INDEX.

A. Agriculture, Russian, 291. Albrecht, the Prophet, 137. Alexander II., Czar, 264, 265; death, 283. Alliance, Republican Socialist, 47. Amorphism, 274. Anarchism, 4; in France, 47; Austria, 55; Italy, 58; Spain, 62; Portugal, 66; Belgium, 70; Holland, 73; Switzerland, 74; Boston, 77, 248; United States, 80; London, 86; Melbourne, 91; ultra-socialistic, 249; ultra-democratic, 250; ultra-revolutionary, 255; anti-religious, 254; Warsaw, 296. Anarchist, The, 86. Anarchists, Congress at Geneva, 254. Applegarth, Mr., 320. Arbitration, Papal, 245; courts of, 431. Arendal Congress, 66. Ashburnham, Lord, 243. Austria, Socialism in, 54; condition of people in, 56. Aveling, Dr. and Mrs., on America, 81; on Knights of Labor, 84; on Anarchists, 249.

B. Babbage, C., 26. Baboeuf, C. G., 17, 188. Bakunin, M., in Italy, 57; Hegelian, 261; with German Hegelians, 261; escape, 273; in London, 274; Amorphism, 274; Lyons insurrection, 278; in Zurich, 278. Bamberger, M., 203. Barton, Mr., 370. Bastiat, M., 297. Bax, Belfort, 84. Baxter, Dudley, 303. Beaconsfield, Lord, 210. Bebel, A., 34; on armaments, 37, 41, 125. Becker, B., 108. Beesley, Professor, 149. Beggars in Russia, 286. Belgium, Socialism, 45, 70; forests, 412; railways, 416. Bellamy, E., 79, 403, 434. Besant, Mrs., 88. Bismarck, Prince, State Socialism, 12; Rodbertus on, 34; peasant-catching, 52; right to labour, 421. Black Division Party, The, 283. Black Division, The, 292. Black Hand, The, 62. Blanc, Louis, 2, 3, 95, 122; theist, 254. Blanquists, 53. Boeckh, Professor, 97. Boehmert, V., 315. Boerenbond, The, 245. Bonar, Mr., quoted, 75. Boston Anarchists, 77. Boycotting, 42. Birmingham, 433. Brassey, Lord, 310, 330. Brentano, Professor L., on A. Smith, 198; on condition of people, 204; working-class claims, 213; trade unions, 216; working class insurance, 216. Brimstone League, 148. Brissot, M., 16. Brook Farm, 402. Brousse, M., 50. Broussists, 51, 52. Buchsel, Dr., 239. Buda Pest Congress, 54. Burns, John, 85. Burt, T., M.P., 86.

C. Cabet, 3. Cairnes, Professor, on Mill, 5; on working-class prospects, 297; cost of labour, 310. California, 435. Carpenter, E., 89. Castelar, E., 61. Catholic Church on employer's responsibility, 72. Catholic Socialists, 223. Catholic Workmen's Clubs, 223, 229, in France, 243. Caudron, Father, 243, 244. Cavour, Count, 288. Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. J., M.P., ransom, 385, 386; overgovernment, 395. Channing, W. H., 403. Chevalier, Michel, 348. China, Socialist Clubs, 92. Christian Socialism in England, 87, 220; Germany, 223; Austria, 242; France, 243. Christian Social Association, 229. Christian Social Politics, 242. Church, Primitive Communism of, 237. Clemenceau, M., 47. Coaches, Stage, 451. Cobden, R., 221; on Government intervention, 372; on Prussian Government, 393. Colins, M., 2. Colinsian Socialists, 2, 72. Colonization, Nihilist, 281. Companies, Joint Stock, 417. Communards, 46. Commune, Paris, 277; Russian, 259, 289. Communist League, 142, 144. Conciliation Courts, 35. Congress at Halle, 33, 37; Gotha, 88; Havre, 47, 48; Wyden, 44, 126, 421; Zurich, 76; Eisenach, 202; D'Etienne, 50; Buda Pest, 54; Lisbon, 66; Arendal, 86; Stockholm, 67; Copenhagen, 69; Newark, U.S.A., 80; Leipzig, 103, 179; Geneva, 150. Co-operative production, 338, 339. Copenhagen Congress, 59. Costa, A., 58. Councils of Labour, 35. Crises, Commercial, 323, 451.

D. Dave, V., 86. Davenant, Dr., 303, 455. Davitt, Michael, 90. Dawes, Mr., quoted, 60. Day of labour, Normal, 240, 434. Day of labour, Eight hours, 36, 52; Cardinal Manning on, 244; international compulsory, 434; in Victoria, 435; California, 435. Death-rate, 452. Delitzsch. See Schultze-Delitzsch. Democracy, relation to socialism, 16, 18; American and Continental, 20. Denmark, socialism, 67. Denny, William, 315, 322. Distribution of incomes, 456. Dockyards, English, 410. Dolgourouki, the revolutionist, 274. Döllinger, Dr. von, 223. Dönnigsen, Helena von, 106. Dynamite, 256.

E. Egaux, Conspiracy of, 17. Eight Hour Day. See Day of labour. Eisenach Congress, 202. Ely, Professor, 77, 80. Emancipation of serfs, 270, 284, 286. Engel, Dr., 31, 203. Engelhardt, Professor, 293. Engels, F., 93, 131, 142, 146. England, Socialism in, 83. Equality, Love of, 24. Equality of conditions, 385. Ethical School of Economics, 209. Eudes, General, 53.

F. Fabian Society, 88. Familistère of Guise, 2. Farmer, Small, 27, 28, 30. Federalism of C. Marlo, 178. Ferroti (Schedo), 267. Ferroul, M., 52. Feuerbach, Friedrich, 133. Feuerbach, L., 131, 132. Fleischmann, M., 42. Fluctuations, Commercial, 323. Forbes, Father, 243. Forestry, 412. Fourier, 23, 254. France, Liberty in, 21; socialism, 45; municipal socialism, 50. Franklin, B., 13; on high wages, 365. Fraternity, 269. Freiligrath, F., 146. Frœbel, F., 130. Frohme, M., 35. Fulda Conference, 229.

G. Gallenga, A., on unemployed in Italy, 59. Game Laws, 497. Geneva Congress, 150. George, Henry, United Labour Party, 78; a semi-socialist, 78; Mayoralty of New York, 79; in Australia, 90; "Progress and Poverty," 440; his problem, 445; his explanation, 461; theory of population, 464; of wages, 465; profits, 474; rent, 476; his remedy, 486; land nationalization, 485. Germany, Socialism in, 33; Crown lands and industries, 345. Giffen, R., 449, 452. Gilbert's Act, 424. Glennie, J. S., 34. Gneist, Professor, 203. Goethe, 127. Goltz, T. von der, on piecework, 315. Goschen, Right Hon. G. J., State intervention, 346; rationale of Factory Acts, 350; distribution of wealth, 460. Gotha Congress, 38. Gotha Programme, 38, 40. Graham, Mr. Cunninghame, M.P., 85. Greig, George, 490. Greeley, Horace, on socialist communities, 402. Gronlund, L., 81. Guesde, J., 48, 50, 73. Guesdists, 51, 52.

H. Hadley, Professor, 416. Hale, Sir M., 301. Halle Congress, 33, 37, 41. Hartmann, E. von, 355. Hasselmann, 45, 72. Havre Congress, 47. Haxthausen, Professor, 259, 262. Headlam, Rev. S., 84, 88. Hearn, Professor, 347. Hegel, 131, 261. Hegelians, Young, 3, 5, 130, 139. Heine, H., on Lassalle, 96, 98; on parties, 126. Held, Professor, 196. Herder, 127. Hermann, 309. Herring brand, 412. Herzen, Alexander, 261, 262, 264, 265; letter renouncing revolutionism, 273, 274. Herzenism, 266. Hildebrand, Professor B., 201, 203. Hill, Sir R., 382. Hime, Dr., Sheffield, quoted, 341. Hirsch, Max, 203. Hoedel, 33. Holland, Socialism in, 72. House Communities of Russia, Dissolution of, 289. Housing of poor, in Sheffield, 341; McCulloch's view, 367. Howell, G., M.P., on piecework, 315. Hughes, Thomas, 222. Humboldt, A. von, 98, 102. Humboldt, W. von, on freedom, 334; on marriage, 353; on energy, 396. Humphreys, Mr., 482. Hyndman, H. M., 84.

I. Icarians, 2, 77. "Illegal Men," 257. Incomes, Distribution of, 486. Increment, Unearned, 488. Ingram, Dr. J. K., 371. Insurance, National, 423; in New Zealand, 417. International Working Men's Association, in France, 46; Italy, 57; Spain, 60, 62; Denmark, 68; Belgium, 70; Holland, 70; Jurassian Federation, 73; origin, 147; Paris Commune, 152; disruption, 153; in Russia, 276. International Working People's Association, U.S.A., 80. Internationality, 126. Ireland, Poor Law, 385. Irish labour, 365. "Iron and Cruel Law," view of Lassalle, 121; of Ketteler, 226; of Todt, 237; refuted, 300. Italy, Socialism in, 57.

J. Jacobites, 126. Janson, Professor, pauperism in St. Petersburg, 284. Jevons, Professor W. Stanley, commercial statistics, 327. Jews become Nihilists, 271, 296. Jurassian Federation, 73, 250. Justice, 84.

K. Karakasoff's attempt, 276. Kemball, Sir Arnold, 495. Ketteler, Bishop, 224; iron and cruel law, 226; right of property, 227; part of Church in Social Question, 228. Kildonan Strath improvements, 490. King, Gregory, occupiers of land, 29; classes of population, 301; distribution of wealth, 303; rent of land, 454. Kingsley, Charles, 221. Knies, Professor, 201. Knights of Labor, 82. Koegel, Dr., 139. Kölping, Father, 223. Koscheleff, 267. Krapotkin, Prince, 45; Lyons anarchist, 48; English anarchism, 86; housing the poor, 250; the Municipal Councils, 252; painter, 280.

L. Labour, Cost of, in different countries, 310. Labour Department of State, 35. Labour Emancipation League of Russia, 295. Labouring class prospects, 297, 312. Labour, Knights of, 82. Labour Party of Belgium, 71. Labour Statistical Bureaux, 326. Lafargue, P., 52. "Land and Liberty" Society, 283. Land, diminishing return, 467; an artificial product, 489; Mill on, 491; speculation in, 493; reform, 496. Landmetzger, 484. Land Nationalization in Belgium, 72; in England, 89. Land Restoration League, 90. Laing, Samuel, 411. Laisant, M., 64. Laissez-faire, 336, 352; repudiated by McCulloch, 361; never adopted in England, 373; and property, 394. Lange, F. A., 216. Laveleye, E. de, on Italian peasantry, 59; no revolutionary Metropolis in Italy, 60; Spanish socialist clubs, 61; the Portuguese, 65; the Scandinavians, 67; Belgian socialism, 71; State Socialism in England, 346; professes State Socialism, 384. Lavergne, M. de, on French and English rural population, 46. Lavrists, 280. Lavroff, P., 278; his principles, 279; followers, 295. Lassalle, F., 92; Heine, 96; character, 96; epitaph, 97; a revolution, 97; Humboldt, 98; Countess Hatzfeldt's defence, 99; theft of cassette, 100; conviction for treason, 101; literary work, 102; "Working Men's Programme," 103; summary of, 109; General Working Men's Association, 105; progress of propaganda, 105; Helena von Dönnigsen, 106; death, 108; apotheosis, 108; reply to Schultze-Delitzsch, 114; new socialistic constitution of property, 116; anarchic socialism of existing régime, 117; Ricardo's doctrine of value, 119; "iron and cruel law," 121; productive societies, 122; a national socialist, 124; letter to Feuerbach, 172; on the modern economists, 201; popularity in Russia, 277; on increase of production, 336. Le Basse, Father, 243. Ledru-Rollin, quoted, 22. Leipzig Congress, 103, 179. Leo XIII., 243; encyclical, 245. Le Play, 284. Leroux, P., 3. Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul, 219. Lessing, 127. Levi, Professor Leone, 304. Liberalism, Marlo on, 185. Liberty in America, 20; in France, 21; under democracy, 24. Lichtenstein, Prince, 243. Liebknecht, W., 34; on revolution, 42; peasant catching, 42; religion, 42; future socialist State, 43; expulsion from General Working Men's Association of Germany, 125; foundation of Social Democratic Labour Party, 125; speech at Leipzig, 249. Liège, Congress, 243. Lilyenkrantz, Jacquette, 69. Limitation of production, 313. Limousin, M., minimum of socialism, 14. Lisbon Congress, 66. Locke, John, 353. London, death-rate, 302. Ludlow, Edmund, 127. Ludlow, J. M., 221.

M. Mably, 161. Macaulay, Lord, quoted, 214. Macdonald, Mr., Owenite, 403. Machiavelli, secret societies, 257. Malet, Mr., 45. Malikowsy, 280. Malthus, T. R., 369, 421. Malthusianism, 17. Manchester Party of Germany, 201, 212. Manchester School, view of Maurice, 221; of Kingsley, 221; of Todt, 235; their real doctrine, 372. Manning, Cardinal, Liège letter, 244. Marlboro' Association, 405. Marlo, Carl, 178. Marr, W., 136, 137. Marshall, Professor A., 437. Martensen, Bishop, Catholicism and socialism, 233. Marx, Karl, historical necessity of socialism, 23; social revolution impossible without English participation, 83; despair of English participation, 84; reception of Das Kapital, 127; life, 129; Young Hegelian, 130; early views, 139; Communist League, 142; communist manifesto, 144; International, 149; inaugural address to, 151; summary of Das Kapital, 156; value, 160; wages, 161; normal workday, 161; machinery, 170; piecework, 172; over-population, 174; letter from Proudhon, 255; popularity in Russia, 277. Massachusetts, Joint Stock management in, 417. Maurice, F. D., 11, 221. McCulloch, J. R., disciple of Ricardo, 360; Wages fund, 360; laissez-faire, 361; State management, 362; factory system, 363; pauper labour, 364; factory legislation, 366; housing the poor, 366; poor law, 368; agricultural produce, 456. "Medalmen," 294. Meeker, Mr., Fourierist, 408. Melbourne anarchists, 91. Menger, Prof. A., historical necessity of socialism, 23. Meyer, Rudolph, 242, 383. Michel, Louise, 48. Mill, James, 360. Mill, John Stuart, profession of socialism, 5; liberty, 334; province of Government, 353; over-government in democracy, 395; industrial habits under socialism, 404; unearned increment, 488; land, 472. Ministry of Labour, 35. Mint, The, 412. Mir, The, 252, 262. Molinari, G. de, 3, 45. Montefiore, L., 97. Morelly, 16. Morier, Sir R., 288. Morris, William, 84, 85. Most, John, 44, 80, 248. Moufang, Canon, 230, 231. Mulhall, M., wages, 308; textile workers, 323; agricultural rent, 456. Mun, Count A., de, 243. Municipal management, 413. Municipal socialism in France, 51. Mutualists, 3.

N. Napoleon I., 380. Nasmyth, James, manual dexterity, 317, 440. Nasse, Professor E., economic individualism in England, 346. Neale, E. Vansittart, 87. Netchaïeff, 276. Newark Congress, 80. New Zealand, State insurance, 348. Nicholas, Czar, 263, 264. Niewenhuis, D., 72. Nihilism, Russian, 45, 259; name, 266. Nobiling, 33. No Man's land, 482. Nordhoff, Mr., 403. North American Phalanx, 408. Norway, Socialism in, 66; the poor, 452. Noyes, Mr., 403.

O. Oldham, co-operative mills, 338. Old Believers, 292. Oppenheim, M., 195. Overtime, 320. Owen, R. D., 405. Owen, Robert, 77, 360. Owenites, 2, 11, 77, 148; in America, 404.

P. Palm, 67. Pan-destruction, 274. Parsons, 249. Patriotism, disparaged by socialists, 126; by great writers, 127. Paul, St., slave emancipation, 242. Pauperism, St. Petersburg, 260; aged, 423; England, 449; able-bodied, 450; Norway, 452. Peasant proprietary, prospects, 27; in the International, 46. Peasants' League in Belgium, 245. Pensions, National, 423. Perowskaia, Sophia, 280. Pestel, 264. Peukert, 55. Piecework, 314. Pio, 68. Poles, The, 271. Poor Law, England, 402; McCulloch, 368; S. Webb, 423. Population theory, 464. Porter, G. R., good wages and temperance, 318; working class houses in Sheffield, 341. Portugal, Socialism in, 65. Possibilists, 50, 51. Post-office management, 410. Potter, George, piecework, 320. Production, Limitation of, 313. Productive associations, 79. Profit-sharing, 339. Propaganda of Deed, 256. Property, diffusion, 23; advantages of institution, 333. Proudhon, anarchy, 250; letter to Marx, 255; pauperism, 475. Prussia, socialism, 31; condition of people, 31; occupation of land, 32; forests, 42.

R. Railways, State, 416. Rappists, 405. Realistic School of Economics, 205. Reclus, Elisée, anarchist, 48; on Russian agriculture, 290. Renan, E., 384. Rent, Fair, 429; agricultural, 456; H. George, 476. Republican Socialist Alliance in France, 54. Revolutionist, The complete, 275. Reybaud, M., 179. Ricardo, D., law of value, 226; "iron law of wages," 300; real theory of wages, 306; province of Government, 359; National Bank, 360; working class annuities, 360; rent, 477. Right to existence, 421. Right to labour, in Convention of 1793, 22; Bismarck on, 421; in English Poor Law, 424. Rights, Natural, 420; Primitive economic, 385. Rodbertus, on Bismarck's social policy, 34; differences from Lassalle, 123; social question, 127; relation to socialist movement, 178; converts Wagner, 380; acknowledges Hohenzollerns, 381; views, 381. Rodriguez de Capada, Professor, 245. Rogers, Professor Thorold, 350. Roscher, Professor W., time as reformer, 199; historical method, 200, 204; Eisenach Congress, 203; economic ideal, 205; task as economist, 207; piecework, 321. Rousseau, J. J., 16. Ruge, Arnold, 131. Ruskin, John, 88. Russia, Nihilism in, 259. Russo-Turkish war, 282.

S. St. Etienne Congress, 50. St. Joseph associations, 229. St. Petersburg pauperism, 260. St. Simon, 218, 254. Samoa, Socialist customs in, 401, 492. Samter, V., on Mill, 198. Sassulitch, Vera, 277, 282. Say, Leon, State Socialism, 345. Schæffle, Professor, 326. Scheel, Professor von., social question, 215. Schmoller, Professor, 195; on Socialists of Chair, 200; Eisenach Congress, 203; Province of Government, 211; distributive justice, 213. Schönberg, Professor, 203, 213. Schorlemer-Abst, Baron, 229. Schulte, Professor, 229. Schultze-Delitzsch, 4; co-operative societies, 103; Lassalle's reply, 114. Schweitzer, Dr. von, 124. Self-interest, 375. Senior, N. W., 464. Shakers, 405. Shaw, G., Bernard, 88. Sheffield, socialists, 89; housing of working-class, 341. Shuttleworth, Canon, 88. Sidgwick, Professor, 360, 428. Sinclair, Sir John, 469. Sisyphism, 443. Smith, Adam, as viewed by Socialists of the Chair, 198; on Government trading, 345; his theory of social politics, 353; national education, 354; military training, 355; English Government management, 356; truck, 357; usury, 357; corporate management, 417. Smith, E. Peshine, effect of education on wages, 321. Social Democratic Party in Germany, 33; in Reichstag, 34; France, 48; programme, 49; Italy, 58; Spain, 61; Norway, 66; Denmark, 69; Belgium, 70; Holland, 73; Switzerland, 74; U.S.A., 80; England, 84; Scotland, 90; Sydney, 91. Social Monarchical Union, 241. Social Politics, English theory, 373; Christian, 242. Social Reform, Central Union for, 239. Socialism, before 1848, 2; contemporary, 3; labourers' claim of right, 7; variable use of word, 8; inequitableness its ruling characteristic, 9; old and new, 10; minimum of, 14; relation to democracy, 15; Christian, 224; State, 345; meanings of word, 374. Socialist Laws of Germany, 33. Socialists of the Chair, 195. Society of Public Utility in Switzerland, 76. Society of Social Peace, 243. Spain, Socialism in, 60; anarchism, 62; condition of people, 64. Spectator, The, testamentary statistics, 459. Speculation, 493. Spencer, Herbert, believes in socialist ideal of society, 8; the coming slavery, 346; functions of Government, 351, 352; land nationalization, 385; natural rights, 420. Stahl, quoted, 16. State management, 409. State railways, 415. State Socialism, 345; in Germany, 379. State, The, 211. Statistics, Commercial, 326. Stein, Professor L. von, 94, 132. Stephanovitch, 293. Stepniak, on mir, 252; Paris Commune, 277; Russian proletariat, 284; Russian peasantry, 285, 286, 288; break-up of the Russian Commune, 289; Russian agriculture, 291. Stöcker, Dr., 234, 236, 241, 242. Stockholm Congress, 67. Strachey, Mr., 68. Strikes, 44. Studnitz, A., 320, 331. Suez Canal, 348. Sumner, Archbishop, 370. Sunday Schools, Nihilist, 269, 272. Surplus Value, Marx's doctrine, 167. Sweating System, 432. Sweden, Socialism in, 66. Switzerland, Socialism in, 73; Society of Public Utility, 76; secret societies, 136. Sylvania Association, 404.

T. Taylor, Helen, 84. Tchaikowsky, 280. Tchernycheffsky, 269, 272. Telegraphs, State management of, 410. Thompson, William, anticipation of Marx's doctrine, 148. Thornton, W. T., 464. Thuenen, J. von, natural wages, 121. Thun, Professor A., 278, 281, 284, 285, 287. Tocqueville, A. de, socialism and democracy, 19; democratic passion for equality, 24; middle-class materialization, 24; political necessity of religion, 25; the plutocracy, 186. Todt, R., 234. Trade Unions, 311. Tramps, 450. Treitschke, H., 203. Trepoff, Assassination of General, 282. Trial of the, 193, 280. Troglodytes, Secret Society, 283. Trumbull Phalanx, 404. Tucker, B. R., 91. Turgenieff, 266. Turner, Dr., Samoa, 401, 492.

U. Unemployed, 424. Unionism, The New, 85, 86. United States, Liberty in, 20; socialism, 77; nationalism, 79; anarchism, 80.

V. Vaillant, M., 53. Value, Marx's doctrine, 160; true theory, 327. "Versaillais," The, 126. Victoria, State railways, 411, 417; eight hours day, 436. Volmar, Herr von, 35. Vogt, K., 148.

W. Wages Fund, 464, 465. Wages, "iron law," 226, 237, 300; rise since English Revolution, 301; Ricardo's theory, 306; true theory, 307; fair, 430; minimum, 431. Wagner, Professor A., ground-rents, 199; State and the social question, 213; Evangelical Social Congress, 241; converted by Rodbertus, 380; his State Socialism, 387. Walker, President F. A., 332, 469. Wallace, A. R., 89, 485. Warren, Josiah, 77. Watts, Dr. J., 434. Webb, Sidney, 88; State pensions for the aged, 423. Weitling, W., 80, 137. Westminster, Duke of, 486. Wieland, 127. Will of the People Party, 283, 295. Winchester, Bishop of, definition of socialism, 376. Winkelblech, Professor, 180. Woeste, M., 244. Working classes, prospects, 297, 312; habits, 318; legitimate aspirations, 333. Workmen's Chambers, 35. Wyden Congress, 44, 126.

Y. Yellow Springs, 404. Young, Arthur, 455. Young England Party, 380.

Z. Zurich Congress, 76.