Chapter XV

THE COLLAPSE OF THE EMPIRE—1035-1042

King Canute was dead, but the great king-thought that he lived for, the policy of his dynasty, their ambition to unite the Northern peoples in the old and new homes under one sceptre persisted after his death. Historians have generally believed that Canute had realised the impossibility of keeping long united the three crowns that he wore in his declining years, and had made preparation for a division of the empire among his three sons. In the year of his death one son is found in England, one in Denmark, and one in Norway; hence it is believed that like Charlemagne before him he had executed some sort of a partition, so as to secure something for each of the three. Such a conclusion, however, lacks the support of documentary authority and is based on a mistaken view of the situation in the empire in 1035.

We should remember in the first place that when Harthacanute and Sweyn received the royal title (in 1028 and 1030), Canute cannot have been more than thirty-five years old, and at that age rulers are not in the habit of transferring their dominions to mere boys. In the second place, these two sons were sent to the North, not to exercise an independent sovereignty, but to represent the royal authority that resided at Winchester. Finally, there is no evidence that Canute at any time intended to leave England or any other kingdom to his son Harold. The probabilities are that he hoped to make the empire a permanent creation; perhaps he expected it to become in time wholly Scandinavian, as it already was to a large extent, except in the comparatively small area of Wessex.

Canute's policy is revealed in the act at Nidaros, discussed in an earlier chapter, when in the presence of lords from all his realms, he led Harthacanute to the high seat and thus proclaimed him a king of his own rank. That Denmark was intended for the young King is undisputed. England was to be added later. The Encomiast tells as that when Harthacanute had grown up (evidently toward the close of Canute's reign) all England was bound by oath to the sovereignty of Harthacanute.[465] The early promise that Canute made to Queen Emma was apparently to be kept. Most likely, the loyalty that Godwin and other West Saxon magnates showed to the King's legitimate heir is to be explained, not by assuming a pro-Danish sentiment, but by this oath, surely taken in England, perhaps earlier at Nidaros.

The situation in Norway, however, made it difficult to carry out Canute's wishes. On the high seat in the Throndelaw sat Magnus the son of Saint Olaf. To be the son of a saint was a great asset in the middle ages; in addition Magnus had certain native qualities of the kingly type and soon developed into a great warrior. Knowing that war was inevitable, Magnus began hostilities and carried the warfare into Danish waters.[466] It was this difficulty that prevented Harthacanute from appearing promptly in England in the winter of 1035-1036, when Harold Harefoot was planning to seize the throne.

After the flight of her son Sweyn in the summer of 1035, Elgiva is almost lost to history. Apparently she retired to England, where she played the part of Queen-mother during the reign of her son Harold: in a will of Bishop Alfric we find the testator giving two marks of gold to King Harold and one mark to my lady.[467] As we do not find that the King had either wife or children the presumption is that the lady was his mother, the woman from Northampton.

We may then conjecture that the struggle for the English crown in the winter following Canute's death was at bottom a fight between the two women who bore Canute's children, each with a son to place in the high seat, each with a party devoted to her cause, each with a section of the country ready to follow her lead. Elgiva had her strength in the Danelaw; there were her kinsmen, and there her family had once been prominent. Queen Emma was strongest in the south; on her side were Earl Godwin and the housecarles.[468]

The sources that relate the events of these months are anything but satisfactory and their statements are sometimes vague or ambiguous. But it is clear that soon after the throne became vacant (thirteen days, if the Chronicler is accurate)[469] a meeting of the "wise men" was held at Oxford, the border city where Danes and Saxons had so frequently met in common assembly. At this meeting, as the Chronicle has it, the northern magnates led by Leofric, Earl of Mercia, and supported by the Danes in London, "chose Harold to hold all England, him and his brother Harthacanute who was in Denmark." To this arrangement Godwin opposed all his influence and eloquence; but though he was supported by the lords of Wessex, "he was able to accomplish nothing." It was finally agreed that Queen Emma and the royal guard should continue to hold Wessex for Harthacanute.[470] The north was evidently turned over to Harold.

The decision reached at Oxford has been variously interpreted. At first glance it looks as if the kingdom was again divided along the line of the Thames valley. The statement of the Chronicler that Harold "was full King over all England" seems not to have been strictly contemporary but written after the King had seized the whole. What was done at Oxford was probably to establish an under-kingship of the sort that Canute had provided for Norway and Denmark. The overlordship of Harthacanute may have been recognised, but the administration was divided. This did not necessarily mean to the Scandinavian mind that the realm was divided; in the history of the North various forms of joint kingship are quite common.

For one year this arrangement was permitted to stand; but in 1037, Harold was taken to king over all England—the nation forsook Harthacanute because he tarried too long in Denmark.[471] Emma was driven from the land, perhaps to satisfy the jealousy of her rival Elgiva. The cause for the revolution of 1037 is unknown; but we may conjecture that intrigue was at work on both sides. Possibly the appearance of Emma's son Alfred in England the year before may have roused a sense of fear in the English mind and may have hastened the movement.

Sorrows now began to fall heavily upon England. In 1039, the Welsh made inroads and slew several of the Mercian lords. A "great wind" scattered destruction over the land. A remarkable mortality appeared among the bishops, four dying in 1038 and one more in 1039. The following year died Harold, whose unkingly and un-Christian behaviour was no doubt regarded as the cause of these calamities. He died at Oxford and was buried at Westminster. The same year Harthacanute joined his mother at Bruges, whither she had fled when exiled from England.[472]

It was neither listless choice nor lack of kinglike interest that had detained Harthacanute in Denmark; it was the danger that threatened from Norway. Hostilities seem to have begun in the spring of 1036 and to have continued for about two years. The war was finally closed with an agreement at the Brenn-isles near the mouth of the Gaut River in south-western Sweden. According to this the two young kings became sworn brothers, and it was stipulated that if the one should die leaving no heirs, the other should succeed him.[473] It was not so much of a treaty on the part of the kings as of the chief men of the kingdoms, as both peoples were evidently tiring of the warfare.

Perhaps that which most of all determined the Danes to seek peace was the news that Harold had seized the government of all England the previous year. This must have happened late in the year, as the Chronicler tells us that Queen Emma was driven out of England "without pity toward the stormy winter." In Norway there was no party that still favoured the Knytlings; the situation in England looked more favourable. Evidently Harthacanute's counsellors had concluded that his inherited rights in Britain should be claimed and defended.

Harthacanute came to Bruges with a small force only; but it was probably the plan to use Flanders as a base from which to descend upon England. Nothing seems to have been done in 1039, however, except, perhaps, to prepare for a campaign in the coming spring. But for this there was no need: before the winter was past, Harold lay dead at Oxford. History knows little about the fleet-footed Prince; but from what has been recorded we get the impression of a violent, ambitious youth, one to whom power was sweet and revenge sweeter. So far as we know, government in his day was poor both in state and church. Oxford, it seems, was his residential city.

After Harold's death messengers came from England to Bruges to summon Harthacanute. The succession was evidently not settled without some negotiations, for Harthacanute must have waited two months or more before he left Flanders. No doubt the chiefs who had placed his half-brother on the throne were unwilling to submit without guarantees; their behaviour had not been such as to render their future secure. Just before midsummer Harthacanute finally arrived in England with sixty ships; he was crowned probably on June 18th.[474] For two years he ruled the country but "he did nothing kinglike."[475] Partly as a punishment, perhaps, he made England pay for the expedition that he had just fitted out, and consequently forfeited what favour he had at the very beginning.

Harthacanute is described as a sickly youth, and a Norman historian assures us that on account of his ill-health he kept God before his mind and reflected much on the brevity of human life.[476] He seems to have been of a kindly disposition, as appears from his dealings with his half-brother Edward. His sudden death at a henchman's wedding is not to be attributed to excesses but to the ailment from which he suffered. But the drunken laugh of the bystanders[477] indicates that the world did not fully appreciate that with Harthacanute perished the dynasty of Gorm.

Three men now stood forth as possible candidates for the throne of Alfred: Magnus the Good, now King of Denmark and Norway, Harthacanute's heir by oath and adoption; Sweyn, the son of Canute's sister Estrid, his nearest male relative and the ranking member of the Danish house, a prince who was probably an Englishman by birth, and whose aunt was the wife of Earl Godwin; and Edward, later known as the Confessor, who strangely enough represented what national feeling there might be in England, though of such feeling he himself was probably guiltless. It may be remarked in passing that all these candidates were sons of men whom Canute had deeply wronged, men whom he had deprived of life or hounded to death.

There is no good evidence that Edward was ever formally elected King of England. Harthacanute died at Lambeth, only a few miles from London. "And before the King was buried all the folk chose Edward to be King in London," says one manuscript of the Chronicle. If this be true, there could have been no regular meeting of the magnates. The circumstances seem to have been somewhat in the nature of a revolution headed no doubt by the anti-Danish faction in London.

That Edward was enabled to retain the crown was due largely, we are told, to the efforts of Canute's two old friends, Earl Godwin and Bishop Lifing.[478] The situation was anything but simple. The election of Magnus would restore Canute's empire, but it might also mean English and Danish revolts. To elect Sweyn would mean war with Magnus, Sweyn claiming Denmark and Magnus England. At the time the Danish claimant was making most trouble, for Sweyn seems to have arrived in England soon after Edward was proclaimed. All that he secured, however, was the promise that he should be regarded as Edward's successor.[479] It was doubtless well known among the English lords that the new King was inclined to, and probably pledged to a celibate life. We do not know whether Englishmen were at this time informed of the ethelings in Hungary. To most men it must have seemed likely that Alfred's line would expire with Edward; under the circumstances Sweyn was the likeliest heir.

With the accession of Edward, the Empire of the North was definitely dissolved. Fundamentally it was based on the union of England and Denmark, a union that was now repudiated. Still, the hope of restoring it lingered for nearly half a century. Three times the kings of the North made plans to reconquer England, but in each instance circumstances made successful operations impossible. After the death of Magnus in 1047, the three old dynasties once more controlled their respective kingdoms, though in the case of both Denmark and Norway the direct lines had perished. The Danish high seat alone remained to the Knytlings, now represented by Sweyn, the son of Estrid and the violent Ulf for whose tragic death the nation had now atoned.

FOOTNOTES:

APPENDICES

I.—CANUTE'S PROCLAMATION OF 1020[480]

1. Canute the King sends friendly greetings to his archbishops and suffragan bishops and to Thurkil the Earl and all his earls and to all his subjects in England, nobles and freemen, clerks and laymen.

2. And I make known to you that I will be a kind lord and loyal to the rights of the Church and to right secular law.

3. I have taken to heart the word and the writing that Archbishop Lifing brought from Rome from the Pope, that I should everywhere extol the praise of God, put away injustice, and promote full security and peace by the strength that God should give me.

4. Now I did not spare my treasures while unpeace was threatening to come upon you; with the help of God I have warded this off by the use of my treasures.

5. Then I was informed that there threatened us a danger that was greater than was well pleasing to us; and then I myself with the men who went with me departed for Denmark, whence came to you the greatest danger; and that I have with God's help forestalled, so that henceforth no unpeace shall come to you from that country, so long as you stand by me as the law commands, and my life lasts.

6. Now I give thanks to God Almighty for His aid and His mercy in that I have averted the great evil that threatened us; so that from thence we need fear no evil, but may hope for full aid and deliverance if need be.

7. Now I will that we all humbly thank Almighty God for the mercy that He has done to our help.

8. Now I command my archbishops and all my suffragan bishops that they take due care as to the rights of the Church, each one in the district that is committed to him; and also my ealdormen I command, that they help the bishops to the rights of the Church and to the rights of my kingship and to the behoof of all the people.

9. Should any one prove so rash, clerk or layman, Dane or Angle, as to violate the laws of the Church or the rights of my kingship, or any secular statute, and refuse to do penance according to the instruction of my bishops, or to desist from his evil, then I request Thurkil the Earl, yea, even command him, to bend the offender to right, if he is able to do so.

10. If he is not able, then will I that he with the strength of us both destroy him in the land or drive him out of the land, be he of high rank or low.

11. And I also command my reeves, by my friendship and by all that they own and by their own lives, that they everywhere govern my people justly and give right judgments by the witness of the shire bishop and do such mercy therein as the shire bishop thinks right and the community can allow.

12. And if any one harbour a thief or hinder the pursuit, he shall be liable to punishment equal to that of the thief, unless he shall clear himself before me with full purgation.

13. And I will that all the people, clerks and laymen, hold fast the laws of Edgar which all men have chosen and sworn to at Oxford;

14. for all the bishopssay that the Church demands a deep atonement for the breaking of oaths and pledges.

15. And they further teach us that we should with all our might and strength fervently seek, love, and worship the eternal merciful God and shun all unrighteousness, that is, slaying of kinsmen and murder, perjury, familiarity with witches and sorceresses, and adultery and incest.

16. And further, we command in the name of Almighty God and of all His saints, that no man be so bold as to marry a nun or a consecrated woman;

17. and if any one has done so, let him be an outlaw before God and excommunicated from all Christendom, and let him forfeit all his possessions to the King, unless he quickly desist from sin and do deep penance before God.

18. And further still we admonish all men to keep the Sunday festival with all their might and observe it from Saturday's noon to Monday's dawning; and let no man be so bold as to buy or sell or to seek any court on that holy day.

19. And let all men, poor and rich, seek their church and ask forgiveness for their sins and earnestly keep every ordained fast and gladly honour the saints, as the mass priest shall bid us,

20. that we may all be able and permitted, through the mercy of the everlasting God and the intercession of His saints, to share the joys of the heavenly kingdom and dwell with Him who liveth and reigneth for ever without end. Amen.

FOOTNOTES:

II.—CANUTE'S CHARTER OF 1027[481]

Canute, King of all England and Denmark and of the Norwegians and of part of the Slavic peoples,[482] to Ethelnoth the Metropolitan and Alfric of York, and to all bishops and primates, and to the whole nation of the English, both nobles and freemen, wishes health.

I make known to you that I have lately been to Rome, to pray for the redemption of my sins, and for the prosperity of the kingdoms and peoples subject to my rule. This journey I had long ago vowed to God, though, through affairs of state and other impediments, I had hitherto been unable to perform it; but now I humbly return thanks to God Almighty for having in my life granted to me to yearn after the blessed apostles, Peter and Paul, and every sacred place within and without the city of Rome, which I could learn of, and according to my desire, personally to venerate and adore. And this I have executed chiefly because I had learned from wise men that the holy apostle Peter had received from the Lord the great power of binding and loosing, and was key-bearer of the celestial kingdom; and I, therefore, deemed it extremely useful to desire his patronage before God.

Be it now known to you, that there was a great assembly of nobles at the Easter celebration, with the Lord Pope John, and the Emperor Conrad, to wit, all the princes of the nations from Mount Gargano to the nearest sea, who all received me honourably, and honoured me with magnificent presents. But I have been chiefly honoured by the Emperor with divers costly gifts, as well in golden and silver vessels as in mantles and vestments exceedingly precious.

I have therefore spoken with the Emperor and the Lord Pope, and the princes who were there, concerning the wants of all my people, both Angles and Danes, that a more equitable law and greater security might be granted to them in their journeys to Rome, and that they might not be hindered by so many barriers, nor harassed by unjust tolls; and the Emperor and King Rudolf, who has the greater number of those barriers in his dominions, have agreed to my demands; and all the princes have engaged by their edict, that my men, whether merchants or other travellers for objects of devotion, should go and return in security and peace, without any constraint of barriers or tolls.

I then complained to the Lord Pope, and said that it greatly displeased me, that from my archbishops such immense sums of money were exacted, when, according to usage, they visited the apostolic see to receive the pall; and it was agreed that such exactions should not thenceforth be made. And all that I have demanded for the benefit of my people from the Lord Pope, from the Emperor, from King Rudolf, and from the other princes, through whose territories our way lies to Rome, they have freely granted, and also confirmed their cessions by oath, with the witness of four archbishops and twenty bishops, and an innumerable multitude of dukes and nobles, who were present.

I therefore render great thanks to God Almighty that I have successfully accomplished all that I desired, as I had proposed in my mind, and satisfied to the utmost the wishes of my people. Now then, be it known to you, that I have vowed, as a suppliant, from henceforth to justify in all things my whole life to God, and to rule the kingdoms and peoples subjected to me justly and piously, to maintain equal justice among all; and if, through the intemperance of my youth, or through negligence, I have done aught hitherto contrary to what is just, I intend with the aid of God to amend all.

I therefore conjure and enjoin my counsellors, to whom I have intrusted the counsels of the kingdom, that from henceforth they in no wise, neither through fear of me nor favour to any powerful person, consent to, or suffer to increase any injustice in my whole kingdom; I enjoin also all sheriffs and reeves of my entire kingdom, as they would enjoy my friendship or their own security, that they use no unjust violence to any man, either rich or poor, but that every one, both noble and freeman, enjoy just law, from which let them in no way swerve, neither for equal favour, nor for any powerful person, nor for the sake of collecting money for me, for I have no need that money should be collected for me by iniquitous exactions.

I, therefore, wish it to be made known to you, that, returning by the same way that I departed, I am going to Denmark, for the purpose of settling, with the counsel of all the Danes, firm and lasting peace with those nations, which, had it been in their power, would have deprived us of our life and kingdoms; but were unable, God having deprived them of strength, who in His loving-kindness preserves us in our kingdoms and honour, and renders naught the power of our enemies. Having made peace with the nations round us, and regulated and tranquillised all our kingdom here in the East, so that on no side we may have to fear war or enmities, I propose this summer, as soon as I can have a number of ships ready, to proceed to England; but I have sent this letter beforehand, that all the people of my kingdom may rejoice at my prosperity; for, as you yourselves know, I have never shrunk from labouring, nor will I shrink therefrom, for the necessary benefit of all my people.

I therefore conjure all my bishops and ealdormen, by the fealty which they owe to me and to God, so to order that, before I come to England, the debts of all, which we owe according to the old law, be paid; to wit, plough-alms, and a tithe of animals brought forth during the year, and the pence which ye owe to Saint Peter at Rome, both from the cities and villages; and in the middle of August, a tithe of fruits, and at the feast of Saint Martin, the first-fruits of things sown, to the church of the parish, in which each one dwells, which is in English called church-scot. If, when I come, these and others are not paid, he who is in fault shall be punished by the royal power severely and without any remission. Farewell.

FOOTNOTES:

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OLRIK, AXEL, Nardisk Aandsliv i Vikingetid og tidlig Middelalder. Copenhagen, 1907. An excellent popular discussion of mediæval culture in Scandinavia.

OMAN, C.W.C., England Before the Norman Conquest. New York, 1910. (Oman, History of England in Seven Volumes, i.)

Origines Islandicæ. Edited by Gudbrand Vigfusson and F. York Powell. 2 vols. Oxford, 1905.

PALGRAVE, FRANCIS, History of Normandy and England. 4 vols. London, 1851-1864.

PARIS, MATTHEW, Chronica Majora, ed. H.R. Luard. 7 vols. London, 1872-1883. Rolls Series, No. 57.

Pertz, G.H., et al. (editors), Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Scriptores. 30 vols. Hanover, 1826-1896.

POITIERS, WILLIAM OF, Gesta Willelmi Ducis Normannorum et Regis Angliæ, ed. André Duchesne. Paris, 1619. (Hist. Norm. Scriptores.)

POLLOCK, F., and MAITLAND, F.W., The History of the English Law Before the Time of Edward I. 2 vols. Cambridge, 1895.

RAMSAY, J.H., The Foundations of England. 2 vols. London, 1898.

RAOUL GLABER, Les cinq livres de ses histoires, ed. M. Prou. Paris, 1886. (Collection de Textes, No. I.)

Saga Book of the Viking Club, vi., part i. London. January, 1909.

Saga Olafs Konungs ens Helga. Edited by P.A. Munch and C.R. Unger. Christiania, 1853. The so-called "Historical Saga" of Saint Olaf.

ST. JOHN, JAMES A., History of the Four Conquests of England. 2 vols. London, 1862. Extremely uncritical.

SAXO GRAMMATICUS, Gesta Danorum, ed. A. Holder. Strasburg, 1886.

SCHÜCK, HENRIK, Studier i nordisk Litteratur- och Religions-historia. 2 vols. Stockholm, 1904.

SNORRE. See Sturlason.

Sproglige og historiske Afhandlinger viede Sophus Bugges Minde. Christiania, 1908. Historical and philological essays by various authors. Cited as Afhandlinger, etc.

STEENSTRUP, JOHANNES C.H.R., et al., Danmarks Riges Historie. 6 vols. Copenhagen, 1896-1906. The great co-operative history of Denmark. Vol. i. is by Steenstrup.

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----Venderne og de Danske för Valdemar den Stores Tid. Copenhagen, 1900. A study of Danish expansion on the south Baltic shores.

STEPHENS, GEORGE, The Old-Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England. 4 vols. London and Copenhagen, 1866-1901. Of great value for the inscriptions that the author has collected and reproduced; the interpretations, however, are not always reliable. Vol. iv. is by S.O.M. Söderberg and J.S.F. Stephens.

STUBBS, WILLIAM, Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum. Oxford, 1897.

STURLASON, SNORRE, Heimskringla: Nóregs Konunga Sogur, ed. Finnur Jónsson. 4 vols. Copenhagen, 1893-1901. Samfundet til Udgivelse af Gammel Nordisk Litteratur. Cited as Snorre. This is the chief source of information as to Canute's ambitions for empire in the North.

SVENO AGGONIS, Historia Legum Castrensium Regis Canuti Magni, ed. Jacob Langebek. Copenhagen, 1774. (Script. Rer. Danic., iii.)

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WIMMER, LUDVIG F.A., De danske Runemindesmærker. 4 vols. Copenhagen, 1895-1908.

----Die Runenschrift. Übersetzt von Dr. F. Holthausen. Berlin, 1887.

WIPO, Vita Chuonradi Regis. Hanover, 1854. (Mon. Ger. Hist., Scriptores, xi.)

WORCESTER, FLORENCE OF, Chronicon ex Chronicis, ed. Benjamin Thorpe. 2 vols. London, 1848-1849. (Eng. Hist. Soc.)

WORSAAE, J.J.A., Minder out de Danske og Nordmændene i England, Skotland, og Irland. Copenhagen, 1851. Translation: An Account of the Danes and Norwegians in England, Scotland, and Ireland. London, 1852.

INDEX

A Abingdon, monastery of, 176, 193-313 Adam of Bremen cited, 14, 35 n., 154, 161, 185, 193, 194, 272, 273, 325 et passim Adémar de Chabannes cited, 165 n., 264, 265 Agdir, district in southern Norway, 238 Alain, Duke of Brittany, 254 Aldgyth, wife of Edmund Ironside, 71, 125 Alfiva, 316-318; see Elgiva Alfred, King of England, 23, 24, 45, 79, 85, 105, 126, 158, 181, 338-340 Alfred, son of Ethelred, 53, 127, 253-256, 335 Alfric, Archbishop of York, 312, 344 Alfric, Bishop, 333 Alfric, English ealdorman, 95 Alfric, ealdorman, and naval commander, 27 n. Alfric, old English author, 291, 296 Algar, English magnate, 88 Ali, housecarle, 135 Almar Darling, English magnate, 88 Alphabet, runic, 299, 300 Alphege, Archbishop, 29, 44, 147, 172, 173, 176 Alstad Stone, the, 302 America, discovery of, 17 and n. Andover, 29 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle cited, 27, 29, 79, 80, 92 n., 128, 211, 215, 220, 221, 232, 297, 310, 334-339 et passim Anglo-Saxon kingdom, 16, 21-24, 58, 84, 85 Anglo-Saxon legal system, the, 281 Anglo-Saxon literature, 296, 297 Anses, the, old Northern divinities, 163, 182, 183, 198, 309 Anund Jacob, King of Sweden, 207, 208, 213, 216-220, 225 Aquitaine, 74, 264, 265, 298 Arne, Norwegian magnate, 200, 245 Arngrim, magnate in the Danelaw, 70 Arnungs, Norwegian noble family, 199, 200, 245 Art, Celtic and Northern, 301 ff. Asbjörn, Norwegian warrior, 199, 200 Ashington, battle of, 89, 93-96, 99-101, 109, 115, 117, 294; dedication at, 111, 169, 296 Asia Minor, 266 Aslak Erlingsson, Norwegian chieftain, 207 Attila, 293 Avon River, 191 Aylesford, 92 B Bamberg, 320 Bark-isle, 200 Barwick, Swedish harbour, 218 Benedict, Pope, 270 Beowulf, 36, 292 Bergen, 17 Bergljot, sister of Earl Erik, 69 Bernhard, Bishop in Norway, 193 Bernhard, Bishop in Scania, 190 Bernicia, old English kingdom, 140 Bersi, Norse traveller, 304 Bessin, the, district in Normandy, 19 n. Birca, old Swedish town, 286 Bison, the, St. Olaf's longship, 213 Bjarkamál, old Norse poem, 292 Bjarne, scald, 247 Bjor, warrior, 237 Björn, King Olaf's spokesman, 304 Bleking, district in modern Sweden, 218 Bohemia, 153 Boleslav, Duke and King of Poland, 31, 126, 160, 268 Books, old English, 296, 297 Brage, old Norse divinity, 187 Bremen, 55, 160, 190, 271-273, 325 Brenn-isles, the, agreement of, 336 Brentford, skirmish at, 90, 101 Bristol, 287 British Isles, the, Scandinavians in, 16, 17; commerce of, 287; inscriptions in, 301 Brittany, 62, 254, 330 Bruges, 336, 337 Brunhild, saga heroine, 293 Buckinghamshire, 79 Bugge, Alexander, Norse historian, cited, 17 n., 18 n., 33 n., 195 Bugge, Sophus, Norse philologist, cited, 183 n. Burgundy, 227, 228, 264 Burhwold, Bishop, 176 Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex, 26 n., 296 Byzantium, 22, 149 C Caithness, 18 Canonisation, of St. Dunstan, 312; of St. Olaf, 312, 315 ff. Canterbury, city and see of, 27, 44, 165, 166, 172, 174, 176, 190, 194, 211, 272; siege of, 44 Canute the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway: inheritance of, 2, 3; ancestry of, 4, 15, 56, 262, 327; fostered by Thurkil the Tall, 32, 76, 116, 117, 241; joins in King Sweyn's attack on England, 46, 49; in charge of the camp at Garris-borough, 50; succeeds to the English pretensions of Sweyn, 54, 58, 60, 61; is driven out of England, 63, 64; renews the attack, 16, 22, 66, 68, 72 ff., 304; methods of warfare of, 76; marches into northern England, 78 ff., 85; is recognised as king in the south, 86; lays siege to London, 86 ff.; pillages Mercia and East Anglia, 91, 93; wins the victory at Ashington, 94; treats with Edmund Ironside, 96-99; is recognised as king of all England, 104 ff., 116, 296, 327; difficulties of, in 1016 and 1017, 92, 93, 107, 108; early English policy of, 108; chief counsellors of, 110 ff., 120 ff., 150, 151; royal residence of, 112, 261; rewards his Scandinavian followers, 113 ff.; re-organises the English earldoms, 114 ff., 136; attempts to establish a new aristocracy in England, 121, 122; shows his preference for Northmen and distrust of the Saxons, 122 ff., 146, 151; executes rebellious nobles, 122-125, 327; sends Edmund's sons to Poland, 125, 126, 327; marries Queen Emma, 38, 127-129, 332; organises his guard of housecarles, 130-135; suppresses piracy on the English shores, 135, 136; develops new policy of reconciliation, 137 ff.; becomes king of Denmark, 138 ff., 267; issues Proclamation of 1020, 110, 111, 142-146, 168, 341-344; has difficulties with Scotland, 139-142, 329; agrees to the cession of Lothian, 141; journeys to Denmark of, 142 ff., 167, 168, 175, 207, 214 ff., 229, 243; exiles Thurkil the Tall, 117, 118, 146, 147; extent of empire of, 152, 205, 206, 233, 234, 258, 259, 344; makes an expedition to Wendland, 157 ff., 202, 203, 211, 267; Slavic possessions of, 158, 258, 260; enters into alliance with the Emperor, 160, 161, 267, 268, 273, 310, 320, 324; acquires the Mark of Sleswick, 160, 161, 268, 269; ecclesiastical policy of, 162 ff., 274 ff., 311, 312, 326; legislation of, 164, 274 ff., 311, 312, 342, 343; baptism of, 164, 165, 324; benefactions of, 168 ff., 174 ff., 226 ff., 312, 313, 321, 325; consecrates church at Ashington, 169; rebuilds the shrine of St. Edmund's, 169, 170; honours the English saints, 171 ff., 312; translates the relics of St. Alphege, 172, 173; provides bishops for the Danish church, 190, 191, 195; enters into relations with the see of Hamburg-Bremen, 191, 271 ff.; plans to seize Norway, 103, 194, 203; conspires with the Norwegian rebels, 202, 203, 207, 225, 249; sends an embassy to King Olaf, 203 ff., 254; Scotch possessions of, 205, 206; diplomacy of, 206 ff., 219, 220, 256, 264 ff.; sends an embassy to Sweden, 208; bribes the Norse leaders, 209, 210, 234-236, 304, 326; makes war on Norway and Sweden, 175, 214, 216 ff., 294; trapped at Holy River, 217, 218; orders the murder of Ulf, 221-223; loves dice and chess, 223; atones for the murder, 223 ff.; makes a pilgrimage to Rome, 210, 221, 224 ff., 233, 265, 269, 270, 294, 344; assists at the imperial coronation, 227, 269; presents complaints at the Lateran synod, 228, 229, 345, 346; Charter of, 228-230, 344 ff.; honoured by Pope and Emperor, 229, 230, 345; conquers Norway, 231 ff., 269, 294; receives the submission of the Scotch king, 232-234; submission of the Norsemen to, 238 ff., 311; chosen king at the Ere-thing, 239, 240; holds an imperial assembly at Nidaros, 240-242; announces his imperial policy, 240 ff., 259-261, 331, 332; secures the allegiance of the Norse chiefs, 242 ff.; returns to Denmark and England, 243, 244, 255; gives the leadership in Norway to Kalf Arnesson, 246, 247; plans to depose Earl Hakon, 247, 248; relations with Normandy, 253, 254, 265, 266; is Emperor of the North, 255 ff.; position in Europe of, 257; vassal states of, 259; appoints Harthacanute his successor, 260; court and household of, 261-263; official appointments of, 263, 264; continental relations of, 264 ff.; sends embassies to Aquitaine, 264, 265; forms an alliance with the Church, 269 ff.; relations of, with papacy, 270, 324; episcopal appointments of, 270, 271, 274, 312; is friendly to the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, 272-274; is hostile toward heathen practices, 274-276; provides for Christian education, 275, 276; secular laws of, 276-278; reputation of, as a lawgiver, 279, 280; financial legislation of, 277, 278, 283; Norse legislation of, 280, 282-284; provides coinage for Denmark, 282; patronises scalds and copyists, 293-298; is interested in material improvements, 313, 314; loses Norway to Magnus Olafsson, 260, 263, 310, 314, 315, 319 ff.; probable plans of (1035), 320; last illness and death of, 311, 320, 321, 331; children of, 321; personality of, 321-323; character of, 324 ff.; legends about, 133, 325; English (ecclesiastical) view of, 325, 326; Norse (scaldic) view of, 326-327; as ruler and statesman, 327 ff.; plans of, for the future of his empire, 331 ff.; other mention of, 81, 100, 119, 120, 181, 281, 282, 289, 292-294, 302, 306, 319, 329, 339 et passim Canute's Praise, the, 109, 294 Carham, battle of, 141, 151, 233 Celts, influence of, in old Northern culture, 291, 292, 301, 307 Chabannes, Adémar de, see Adémar Charlemagne, 153, 331 Charter, Canute's, 152, 168, 228 ff., 344-347 Chartres, 227 Chess games, 222, 223 Chester, 25 Christiania Firth, 3, 287 Christianity, introduced into Denmark, 7, 8; introduced into Norway, 29, 103; progress of, in the North, 162, 163, 180, 192, 198, 201, 271, 308, 309; Celtic, 185; influence of, on old Northern poetry and art, 293, 302, 303 Church, English, relations of, with Canute, 162, 165 ff., 274 ff.; Canute's message to, 168, 224, 228 ff., 344 ff.; legislation for, 274 ff. Church dues, 191, 192, 228, 230, 270, 276, 347 Cirencester, 144 Cities, Scandinavian, 286, 287 Clontarf, battle of, 60, 61, 233, 294 Coinage, 278, 282 Coins, English and Danish, 235, 236, 282, 323 Coldstream, 141 Cologne, 227, 298 Commerce, Scandinavian, 286 ff. Conrad II, Emperor, 16, 227-230, 267-269, 273, 320, 345 Consiliatio Cnuti, 278 Cork, 18 Coronation, imperial, 225, 227, 228, 269 Corvey, Widukind of, see Widukind Cotentin, district in Normandy, 19 n., 254 Court at Winchester, 261-263 Court poetry, old Norse, 293 ff. Coventry, 177 Crediton, 167, 168, 229 Cricklade, 78 Cross, the, of Winchester, 174, 175 Croyland, abbey of, 313 Culture, old Northern, 285 ff., 328 Cynewulf, old English poet, 297 D Danegeld, 27, 28, 38, 44, 45, 62, 97, 98, 113, 150, 210 Danelaw, established by the vikings, 18, 19; extent of, 19, 20, 69, 71; importance of, in English history, 21; Scandinavian elements in, 39, 59, 114, 193, 264, 273, 280; spared by Sweyn and Canute, 50, 83; heathendom in, 275; administrative areas in, 281; cities in, 287; supports Elgiva, 334; other mention of, 102, 107 Danes, become Christians, 7; interested in Wendland, 9, 16, 152 ff., 260; as colonisers, 19 ff., 27, 39, 61, 84, 258; as merchants, 21, 22; as vikings, 25, 26, 41, 43, 97; kill St. Alphege, 44, 172; attack London, 51, 86; proclaim Canute king, 58, 59; in England, 70, 71, 92 ff., 96, 111, 115, 139, 146, 192, 262; rule of, in England, 104 ff.; preferred by Canute for important offices, 120 ff., 146, 169, 263, 280; show opposition to Canute, 240; in Norway, 252, 284; other mention of, 3, 5, 11, 13, 231, 311, 325, 334, 336, 347 et passim Danework, 5, 7 Deerhurst, agreement of, 97, 99, 106; monastery of, 172 Deira, old English kingdom, 128 Denmark, extent of, 3, 4, 10-12, 35, 160, 161, 268, 269; imperial ambitions of, 27, 28, 33; hegemony of, 35, 36, 56; invasion of England from, 45 ff.; Harold king of, 58, 138; return of Canute and the viking chiefs to, 64, 67, 68, 72 ff.; Canute king of, 111, 138, 258, 267; return of the host to, 130, 141; Canute's journeys to, 142 ff., 158, 167, 175, 207, 214 ff., 229, 231, 243; importance of union of, with England, 144, 145, 328, 329; extended to the Eider, 160, 161, 268, 269; progress of Christianity in, 163, 190, 195, 271, 272; viceroys of, 159, 211, 314; rebellion in, 212, 214; Harthacanute king of, 242, 260, 331, 334, 335; expansion of, into Slavic lands, 258, 267; institutional development of, 282; cities in, 286, 287; Magnus king of, 338; claimed by Sweyn Ulfsson, 339; union of, with England dissolved, 340; other mention of, 7, 48, 98, 129, 130, 211, 226, 240, 333, 341, 344; see Danes, Canute, and Scandinavia Derby, 20 Devon, 26, 40, 52, 125, 166, 167 Dol, castle of, 62 Domesday Book, 134 Dorchester, 95 Dorset, 75, 88, 321 Dragon ship, see Ships Drammen Firth, 242 Dublin, 18, 61, 233, 259 Duduc, Bishop, 312 Düna River, 158 Durham, 140, 141, 172, 177 E Eadric, Mercian Earl, slays Sigeferth and Morcar, 70; Earl of Mercia, 71, 79, 115, 118, 120, 122; jealous disposition of, 72; deserts to Canute, 77, 78; in the battle of Sherstone, 88, 89; makes peace with Edmund, 89, 91; quarrels with Edmund, 92; plays the traitor at Ashington, 94, 96, 100; suspected of causing Edmund's death, 100; position of, in Canute's councils, 110; Ethelred's son-in-law, 115, 117; executed, 118, 122-124 Eadulf Cudel, Northumbrian Earl, 120, 140, 141 Eagmargach, see Jehmarc Eanham, assembly of, 42 Earl, office of, 114 Earldoms in England, 114, 115 East Anglia, 24, 27, 41, 43, 45, 66, 67, 97, 104, 115, 138 Eddic poems, 183 Edgar, King of England, 23, 84, 139, 164, 171, 343 Edith, wife of Thurkil, 117, 118, 146 Edmund Ironside, English King, marries Aldgyth, 71; assumes leadership in the Danelaw, 72, 77, 78; harries the western shires, 79; with the army in London, 83; is chosen king, 86, 104; raises the south-west, 87-88; fights at Penselwood, Sherstone, and Brentford, 87, 90; raises Wessex, 90; attacks the Danes at Otford, 91, 92; quarrels with Eadric, 92; defeated at Ashington, 93-95; retires to the Severn Valley, 96; makes terms and enters into fraternal relations with Canute, 97, 98; death of, 99, 100, 125; career and character of, 100-102; sons of, 106, 125, 126; buried at Glastonbury, 174 Edmund, son of Edmund Ironside, 125 Edward, son of Ethelred, 53, 59, 60, 127, 193, 253-256, 338-340 Edwy, son of Ethelred, 125 Eglaf, see Eilif Eider River, 6, 160, 268 Eikunda-sound, 235, 236, 238, 239 Eilif, viking chief and Earl in England, 43, 67, 68, 102, 118, 119, 121, 136, 149, 215, 220 Einar Thongshaker, Norse magnate, guardian of Earl Hakon, 69; defeated at the Nesses, 80, 81, 201; in opposition to King Olaf, 201, 202, 213; accepts the rule of Canute, 242; disappointed in his ambitions, 246, 249, 250; leads in the revolt of the Norsemen, 315-317, 319 Eindrid, son of Einar, 242 Elbe River, 153 Elfhelm, ealdorman, 128 Elfward, Abbot, Canute's cousin, 175 Elfwine, Bishop, 170 Elfwine, king's priest and Bishop, 312 Elgiva, Canute's mistress, 128, 322; at Jomburg, 159; in Norway, 260, 283, 314; opposes the canonisation of St. Olaf, 316, 317; unpopular in Norway, 318, 319; withdraws to England, 320, 322; later activities of, 333-335 Elmham, 170 Ely, monastery of, 170, 325 Emma, Queen of England, marries Ethelred, 38, 124, 126; retires to Normandy, 53; marries Canute, 38, 127-130, 146, 332; character of, 128, 322; makes a gift to St. Edmund's, 170; assists at the translation of St. Alphege, 173; intrigues of, 212; difficulties of, after Canute's death, 333-337; death of, 323; other mention of, 87, 193, 266 Empire, the, 48, 160, 264-269, 310, 320, 330 Empire of the North, 255 ff.; extent of, 258 ff., 324; decline of, 258, 328; capital of, 261; institutional systems in, 280 ff.; civilisation of, 285 ff.; Canute's plans for the future of, 331-333; collapse of, 331 ff., 339, 340 Encomiast, Canute's biographer, cited, 46, 47, 49, 54, 64, 65, 72, 73, 88, 91, 96, 100, 117, 123, 129, 226, 260, 332 England, Scandinavian settlements in, 18 ff.; vikings in, 22 ff., 27-30, 44, 45; Danish conquest of, 37 ff., 46 ff., 49, 66 ff.; part of, friendly to Danes, 47, 50; revolts against Canute, 58 ff.; is attacked by Canute, 66 ff., 75 ff.; civil strife in, 69 ff., 77 ff.; exhaustion of, 96; divided at Deerhurst, 97; Canute king of, 100, 106, 152, 205, 258-260, 272, 327, 329, 344; Danish rule in, 104 ff.; reorganised by Canute, 114 ff.; church of, in Canute's day, 162 ff.; debt of Northern churches to, 190, 261, 272; Norwegian conspirators in, 202, 203; threatened with Norman invasion, 254; heathendom in, 277; institutional influence of Scandinavians in, 28 off.; Northern scalds in, 294 ff.; Harold Harefoot king of, 334, 335; Harthacanute king of, 332, 337, 338; other mention of, 3, 7, 82, 83, 86, 129, 214, 229, 231, 232, 243, 248, 280, 282, 320, 347 et passim Ere-thing, the, 239, 240, 242 Eric, King of Denmark, 191 Eric Bloodax, King of Norway, 9, 10; sons of, 181 Eric Hakonsson, Earl in Norway and England, fights at Hjörunga Bay, 12; marries Canute's sister, 33, 56; fights at Swald, 34, 35, 82, 116; Earl in Norway, 35, 110, 197, 200, 201, 245; summoned to assist Canute in England, 65, 68, 69, 72; Earl of Northumbria, 80, 81, 83, 115, 118, 120, 121, 140, 142; raids Mercia, 91; character of, 110, 148, 149; death of, 147, 148, 150, 202; other mention of, 102, 119, 222, 293 Eric the Victorious, King of Sweden, 11, 12, 28-31, 56 Eric's Praise, the, 91 n. Erling, son of Earl Hakon, 13 Erling Skjalgsson, power and influence of, 199-201, 294; in Canute's service, 213, 235, 239; death of, 243, 244; sons of, 207, 250 Essex, 26, 93, 97 Esthonians, 158 Estrid, Canute's sister, 119, 121, 223, 253, 254, 266, 322, 338, 340 Ethelmer, ealdorman, 52 Ethelnoth the Good, Archbishop of Canterbury, 165, 166, 173, 174, 190, 194, 344 Ethelred the Ill-counselled, King of England, accession and inheritance of, 23, 25; character of, 23, 24, 84; treats with the vikings, 27, 29, 30; attacks the Northmen in Cumberland and Man, 37, 38; marries Emma of Normandy, 38; orders massacre of St. Brice's day, 39, 40; prepares a fleet, 42, 101; resists Sweyn, 51; flees to Normandy, 53, 54; is recalled and expels Canute, 59, 62; objects to Edmund's marriage, 71; illness and death of, 77, 83, 86; sons and daughters of, 53, 105, 117, 124-127, 146, 253, 254, 256, 266; legislation of, 42, 139, 164, 194 Ethelric, Bishop, 223 Ethelstan, King of England, 181 Ethelward, English noble, 95 Ethelwerd, Earl, 120 Ethics of Norse heathendom, 183 ff. Evesham, monastery of, 171, 175, 176, 191 Exeter, 41, 175 Exeter Codex, 297 F Faroe Islands, 17, 259 Fenlands, the, 79, 313, 325 Ferm, English, 284 Festivals, old Northern, 186-188 Fife, 206, 234 Finnvid Found, ancestor of the Arnungs, 199 "Five Boroughs," the, 20, 50 "Five hide system," the, 284 Flanders, 190, 226, 261, 264, 337 Fleet (described), 49, 73, 214, 238; see Ship Florence of Worcester, cited, 27, 72, 92 n., 97-99, 106, 126, 209, 247, 249 Forest laws, 279 Forth, Firth of, 139, 232 France, 264, 266 Frankpledge, 280 Franks, 307 Frey, old Northern divinity, 182, 183, 185, 187, 199 Friesen, Otto von, Swedish runologist, cited, 113, 114 n. Frigg, old Northern goddess, 308 Fulbert, Bishop, 227 Funen, Danish Island, 190, 287 "Fyrd," the, 77 n. Fyris River, battle of, 12, 26 G Gainsborough, Danish camp at, 50, 52, 54, 58, 59, 128 Garth, the royal, 290, 291 Gaul, 74 Gaut River, 287, 336 Gaulland, 208 Gemot, at Eanham, 42; at London, 44, 105, 125; recalls Ethelred, 59; at Oxford, 69, 70, 139, 164, 166, 334, 335; elects Edmund, 86; other, elects Canute, 86; at Cirencester, 144; at Winchester, 312 Gerbrand, Bishop, 190, 191, 272 Germans in South Jutland, 4; in Slavic lands, 153, 154; influence of, on Northern culture, 307, 328 Germany, 48, 158, 189, 226, 236, 269 Gillingham, 88 Gisela, Empress, 227 Giski, Isle of, 199 Glastonbury, 174, 192 Gleeman, 292 Gloucestershire, 96, 172 Godebald, Bishop of Scania, 192 Godescalc, Slavic prince, 263 Godric, English Earl, 120 Godwin, Ealdorman, 95 Godwin, Earl of Wessex, early history of, 119-121; important position of, 133, 150-152; accompanies Canute on his expeditions to the east, 159, 236, 237; supports Harthacanute against Harold, 332, 334; secures the crown for Edward, 339 Gokstad, ship found at, 304 Gorm, King of Denmark, 3-7, 14, 205, 241, 338 Gotland, 287 Greenland, 17, 259 Greenwich, 54, 61, 86 Grimkell, Norse bishop, 193, 194, 273, 315, 316 Gudrun, saga heroine, 293 Gunhild, Canute's daughter, 129, 160, 268, 320, 322 Gunhild, Canute's niece, 247, 249 Gunhild, Canute's sister, 262, 263 Gunhild, Harold Bluetooth's Queen, 14, 15 Gunhild, Harold Bluetooth's daughter, 15, 39 Gunhild, Sweyn's Queen, Canute's mother, 31, 56, 65, 156 Gunnor, Emma's mother, 129 Gunvor, Norwegian woman, 302 Gyrith, Harold Bluetooth's Queen, 14, 15; see Gunhild Gytha, Canute's sister, 33, 56, 121 H Hakon the Bad, Earl of Norway, 3, 10, 11, 16, 28, 29, 118, 121, 149, 197, 293 Hakon Ericsson, Earl in Norway, 69, 80, 120, 251, 264; driven out by Olaf the Stout, 74; Earl in England, 75, 119, 149, 150, 202, 203; viceroy in Norway, 241, 242; recalled by Canute, 247; death of, 248, 250 Hakon the Good, King of Norway, 9, 10, 181, 192 Hakon of Stangeby, 214 Hakon, viking prince, 15 Hall, old Northern, 289 ff. Halldor the Unchristian, scald, cited, 34 Hällestad Stone, the, 76, 77 n. Hallfred Troublousscald cited, 82, 308 Hamburg-Bremen, see of, 55, 160, 190, 191, 271-273 Hampshire, 167 Harek of Tjotta, Norwegian magnate, 200, 239, 245, 250 Harold, Earl, son of Godwin, 152 Harold, Earl, son of Thurkil the Tall, 32, 117, 147, 211, 241, 249, 252, 314 Harold Bluetooth, King of Denmark, 6-8, 13-15, 25, 155, 156, 158 Harold Fairhair, King of Norway, 9, 28, 80 Harold Grayfell, Norwegian King, 9, 10 Harold Harefoot, Canute's son, 128, 129, 211, 322; King of England, 333-336; death of, 336, 337; character of, 337 Harold Sweynsson, King of Denmark, Canute's brother, 48, 56, 58, 64, 65, 108, 138 Harthacanute, Canute's son, present at the translation of St. Alphege, 173, 211; regent and King of Denmark, 129, 208, 211, 212, 214, 215, 241, 242, 260, 314, 320, 331 ff.; King of England, 129, 133, 332 ff.; compact of, with Magnus, 98, 99; probably chosen to succeed Canute, 260, 332, 333; death of, 322, 339; character of, 338 Hastings, battle of, 267 Hawking, 302 "Head Ransom," the, old Norse poem, 295 Heathby, Danish city, 282, 286 Heathendom in England, 139, 147, 163, 277; among the Slavs, 154; in the North, 163, 180 ff., 197, 201, 285, 302; Canute's legislation against, 177-179, 274 ff., 343 Hebrides Islands, 18, 25 Helgi, saga hero, 293 Heming, Thurkil the Tall's brother, 43, 67, 68 Heming, Thurkil's grandson, 249 Henry I, King of France, 255, 266 Henry II, Emperor, 48, 160, 267, 326 Henry III, Emperor, 160, 268, 320 Henry the Fowler, King of Germany, 5, 268 Henry of Huntingdon cited, 89 Heorot, 6 "Here," the, viking host, 77 n. Hereford, 94 Heroic poetry, old Northern, 293 Hildebrand, 270 Hjörunga Bay, battle of, 12-14, 16, 26, 68, 116 Holy River, battle of, 167, 216 ff., 220, 222, 224, 235, 265, 294 Holy Trinity, Church of the, 8, 14, 57, 222 Home, Scandinavian, 288, 289 Hönen, runic monument at, 17 n. Honour, Northern ideas of, 281 Hordaland, district in Norway, 17 Hornel-mount, the, 238 Hostages, 50, 63, 64, 147, 238, 242, 327 House, old Northern, 289 ff. Housecarles, Canute's, 131-135, 173, 237, 261, 282, 334 Hugo, Norman commander at Exeter, 41 Humber River, 27, 49, 75, 79 Hungary, 126, 340 Hude Register, 56 I Iceland, 17, 22, 259, 283 India, 291 Industrial arts, Northern, 304 ff. Inscriptions, see Runic inscriptions Instituta Cnuti, 278 Ireland, Scandinavians in, 18, 60, 61 Irish Sea, viking rendezvous, 24-26, 37, 45, 60; cities near, 287, 330 Italy, 48, 229, 267 Ivar White, Canute's housecarle, 222 J Jæderen, district in Norway, 199 Jehmarc, vassal of Canute, 232, 233 Jelling, royal residence in Jutland, 4-6, 14 Jelling Stones, runic monuments, 6, 7 Jemteland, district in Sweden, 258 Jersey, Island of, 254 Jewelry, old Northern, 303 John XIX, Pope, 230, 270, 345 Jom, see Jomburg Jomburg, city and stronghold in Wendland, 8, 12, 14, 32, 40, 154 ff., 158, 159, 241, 248-250, 258, 260, 314 Jomvikings, attack Sweden and Norway, 12, 13, 26; take part in the battle of Swald, 33, 34; attack England, 42 ff., 157; enter English service, 44-46, 48, 54; hostle to the Danish kings, 156; saga of, 66; tactics of, 77 and n.; organisation of, 132, 155, 156 Julin, see Jomburg Jumièges, William of, see William Jumneta, see Jomburg Justiciar, Norman official, 111 Jutland (and Jutes), 3-5, 10, 158, 163, 180, 212, 214, 241, 267 K Kalf Arnesson, Norwegian magnate, 245-247, 250, 251, 319 Kent, 49, 75, 92 Kingscrag, city in modern Sweden, 208, 213, 287 King's Delf, 314 Kingship, joint, 335 Knytlingasaga, 323 Knytlings, dynasty of Canute, 2, 35, 300, 322, 324, 337, 340 Kurisches Haff, 158 L Lakenheath, 170 Lambert, Canute's Christian name, 164, 165, 325 Lambeth, 339 Lateran synod (1027), 228 Law, Scandinavian ideas of, 281, 282 "Laws of Edward," the, 278-280 "Lay of Righ," the, old Northern poem, 288, 289 Legislation, English, 139, 164, 172, 274 ff., 342, 343 Leicester, 20 Leif the Lucky, Icelandic explorer, 17 Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 151, 334 Leofwine, Earl of Mercia, 120, 121, 124, 150-152 Lethra (Leire), 6 Libentius, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, 273, 274 Liber Vitæ, 323; see Hyde Register Liebermann, F., German historian, cited, 278 Liffey River, 18 Lifing, Archbishop, 166-169, 270, 341 Lifing, Bishop of Crediton, 166-168, 176, 229, 339 Lime Firth, 214, 216, 236-238 Limerick, 287 Lincoln, 20, 61, 79 Lindsey, 50, 61, 95 Lister, district in Norway, 238 "Lithsmen's Song," the, old Norse poem, 87, 91 Lithuanians, 153 Lombardy, 268 London, resists the Danes, 51, 52, 83; thingmen in, 53, 66, 67; sieges of, 62, 86 ff., 93, 135; held by Canute, 97-99, 105; opposes translation of St. Alphege, 172, 173; supports Harold Harefoot, 334; accepts Edward, 339 London Bridge broken by Olaf the Stout, 51 Long Serpent, the, Olaf Trygvesson's longship, 35, 305, 306 Longships, see Ships Lorraine, 226, 261, 268 Lothian, ceded to the Scotch, 139-142, 151, 233, 258 Louis the Pious, Emperor, 163 Lund, Scanian see, 282 M Macbeth, 233, 234 Maelar, Lake, 286 Mælbeathe, Canute's vassal, 232, 233 Magnus Olafsson, King of Norway and Denmark, 98, 99, 319, 320, 334, 336, 338-340 Malcolm, King of Scotland, 139, 141, 232-234 Maldon, battle of, 26, 296 Malmesbury, 71, 88 Malmesbury, William of, see William Man, Isle of, 18, 309 Manna, Sweyn's housecarle, 135 Marriage in Canute's day, 277; laws relating to, 281, 282 Matthew Paris, English chronicler, cited, 314 Medway River, 91 Mercia, old English kingdom, 24, 70, 71, 79, 83, 91, 97, 102, 115, 118, 120, 122-124, 150, 334, 336 Merseburg, Thietmar of, see Thietmar Midlands, the, 50, 83, 89, 151 Mieczislav, Duke of Poland, 33 Mieczislav, King of Poland, 126, 160 Mints, 282 Miracles attributed to St. Olaf, 252, 315 Mistiwi, 14 Monasticism, in Denmark, 191; in Norway, 317 Moneyers in Denmark, 282 Moray Firth, 233 Morcar, magnate in the Danelaw, 70 Munch, P.A., Norse historian, cited, 13, 30 n., 109 n., 233, 234 "Murdrum fine," 279, 280 N Naples, Northmen in, 328 Navarre, 264 Navy, English, 27, 42 Naze, the, 10, 35, 199, 239, 243 Nesses, the, battle of, 80, 81, 102, 201 New Minster, Winchester, 175 Niard, 187; see Njord Nid River, 238, 239 Nidaros, capital of Norway, 102, 103, 237, 239, 250, 259, 260, 283, 287, 312, 315, 317, 332, 333 "Nithing name," 281 Njord, 308; see Niard Norfolk, 43 Norman conquest, effect of, on old English literature, 297; hastened by Canute's conquest, 329 Norman officials in the Northern churches, 262, 264 Normandy, foundation of, 2, 18, 19 n., 22, 328; as a viking rendezvous, 38, 41; Ethelred's relations with, 38, 53, 59; Canute's relations with, 127-130, 253, 254, 264, 265, 330; ethelings in, 127, 128, 200, 254, 329; famine in, 266 North, the, 1-3, 22, 26, 28, 38, 48, 58, 68, 98, 105, 122, 131, 162, 180, 182, 189, 191, 198, 215, 224, 225, 257, 263, 280, 288, 300, 305, 307, 318 et passim Northampton, 128 Northman, Mercian noble, 124 Northmen, Norsemen, Norwegians, the, at war with the Danes, 13, 33 ff., 208, 211 ff., 217 ff., 236 ff., 333, 336; in the Scandinavian colonies, 17-20, 70, 118, 150, 185, 248, 259, 287, 301; in rebellion against Earl Hakon, 28; defeated in Ireland, 60, 61; as earls and officials in England, 120 ff., 141; religion of, 182 ff., 307; oppose King Olaf, 197 ff., 326; accept the rule of Canute, 237, 252, 311, 344; at Canute's court, 262; oppose Elgiva and Sweyn, 283, 318, 319; civilisation of, 285 ff.; commerce of, 288; canonise St. Olaf, 316 ff.; repudiate Canute's kingship, 319; see Norway Northumbria, 24, 50, 74, 78, 79, 83, 97, 110, 115, 118, 121, 139, 149, 150 Norway, controlled by the Danes, 3, 7, 9, 10, 48, 65, 107, 231 ff.; attacked by the Jomvikings, 12, 13, 26; Olaf Trygvesson king of, 29 ff.; Eric and Sweyn, earls in, 35, 69, 110, 197; Olaf the Stout king of, 74, 75, 81, 102, 119 et passim; missionary operations in, 29, 103, 163, 172, 181, 192-194, 271, 273, 274; at war with Denmark, 119, 151, 215 ff., 263, 333, 336; dissatisfaction in, 163, 164, 195, 196, 198, 199, 209; bribery in, 209, 210, 230, 234 ff., 246, 326; Canute king of, 152, 244, 258, 259; Hakon viceroy of, 241, 242, 246-248; Elgiva and Sweyn regents of, 128, 129, 314 ff., 331; rebellious movements in, 260, 262, 263, 266, 310, 319, 320, 333; Canute's legislation for, 280, 282-284; cities and commerce of, 286-288; Magnus Olafsson king of, 319, 333, 336; other mention of, 16, 17, 56, 69, 98, 212 et passim; see also Northmen Nottingham, 20, 79 Novgorod, 287 O Odderness Stone, runic monument, 194 n. Odense, 190, 191, 282, 287 Oder River, 8, 9, 12, 16, 42, 154, 155, 158, 258, 267 Odo, Count of Chartres, 53, 62 Olaf, King of Sweden, 48, 68 Olaf Haroldsson (the Stout), King of Norway, viking activities of, 43, 46, 51, 52, 62, 74, 109, 318; in English and Norman service, 51, 52, 62, 63; baptism of, 62, 181; returns to Norway and seizes Earl Hakon, 73-75, 119; wins a victory at the Nesses, 80, 81; King of Norway, 63, 80, 102, 103, 108, 199 et passim; missionary activities of, 43, 163, 192, 195, 197 ff., 224, 225, 272, 273; opposition to, 163, 164, 196-199, 201-203, 221, 236, 255; character of, 184, 197, 209, 255, 326; purposes of, 197, 198; defies Canute, 204-207; forms an alliance with the Swedish king, 207, 208, 213; raises the host of Norway and harries the Danish coast, 213, 215, 216; traps Canute at Holy River, 216 ff.; retreat to Norway, 219, 220; loses his kingdom to Canute, 231 ff.; deserted by his chiefs, 237, 238; tries to resume his rule, 242-244; flees to Russia, 244; is recalled to Norway, 250; falls at Stiklestead, 74, 163, 201, 252, 292, 319; miracles attributed to, 252; canonisation and worship of, 287, 312, 315-319; and his scalds, 292, 295; other mention of, 226, 246, 304, 309, 333 Olaf Trygvesson, King of Norway, early life of, 28; viking activities of, 26, 27, 37, 52, 319; becomes a Christian, 29, 172, 181; King of Norway, 28, 29, 199; wooes Sigrid the Haughty, 31; marries Thyra, 33; falls at Swald, 34, 35, 69, 76, 82; missionary work of, 192, 272, 308; founder of Nidaros, 287 Old Minster, Winchester, 176, 321, 323 Olney, compact of, 98, 104 Olvi of Egg, Norwegian magnate, 200, 245 Omens, 23, 140, 311, 336 Ordeal, 7, 281 Orkney Islands, 17, 18, 232, 248, 259 Ornamentation, styles of, 301 ff. Orwell River, 91 Osbern, biographer of St. Alphege, cited, 173 Oslo Firth, 238, 242, 243 Otford, skirmish at, 92, 101 Ottar the Swart, scald, cited, 63, 109, 234, 294, 295 Otto the Great, Emperor, 11 Ottos, dynasty of the, 48, 267 Oxford, 43, 50, 69, 100, 164, 166, 334-337, 343 P Palace, royal, 189, 291 Pallig, ealdorman, 15, 39, 40, 175 Pallium, cost of the, 228, 345 Palna Toki, archer and viking, 14, 40, 155 Papacy, state of, 270 Paris, Matthew, see Matthew Penal laws in England, 281 Penselwood, battle of, 88, 101 Pentland Firth, 17, 248, 249 Peterborough, 53 Peter's pence, 191, 192, 228, 270, 276, 347 "Pictured rocks," 302, 303 Pilgrims, complaints of the, 228, 345 Piræus, 301 Poetry, old Northern, 292 ff. Poland, 31, 33, 48, 65, 153, 264, 268 Pomerania, 2, 34 Pope, 48, 264, 270, 341 Poppo, Danish clerk, 7 "Praise lays," 261, 293 Proclamation of 1020, Canute's, 110, 111, 142, 144-147, 166, 168, 177-179, 341-343 Prussia, 3, 258 Q Quadripartitus, 278 Quedlingburg, 11 R Ragnarok myth, 188, 189 Ramsey, abbey of, 95, 171, 223, 314 Ramsund rock, pictures on the, 303 Ranig, Scandinavian Earl in England, 120, 149 Raven banner, the, 94, 117 Reginbert, Bishop of Funen, 190 Religion, old Northern, 181 ff., 276, 277, 293, 318; origin of, 182; divinities of, 182, 183; ethics of, 183, 184, 277; ritual and sacrifices of, 185 ff.; festivals of, 186 ff. Repingdon, 171 Reric, Danish city in Wendland, 153 Rhine River, 193 Rhone River, 226 Richard of Cirencester, chronicler, cited, 210 Richard, Duke of Normandy, 38, 40, 53, 62, 266 Ridings in Yorkshire, 281 Riga, 258 Righ, old Northern divinity, 288, 289 Ringmere, battle of, 43, 294 Ring-realm, district in Norway, 243 Rings, Scandinavian, 296, 303, 304 Ringsted, Danish city, 282 Robert, Archbishop of Rouen, 62 Robert, King of France, 62 Robert the Devil, Duke of Normandy, 130, 253-255, 266, 267 Roeskild, capital of Denmark, 8, 14, 15, 45, 57, 190-192, 221, 260, 261, 282, 327 Roeskild Firth, 6 Rogaland, district in Norway, 17 Rolf, founder of Normandy, 1, 2, 18 Rome, 148, 152, 166, 167, 202, 211, 221, 224, 227-229, 234, 252, 262, 265, 269, 270, 341, 345, 346 Rouen, 62, 127, 181, 254, 255, 262, 266, 294 Route of the Danes to the west, 49, 226 Rudolf, Bishop in Norway, 193 Rudolf, King of Burgundy, 227, 345 Rügen, Island of, 34 "Rune-masters," 298, 301 Runes, 298 ff. Runic art, see Art Runic inscriptions, 6, 7, 14, 17 n., 30 n., 35 n., 42 n., 76, 113, 134, 135, 151, 194 n., 237, 299 ff., 302 Russia, 16, 244, 250, 287, 288, 319 S Sacrifices, old Northern, 185, 186 Saga materials in old Northern poetry, 293 St. Alphege, see Alphege St. Ansgar, missionary to the North, 163 St. Benet Hulme, monastery of, 170, 175 St. Bertin, monastery of, 226 St. Brice, 313 St. Brice's day, massacre of, 39, 40, 42 St. Clemens, church of, 103 St. Cuthbert, 172, 176 St. Dunstan, 172, 176, 312 St. Edith, 171 St. Edmund, 55, 95, 169, 170, 172, 176 St. Felix, 171, 176 St. Frideswide, church of, 70 St. Henry, see Henry II St. Mary Devon, church of, 175 St. Olaf, see Olaf Haroldsson St. Omer, 226 St. Paul, 344 St. Paul's, church of, 172 St. Peter, 225, 344, 347 St. Stephen, see Stephen St. Thomas, 290, 291 St. Vincent, 313 St. Wistan, 171, 175 Saints, 318 Salop, 79 Sandefjord, town in Norway, 304 Sandwich, 43, 49, 63, 327 Santslaue (Santslave), Canute's sister, 57, 262; see Svantoslava Sarpsborg, city in Norway, 208, 220, 243, 287 Saxo, Danish chronicler, cited, 13, 14, 25 n., 132, 215, 216 Saxony, 28, 154 Scalds, 43, 122, 261, 291 ff., 326 Scandinavia, 16, 22, 28, 48, 60, 72, 180, 231, 233, 257 ff., 285, 286, 288, 299, 307, 318, 324, 327 et passim Scandinavian colonies, 16 ff., 25, 60, 83, 84, 104, 118, 139, 150, 234, 277, 301, 332 Scania, 3, 4, 12, 121, 135, 180, 190, 192, 214, 216 Schlei, inlet in Sleswick, 5, 268 Scone, 232 Scotland, 139-142, 205, 232-234, 258, 259, 264, 329 Secular laws of Canute, 276 ff. Seine River, 18 Semland, 258 "Seven Boroughs," the, see "Five Boroughs" Severn Valley, 21, 39 n., 96, 136, 202 Shaftesbury, 321 Shakespeare, 233 Sheppey, Danish camp at, 91-93 Sherburne, 313 Sherstone, battle of, 88, 101, 117 Shetland Islands, 17, 259 Shield, legendary Danish king, 3 Shieldings, legendary Danish dynasty, 3, 4, 6 Ship as numerical term, 77 Ships, Scandinavian, 304, 305 Short Serpent, the, longship, 82 "Shrine Song," the, old Norse poem, 319 Sibyl, the, of the Eddas, 188 "Sibyl's Prophecy," the, old Northern poem, 292, 293, 307; see Voluspá Sigeferth, magnate in the Danelaw, 70, 125 Sigfrid, Bishop in Norway, 192 Sigfried, 293, 302, 303 Sighvat the Scald cited, 206, 226, 234, 252, 262, 294-296, 304, 318, 319 Sigrid, wife of Kalf Arnesson, 245 Sigrid the Haughty, Canute's stepmother, 31, 57, 65, 66, 163 Sigrun, saga heroine, 293 Sigurd, Bishop, see Sigfrid Sigurd, Earl Hakon's court bishop, 251, 264, 315 Sigurd, Norwegian earl, 10 Sigurd, saga hero, see Sigfried Sigvaldi, Earl at Jomburg, 12, 26, 32, 34, 42, 156, 157 Simeon of Durham, English chronicler, cited, 80, 141, 142 Siric, Archbishop of Canterbury, 26, 27 Siward, Abbot of Abingdon, 313 Siward the Strong, Earl of Northumbria, 121 Skartha, Danish housecarle, 30 n., 56 Skene, W.F., Scotch historian, cited, 233 Skiringshall, city in Norway, 286 Skjalg Erlingsson, Norwegian chief, 207 Skogul Tosti, see Tosti Slavic lands and peoples, 3, 8, 9, 14, 15, 34, 126, 151 ff., 160, 258, 260, 272, 327, 344 Sleswick, 3, 160, 268, 269, 282, 286 Slesswick, massacre at, 66, 96 Snorre, Icelandic historian, cited, 35, 51, 63, 98, 99, 202, 203, 206, 215, 217, 218, 220, 222, 246, 247, 316, 317 et passim passimSogn Firth, 199 Soli, Erling's garth, 199, 209, 235, 239 Sönder Vissing, runic monument at, 14 "Song of the High One," the, old Northern poem, 183, 184 Sortilege in the old Northern religion, 187, 188 Sound, the, 192, 216, 220, 237 Southampton, 25, 86 South Jutland, 4 Southwark, 51, 173 Spain, 264 Spey River, 232 Stadt, Cape, 199, 238, 239 Staffordshire, 79 Staller, Scandinavian official, 282 Stamford, 20 Stangeberg, battle of, 216 Stavanger, 17, 199 Steenstrup, J.C.H.R., Danish historian, cited, 19 n., 30 n., 57 n., 109 n., 157 Stenkyrka Stone, pictured rock, 302 Stephen, King of Hungary, 126, 326 Stigand, Anglo-Danish priest, 169 Stiklestead, battle of, 163, 245, 250-252, 292, 294, 314, 315, 319 Stockholm, 113 Stord, battle of, 10 Storm, Gustav, Norwegian historian, cited, 43 n. Strathclyde, 140 "Stretch Song," the, old Northern poem, 294, 296 Styrbjörn, Earl at Jomburg, 12, 14, 15, 26, 30 Suffolk, 91 Surety, old English, 280 Sussex, 49 Svantoslava, 57; see Santslaue Sveno, Danish chronicler, cited, 131 Swald, battle of, 34-36, 42, 68, 69, 76, 82, 116, 192, 242, 294 Swart, lord of the fire-world, 188 Sweden, 11, 12, 26, 30, 33-35, 48, 81, 130, 134, 152, 167, 180, 185, 186, 192, 201, 202, 204, 207, 208, 211, 237, 264, 271, 286, 303, 336 Swelchie, the, of Pentland Firth, 249 Sweyn, son of Canute and Elgiva, 128; Earl in Wendland, 159, 241; regent in Denmark, 211; regent in Norway, 248-250, 252, 260, 263, 283, 314, 318-320, 331, 332; flees to Denmark, 320, 333; death of, 320-322 Sweyn, Danish housecarle, 135 Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, in rebellion against his father, 13, 14, 156; King of Denmark, 15 ff., 192; plans of, 16; viking activities of, 23, 25-28, 37, 293; family of, 31, 56, 57; attacks King Olaf and acquires part of Norway, 33-35, 65; has designs on England, 38, 40, 45 ff.; conquers England, 49-53, 59, 64, 79; death of, 54-58, 60, 66, 170; character and personality of, 55, 56, 163 Sweyn Hakonsson, Norwegian Earl, 35, 69, 80, 81, 197 Sweyn Ulfsson, King of Denmark, Canute's nephew, 223, 224, 338-340 T Tavistock, abbey of, 125, 167 Tees River, 120 Thames River and valley, 19, 42, 43, 50, 52, 59, 78, 87, 93, 95, 105, 335 Thanet, Isle of, 25, 43 Thegns, king's, 236, 261 Thetford, 41 Thietmar of Merseburg, German chronicler, cited, 57 n., 87, 135, 136 Thingmen, Danish mercenaries in England, 66-68, 131 Thor, old Northern divinity, 181, 182, 185, 201, 307, 309, 318 Thor the Dog, Norwegian magnate, 200, 239, 245, 250 Thora, Arne's wife, 200 Thorarin Praise-tongue, scald, 238, 241, 294, 295, 319 Thord, thingman, 67 Thoretus, Earl in England, 101 Thorgils Sprakaleg, Swedish magnate, 119, 121 Thorir, Norwegian chief, 245 Throndelaw, district in Norway, 10, 80, 201, 204, 244, 249, 250, 320, 333 Throndhjem, 102, 103, 239, 287; see Nidaros Thrym, viking, 44 Thurbrand, Uhtred's banesman, 80 Thurgot, Danish warrior, 135 Thurkil, son of Nafena, chief in the Danelaw, 79, 81-83 Thurkil Mareshead, 43 Thurkil Nefja, 82; see Thurkil, son of Nafena Thurkil the Tall, viking chief, Canute's foster father, 32, 76, 116, 117, 241; leads Jomvikings in England, 42, 52, 113, 114, 116, 157, 174; chief of the viking mercenaries in England, 45-47, 51, 61, 62, 66, 67; deserts to Canute, 68, 116; fights at Penselwood and Sherstone, 88, 89; fights at Ashington, 96; Canute's chief counsellor and viceroy in England, 110-112, 138, 177, 342; Earl of East Anglia, 115, 116, 138, 170; marries Ethelred's daughter, 117, 118, 146; exiled from England, 117, 118, 146, 147, 150, 157; reconciled to Canute, 118, 147, 158, 211; viceroy in Denmark, 118, 159, 208, 211; death of, 159, 211 Thurkil, grandson of Thurkil the Tall, 249 Thyra, Queen of Denmark, 5-7 Thyra, Queen of Norway, Canute's aunt, 12, 15, 33 Tithing, 280 Tjängvide Stone, pictured rock, 302 Tjotta, Isle of, 200 Toki, see Palna Toki Tosti, Swedish viking, 113, 114 n. Tova, Queen of Denmark, 14, 15 Treene River, 5 Trent River, 50, 52, 61 Trygve, Norwegian pretender, 319 Tunsberg, city in Norway, 204, 208, 243, 287 Tweed River, 139-141 U Uhtred, Earl of Northumbria, 50, 78-81, 114, 115, 120, 140 Ulf, Canute's brother-in-law, one of Canute's generals, 102; Earl in England, 119, 121; Earl in Jomburg, 159; viceroy in Denmark, 159, 208, 212; treason of, 212-215, 220, 327; rescues Canute at Holy River, 218, 222; murder of, 8, 221, 222, 322, 327, 340; character of, 211, 212, 221, 222 Ulf, Swedish viking, 113, 114 Ulfkellsland, 66, 95 Ulfketel, Earl of East Anglia, 41, 43, 66, 67, 95, 114, 115 Ulfrun, Elgiva's mother, 128 Unwan, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, 160, 191, 272-274 Uplands, the, district in Norway, 315 Uppland, region in Sweden, 12, 113, 134 Upsala, Swedish sanctuary at, 185, 186 V Vandals, 159 Varangians, Scandinavian guard at Byzantium, 149 Vercelli Book, the, 297 Viborg, Danish sanctuary at, 212 Vikings, the, 15, 18, 22-27, 44, 49, 61, 75, 76, 84, 94, 113, 135, 136, 180, 184, 277, 285, 286, 291, 293, 294, 303, 306, 327, 329, 330 Vineland, 17 Vistula River, 153, 158, 258, 267 Volsungs, the, saga heroes, 292 Voluspá, 292; see Sibyl's Prophecy W Wales, 28, 136, 329, 335 Walhalla, 302 Wallingford, 52 Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, 140 Wapentake, 281 Warwick, 78 Waterford, 18 Watling Street, 50 Wayland Smith, saga hero, 302 Wendland, 3, 34, 82, 129, 153, 158-160, 199, 267; see Slavic lands Wessex, expansion of, 23; attacked and plundered by the Danes, 24, 45, 49, 59, 297; submits to Canute, 78, 83, 104, 105; given to Edmund at Deerhurst, 97; Danegeld levied in, 98; under Canute's rule, 112, 115, 261; retains Saxon character, 332; supports claims of Harthacanute, 334 Westminster, 336 Wexford, 18 Wick, the, district in Norway, 3, 204, 241, 252 Wicklow, 18 Widukind, of Corvey, chronicler, cited, 8 Wight, Isle of, 53, 85, 157 Wiht, Wihtland, see Witland William, Bishop of Roeskild, 261, 262 William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, 107, 113, 253, 267, 279, 280 William the Great, Duke of Aquitaine, 264, 265, 298 William of Jumièges, Norman chronicler, 254 William of Malmesbury, Norman-English historian, cited, 45, 101, 167, 168, 171 Wiltshire, 78, 88 Wimmer, Ludvig, Danish runologist, cited, 6 Winchester, capital of England, 25, 50; Canute's residential city, 112, 164, 190, 194, 203, 245, 260, 261, 291, 293, 332; see of, 169, 312; Canute's gifts to monasteries of, 175, 176, 313; scalds at the court of, 294; Canute buried in, 321; other mention of, 166, 172 Wisby, 287 Witenagemot,312; see Gemot Witigern, Slavic prince, 247, 263 Witland, 157, 158, 258 Woden, old Northern divinity, 94, 182, 183, 185, 201, 299, 308, 318 Wollin, island and village near the mouth of the Oder, 154, 155 Worcester, Florence of, see Florence Worcestershire, 21, 119 Worsaae, J.J.A., Danish antiquarian, cited, 20 n. Writing, runic, 298 Wrytsleof, Slavic prince, 263; see Witigern Wulfstan, Archbishop of York, 112, 169, 296 Wulfstan, English traveller, 158 Wyrtgeorn, see Witigern Y Yggdrasil, mythical ash tree, 307 York, 19, 21, 57, 79, 81, 85, 176, 177, 281, 296, 312, 344 Yule festival, old Northern, 186, 187, 275, 307 Z Zealand, 6, 190, 213, 215, 220