 127; conversion of, 128; the wandering, 392. Joan of Arc, 153, 159. Joan, Pope, 398. Joanna made a nun, 308. Jocelyn of Edmondsbury, 304, 307. John, St., 30, 33. John Baptist, St., 45. John, King of England, 354. John of Damascus, 131, 132. John of Salisbury, 358. John of Peckham, 362. John the Almsgiver, 337. Johnson, Dr., on monks, 207. Jordan, measurements of, 53, 54. Juanes, painter of Virgin, 3. Jubilee year, 87. Judas Iscariot, 41. Julian the Apostate, 104. Justinian and Theodora, 115. Kempis, Thomas à, 315. King, dying, sends for hermit, 176. La Trappe monks, 312. Lance, the holy, 415. Lauder, St. Cuthbert, 275. Legate of Pope visiting monastery, 307. Legends, sacred, 385; Thundering legion, 387; Theban legion, 387; divining-rod, 387; St. George and dragon, 388; Christina, 389; Christopher, 389; Hallelujah victory, 391; Merlin’s prophecies, 391; devil showing a book, 392; Wandering Jew, 392; St. Sabas, 393; Theophilus’s compact, 393; Holy Grail, 394; Seven Sleepers, 394; little blind Hervé, 395; supper of St. Gregory, 395; Gregory releasing Trajan, 396; St. Bega, 397; Fructuosus, 397; Pope Joan, 398; Bishop Hatto, 398; St. Conrad, 399; Piper of Hameln, 399; Lady Godiva, 399; sacred fire, 400; Prester John, 401; Loretto, 401; St. Francis and the birds, 403; St. Antony and the fishes, 406; St. Roch, 407. Legion, Thundering, 387; Theban, 387. Leo the Isaurian, 129. Leo X., Pope, 375. Leon cathedral, 449. Leonardo da Vinci, 485. Lepers tended by St. Francis, 254. Lilies of the field, 58. Lincoln cathedral, 470. Lindisfarne, saints of, 272. Lion and St. Jerome, 198; and Saracen king, 352; and St. Sabas, 393. Liturgy, ancient, 73, 74. Lives of the saints, 237. Locusts warded off by monks, 244. Loretto and holy cottage, 401. Louis, St., of France, crown of thorns, 186; a monk, 309; deathbed of, 430. Louis VII., 421. Luke, St., 25. Lull, Raimund, and Saracens, 258. Luther revisiting old convent, 236; on music, 509. Lyons, martyrs of, 144. Macarius, hermit, 162, 165. Mahomet and Christianity, 115. Manuscripts of monks, 238; of nuns, 240. Margaret of Scotland, 348. Mark, St., 24. Marseilles church, 453. Martha, St., 48. Martin of Tours, 112, 164. Martyrs, early, 142; Valeria, 142; Thecla, 143; Polycarp, 143; Felicitas, 144; of Lyons, 144; Cecilia, 145; Ursula, 146; Perpetua, 146; Barbara, 147; Potamiana, 147; St. Genes, 148; Genesius, 149; St. Alban, 149; Didymus, 149; Cyprian, 150; Chrysostom, 150; James, intercisus, 151; Stephen, 151; for images, 151, 177; Huss, 152; Joan of Arc, 153. Mary Magdalene, 47. Mary (Virgin), heathen knowledge of, 1; portraits, 3; marriage, 3; in Egypt, 4; assumption, 7; death, 7. Mass, 74. Master of Hungary, 430. Matilda of Flanders consulting hermit, 174. Matthew, St., 24. Medard, St., 83. Meinrad, monk, 281. Merlin’s prophecies, 391. Merom, Waters of, 55. Methodius in Moravia, 247. Micael painting a crucifix, 190. Michael Angelo, 494. Milan cathedral, 445. Millennium in early times, 64, 84. Miracles of St. Bernard, 298. Miserere at Valencia, 452; in Sistine Chapel, 508. Missal painting of monks, 241. Missionary of fourth century, 243; mediæval, 261. Model for painter, 483. Moleme, Robert of, 226. Monastery, life in, 216, 218; how a site acquired, 235; scriptorium, 237; of Einsiedeln, 281; Croyland, 283; Cluny, 284; of St. Bernard, 285; fire at Croyland, 286, 290; of Bec, 289; St. Evroult, 292; of Vallombrosa, 293; Carthusians, 296; Cistercians, 297; Edmundsbury, 304; rebuilding altar, 305; of Mount Athos, 312; Certosa, 313; Yuste and Charles V., 318; pictures in, 473. Monks, Chrysostom on, 201; origin of, 206; Gibbon on, 207; Dr. Johnson on, 207; motives for becoming, 208; weak side of, 208; reformed by St. Benedict, 209; Columban, 210; settling in forest, 211; denouncing king’s ferocity, 211; making them work, 212; Benedict of Aniane, 212; monk at court writing home, 213; drinking wine in England, 214; Charlemagne’s doubts as to, 214; Duke William, 215; going to live at court, 215; reasons for so many, 216; life of, 216; routine of English, 218; officials in monastery, 218; and friars, 219; brawls with friars, 220; orders of, 220; wanting to be angels, 221; abbess of Arles, deathbed, 221; Cædmon, monk poet, 223; sleeping too long, 223; lecturing against idleness, 223; war of two abbots, 224; chanting, 225; pillaging, 225; living frugally, 226; burial of, 227; sick, 227; honouring the rich, 228; good lessons of, 229; invited by Pope, 229; at Sempringham, 231; compunctions of, 232; killing a fly, 232; stealing food, 234; deciding on creeds, 234; interceding for prisoners, 235; acquiring a site, 235; Luther at grave of, 236; and polite letters, 236; of St. Gall, 237; manuscripts of, 238; missal painting, 239; illuminating, 241; proselytising, 243; warding off locusts, 244; Severinus, 244; Fulk of Neuilly, 252; Dominic, 253; Francis, 254; Thomas Conecte, 263; Arsenius, 266; Ninian, 267; Mungo, 267; Columba, 269; Columban, 271; Aidan, 272; Chad, 273; Bede, 275, 278; Cuthbert, 275; Duke William, 280; Meinrad, 282; of Croyland, 283, 290; Dunstan, 285; of St. Bernard, 285; Turketul, 286; Nilus, 287; of Bec, 289; Abelard, 295; Cluny, 295, 300; St. Bernard, 297, 299; Peter the Venerable, 300; Edmundsbury, 304, 307; stealing a psalm-book, 308; for a king, 309; the starved, 311; Athos, 312; of La Trappe, 312; Lucca, 314; Peter of Alcantara, 316; the Emperor Charles V. as, 318; on the crusades, 408; painters, 473; feeding the painter, 481; bargaining for pictures, 498; musicians, 506. Monsignori, painter, 483. Moravia, missionaries in, 247. More, Sir T., on relics, 183. Moyses, St., water-carrier to hermits, 167. Mungo, Scottish saint, 267. Murillo, painter, 499. Music of monks, 238, 241; church, 503. Names, Christian, 66. Naples, chapel at, 447. Nazareth, 61. Neander on monks, 209. Neot, the Cornish saint, 250. Nero’s persecution, 96. Nice, council of, 102. Nicholas Peregrinus, 507. Nicholas V., Pope, 372. Nicolas, monk, starved, 311. Nicolas, Pope, 118. Nilus, monk, 287, 289. Ninian, Scottish saint, 267. Norbert on clerical vices, 252. Norwich cathedral, 469. Notre Dame, Paris, 453. Nuns at Sempringham, 231; of Basle, wars of, 233; embroidery of, 240; converting the Iberians, 243; of Coldingham, 283; St. Catherine of Siena, 314; marrying a king, 350; criticising their artist, 477. Olive tree of hermit, 164. Olives, Mount of, 60. Omar, mosque of, 459. Oratorios, 509. Organs in church, 76, 504. Origen, one of the Fathers, 194. Orleans, siege, and Joan of Arc, 156. Otto, Bishop in Pomerania, 251. Oviedo cathedral, 452. Owl at church council, 370. Oxford cathedral, 466. Pagans, difficulties with, 96, 118; silenced, 103; temples demolished, 109. Painters, sacred, 472; Cimabue, 475; Buffalmacco, 475, 477; Donato, 478; Aretino, 479; Angelico, 479; Ghiberti, 480; Uccello, 481; Grosso, 482; Pinturicchio, 482; Monsignori, 483; Francia, 484; Leonardo da Vinci, 485; Raphael, 487; Torrigiano, 490; Correggio, 491; Becerra, 492; Michael Angelo, 492; Vargas, 495; Titian, 495; Adriano, 496; Rubens, 497; Dominico, 498; Velasquez, 498; Murillo, 499; Cano, 500; Thornhill, 501. Palestine explorations, 52; climate, 57; fruits, flowers, birds, 58, 60; pilgrimages to, 409. Palm tree and Holy Family, 5. Pambo, St., the hermit, 164. Paradise, sculptures fit for, 480. Paris, patron saint, 179; cathedral, 453. Passion plays, 82. Pastoral staff, 71. Patrick, St., sermon, 244. Patron saints, 179. Paul, St., 37, 40. Paul Diaconus writing home, 213. Paul, the hermit, 162; life by St. Jerome, 197; visited by Antony, 197, 198. Penmanship of monks, 239. Perpetua, martyr, 146. Perspective of old painters, 481. Peter of Alcantara, 316. Peter, St., 37, 39. Peter the Hermit, 411. Peter the Venerable, 300. Peterborough cathedral, 467. Petersburg cathedral, 457. Pharisaism, 50. Philip, St., 28. Philip the Fair and Pope, 364. Pilate, Pontius, 45. Pilgrims to Compostella, 35; to Walsingham, 191; in Switzerland, 192; to Canterbury, 192; to Palestine, 409; ways of pilgrims, 410; Peter the Hermit, 411; Greek Church, 437. Pillar monks, 171. Pinturicchio, painter, 482. Pisa cathedral, 446. Plague, crucifix during, 190. Plays, miracle and passion, 82. Pliny on Christians, 97. Pœmen, the hermit, 167. Polycarp, martyr, 143. Pope defending Rome, 117; and Jews, 122; ambitious, 137, 138; supremacy of, 326; election of, 328; and the pestilence, 335; kissing the foot, 340; two scapegrace, 344; interdict of, 357; candid friend of, 358; extortioners of, 361; hermit made, 363; Philip the Fair and, 364; Boniface VIII., 365; the rival, 367, 368; deposed, 370; a fop, 374; Leo X., 375; Sixtus V., 376; lawyer as, 383; Joan, 398; Urban II. on Crusades, 413. Potamiana, martyr, 147. Praising day and night, 78. Preachers, ancient, 68. Prester John, 401. Prisoners monk interceding for, 235. Prodigies, the sages on, 43. Psalm-book stolen by monk, 308. Purcell, 510. Pyx, the, 75. Queen visiting hermit, 169, 174. Rain, prayer for, 89. Raphael, painter, 487. Raven of the monks, 281. Relics, reverence for, 180; secrecy in removing, 181; capturing, 181; stealing, 182; defending, 183; forgery of, 183; flattering worshipper of, 184; empress begging for, 185; deciding on genuine, 185; crown of thorns, 186; received in France, 187; discovery of St. Stephen’s, 188; St. Dunstan’s, 189; Huss on, 190; St. Andrew’s head, 191; St. Gervasius, 196. See also “Cathedrals.” Rheims cathedral, 455. Richard I., story of an ingrate, 402; death of, 424. Rienzi, tribune, 139. Riots, religious, 68. Ritualism, rise of, 74. Rob Roy on the Jordan, 55. Roch, St., 407. Roman Empire, last hours, 140; Holy Roman Empire, 141. Rome sacked by Goths, 112; by Huns, 112; by Vandals, 114; Lombards at, 117; St. Peter’s, 442; Sistine Chapel, 443. Rosary, festival, 83. Rose, festival of, 83. Round towers, 85. Rubens, painter, 497. Russia, conversion of, 251. Sabas and the lion, 393. Sacro monte, 473. St. Bernard, Great, pilgrims at, 192. St. Gall monastery, 224, 237, 248. St. Paul’s cathedral, 464. St. Peter’s, Rome, 442. Saints, miracles of, 178; patron, 179; lives of, 237. Salisbury cathedral, 468. Sampson of Edmundsbury, 303, 306, 307. Sanhedrim, 49. Santiago cathedral, 35, 448. Saracens converted by Raimund Lull, 258; a king of, 352. Sarto, Andrea del, 473, 499. Savonarola, 264. Schetzelo, conscientious hermit, 174. Schoolmen, the, 302. Scotsman travelling to Rome, 303. Sempringham, nuns of, 231. Septuagint, 20. Serapis, temple of, 110. Seven, number, 87. Seville cathedral, 450. Shoes of friars, 257. Sibyl prophecy of Christ, 1. Simeon, St., 27. Simeon Stylites, 171. Simeon’s great age, 2. Sin-eaters at funerals, 78. Singing in church, 504. Sistine Chapel, Rome, 443. Sixtus V., Pope, 376. Slavery and early Christians, 95. Sleepers, the Seven, 394. Soldier piercing Christ, 17. Spanish Jews, 126; image worship, 136; Inquisition, 379; auto-da-fè, 380; miraculous images, 474. Stations of cross, 18. Stealing of relics, 182; of monk’s food, 234. Stephen, martyr for images, 151. Stephen, St., first martyr, relics, 188. Strasburg cathedral, 454. Sultan and the lion, 352. Sunday, Palm, 80. Superstitions, Eligius denouncing, 248. Sweating sickness, 91. Swiss horns, 502. Swithin, St., 341. Symmachus defending Pagans, 108. Telemachus and wild beasts, 98. Templars, Knight, 433. Temple, Jews rebuilding, 120. Theban legion, 387. Thecla, St., martyr, 143. Theodora, empress, 135. Theodore’s image of Christ, 111. Theodosius and the Pagans, 109, 111. Theological disputes, 105. Theophilus and the devil, 393. Theresa, St., and her visions, 317. Thomas, St., 26. Thornhill, painter, 501. Thorns, crown of, 19, 186. Thundering legion, 387. Tiberias, sea of, 53, 54. Timothy, St., 27. Titian, 495. Titus, St., 28. Toledo cathedral, 450. Torquemada and Jews, 126; as inquisitor, 379. Torrigiano, sculptor, 490. Trading, monks on, 229. Treves cathedral, 456. Trinitarian controversy, 106; sermon on, 108. Trisagion riots, 68. Truce of God, 86. Turin cathedral, 444. Turketul at Croyland, 286. Turstin, archbishop, 353. Uccello, painter, 481. Ugliest of men archbishop, 345. Ursula, St., martyr, 146. Valencia, Miserere at, 452. Valeria, martyr, 142. Vandals sacking Rome, 114. Vargas, painter, 495. Velasquez, painter, 498. Veronica, St., 48. Vienna cathedral, 458. Villani, account of jubilee, 87. Vincent de Paul, 260. Virgin, portraits of, 3; worship of 85; holy cottage, 401. Viviers monastery, 236. Waldenses, 382. Walsingham, pilgrims to, 191. Wells cathedral, 468. Welsh cathedrals, 471. Whitby abbey, Cædmon at, 222; St. Hilda at, 274. Wicliff, the reformer, 365. Wild-beast shows, 97. William, Duke, becomes monk, 215, 280. William the Conqueror’s death, 348. Winchester cathedral, 466. Worcester cathedral, 471. Working man, 50. Wulfstan of Worcester, 293. Ximenes, cardinal, 381. York Minster, 463. Yuste monastery and Charles V., 318. Zacharias, 44.

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