APPENDIX A.

COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE MAIN PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA AND THE AUSTRALIAN COMMONWEALTH.

CANADA. AUSTRALIA. | Name. Name The Dominion of Canada The Commonwealth of Australia.

How Constituted. How Constituted Of provinces. Of states.

Seat of Government. Seat of Government At Ottawa until the Queen Within federal territory in otherwise directs. New South Wales, at least 100 miles from Sydney

Executive Power. Executive Power Vested in the Queen. Vested in the Queen. Queen's representative, a Queen's representative, a governor-general, appointed by governor-general, appointed by the Queen in council. the Queen in council.

Salary of governor-general Not less than £10,000 paid £10,000 sterling, paid by Dominion by the commonwealth, fixed by government, alterable by parliament from time to time, the parliament of Canada, but not diminished during tenure of subject to the disallowance of a governor-general. the crown, as in 1868, when parliament passed a bill to reduce this salary.

CANADA. AUSTRALIA. Ministers called by governor-general Same—only for "privy to form a cabinet, first councillors" read "executive sworn in as privy councillors, councillors" hold office while they have the confidence of the popular house of parliament, in accordance with the conventions, understandings, and maxims of responsible or parliamentary government.

Privy councillors hold, as the Executive councillors administer crown may designate, certain such departments as departments of state, not limited governor-general from time to in name or number, but left to time establishes. Until other the discretionary action of provision is made by parliament, parliament. Such heads of number of such officers, who departments must seek a new may sit in parliament, shall not election on accepting these exceed seven. office of emolument.

_Command of Military and Command of Military and Naval Forces Naval Forces_ Vested in the Queen. In the Queen's representative.

Parliament Parliament The Queen. The Queen. Senate. Senate. House of commons. House of representatives. Session once at least every The same. year. Privileges, immunities and Such as declared by the parliament powers held by senate and house of the commonwealth, of commons, such as are defined and, until declared, such as are by act of the parliament of held by the commons' house of Canada, but not to exceed those parliament of Great Britain at enjoyed at the passing of such the date of the establishment of act by the commons' house of the commonwealth. parliament of Great Britain.

CANADA. AUSTRALIA

Senate composed of twenty-four Senate composed of six members for each of the senators for each state, directly three following divisions (1) chosen for six years by the Ontario, (2) Quebec, and (3) people of the state voting as maritime provinces of Nova one electorate; half the number Scotia, New Brunswick, and shall retire every three years, Prince Edward Island. Other but shall be eligible for provinces can be represented re-election. No property under the constitution, but the qualification is required, but the total number of senators shall senators must be British subjects not at any time exceed of the full age of twenty-one years. seventy-eight, except in the In Queensland the people can case of the admission of vote in divisions, instead of in Newfoundland, when the maximum one electorate. may be eighty-two. Senators appointed by the crown for life, but removable for certain disabilities. They must have a property qualification and be of the full age of thirty years.

Speaker of the senate appointed President of the senate elected by the governor-general by that body. (in council).

Fifteen senators form a quorum One-third of whole number of until parliament of Canada senators form a quorum until otherwise provides. parliament of commonwealth otherwise provides. Non-attendance for two whole Non-attendance for two consecutive sessions vacates a senator's seat. months of any session vacates a senator's seat. Members of house of commons Every three years. elected every five years, or whenever parliament is dissolved by the governor-general.

No property qualification, but The same. must be British subjects of full age of twenty-one years.

CANADA. AUSTRALIA The electors for the Dominion Qualification of electors for commons are the electors of the members of the house of several provinces, under the representatives is that limitations of a statute passed prescribed by the law of each by the Dominion parliament in state for the electors of the 1878. Qualifications vary, but more numerous house of the universal suffrage, qualified by parlianment of the state. residence, generally prevails.

A fresh apportionment of The same. representatives to be made after each census, or not longer than intervals of ten years.

Speaker of house of commons The same. elected by the members of the house.

Quorum of house of commons Quorum of house of representatives —twenty members, of whom the —one-third of the speaker counts one. whole number of members until otherwise provided by parliament.

No such provision. Member vacates his seat when absent, without permission, for two months of a session.

No such provision. Parliament to be called together not later than thirty days after that appointment for return of writs.

Allowance to each member of Allowance of £400 to members senate and commons $1,000 for of both houses until other a session of thirty days, and provision is made by parliament. mileage expenses, 10 cents a mile going and returning. Not expressly provided for by constitution but by statute of parliament from time to time.

CANADA. AUSTRALIA. Canadian statutes disqualify Same classes disqualified in contractors and certain persons the constitution. holding office on receiving emoluments or fees from the crown while sitting in parliament.

Each house determines the The constitution has a special rules, and orders necessary for provision on the subject. the regulation of its own proceedings; not in the constitution.

Money And Tax Bills Money and Tax Bills The same. Money and tax bills can only originate in the house of representatives.

|Same by practice. The senate can reject, but not amend, taxation or appropriation bills.

Not in Canadian constitution. The senate may return money and appropriation bills to the house of representatives, requesting the omission or amendment of any provision therein, but it is optional for the house to make such omissions or amendments.

No such provision. If bills, other than money bills, have twice been passed by the house of representatives and twice been rejected by the senate or passed by that body with amendments to which the house of representatives will not agree, the governor-general may dissolve the two houses simultaneously; and if, after the new election they continue to disagree, the governor-general may convene a joint sitting of the members of the two houses, who shall deliberate and vote upon the bill, which can only become law if passed by an absolute majority of the members sitting and voting.

_Legislative Powers of the Legislative Powers of the Parliament of the Dominion. Parliament of the Commonwealth_.

Respective powers of the federal The Legislative powers of the parliament and provincial federal parliament are alone legislatures are enumerated and enumerated, and the states defined in the constitution; the expressly retain all the powers residuum of power rests with the vested in them by their central government in relation respective constitutions at the to all matters not coming within establishment of the the classes of subjects by the commonwealth as to matters not British North America act of specified as being within the 1867 assigned exclusively to the exclusive jurisdiction of the legislatures. federal parliament.

The Provinces. The States.

Legislatures may alter provincial Constitutions may be altered constitutions except as under the authority of the regards the office of lieutenant parliaments thereof. -governor.

Lieutenant-governors are appointed The constitution of each state by the governor-general-in-council, continues (subject to the and removable by constitution) as at the him within five years only for establishment of the cause assigned and communicated commonwealth, or as at the by message to the two admission or establishment houses of parliament. of the states, as the case may be, until altered in accordance with the constitution of the states. In other words, the powers of the states over their own constitutions are preserved.

Acts of the provincial When a law of the state is legislatures may be disallowed inconsistent with one of the by the governor-general-in-council commonwealth, the latter shall, one year after their receipt. to the extent of such inconsistency, be invalid.

Education is within exclusive No special provisions in the jurisdiction of the provinces, constitution; education being but with conditions for the one of the subjects exclusively maintenance and protection of within the powers of the state rights and privileges of parliaments, under the clause religious bodies in a province leaving them in possession of with respect to denominational all powers not expressly given schools. to the federal parliament.

The federal parliament can A state shall not impose any alone impose duties or taxes on taxes or duties upon imports imports. except such as are necessary for executing the inspection laws of a state, but the net produce of all charges so levied shall be for use of the, commonwealth, and such inspection laws may be annulled by the parliament of the commonwealth.

Similar power. The parliament of the commonwealth may from time to time admit new states, and make laws for the provisional administration and government of any territory surrendered by any state to the commonwealth, or of any territory placed by the Queen under the commonwealth, or otherwise acquired by the same.

CANADA. AUSTRALIA.

The Judiciary. The Judiciary.

The same. The parliament of the commonwealth can establish a federal supreme court, called the High Court of Australia, and other federal courts for the commonwealth; the judges to be appointed by the governor-general, to hold office during good behaviour, No such provision with respect not to be removed except upon to diminution of salary during an address of both houses of tenure of office. parliament, but so that the salary paid to any judge shall not be diminished during his continuance in office.

Similar provisions by statutory The high court can adjudicate enactments of Dominion in cases arising out of the parliament. constitution, or controversies between states, or in which the commonwealth is a party.

No such stringent provision Appeals only allowed to exists in the Canadian Queen-in-council from high court constitution, but appeals in all on constitutional issues between civil—though not in commonwealth and any state, criminal—cases are allowed, by or between two or more states, virtue of the exercise of the when high court gives leave to royal prerogative, from appeal. Otherwise, the royal provincial courts as well as prerogative to grant appeals is from the supreme court of Canada not impaired. Parliament may, to the Queen-in-council; however, make laws limiting i.e., in practice, to the such appeals, but they must judicial committee of the privy be reserved for her Majesty's council. pleasure.