INDEX.

Accum, condensation of tar-oils, 69 Acetic acid, 64 Acetophenone, 178 Acid brown, 151 Acid greens, 106 Acid magenta, 92 Acid naphthol yellow, 143 Acid yellow, 120 Acridine, 180 Air, composition of, 24 Albo-carbon light, 140 Alizarin black, 172 Alizarin blue, 174 Alizarin carmine, 174 Alizarin green, 174 Alizarin orange, 174 Alkali blue, 93 Amidodimethylaniline, 112 Ammonia in gas-liquor, 64 Ammonia, origin in gas-liquor, 65 Analyses of coal, 23 Aniline black, 114 Aniline, history, 75 Aniline, manufacture, 87 Aniline yellow, 116 Annual production of ammonia, 68 Anthracene, 171 Anthracene brown, 174 Anthracene oil, 81, 167 Anthragallol, 174 Anthrapurpurin, 174 Anthraquinone, 173 Antifebrine, 179 Antipyrine, 183 Archil substitute, 151 Arctic coal, 12 Arsenic acid process, 90 Arsenic acid, recovery, 94 Artificial alizarin, 173 Artificial purpurin, 173 Asphalte, 176 Auramine, 106 Aurin, 132 Azines, 109 Azo-blacks, 159 Azo-colours, 118 Azo-dyes for cotton, 158 Azobenzene, 119 Azo-dyes from salicylic acid, 135 Azotoluene, 119 Baeyer, A. v., indigo, 127 Baeyer, A. v., phthaleïns, 146 Basle blue, 111 Becher, early experiments, 34 Beet-sugar cultivation, 67 Benzal chloride, 102 Benzaldehyde, 103 Benzene, discovery, 73 Benzene, final purification, 86 Benzene in tar-oil, 73 Benzene theory, 196 Benzidam, 75 Benzidine, 136 Benzoic acid, manufacture, 104 Benzotrichloride, 102 Benzyl chloride, 102 Bernthsen, methylene blue, 113 Bethell, timber preserving, 70 Biebrich scarlet, 156 Biology, dyes used in, 192 Bismarck brown, 116 Bitter-almond oil, 103 Bone oil, 180 Böttiger, Congo-red, 157 Bréant, timber pickling, 70 Briquettes, 178 Burning naphtha, 86 Calorific value of carbon, 25 Calorific value of coal, 20 Carbolic acid, 129 Carbolic oil, 23, 80, 129 Carbon dioxide, 24 Carboniferous period, 11 Caro and Kern, phosgene dyes, 106 Caro and Wanklyn, rosolic acid, 133 Caro, fluoresceïn and eosin, 147 Caro, methylene blue, 112 Chemical washing, 83 Chlorophyll, 29 Chrysamines, 136 Chrysoïdine, 116 Cinnamic acid, 128 Clayton, Dean, distils coal, 35 Clegg, Samuel, gas-engineer, 40 Coal, amount raised, 59 Coal-fields of United Kingdom, 60 Coal-gas, composition, 56 Coal-gas, manufacture, 42 Coal-mining, history, 57 Coal, origin, 9 Coal, supply, 59 Cœruleïn, 147 Coke, composition of, 48 Coke from gas-retorts, 45 Coke-oven tar, 49 Coke, uses of, 47 Combustion, 23 Composition of coal, 23 Congo red, 157 Conservation of energy, 18 Constitution of molecules, 95 Corallin, 132 Cotton dyes, 137 Coumarin, 185 Coupier’s process, 91 Creosote oil, 163 Creosoting of timber, 70 Cresols, 131 Cresylic acid, 131 Cretaceous coal, 12 Crocein scarlets, 156 Crystal violet, 106 Cumidine, 155 Cyanin, 188 Dale and Caro, induline, 120 Destructive distillation, 33 Diazo-compounds, 116 Diazotype, 191 Dimethylaniline, 100 Dinitrobenzene, 120 Diphenylamine, 101 Diphenylamine blue, 101 Distillation, fractional, 78 Doebner, malachite green, 102 Dover, coal under, 60 Dumas and Laurent, anthracene, 171 Dundonald, Earl, early experiments, 39 Eikonogen, 189 Electricity as an illuminating agent, 62 Eocene coal, 12 Eosin, 147 Erythrosin, 188 Essence of mirbane, 74 Exalgine, 179 Fahlberg, saccharin, 186 Faraday, discovers benzene, 73 Fast red, 151 Fertilization by ammonia, 66 Fire-damp, 32 First runnings, 80 Fischer, E. and O., rosaniline, 97 Fischer, hydrazines, 183 Fischer, malachite green, 103 Flavaniline, 180 Flavopurpurin, 174 Fluoresceïn, 147 Foot-pound, 19 Fractional distillation, 78 Fritzsche, aniline, 75 Galleïn, 146 Gallic acid, 146 Gallocyanin, 162 Gambines, 161 Garancin, 168 Garden, naphthalene, 139 Gas producers, 57 Gas, quantity obtained from coal, 45 Girard and De Laire, rosaniline blues, 92 Glucosides, 169 Goethe, visit to coke-burner, 48 Græbe and Liebermann, alizarin, 170 Graphite, 12 Grässler, acid yellow, 120 Green, A. G., primuline, 160 Griess, diazo-compounds, 116 Hales, Rev. Stephen, distils coal, 37 Hofmann, benzene in tar-oil, 73 Hofmann, red from aniline, 89 Hofmann’s violets, 93 Homologous series, 152 Horse-power, 22 Hull, Prof., coal supply, 59 Hydrazines, 183 Hydrocarbons of benzene series, 82 Hydrogen, calorific value, 25 Hydroquinone, 189 Hypnone, 179 Indigo plants, 124 Indigo, syntheses, 126 Indophenol, 162 Indulines, 121 Ingrain colours, 160 Iodine green, 94 Iron smelting, 16 Iron swarf, 87 Isochromatic plates, 188 Isomerism, 88 Joule, mechanical equivalent of heat, 19 Juglone, 186 Jurassic coal, 12 Kairine, 182 Kekulé, benzene theory, 196 Kekulé and Hidegh, azo-dyes, 135 Koch, tubercle, 193 Köchlin, gallocyanin, 162 Köchlin and Witt, indophenol, 162 Kolbe, salicylic acid, 134 Kolbe and Schmitt, phenol dye, 132 Kyanol, 75 Lampblack, 139, 166 Laurent, phenol, 131 Laurent, phthalic acid, 143 Laurent, picric acid, 136 Lauth, methyl violet, 98 Lauth’s violet, 111 Leonhardt & Co., stilbene dyes, 137 Lightfoot, aniline black, 114 Light oil, 80 Light oils, early uses, 71 Lister, antiseptic surgery, 131 London, coal introduced, 58 London, illuminated by gas, 40 Lucigen burner, 163 Madder, 168 Magdala red, 149 Magenta, history, 89 Malachite green, 102 Manchester brown, 116 Manchester yellow, 142 Mansfield, isolation of benzene, 73 Mansfield’s still, 77 Manures, 66 Marsh gas, 32 Mauve, discovery, 74 Mechanical value of coal, 22 Medlock, magenta process, 90 Methyl chloride, 99 Methylene green, 113 Methyl green, 101 Methyl violet, 98 Mirbane, essence, 74 Murdoch, introduces coal-gas, 40 Naphthalene, annual production, 141 Naphthalene in carbolic oil, 130 Naphthionic acid, 151 Naphthol green, 161 Naphthol orange, 151 Naphthols, 141 Naphthylamines, 142 Natanson, aniline red, 89 Neutral red, 111 Neutral violet, 111 New blue, 161 Nicholson blue, 93 Nicholson, magenta process, 90 Nietzki, azines, 109 Nietzki, Biebrich scarlet, 156 Nietzki, quinone, 191 Night blue, 106 Nigrosine, 121 Nitrification, 66 Nitrobenzene process, 91 Nitrosodimethylaniline, 111 Non-Carboniferous coal, 11 Number of compounds in tar, 81 Old Red Sandstone, coal in, 12 Oligocene brown coal, 12 Orthochromatic plates, 188 Oxazines, 162 Oxide of iron for gas purifying, 44 Paraffin oil and wax, 50 Patent fuel, 178 Perfumes, 185 Perkin, alizarin, 170 Perkin, discovers mauve, 74 Permanence of dyes, 198 Permian coal, 12 Persoz, phenol dye, 132 Pharmaceutical preparations, 178 Phenanthrene, 172 Phenols, 129 Phosgene dyes, 106 Phosphine, 94, 180 Photographic developers, 189 Phthaleïns, 146 Phthalic acid, 143 Picric acid, 136 Pitch, 81, 176 Plants, growth of, 26 Ponceaux, 151 Primary azo-dyes, 156 Primuline, 160 Propiolic acid, 128 Purpurin, 169 Pyrazole, 183 Pyridine, 87 Pyridine bases, 179 Pyrogallol, 146 Quinaldine, 182 Quinic acid, 189 Quinoline, 180 Quinoline green, 182 Quinoline red, 188 Quinoline yellow, 182 Quinones, 172 Read Holliday’s lamp, 72 Rectification of hydrocarbons, 84 Resorcinol, 145 Rhodamines, 148 Roccellin, 151 Roman coal-mining, 57 Rosaniline blues, 92 Rosaniline from rosolic acid, 133 Rosolic acid, 132 Runge, kyanol, 75 Runge, phenol in tar, 131 Saccharin, 186 Saffranine, 108 Salicylic acid, 134 Salicylic aldehyde, 185 Salols, 179 Schiendl, Magdala red, 149 Scotland, shale-oil industry, 53 Sea coal, 58 Secondary azo-dyes, 156 Shale, nature of, 51 Shale-oil industry, 50 Skraup, quinoline, 181 Sodium nitrite, 119 Solar energy, 28 Soluble blue, 93 Solvent naphtha, 86 Steam-engines, 20 Stilbene azo-dyes, 137 Structure of coal, 15 Sulphanilic acid, 150 Sulphuric acid, 45 Sunlight, source of energy in coal, 30 Surgery, antiseptic, 131 Tar distilling, 77 Tar, first utilization, 69 Tar from coke-ovens, 49 Tar, quantity obtained from coal, 45 Tartrazine, 184 Tertiary coal, 12 Thalline, 182 Thermifugine, 182 Thiazines, 113 Thiodiphenylamine, 113 Thiorubin, 160 Timber pickling, 70 Tolidine, 136 Toluene from tar, 81 Torbane Hill coal, 52 Transformation of wood into coal, 31 Triassic coal, 12 Trimethylamine, 99 Trinitrophenol, 136 Triphenylmethane, 97 Tubercle bacillus, 193 Turkey red, 170 Underclay, 13 Unverdorben, crystallin, 75 Uses of coal, 16 Vanillin, 185 Vegetable deposits, recent, 13 Verguin, red from aniline, 90 Victoria blue, 106 Victoria yellow, 137 Vinasse, 99 Vincent, methyl chloride, 100 Violaniline, 121 Wasteful use of coal, 32, 203 Water, composition of, 25 Water gas, 203 Watson, Bishop, coke-oven tar, 50 Watson, Bishop, distils coal, 37 Wealden iron industry, 17 Whitaker, W., coal in S.-E. England, 60 Winsor, promotes introduction of gas, 41 Witt, azines, 109 Witt, chrysoïdine, 116 Witt, naphthol orange, 150 Wood vinegar, 64 Woody fibre, 26 Woulfe, picric acid, 136 Xylenes from tar, 81 Xylidine scarlet, 153 Young, James, burning-oil, 51 Ziegler, tartrazine, 184 Zinin, benzidam, 75

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Footnotes:

[1] “An experiment concerning the Spirit of Coals,” Phil. Trans. (abridged), vol. viii. p. 295.

[2] Report of the Coal Commissioners (1866-71), vol. i.

[3] In a paper read before the Royal Statistical Society by Mr. Price-Williams in 1889, this author points out that, owing to the introduction of the Bessemer process and other economical improvements, the amount of coal used in the iron and steel manufacture had fallen in 1867 to about sixteen and a half per cent. of the total quantity raised.

[4] This remark does not apply to Great Britain; our Excise regulations have practically killed those branches of manufacture requiring the use of pure wood-spirit.

[5] Since the above was written, new synthetical processes for the production of indigo have been made known in Germany by Karl Heumann. Of the commercial aspect of these discoveries it is of course impossible at present to form an opinion.

[6] Since the above was written the continuation of Koch’s researches upon the tubercle bacillus has culminated in the discovery of his now world-renowned lymph for the inoculation of patients suffering from tubercular disease.

[7] In one large factory in Yorkshire there is a set of stills kept constantly at work making pure aniline at the rate of two hundred tons per month. The monthly consumption of coal in this factory is two thousand tons, equal to twenty-four thousand tons per annum.

Transcriber’s Notes:

Punctuation has been corrected without note.

Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original.