INDEX
Reading edition
INDEX
* Indicates illustrations.
Abbot, C. G., cited, 45, 52, 237, 238, 239.
Aboskun, 104.
Africa, earthquakes, 301; East, see East Africa; lakes, 143; North, see North Africa.
African glaciation, 266.
Air, see Atmosphere.
Alaska, glacial till in, 287; Ice Age in, 221.
Albrecht, cited, 304.
Alexander, march of, 88 f.
Allard, H. A., cited, 183, 184.
Alpha Centauri, companion of, 280; distance from sun, 262; luminosity, 278; speed of, 281; variations, 282.
Alps, loess in, 159; precipitation in, 141; snow level in, 139.
Altair, companion of, 280; luminosity, 278; speed of, 281.
Amazon forest, temperature, 17.
Ancylus lake, 217.
Andes, snow line, 139.
Animals, climate and, 1.
Antarctica, mild climate, 219; thickness of ice in, 125; winds, 135, 161.
Anti-cyclonic hypothesis, 135 ff.
Appalachians, effect on ice sheet, 121.
Arabia, civilization in, 67.
Aral, Sea of, 108.
Archean rocks, 211.
Archeozoic, 3 f.; climate of, 267.
Arctic Ocean, submergence, 219.
Arctowski, H., cited, 29, 46, 244.
Argon, increase of, 236.
Arizona, rainfall, 89, 108; trees measured in, 73.
Arrhenius, S., cited, 36, 254.
Arsis, of pulsation, 24.
Asbjörn Selsbane, corn of, 101.
Asia, atmospheric pressure, 298; central,changes of climate, * 75; central, post-glacial climate, 271; climate, 66; glaciation in, 131; storminess in, 60; western, climate in, 84 f.
Atlantic Ocean, storminess, 57.
Atmosphere, changes, 19 f., 229; composition of, 223-241; effect on temperature, 231.
Atmospheric circulation, glaciation and, 42.
Atmospheric electricity, solar relations of, 56.
Atmospheric pressure, earthquakes and, 298; evaporation and, 237; increase in, 239; redistribution of, 49; variation, 53.
Australia, East, mild climate, 219; precipitation, 144.
Axis, earth's, 48; wabbling of, 301.
Bacon, Sir Francis, cited, 27.
Bacubirito, meteor at, 246.
Baltic Sea, as lake, 217; freezing of, 100; ice, 26; storm-floods, 99; submergence, 219.
Bardsson, Ivar, 106.
Barkow, cited, 135.
Barometric pressure, solar relations of, 56.
Barrell, J., cited, 3, 200, 213, 234.
Bartoli, A. G., cited, 257.
Bauer, L. A., cited, 150.
Beaches, under water, 97.
Beadnell, H. J. L., cited, 143.
Beluchistan, rainfall, 89.
Bengal, Bay of, cyclones in, 149.
Bengal, famine in, 104 f.
Berlin, rainfall and temperature, 93.
Betelgeuse, 259 f.; distance from sun, 262.
Bible, climatic evidence in, 91 f.; palms in, 92.
Binary stars, 252.
Birkeland, K., cited, 244.
Black Earth region, loess in, 159.
Boca, Cal., correlation coefficients, 83, 85.
Boltzmann, L., cited, 257.
Bonneville, Lake, 142, 143.
Borkum, storm-flood in, 99.
Boss, L. cited, 268, 269.
Botanical evidence of mild climates, 167 ff.
Boulders, on Irish coast, 119.
Bowie, W., cited, 293.
Bowman, I., cited, 213.
Britain, forests, 220; level of land, 220.
British Isles, height of land, 111; temperature, 216.
Brooks, C. E. P., cited, 115, 143, 196, 215, 225.
Brooks, C. F., cited, 209.
Brown, E. W., cited, 191, 244.
Brückner, E., cited, 27.
Brückner periods, 27 f.
Bufo, habitat of, 202.
Buhl stage, 216.
Bull, Dr., cited, 100, 101.
Butler, H. C., cited, 66, 67 ff., 70, 76.
California, changes of climate, * 75; correlations of rainfall, 86; measurements of sequoias in, 73, 74 ff.; rainfall, 108.
Cambrian period, 4 f.
Canada, storminess, 53 f., 57; storm tracks in, 113.
Cape Farewell, shore ice at, 105.
Carbon dioxide, erosion and, 119 f.; from volcanoes, 23; hypothesis, 139; importance of, 9, 11 f.; in Permian, 148;. in atmosphere, 20, 96, 238; in ocean, 226; nebular hypothesis and, 232; theory of glaciation, 36 ff.
Caribbean mountains, origin of, 193.
Carnegie Institution of Washington, 74.
Caspian Sea, climatic stress, 104; rainfall, 107 f.; rise and fall, 27; ruins in, 71.
Cenozoic, climate, 266; fossils, 21.
Central America, Maya ruins, 95.
Chad, Lake, swamps of, 171.
Chamberlin, R. T., cited, 166, 233, 269.
Chamberlin, T. C., cited, 19, 36, 38, 39, 42 f., 48, 122, 125, 152, 156, 190, 195, 227, 269.
Chandler, S. C., cited, 301.
Chinese earthquakes, periodicity of, 245.
Chinese, sunspot observations, 108 f.
Chinese Turkestan, desiccation in, 66.
Chronology, glacial, 215.
Clarke, F. W., cited, 226, 235.
Clayton, H. H., cited, 173 f.
Climate, effect of contraction, 189 ff.; affect of salinity, 224; in history, 64-97; uniformity, 1-15; variability, 16-32.
Climates, mild, causes of, 166-187; mild, periods of, 274.
Climatic changes, and crustal movements, 285 ff.; hypotheses of, 33-50; mountain-building and, * 25; post-glacial crustal movements and, 215-222; terrestrial causes of, 188-214.
Climatic sequence, 16 f.
Climatic stages, post-glacial, 270.
Climatic stress, in fourteenth century, 98-109.
Climatic uniformity, hypothesis of, 65, 71 f.
Climatic zoning, 169.
Cloudiness, glaciation and, 114, 147.
Clouds, as protection, 197.
Colfax, Cal., correlation coefficients, 83.
Cologne, flood at, 99.
Compass, variations, 150.
Continental climate, variations, 103.
Continents, effect on climate, 111 f.
Contraction, effect on climate, 189 ff., 199, 207; effect on lands, 207; heat of sun and, 13 f.; irregular, 195; of the earth, 18; of the sun, 249; stresses caused by, 310.
Convection, carbon dioxide and, 239.
Corals, in high latitudes, 21, 39, 167, 178.
Cordeiro, F. J. B., cited, 181, 183, 186.
Correlation coefficients, earthquakes and sunspots, 291; Jerusalem rainfall and sequoia growth, 83 ff.; rainfall and tree growth, 79 ff.
Cosmos, effect of light, 185.
Cressey, G. B., cited, 80.
Cretaceous, lava, 211; mountain ranges, 44; paleogeography, * 201; submergence of North America, 200.
Croll, J., cited, 34 ff., 176.
Croll's hypothesis, snow line, 139.
Crust, climate and movements of, 63, 287, 310; movements of, 43; strains in, 22.
Currents and planetary winds, 174.
Cycads, 169.
Cyclonic hypothesis, 97; loess and, 163; Permian glaciation and, 148; snow line, 139.
Cyclonic storms, in glacial epochs, 140 f.; solar electricity and, 243 (see Storms, Storminess).
Cyclonic vacillations, 30 f.; nature of, 57 ff.
Daily vibrations, 28 f.
Danube, frozen, 98.
Darwin, G. H., cited, 191.
Daun stage, 217.
Davis, W. M., cited, 271.
Davisson, C., cited, 294, 295, 299.
Day, C. P., cited, 239.
Day, length of, 18, 191.
Dead Sea, palms near, 92.
Death Valley, 142.
De Ballore, M., cited, 297, 298.
Deep-sea circulation, rapidity, 227; salinity and, 176; solar activity and, 179.
De Geer, S., cited, 215, 221.
De Lapparent, A., cited, 200.
Denmark, fossils, 271.
"Desert pavements," 161.
Deserts, abundant flora of, 171; and pulsations theory, 88 ff.; red beds of, 170.
Devonian, climate, 266; mountains, 209.
Dog, climate and, 1.
Donegal County, Ireland, 220.
Double stars, 272, 280; electrical effect of, 261.
Douglass, A. E., cited, 28, 73, 74 f., 84, 85, 107.
Dragon Town, destruction of, 104, 7108.
Drake, N. F., cited, 297, 298.
Droughts, and pulsations theory, 87 f.; in England, 102; in India, 104 f.
Drumkelin Bog, Ireland, log cabin in, 220.
Dust, at high levels, 240.
Earth, crust of and the sun, 285-317; internal heat, 212; nature of mild climate, 274; position of axis, 181; rigidity of, 307; temperature gradient, 213; temperature of surface, 8.
Earthquakes, and seasons, 294, 297; and sunspots, 288 f.; and tropical hurricanes, 300; and wandering of pole, 304 f.; cause of, 307; compared with departures from Eulerian position, 306; seasonal distribution of, 299; seasonal march, 295.
"Earthquake weather," 298.
East Africa, mild climate, 219.
East Indies, earthquakes of, 296.
Eberswalde, tree growth at, 102 f.
Ecliptic, obliquity of, 217.
Electrical currents, in solar atmosphere, 261.
Electrical emissions, variation of, 275.
Electrical hypothesis, 150, 250 f., 256 ff.
Electrical phenomena, storminess and, 56.
Electricity, and earthquakes, 292; solar, 243.
Electro-magnetic hypothesis, 244.
Electrons, solar, 56; variation of, 256.
Electro-stellar hypothesis, 274.
Elevation, climatic changes and, 39.
Engedi, palms in, 92.
England, climatic stress, 101 f.; storminess and rainfall, 107.
Eocene, climate, 266.
Equinoxes, precession of, 96.
Erosion, storminess and, 309.
Eskimo, in Greenland, 106.
Eulerian movement, 301, 304.
Euphrates, 67.
Europe, climatic stress, 98 ff., 102 f.; climatic table, 215; glaciation in, 131, ice sheet, 121; inundations of rivers, 99; post-glacial climate, 271; rainfall, 107; submergence, 196, 200.
Evaporation, and glaciation, 112, 114; atmospheric pressure and, 237; from plants, 179; importance, 129; in trade-wind belt, 117; rapidity of, 224.
Evening primrose, effect of light, 184.
Evolution, climate and, 20; geographical complexity and, 241; glaciation and, 33; of the earth, 311.
Faculæ, cause of, 61.
False Point Lighthouse, barometric pressure at, 299.
Famine, cause of, 103; in England, 101 f.; in India, 104 f.; pulsations theory and, 87 f.
Faunas, and mild climates, 168 f.; in Permian, 152 f.
Fennoscandian pause, 216.
Flowering, light and, 184.
Fog, and glaciation, 116; as protection, 197; temperature and, 178.
Forests, climate and, 66.
Form of the land, 43 ff.
Fossil floras, and mild climates, 168; in Antarctica, 273; in Greenland, 273.
Fossils, 169, 230; and loess, 158; Archeozoic, 3 f.; Cenozoic, 21; dating of, 153; glaciation and, 138; in peat bogs, 271; mild climate, 167; Proterozoic, 4, 6 f.
Fourteenth century, climatic stress in, 98-109.
Fowle, F. E., cited, 45, 237, 238, 239.
Frech, F., cited, 36.
Free, E. E., cited, 142.
Freezing, salinity and, 224.
Fresno, rainfall record, 82.
"Friction variables," 247.
Frisian Islands, storm-flood, 99.
Fritz, H., cited, 109.
Frogs, distribution of, 202.
Fuchs, cited, 289.
Galaxy, 252.
Galveston, Tex., rainfall and temperature, 94.
Garner, W. W., cited, 183, 184.
Gasses, in air, 233.
Geographers, and climatic changes, 65 ff.
Geological time table, * 5.
Geologic oscillations, 18 f., 21 ff., 188, 240.
Geologists, changes in ideas of, 64 f.
Germanic myths, 219.
Germany, forests, 220; growth of trees in, 102; storms in, 102.
Gilbert, G. K., cited, 143.
Glacial epochs, causes of, 268; dates of, 216; intervals between, 264 f.; length of, 166 f.
Glacial fluctuations, 24 ff.; nature of, 57 ff.
Glacial period, at present, 272; ice in, 57 f.; length of, 269; list, 265; temperature, 38.
Glaciation, and loess, 155 f.; and movement of crust, 287; conditions favorable for, 111, extent of, 124; hypotheses of, 33 ff.; in southern Canada, 18; localization of, 130 ff.; Permian, * 145; solar-cyclonic hypothesis of, 110-129; suddenness of, 138; upper limit of, 141.
Goldthwait, J. W., cited, 271.
Gondwana land, 21, 204.
Gravitation, effect on sun, 250; pull of, 244.
Great Basin, in glacial period, 126; salt lakes in, 142.
Great Ice Age, see Pleistocene.
Great Plains, effect on ice sheet, 120.
Greenland, climatic stress, 105 ff.; ice, 26; rainfall, 7108; storminess, 57; submergence, 219; vegetation, 21, 37, 287; winds, 135, 161.
Gregory, J. W., cited, 90 ff., 97.
Gschnitz stage, 216.
Guatemala, ruins in, 95.
Guervain, cited, 135.
Gyroscope, earth as, 181.
Hale, G. E., cited, 56, 62.
Hamdulla, cited, 104.
Hann, J., cited, 66.
Hansa Union, operations of, 100.
Harmer, F. W., cited, 115, 119.
Heat, and earthquakes, 292; earth's internal, 18.
Hedin, S., cited, 88.
Heim, A., cited, 190.
Heligoland, flood in, 99.
Helland-Hansen, B., cited, 174.
Helmert, F. R., cited, 302.
Henderson, L. J., cited, 9, 10, 11, 12.
Henry, A. J., cited, 94, 208.
Hercynian Mountains, 45.
High pressure and glaciation, 115, 135.
Himalayas, glaciation, 144; origin of, 193, snow line, 139.
Himley, cited, 104.
Historic pulsations, 24 f.; nature of, 57 ff.
History, climate of, 64-97; climatic pulsations and, 26.
Hobbs, W. H., cited, 115, 125, 135, 161.
Hot springs, temperature of, 6.
Humphreys, W. J., cited, 2, 37 f., 45, 46, 50, 56, 238.
Hurricanes, in arid regions, 144; sunspots and, 53.
Hyades, cluster in, 268.
Ice, accumulations, 57 f.; advances of, 122; distribution of, 131, drift, 105.
Ice sheets, disappearance, 128; limits, 120; localization, 130 ff.; rate of retreat, 165; thickness, 125.
Iceland, submergence, 219.
Iowan ice sheet, rapid retreat, 165.
Iowan loess, 158.
India, drought, 104 f.; famine, 104 f.; rainfall, 7108.
Indian glaciation, 266.
Inter-glacial epoch, Permian, 153.
Internal heat of earth, 212.
Ireland, Drumkelin Bog, 220; in glacial period, 119; level of land, 220; storminess and rainfall, 107; submergence, 219.
Irish Sea, tides, 191.
Irrigation ditches, abandoned, 97.
Isostasy, 307 ff.
Italy, southern, climate of, 86 f.
Japan, earthquakes of, 296.
Javanese mountains, origin of, 193.
Jaxartes, 7108.
Jeans, J. H., cited, 251, 252, 253, 266, 272.
Jeffreys, H., cited, 302, 303, 306.
Jeffreys, J., cited, 191.
Jericho, palms in, 92.
Jerusalem, rainfall, 86; rainfall and temperature, 94; rainfall in, and sequoia growth, 83 ff.
Johnson, cited, 226.
Judea, palms in, 92.
Jupiter, and sunspots, 243; effect of, 253; periodicity of, 61 f.; temperature of, 258; tidal effect of, 250.
Jurassic, climate, 266; mountain ranges, 44.
Kansas, variations of seasons, 103.
Kara Koshun marsh, Lop Nor, 104.
Keewatin center, 113; evaporation in, 129.
Keewatin ice sheet, 121.
Kelvin, Lord, cited, 13 f.
Keyes, C. R., cited, 156.
Kirk, E., cited, 287.
Knott, C. G., cited, 294, 295, 297, 299, 304, 306.
Knowlton, F. H., cited 167, 169, 170, 212, 232.
Köppen, W.,, 52, 140.
Krakatoa, glaciation and, 48; volcanic hypothesis and, 45.
Krümmel, O., cited, 224, 228.
Kullmer, C. J., cited, 113, 115, 128; map of storminess, * 54.
Kungaspegel, sea routes described, 106.
Labor, price in England, 102.
Labradorean center of glaciation, 113.
Lahontan, Lake, 142.
Lake strands, see Strands.
Lake Superior, lava, 211.
Lakes, during glacial periods, 141 f.; in semi-arid regions, 60; of Great Basin, 126; ruins in, 97.
Land, and water, climatic effect of, 196 ff.; distribution of, 200, form of, 43 ff.; range of temperature and, 196.
Lavas, climatic effect of, 211.
Lawson, A. C., cited, 310.
Lebanon, cedars of, 83.
Leiter, H., cited, 71.
Leverett, F., cited, 271.
Life, atmosphere and, 229 f.; chemical characteristic of, 12; effect of salinity, 225; of glacial period, 127; persistence of forms, 230.
Light, effect of atmosphere on, 236; effect on plants, 184 ff.; ultra-violet, storminess and, 56; variation of, 275.
Litorina sea, 218.
Loess, date of, 156 ff.; origin of, 155, 165.
Lop Nor, rise of, 104; swamps, 171.
Lows, and glacial lobes, 122; movements of, 126; see Storms and Cyclones.
Lulan, 104.
Lull, R. S., cited, 5, 188.
MacDougal, D. T., cited, 171.
McGee, W. J., cited, 156.
Macmillan, W. D., cited, 191.
Magdalenian period, 216.
Magnetic fields of sunspots, 56.
Magnetic poles, relation to storm tracks, 150.
Makran, climate, 89; rainfall, 89.
Malay Archipelago, earthquakes of, 296.
Mallet, R., cited, 288.
Malta, rainfall, 86.
Manson, M., cited, 147.
Mayas, civilization, 26; ruins, 95.
Mayence, flood at, 99.
Mazelle, E., cited, 224.
Mediterranean, climate of, 72; rainfall records, 86; storminess in, 60.
Mercury, and sunspots, 243.
Mesozoic, climate, 266; crustal changes, 286; emergence of lands, 287.
Messier, 8; variables, 248.
Metcalf, M. M., cited, 202.
Meteorological factors and earthquakes, 300 f.
Meteorological hypothesis of crustal movements, 294.
Meteors, and sun's heat, 13, 246.
Michelson, A. A., cited, 259.
Middle Silurian, fauna in Alaska, 287.
Mild climates, see Climates, mild.
Milky Way, 252.
Mill, H. R., cited, 228.
Milne, J., cited, 288, 290, 294, 304, 306.
Miocene, crustal changes, 287.
Mississippi Basin, loess in, 159.
Mogul emperor, and famine, 104.
Monsoons, character of, 146; direction of, 208; Indian famines and, 105.
Moulton, F. R., cited, 13, 258, 269.
Mountain building, climatic changes and, * 25.
Mountains, folding of, 190; rainfall, on, 208.
Multiple stars, 252.
Nansen, F., cited, 122, 174.
Naples, rainfall, 86.
Nathorst, cited, 169.
Nebulæ, 247.
Nebular hypothesis, 232, 267.
Neolithic period, 218.
Nevada, correlations of rainfall, 86.
New England, height of land, 111.
New Mexico, rainfall, 89.
New Orleans, La., rainfall and temperature, 94.
New Zealand, climate, 177; tree ferns, 179.
Newcomb, S., cited, 52.
Nile floods, periodicity in, 245.
Nitrogen, in atmosphere, 19.
Niya, Chinese Turkestan, desiccation at, 66.
Nocturnal cooling, changes in, 238 f.
Norlind, A., cited, 100.
Norsemen, route to Greenland, 26.
Norse sagas, 219.
North Africa, climate of, 71; Roman aqueducts in, 71.
North America, at maximum glaciation, 122 ff.; emergence of lands, 193, glaciation in, 131, height of land, 111, interior sea in, 200, inundations, 196, loess in, 155, submergence of lands, 19, 21.
North Atlantic Ocean, salinity, 228.
North Sea, climatic stress, 98 ff.; floods around, 26, 99; rainfall, 107; storminess, 57.
Northern hemisphere, earthquakes of, 294.
Norway, decay, 100; temperature, 177.
Novæ, 247.
Oceanic circulation, carbon dioxide and, 39 ff.
Oceanic climate, characteristics, 103.
Oceanic currents, diversion, 44; influence of land distribution, 203.
Oceans, age of, 223; composition of, 223-241; deepening of, 199; salinity, 19, 223; temperature, 6, 152, 180, 226.
Okada, T., cited, 224.
Old Testament, temperature, 92.
Orbital precessions, 27.
Ordovician, climate, 266.
Organic evolution, glacial fluctuations and, 26.
Orion, nebulosity near, 247; stars near, 248.
Orontes, 67.
Osborn, H. F., cited, 216.
Owens-Searles, lakes, 142.
Oxus, 7108.
Oxygen, in atmosphere, 20, 234; in Permian, 152.
Ozone, cause of, 56.
Paleolithic, 216.
Paleozoic, climate, 266; mountains in, 209.
Palestine, change of climate, 91 f.
Palms, climatic change and, 91 f.; in Ireland, 179.
Palmyra, ruins of, 66.
Parallaxes of stars, 276 f.
Patrician center, 134.
Peat-bog period, first, 218.
Penck, A., cited, 139, 156, 157, 158, 269.
Pennsylvanian, life of, 26.
Periodicities, 245 f.
Periodicity, of climatic phenomena, 60 f.; of glaciation, 268; of sunspots, 243.
Permian, climate, 266; distribution of glaciation, 152; glaciation, 60, 144, * 145, 226; glaciation and mountains, 45; life of, 26; red beds, 151; temperature, 146 f.
Perry, cited, 289.
Persia, lakes, 143; rainfall, 89.
Pettersson, O., cited, 98 ff., 100 f., 103, 106, 219.
Pirsson, L. V., cited, 3, 196.
Planetary hypothesis, 253, 267.
Planetary nebulæ, 252.
Planets, and sunspots, 243; effect of star on, 255; sunspot cycle and, 62; temperatures, 8 f.
Plants, climate and, 1 f.; effect of light, 184 ff.
Pleion, defined, 29.
Pleionian migrations, 29 f.
Pleistocene, climate, 266; duration of, 48; glaciation, 110 ff.; ice sheets, * 123.
Pluvial climate, causes of, 143; during glacial periods, 141.
Po, frozen, 98.
Polaris, 272.
Polar wandering, hypothesis of, 48 f.
Pole and earthquakes, 305.
Post-glacial crustal movements and climatic changes, 215-222.
Poynting, J. H., cited, 8.
Precessional hypothesis, 34 f.
Precipitation, and glaciation, 114, 133; during glacial period, 118; snow line and, 139; temperature and, 94.
Procyon, companion of, 280; luminosity, 278; speed of, 281.
Progressive change, 241.
Progressive desiccation, hypothesis of, 65 ff.
Proterozoic, 4 f.; fossils, 6 f.; glaciation, 18, 144, 226, 266; lava, 211; mountains in, 209; oceanic salinity, 42 f.; oxygen in air, 234; red beds, 151; temperature, 146 f.
Pulsations, hypothesis of, 65, 72 ff.
Pulsatory climatic changes, 72 ff.
Pulsatory hypothesis, 272.
Pumpelly, R., cited, 271.
Radiation, variation of, 275.
Radioactivity, heat of sun and, 14 f.
Rainfall, changes in, 93 f.; glaciation and, 50; sunspots and, 53, * 58, 59; tree growth and, 79.
Red beds, 151, 170.
Rhine, flood, 99; frozen, 98.
Rho Ophiuchi, variables, 248.
"Rice grains," 61.
Richardson, O. W., cited, 256.
Rigidity, of earth, 307.
Roads, climate and, 66.
Rogers, Thorwald, cited, 101.
Romans, aqueduct of, 71.
Rome, history of, 87.
Rotation, of earth, 18 f.
Ruden, storm-flood, 99.
Rugen, storm-flood, 99.
Ruins, as climatic evidence, 66; rainfall and, 60.
Sacramento, correlation coefficients, 82 f., 85; rainfall, 86; rainfall record, 79.
Sagas, cited, 105 f.
St. John, C. E., cited, 236.
Salinity, deep-sea circulation and, 176; effect on climate, 224; in North Atlantic, 228; ocean temperature and, 226; of ocean, 19, 120.
Salisbury, R. D., cited, 111, 125, 129, 139, 156, 206, 269, 271.
Salt, in ocean, 223.
San Bernardino, correlation of rainfall, 85.
Saturn, and sunspots, 243; sunspot cycle and, 62.
Sayles, R. W., cited, 183.
Scandinavia, climatic stress, 100 f.; fossils, 271; post-glacial climate, 271; rainfall, 107; storminess, 57, 107; temperature, 216.
Scandinavian center of glaciation, 113.
Schlesinger, F., cited, 275, 278, 298, 301, 305.
Schuchert, C., cited, 3, 5, 23, * 25, * 123, 138, * 145, 168, 169, 172, 188, 193, 196, 198, 200, * 201, 206, 211, 230, 265.
Schuster, A., cited, 61, 244, 294, 296.
Sculpture, Maya, 96.
Sea level and glaciation, 119.
Seasonal alternations, 28 f.
Seasonal banding, 183 f.
Seasonal changes, geological, 183.
Seasons, and earthquakes, 294, 295, 297, 299; evidences of, 169.
Secular progression, 17 ff., 188.
Seistan, swamps, 171.
Sequoias, measurements of, 74 ff.; rainfall record, 79.
Setchell, W. A., cited, 1.
Shackleton, E., cited, 125.
Shapley, H., cited, 246, 247, 254, 256, 275.
Shimek, E., cited, 157, 161.
Shreveport, La., rainfall and temperature, 93 f.
Shrinkage of the earth, 190.
Siberia, and glaciation, 132.
Sierras, rainfall records, 82.
Simpson, G. C., cited, 222.
Sirius, companion of, 280; distance from sun, 262; luminosity, 278; speed of, 281.
Slichter, C. S., cited, 192.
Smith, J. W., cited, 73.
Snowfall, glaciation and, 50, 114.
Snowfield, climatic effects of, 115.
Snow line, height of, 138; in Andes, 139; in Himalayas, 139.
Solar activity, cycles of, 245; deep-sea circulation and, 179; ice and, 134.
Solar constant, 114.
Solar-cyclonic hypothesis, 51-63, 287; glaciation and, 110-129.
Solar prominences, cause of, 61.
Solar system, 252; conservation of, 243; proximity to stars, 63.
Solar variations, storms and, 31.
South America, earthquakes, 301.
South Pole, thickness of ice at, 125.
Southern hemisphere, earthquakes, 296; glaciation in, 131 f.
Southern Pacific railroad, rainfall records along, 82.
Soy beans, effect of light, 185 f.
Space, sun's journey through, 264-284.
Spiral nebulæ, 251 f.; universe of, 267.
Spitzbergen, submergence, 219.
Springs, climate and, 66.
Stars, approach to sun, 253; binary, 252; clusters, 252, 268; effect on solar atmosphere, 63; dark, 254; parallaxes of, 276 f.; tidal action of, 249.
Stefan's Law, 257.
Stein, M. A., cited, 78.
Stellar approaches, probability of, 260.
Storm belt in arid regions, 144.
Storm-floods, in fourteenth century, 99.
Storminess, and erosion, 309; and ice, 134; effect on glaciation, 112; sunspots and, 163; temperature and, 94, 173.
Storms, blows of, 300, 302; increase, 60; movement of, 125 f.; movement of water and, * 175; origin of, 30 f.; sunspots and, 28, 53; see Cyclones and Lows.
Storm tracks, during glacial period, 117; location, 113; relation to magnetic poles, 150; shifting of, 119.
Strands, climate and, 66; in semi-arid regions, 60; of salt lakes, 142.
Suess, E., cited, 192.
Sun, and the earth's crust, 285-317; approach to star, 253; atmosphere of, 61, 274; atmosphere of, and weather, 52; cooling of, 49; contraction of, 249; disturbances of, 172; effect of other bodies on, 242-263; heat, 13; journey through space, 264-284; Knowlton's hypothesis of, 168.
Suncracks, 232.
Sunspot cycles, 27 f.
Sunspots, and earthquakes, 289; causes of, 61; magnetic field of, 261; maximum of, 109; mild climates and, 172; number, 7108 f.; periodicity, 243; planetary hypothesis of, 253; records, 245; storminess and, 163; storms and, 300; temperature of earth and, 52, 173.
Sunspot variations, 282.
Swamps, as desert phenomena, 171.
Sylt, storm-flood, 99.
Syria, civilization in, 67; inscriptions in, 76; Roman aqueducts in, 71.
Syrian Desert, ruins in, 66.
Talbert, cited, 213.
Tarim Basin, red beds, 151.
Tarim Desert, desiccation, 66.
Tarim River, swamps, 171.
Taylor, G., cited, 140, 144, 191, 271.
Temperature, change of in Atlantic, 174; changes in, 93; climatic change and, 49; critical, 9; geological time and, 3; glacial period, 38; glaciation and, 42, 132, 139; gradient of earth, 213; of ocean, 180; in Norway, 177; in Permian, 146 f.; in Proterozoic, 146 f.; limits, 6 ff.; precipitation and, 94; range of, 3, 8; solar activity and, 140; storminess and, 94, 112, 173; sunspots and, 28, 173; volcanic eruptions and, 46; zones, 172.
Terrestial causes of climatic changes, 188-214.
Tertiary, lava, 211.
Thames, frozen, 98.
Thermal solar hypothesis, 49 f., 97.
Thermo-pleion, movements of, 30.
Thesis, of pulsations, 24.
Thiryu, storm-flood, 99.
Tian-Shan Mountains, irrigation in, 71.
Tidal action of stars, 249.
Tidal effect, of Jupiter, 253; of planets, 244.
Tidal hypothesis, 251.
Tidal retardation, effect on land and sea, 191; rotation of earth and, 18 f.; stress caused by, 310.
Tides, cycles of, 219.
Time, geological, see Geological time.
Toads, distribution of, 202.
Tobacco plant, effect of light, 184.
Topography, and glaciation, 132.
Transcaspian Basin, red beds, 151.
Tree ferns, in New Zealand, 179.
Tree growth, periodicity in, 245; rainfall and, 79.
Tress, in California, 219; measurement of, 73 ff.
Triassic, climate, 266.
Trifid Nebula, variables, 248.
Trondheim, wheat in, 101.
Trondhenäs, corn in, 101.
Tropical cyclones, in glacial epochs, 140 f.; occurrence, 148; solar activity and, 113.
Tropical hurricanes, earthquakes and, 300; sunspots and, 149.
Turfan, temperature, 17.
Turner, H. H., cited, 245.
Tyler, J. M., cited, 216.
Tyndall, J., cited, 36, 37.
Typhoon region, "earthquake weather," 298.
Typhoons, occurrence, 300.
United States, rainfall and temperature in Gulf region, 93 f.; salt lakes in, 142; southwestern, climate, 66; storminess, 53 f., 60.
Variables, 247.
Veeder, M. A., cited, 300.
Vegetation, theory of pulsations and, 90.
Venus, atmosphere of, 236.
Vesterbygd, invasion of, 106.
Vicksburg, Miss., rainfall and temperature, 93 f.
Volcanic activity, climate and, 210; movement of the earth's crust and, 285; times of uplifting lands and, 23.
Volcanic dust, climatic changes and, 97.
Volcanic hypothesis, climatic change and, 45 ff.; snow line, 139.
Volcanoes, activity of, 96.
Volga, 108.
Walcott, C. D., cited, 4, 230.
Wandering of the pole, 302.
Water, importance, 9.
Water vapor, condensation of, 56; effect on life, 231; in atmosphere, 19.
Wave, effect on movement of water, 176.
Weather, changes of, 31 f.; origin of, 174; variations, 52.
Wells, H. G., cited, 35.
Wendingstadt, storm-flood, 99.
Westerlies, 21 f.
Wheat, price in England, 102.
White Sea, submergence, 219.
Whitney, J. D., cited, 142.
Wieland, G. R., cited, 169.
Williamson, E. D., cited, 226.
Willis, B., cited, 206.
Winds, at ice front, 162; effect on currents, 174; glaciation and, 133; in Antarctica, 161; in glacial period, 119; in Greenland, 161; planetary system of, 174; velocity, 240.
Witch hazel, effect of light, 184.
Wolf, J. R., cited, 61, 109, 288.
Wolfer, cited, 244.
Wright, W. B., cited, 35, 111, 119.
Writing, among Mayas, 96.
Yucatan, Maya civilization, 26, 107; rainfall, 108; ruins, 95.
Yukon, Ice Age in, 221.
Zante, earthquakes of, 296.
Zonal crowding, 117.