INDEX

INDEX

A as a mark, Copenhagen faience, 330

Abildgaard, 107

A.H. as a mark, 102

Aluminia Company buys factory (in 1883), 205

Aluminia mark on Art faience, 330

Andersen, Hans, Princess and Swineherd, Tinder Box, figures illustrating, 269, 284

Animal life, study of, at Copenhagen, 270, 339

Antonibon, Pasqual, potter at Venice, 24

Arentz, Johan, 109

Arnoux, Report on Pottery at Paris Exhibition (1867), 24

Art Faience, Copenhagen, 307-330

B and G (as a mark), 283

Bargains in porcelain, a regiment of dragoons exchanged for collection of porcelain, 32

Battle of Copenhagen, 179

Bowl commemorating, 184

Bau, N., 109

Baÿer, J. C., the painter of the Flora Danica service, 105

Signature of, 103

Berlin factory founded by Frederick the Great, 32

Bing, M., collection of Oriental art at Paris, 215

Bing and Gröndahl, Messrs., the factory of, at Copenhagen, 283

Bird life, strongly represented in figures and painted work, 270, 339

Biscuit figures, a high test of ceramic art, 266

Biscuit figures of great size (Sèvres porcelain) (1900), 224

Blue-and-white, early, underglaze painted, 157-76

Painters of, 104, 110

Table of marks, 174-6

Boisgelin, Count Louis de, visits Copenhagen factory (1790), 76, 109

his report quoted, 76-84, 150, 151

Bornholm clay used at early period, 63, 78, 165

Botanical character of Copenhagen, decoration in Flora Danica service, 148

Böttger, Johann Fredrich, his discovery of hard porcelain, 22, 29

his secret divulged throughout Europe, 30, 35

Bowl in memory of Battle of Copenhagen, 184

Brandstrup, gilding by, 195

Brongniart discontinues making pâte tendre at Sèvres, 24

Bushell, Stephen W., "Chinese Art," quoted, 23

C7 (incised) as a mark, illustrated, 104

Cadewitz, Martin, 107

Camrath, Johan, junior, 110

senior, 108

Caroline Matilda (Queen of Denmark), her tragic history, 47

Catherine II, Empress of Russia; her friendship with contemporary philosophers and scientists, 142

Establishes a French theatre at St. Petersburg, 142

Letter of Voltaire to, 143

Great services made for— Flora Danica, 139

Sèvres, 139

Wedgwood, 140

Characteristics of modern Copenhagen porcelain, 230, 233

Charles XV of Sweden, present of Fournier Copenhagen service to, 39

Child-life a feature in Copenhagen modelling, 274

"Chinese Art," by Stephen W. Bushell, quoted, 23

Chinese conventional underglaze blue-painted types, 233, 238

Crackled glazes, 292

Flambé glazes, 291

Influence on Copenhagen at the outset of the modern period, 211

Potter, the poetry of the, 95, 245

Prototypes in underglaze painted porcelain, 233

Subjects at Copenhagen, rare, 125

Christian VII (of Denmark), the court of, 43-52

Chronology (Queen Juliane Marie period) (1732-1780), 42

Chronology (1780-1820), 74

Classic movement the, in Europe, 191

Classic ornament, avoidance of, in modern Copenhagen porcelain, 234

used in Copenhagen decadent period, 196

Clement, chemist at Copenhagen factory, produces first crystalline glaze in 1886, 219

Clio, Hans, signature of, 101, 106

Colour, combinations of rich, in Copenhagen art faience, 325

Colours of underglaze painting, their limitation, 236, 268

Colours invented by Müller, 64, 78

Commemorative placques, 230, 243

Commonplace development of underglaze painting avoided at Copenhagen, 234

Contemporary criticism of Copenhagen factory (1790), quoted, 76

Copenhagen Art Faience, 309-31

Copenhagen factory compared with Meissen, 77-80, 126

Copenhagen Factory Mark, its origin and symbolic meaning, 56

Copenhagen porcelain, early (soft-paste), 37

Copenhagen porcelain, characteristics of modern style, 230, 233

Copyists of modern Copenhagen porcelain, 229, 295

Costume subjects, weakness of, in china, 266

Costume subjects, respective claims of overglaze and underglaze painting, 268

Costume subjects. Meissen vitiates Europe, 126

Costume subjects in Meissen and Chelsea manner avoided at Copenhagen, 126, 129, 277

Court scandal. Coup d'état of Crown Prince Frederik, 48

Court scandal. The story of Queen Caroline Matilda, 47

Crackled glazes, 292, 301

Crown, use of, as a mark, 262

Crystalline glazes, 289-303

Crystalline glazes invented by Hr. Clement in 1886, the chemist at the Copenhagen factory, 219

Dalgas, Frederik, his activity in upholding the traditions of the factory, 313

his development of the Art Faience, 313

Dannemand, Countess, presents a service of Copenhagen porcelain to Charles XV of Sweden, 39

Danish and Japanese ceramic art compared, 247

Danish heroes of the Battle of Copenhagen, 184

"Danish" pattern, the, in blue and white, 159

Dish, illustrated, 169

Plate, illustrated, 249

Decadence, the, at Copenhagen factory (1820-1880), 177-97

Decoration, fitting, a true test of high ceramic art, 238

Defects in firing in porcelain corrected by the painter, 265

Delft and its origin, 309

Denmark the arena of European conflicts, art impulses extinguished, 179

Denmark, the first porcelain made in, 35

Derby porcelain peacock compared with Copenhagen model, 288

Diderot and Catherine II of Russia, 142

Diversity of designs, Müller period, 81

Dutch potters' imitation of Chinese porcelain, 309

Eckersberg, Danish painter, 197

Eighteenth century, outburst of enthusiasm for art of potter, 28

Empire style, the so-called, 191

Encyclopædia Britannica (1911), article on Ceramics (re Copenhagen) quoted, 282

Engelhardt, Hr. V., chemist at Copenhagen factory, his crystalline glazes, 223, 296

English factories, soft-paste, list of, 27

Hard paste, 27

English factories, slavish imitation of Oriental models and marks, 11, 281

The short duration of the old, 202

English factories, soft paste mainly produced at, 27

English porcelain, its peculiar technique, 310

English potters, clever technique of, 27

Europe, establishment of china factories in, 21

Secret of hard paste discovered, 29

European ceramic art, a new note added by Copenhagen, 216

European factories, hard-paste, origin of, 30

F painted in forget-me-nots, 99

F5, mark Fournier period, 36

Factory marks, European, with royal and patrician cyphers, 28

Factory Mark, not used from 1773-1775 at Copenhagen, 42, 56

Factory Mark (Copenhagen), origin and meaning of the three blue lines, 56

Factory, the old, closed down for want of fuel, 135

Factory, the Royal Copenhagen, to-day, 333-45

Art Faience and its future, 330

Dalgas, Frederik, the modern spirit of, the artistic distinction achieved under his direction, 313

Facilities for study of plant and animal life, 339

Its artistic environment, 339

Its modern equipment, its hygienic improvements, 340

The studios (illustrated), 341

Faience, Copenhagen Art, 309-31

Faience, its technique, 321

Falck, A., buys factory in 1867, 196

Figure Subjects, early production of, at Copenhagen, 71

National character of, 126, 274

Figure Subjects and Groups (1780-1820), 111-36

Classification of, 122

Renaissance period, 263-88

Figure Subjects, Thorvaldsen period, 196

Fischer, Admiral, bowl in memory of, 184

Fish modelled from nature, 273

Flambé glazes of Chinese potters, 291

Flora Danica service, the, 137-56

Painters and modellers of, 105, 106, 108, 144, 155, 156

Flora Russica, by Dr. P. S. Pallas, German naturalist, 153

Florence, imitative porcelain made at, 23

Foreign porcelain prohibited in Denmark, 114

Foreign workmen and artists at Copenhagen—

Baÿer, 83

Cadewitz, 83

from Meissen, 59

Luplau, 60, 83, 121, 122

Thomaschefsky, 83

Form versus Colour, 265, 266

Formal landscape, the, supplanted by modern Copenhagen, 234

Fortia, de, Count Alphonse, his volume, 76

Fournier, Louis, French potter at Copenhagen, 36

Fournier, Louis, and his period (1760-1766), 35-9

Mark used by, 36

Frederick the Great carries off Meissen workmen to Berlin, 32

Frederick the Great founds the Berlin factory, 32

his ruse to stimulate interest in porcelain, 32

Frederik V of Denmark, Sèvres service a present from Louis XV, 38

Frederik V establishes a factory at Copenhagen, 35

Frederik VI, his early training, 141

Orders the Flora Danica to be made, 140

Frederiksborg Castle, vases at, 125

Fürstenberg, artist from, at Copenhagen, 71

Fürstenberg, mark of, mistaken for early Copenhagen porcelain, 36

Future triumphs, the supernatural yet unplumbed, 253

Garmein, painter (1820-1825), 195

Garnier, M. Edouard (of Sèvres Museum), quoted, 220, 223

Genius independent of modern science, 67, 91

George III demands release of his sister on pain of war being declared, 51

Gilding of exquisite quality at Copenhagen, 91

Ginger jar, the Chinese, of commerce, its beauty, 237

Glaze—

Overglaze decoration, 233

Underglaze decoration, 214, 224, 236, 268

Glazes—

Chinese crackled, 292

Chinese flambé, 291

Crystalline (Copenhagen), 295

Transmutation, 291, 301

Gray, Thomas, student of nature, 153

The first note of love of nature in English literature in his "Letters," 153

Grimm and Catherine II of Russia, 142

Gubbio, ruby lustre glaze of, 318

Hald, Andreas, 109

Signature of, 102

Hamilton, Lady, Nelson's letters to, 187

Hamlet, quoted, 192

Hansen, Lars, painter, 106

Hard paste—

first made at Meissen, 22, 29

Plymouth, Bristol, and New Hall, 27

Sèvres, manufacture of, at, 24

Heraldic placques designed by Arnold Krog, 230, 243

Hetch, G., Director of Copenhagen factory, 191

Highest work of Copenhagen, an attempt to indicate, 230, 233

Hispano-Moresque ware, 318

HM (incised) as a mark, illustrated, 104

Holm (Privy Chancellor to Queen Juliane Marie), encourages Müller, 55

Holm (potter), signature of, 103

Holmskjold, the botanist, director of Copenhagen factory, 144

Höyen, his lecture on the natural Scandinavian art, 196

I as a mark, 195

I. Holm, 103, 107

Imitativeness of European potters, 11, 215, 281, 309, 314

Imitators of modern Copenhagen porcelain, 229, 281

Initials on Copenhagen porcelain (F), 99

Inscription on Chinese vase, 95

Copenhagen (bowl), 184

(cup), 69, 99

(plate), 87

(cup and saucer), 99

Staffordshire pottery, 96

Italian Majolica, old masters of, 317

J (mark of Jensen), 195

Jacobsen, quoted, 251

Japanese and Danish ceramic art compared, 247

Japanese imitations of Copenhagen porcelain, 247, 281

Japanese influence in Copenhagen at outset of modern period, 235

Japanese ivory carver, his technique, 267, 329

Jensen, mark of, 195

Jews compelled by Frederick the Great to buy porcelain, 32

Joachim, Christian, his art faience, 322, 325

JS (incised) as a mark, 103

Juliane Marie, Dowager Queen, patron of Müller, 55

Part of, in overthrow of Struensee, 48

Juliane Marie porcelain period—

Part I (1775-1780), 41-71

Part II (1780-1796), 73-110

Excellence of modelling an ideal for modern work, 268

Juliane Marie style revived, 233

K (incised) as a mark, 175

Kalleberg, G., the designer of fine subjects, 107, 118

Kändler of Meissen and his style, 126

Kaolin, definition of, 22

Keith, Sir Robert Murray, British Minister at Copenhagen, 51

Krog, Arnold, Art Director at Royal Copenhagen Factory (from 1885), 210

his artistic impulses, 213

his development of new style in underglaze painting, 214

Traditional ornament discarded, 234

Nature, the source of inspiration, 215

Signatures of, 255

Kronborg, Castle of, painted on a cup, 192

Kroyer, Danish painter, 197

L as a mark (incised), 175

(painted), 195

Landscape subjects painted in underglaze colours, 237

Lead glaze not used at Copenhagen, 340

Lead-poisoning, no cases at Copenhagen, 340

Lehmann, Peter Heinrich Benjamin,107

Signature of, 101

Living schools of decorative art, 345

Lost arts, the technique of genius, 91

Louis XV sends a Sèvres service to Frederik V of Denmark, 38

Ludwigsberg factory, 31

Lunbye, Johan Thomas, Danish painter, 197

Luplau, comes to Copenhagen from Fürstenberg factory, 71, 105

his limitations, 117

Signature of, 101

Lyngbe, L., mark of, 195

M (incised) as a mark, 104

Madsen, Professor Karl, quoted, 105

Majolica, old masters of, 317

Mark not used at Copenhagen (1773-1775), 104

Marks (continental) with royal and patrician cyphers, 28

(Copenhagen) art faience, 330

Early blue-and-white porcelain, 174-6

Fournier period (illustrated), 36

Müller period (1775-1801), 100-4

Peculiarities in position of (blue-and-white porcelain), 171

Renaissance period, used by leading painters and modellers (from 1885), 255-62

Similarity between early Copenhagen and Fürstenberg, 36

Three blue lines, origin of the, 56

(English) imitation of Oriental, Sèvres, and Meissen, 11, 281

Mason's ironstone china, 310

Meehl, Hans, mark of, 104

Meissen—

Establishment of factory at, 29

Figure subjects of, compared with Copenhagen, 77, 126

Marks copied by English potters, 11, 281

Porcelain, authoritative history of, 29

Secret of, divulged and spread throughout Europe, 30

Workmen and materials carried off by Frederick the Great to Berlin, 32

Workmen at Copenhagen, 59

Mehlhorn, a potter from Saxony, comes to Copenhagen, 36

Meyer, Elias, 109

Panel painted by, 97

Meyer, M., 109

MII (incised) as a mark, 174

ML (incised) as a mark, 174

Modellers and painters, Müller period (1773-1801), list of, 105-10

Modellers' and Painters' Marks (early blue-and-white), 174-6

(Renaissance period), 255-62

Modern ephemeral art movements unheeded at Copenhagen, 248

Modern equipment of Copenhagen factory, 340

Modern Renaissance at Copenhagen—

Crystalline glazes, 289-303

Early days, 201-19

Figure subjects, 263-88

Golden period, 219-54

Moltke, Count, of Bregentved, Fournier porcelain in collection of (illustrated), 33

Moore, Mr. Bernard, his examples of glazing, 292

Moorish potters, arabesque designs of, 318

Müller, Frantz Heinrich (1773-1801)—

Discontent and misery contemporary with establishment of his factory, 39, 48

his secret mission to other factories, 52, 84

Portrait of, 41

Range of his subjects and order of their production, 68

Recognition of, in his lifetime, 64

Scurvy treatment of, at factory, 80, 83

Statue of him that was never erected, 64

Successors of (1820-1880), 177-97

Technique of, 63, 64

Müller period, the, culminating point of, 71

Mussel-blue painted, the great service, 172

Mussel-blue painted, underglaze, the suggestive idea of modern developments, 234

Napoleonic wars, 202

National character of early Copenhagen porcelain, 130

of Japanese ceramic art, 247

National Museum (Stockholm), Copenhagen porcelain at, 38, 69, 115, 119

National sentiment in Müller's designs, 95

in modern Copenhagen porcelain, 235, 246

National style created at Copenhagen, 84

Nature, Danish, reflected in modern Copenhagen porcelain, 252, 253, 339

Nature-study a dominant note at Copenhagen, 150, 339

Nelson, Admiral Lord—

Letters to Lady Hamilton, 187

sends Copenhagen porcelain to Lady Hamilton, 188

Nicolaj, Christian Faxoe, 108

Numerals (1-7), painters' marks on early blue-and-white, 176

Nymphenberg factory, 30

Oeder, the originator of the Flora Danica, 149

Old Copenhagen Factory described by contemporary eye-witnesses (1790), 76-84, 154

Omar Khayyám, quoted, 96

Ondrup (1779-1787), signature of, 102

Oriental prototypes of European porcelain, 215, 237, 281, 309

Originality at Copenhagen factory, its avoidance of ephemeral art movements, 248

of stereotyped styles, 234

Outburst of activity in 1780, 75, 113

Overglaze decoration, modern revival of old Copenhagen forms, 229

Overglaze painters, Müller period, 105-10

Painters, Müller period (1773-1818), list of, 105-10

Painters' and Modellers' Marks (early blue-and-white), 174-6

Painters, underglaze, early blue-and-white, 106, 110

Pallas, Dr. P. S., the protégé of Catherine II of Russia, 153

Paris Exhibition (1889), success of Copenhagen porcelain at, 220

(1900), 223

Pâte dure porcelain of Meissen and allied schools, 22

Pâte tendre porcelain of Sèvres and allied schools, 22, 24

Peasant life a feature in Copenhagen figures, 273

Peasant types and contemporary character in figure subjects, 130, 273

Peacock, figure of (Copenhagen), compared with Derby porcelain model, 287

Peculiarities in marks (blue-and-white), 171

Persian pottery, 318, 321

Petuntse, definition of, 22

Placques, heraldic commemorative, 230, 243

Poetry and imagination, expression of, in modern Copenhagen work, 246

Poetry of the potter's art, the, 95, 245

Porcelain—

First made in Europe (Böttger), 22, 29

in Denmark, 34

Hard-paste, schools of, 21

Semi-porcelain, a term in English ceramics, 310

Soft-paste, schools of, 21

Portraits—

Frederik, Crown Prince (vase), 49

Juliane Marie, Queen Dowager (vase), 45

Müller, Frantz Heinrich, (cup) 41

Rabener, 92

Pott, chemist at Berlin factory, 31

Potter, Chinese, the poetic terms of the, 245

Preus, Sören, modeller of flowers, 108

Processes at old Copenhagen factory described, 63, 76-80, 91

Rarity of old porcelain—

Copenhagen (Fournier period), 36

Florence (sixteenth century), 23

Renaissance, modern, Copenhagen, 199-262

Retail depot opened at Copenhagen, 60, 113

Revival of overglaze painting, 229

Rhodian pottery, 322

Rhymes and mottoes on Copenhagen porcelain, 99

on Staffordshire pottery, 96

Ringler, a workman at Vienna, carries the secret of hard paste far and wide, 30

Roscoe and Schorlemmer, Treatise on Chemistry, quoted, 31

Rosenborg Castle—

Flora Danica service at, 137-56

Fournier porcelain at (illustrated), 25, 37

Rousseau, Jean Jacques—

his influence on Struensee, 47

his naturalistic theories, 141

Royal factory established at Copenhagen by Frederik V (1760), 35

Royal patronage of potters—

(in general), 28

(in particular) Copenhagen:

Christian VII, 104

Frederik V, 35

Juliane Marie and royal family shareholders in Müller's company, 56

Crown Prince Frederik and the Flora Danica service, 140

Berlin: Frederick the Great, 32

Fürstenberg: Duke of Brunswick, 31

Meissen: Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony, 29

acquires porcelain in exchange for a regiment of dragoons, 32

St. Petersburg: Emperor Paul, 28

Empress Catherine II, 31

Empress Elizabeth Petrowna, 31

Vienna: Empress Maria Theresa, 30

St. Cloud, factory (1695-1773), 21, 23

Scandinavian Diana biscuit group in Sèvres porcelain, 224

Schleswig-Holstein, war concerning the duchies of, fatal to Danish art, 205

Schmidt, Jacob, 102

Schou, Philip, pioneer of Modernity, 205

Makes a European tour, visiting factories of Holland, Belgium, France, and England, 214

Rebuilds factory at Frederiksberg—his genius, 205

The triumph of his foresight, 213

Copenhagen porcelain raised to a new plane, 216

Schou, Philip, comparison between, and Müller, 210

Schreiber, Lady Charlotte, letter from Francesco Antonibon to, 24

Secret of hard-paste porcelain spreads throughout Europe, 30

Secrets of craftsmen not dependent on scientific accuracy, 67

Semi-porcelain peculiarly English, 310

Sèvres, crystalline glazes at, 301

Sèvres factory, date when hard paste first made at, 24

Sèvres factory, marks of, copied by English potters, 11, 281

Sèvres porcelain, its spirit reflecting northern ideas, 224

Sèvres porcelain, Louis XV

sends present of service to King of Denmark, 38

Service made for Catherine II of Russia, 139

Sèvres styles introduced at Copenhagen, 37

Shakesperean subjects (Copenhagen), 326

Signatures of artists, etc., in Copenhagen porcelain—

Baÿer, 103

Clio, 101

Hald, 102

Holm, 103

Krog, 255

Lehmann, 101

Liisberg, 256

Luplau, 101

Meehl, 104

Ondrup, 102

Schmidt, 103

Skovgaad, Peter Christian, Danish painter, 197

Soft-paste porcelain, definition of, 23

English, 27

When made at Copenhagen, 36

Sören Preus, 108

Söroe, view of, painted on a cup, 195

Spiritual outlook, the, of modern Copenhagen, 252

Staffordshire figures stripped of their pigment, 266

Staffordshire potters' fondness for rhymes, 96

Stockholm, National Museum, specimens of porcelain at, 38, 69, 115, 119

Fournier period, 38

Juliane Marie period, 69, 119

Struensee, John Frederick, his fatal influence at the Court of Christian VII, 47

his overthrow by Queen Juliane Marie, 48

his execution, 51

Styles which modern Copenhagen wisely avoided, 234

Subject, the apt choice of a fitting, the truest test of the highest ceramic art, 238

Successors of Müller, 177-97

Supernatural, the, untouched by Copenhagen, 253

T (incised) as a mark, 175

Table of leading painters and modellers, Müller period (1773-1810), 105-10

Table of Marks, Müller period (1775-1810), 100-4

Table of Marks, old blue-and-white porcelain, 174-6

Tables of Marks, painters and modellers of Renaissance period from 1885, 255-62

Technique—

Copenhagen art faience, 317, 325

Copenhagen porcelain (modern) imitated by many factories, 229, 247

Copenhagen porcelain (old), processes described, 63, 268

(Müller period) its triumph with primitive methods and impure materials, 67, 88, 91

English porcelain, 310

Figure subjects, the limitations of the potter obeyed, 267

Modelling and its especial, 266, 267

Modern schools of potters, 229, 247

Underglaze decorated porcelain, 236, 237

Underglaze painter, true ideal in, 214, 234, 242

Thomaschefsky, Carl Fridrich, 110

Thorvaldsen, figures after sculpture of, 196

Three blue lines (Copenhagen mark), origin of, 56

TI (incised) as a mark, 170

Times (1801), quoted, 183

Toby jugs stripped of their pigment, 266

Transmutation glazes, 291, 301

Tschirnhaus, Ehrenfried Walter von, 29

Tuscany, Grand Duke of, patron of Florence factory, 23

Tvede, Claus, modeller, 105

Underglaze painted, early blue-and-white, 157-76

Underglaze painting, new technique created, 214, 234, 242

Underglaze painting succeeds overglaze painting in figure subjects, 268

Unmarked Copenhagen porcelain (1773-1775), 42, 56

Verses on Copenhagen porcelain, 87, 99

Vincennes factory (1740), 23

Voltaire, letter to Catherine II of Russia, 143

W2 (incised) as a mark, 176

Wedgwood exhibition, the, by Messrs. Josiah Wedgwood & Sons, London, 1909 (including service made for Catherine II, Empress of Russia), 140

Wedgwood, his introduction of classicism into Staffordshire, 192, 278

his jasper ware, its classification, 310

Wedgwood service made for Catherine II of Russia, 140

Wedgwood workmen apply in vain at Copenhagen, 122

Wiedewelt, the sculptor, assists Fournier, 36

Wilkins, W. H., A Queen of Tears. History of Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark, 47

Winther, Christian, quoted, 251

Worcester, its Oriental prototypes, 215, 237, 281

Workmen, foreign, at Copenhagen, 59, 60, 83, 121, 122

Workmen, foreign. English artisans from Wedgwood's factory apply in vain at Copenhagen, 122

Zimmermann, Professor Ernst (Meissen porcelain), 29

Zurich factory, 31

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