INDEX

Numbers refer to pages

A, Italian, 9. Abbreviation, objectionable, of the introduction of a letter, 242; of the courteous close, 242. Abbreviations, of states, 26-27; of commercial terms, 27-28; of titles in letters, 235; objectionable in the body of the letter, 242. Able and ible, 33. Absolute use of the nominative case, 65. Abstract noun, defined, 57. Accent, indication of, 17; words changing meaning with change of, 17. Accept and except, 102. Account, opening an, 250; letters for opening an, 250 ff. Accounting department of a railroad, work of the, 360-361. Active voice of verbs, defined, 84; conjugation of, 88 ff. Ad, prefix, 32. Adjective, the, defined, 49; and the adverb, 75 ff.; following verbs of the senses, 75; clause, 54; comparison of, 78. Adjective endings, peculiar, 33 ff. Adjective modifiers, 49. Adjective pronouns, use of, 61. Adjectives and adverbs, confused, 51; incorrectly used, 81-82; real and very, 81; most and almost, 81. Adjectives, punctuation of series of, 171 ff. Adjectives to be distinguished, 80-81; fewer and less, 80; almost and most, 81. Adverb modifiers, 49. Adverb, the, defined, 49; and the adjective, 75 ff. Adverbial, clause, 54; modifier, case of, 66. Adverbs, conjunctive, 45; and adjectives confused, 51; and prepositions confused, 52; ideas denoted by, 75; modifying different parts of speech, 75; correct position of, 77; absolute use of, 79; incorrectly used, 81-82. Advertised articles, classes of, 311. Advertisements, motives appealed to in, 311; catch phrases used in, 312; suggestive names used in, 313; good and bad headlines for, 313; of still-life, 314; without a definite center, 315; illustrating the principle of balance, 315; exercises to write, 315 ff.; paragraph topics dealing with, 317 ff.; some examples of, 318 ff. Advertising, 308 ff.; importance of, 308; different forms of, 309-310; fundamentals of, 310-311; outline for debate on, 141 ff.; bibliography for, 320. Affect and effect, 102-103. Affirmative of debate on advertising, 141 ff. After, as preposition and conjunction, 55. Agent, 134, 299-300; commission of, 323. Agreement, grammatical, 71-72, 85 ff. Amusement, motive appealed to in advertising, 311. Analysis, word, 29 ff. Ance and ence, 34. And, in compound sentence, 45, 173 ff.; in series, punctuation with, 171 ff.; used in joining parallel expressions, 211 ff.; for to, 119; excessive use of, 127-128. Anglo-Saxon prefixes and suffixes, 29 ff. Answering complaints, letters to be used in, 257 ff. Ant and ent, 33. Antecedents, uncertain, 207 ff. Apostrophe, the, used to form the possessive case, 67, 69, 159; used to indicate the omission of letters, 160; to show plural of letters and figures, 160. Appeals made in advertisements, 311-312. Application, letters of, 259 ff. Appositives, case of, 65, 66; punctuation with, 179-180. Article, incorrect omission of in business letters, 242. As, case following, 121; a conjunction, 124; followed by an understood verb, 124; punctuation with, 195. As—as, used in expressions stating equality, 125. As follows, punctuation with, 195. Atlas, story of the derivation of, 5. Authorized capital stock, 355. Baby blunder, 44. Balance, principle of, used in advertisements, 315. Bank draft, 341-343. Banking: inconvenience of barter, 332; kinds of paper money, 332-333; credit, 333; discount, 335; collateral, 335; promissory note, 336; forms of remittance, 338 ff.; letters pertaining to, 345 ff.; topics for investigation and discussion, 349-350; bibliography for, 350; dictation exercises on, 350 ff. Banks, departments of, 333; of deposit, 334 ff.; savings, 334, 336 ff.; trust companies, 334, 337 ff. Be, conjugation, indicative, 104; subjunctive, 112; used to form progressive tenses, 88 ff., 105; used to form passive voice, 105 ff. Before, used as preposition and conjunction, 55. Beg to state, 243. Bibliography, on manufacture, 280; on distribution, 304-305; on advertising, 320; on banking, 350. Bill of lading, 285; straight or order, 285. Blunder, baby, 44. Body of the letter, 232. Bonds, 357 ff.; redemption of, 358; maturity of, 358; long period, 358; short time, 358. Breve, 9. Brevity in business letters, mistaken for conciseness, 199. Business letters, 229 ff.; essentials of, 230; the form of, 231; the arrangement of, 232; cautions in writing, 235 ff.; directions for folding, 238; to order goods, 239; the tone of, 240; mistaken ideas in writing, 241 ff.; to make sales, 244; to accompany a catalogue, 245 ff.; to open an account, 250; to make collections, 253 ff.; to answer complaints, 257 ff.; applying for positions, 259 ff.; form, 264; circular and follow-up, 264 ff. Business news, to suggest topics for talks, 155. Business thinking, importance of, 2. c and g, pronunciation of, 24. Can and may, 102. Capital stock, explained, 353; preferred, 355; common, 355; par and market values of, 355 ff. Capitals, use of, 160 ff. Caret, the, 9. Carriers, common, 284. Case, defined, 64; nominative, 64 ff.; objective, 64, 66; possessive, 64, 67; exercise in, 70 ff.; following prepositions, 66, 119. Cause and effect, paragraphs developed by, 223. Caution, its appeal in advertising, 311-312. Cautions in writing business letters, 235 ff. Cede, ceed, sede, 34. Certificate, the gold, 332; the silver, 332. Certified check, the, 339-340. Check, the, 338 ff.; personal, 339; certified, 339-340. Choosing subjects, suggestions for, 146 ff. Cion, sion, tion, 34. Cious, tious, 33. Circular letters, 264 ff. Class paper, suggestions for a, 156. Classes of advertisements, 311. Clause, the, defined, 42; principal, 42; subordinate, 42; incorrectly used as a sentence, 45; introductory words for, 54; adjective, 54; adverb, 54; noun, 54; modifiers, 54; introduced by than or as, 121; initial, punctuation of, 176; restrictive and non-restrictive, 59-60; punctuation of relative, 185 ff.; coming at the end of the sentence, punctuation of, 188-189; incomplete, 205-206; misplaced, 209 ff. Clauses, punctuation of series of, 171 ff. Clear title to property, explained, 322. Clearing house, daily routine of, 350-351. Clearness of the sentence, mistakes that prevent: dangling expressions, 205 ff.; pronouns with uncertain antecedents, 207 ff.; misplaced modifiers, 209-210; omission of necessary words, 210-211; shift of construction, 211 ff. Close, courteous, of business letters, 232, 237. Coherence between sentences, 127-128; 224 ff.; between paragraphs, 224 ff. Collateral, 335-336. Collection letters, 253 ff. Collective noun, defined, 57. Colon, use of the, 194. Colonization, 307. Combination of short sentences to secure unity, 202 ff. Comfort, its appeal in advertising, 311-312. Comma fault, the, 44 ff. Comma, use of the, in direct quotations, 163 ff.; in series, 171 ff.; in compound sentences, 45, 173 ff.; to set off initial clauses or participial phrases, 175 ff.; to separate the month from the year, etc., 178; to indicate the omission of words, 178; to set off appositives, 179 ff.; to set off parenthetical expressions, 180 ff.; to set off independent elements, 182 ff.; to set off non-restrictive clauses, 185 ff.; to set off modifiers coming at the end of the sentence, 188 ff. Command used in good headlines of advertisements, 313. Commercial department of a bank, 333. Commercial terms, abbreviations of, 27-28. Commission, agent's, 323. Common carriers, 284. Common noun, defined, 57. Common stock, 355. Companies, kinds of, 273. Company, the steamship, 284; the railroad, 284 ff. (See Corporation, 353 ff.) Comparative degree, of adjectives, 78; of adverbs, 79. Comparison and contrast, paragraphs developed by, 223. Comparison, of adjectives, 78; of adverbs, 79; negative, 125. Complaint, letters answering, 257 ff. Complement, subjective, 65. Complex sentence, defined, 42. Composition, oral and written, 127 ff. Compound nouns, plural of, 20. Compound relatives, 59. Compound sentence, defined, 42; punctuation of, 45, 173 ff. Con, prefix, 32. Conciseness of expression, 199. Condensation to secure clearness, 200. Conjugation, of write, active voice, 88 ff.; of be, 104 ff.; of follow, passive voice, 105 ff. Conjunction, and the preposition, 116 ff. Conjunctions. Coördinate, 45; punctuation with, 45, 173 ff.; distinguished from conjunctive adverbs, 45. Subordinate, list of, 54; than and as, 121. Correlative, 122. Conjunctive adverbs, 45; distinguished from coördinate conjunctions, 45; punctuation with, 45. Connection, smooth, 127-128, 224 ff.; methods of securing, 224 ff. Conservation, 191-192. Consignee, 285. Consonant, final, doubling of, 22; silent, words containing, 11. Construction, letters dealing with contract for, 263; shift of, 211. Contract, letters dealing with, for painting iron-work, 262; for the delivery of property, 263; for construction, 263. Contraction, apostrophe used with, 160. Coördinate conjunctions, 45; punctuation with, 45, 173 ff. Coördinate expressions, 122 ff. Copulative verbs, defined, 83. Corporate organization, 359. Corporation, the, 353 ff.; finances of, 354; capital stock of, 354 ff.; dividends of, 355; stockholders of, 355; bonds of, 357 ff.; organization of, 359; directors of, 359; railroad, 360-361; public utility, 361-362; industrial, 363; topics for investigation and discussion on, 365; dictation exercises on, 365 ff. Correlatives, defined, 122; correct position of with coördinate expressions, 122-123; either—or and neither—nor, 123. Cost of living, paragraph on, 173. Cotton seed, paragraph on, 176. Cotton in the Soudan, paragraph, 181. Could and might, 102. Courteous close, in business letters, 232, 237. Courtesy in business letters, 231, 240. Credit, 333. Credit letters, 250 ff. Currency, bill, 333; legislation, 333, 349. Current events, to suggest subjects for talks, 155. Dangling expressions, 205 ff. Dash, use of, 195 ff.; too free use of in business letters, 243, 247. Dead letter sale, 190. Debate, outline for a, 141 ff.; subjects for, 139 ff., 144; on manufacture, suggestions for, 275; on distribution, 290, 302. Debating, 137 ff.; proposition for, 137; six rules for, 137 ff.; false conclusions in, 138; irrelevant matter in, 138. Declarative sentence, defined, 41. Declension of pronouns, personal, 58; relative, 59; interrogative, 60. Deed, 322. Degrees of comparison, 78-79. Demonstrative pronouns, 60. Departments, of banks, 333; of railroads, 360. Deposit, banks of, 334; slip, 334. Details, explanatory, necessary to secure interest, 147; paragraphs developed by, 222. Development of paragraphs, methods of, 222-223. dg, words containing, 25. Diacritical marks, 8, 10. Diaeresis, 9. Dialogue, paragraphing in, 168 ff. Dictation exercises, for series, 171; for compound sentences, 173-174; for initial clauses or participial phrases, 176; for parenthetical expressions, 180-181; for independent elements, 182-183; for non-restrictive relative clauses, 186; for the semicolon, 193-194; on manufacture, 280-281; on distribution, 305 ff.; on real estate, 329 ff.; on banking, 350 ff.; on corporations, 365 ff. Direct discourse, 163 ff.; use of comma in, 170. Directors of corporations, 359. Discount, 335. Discourse, direct, 163 ff.; indirect, 166 ff. Discussion and investigation topics, on manufacture, 278-279; on distribution, 304; on real estate, 327; on banking, 349-350; on the corporation, 365. Dishwasher, letters to sell a, 265 ff. Distribution. Transportation an essential element, 283 ff.; the steamship company, 284; the railroad company, 284 ff.; the retail merchant, 286 ff.; the wholesale merchant, 291 ff.; the mail order merchant, 295 ff.; the salesman, 298 ff.; suggestions for debates, 302; subjects for paragraphs, 303 ff.; topics for investigation and discussion, 304; bibliography, 304 ff.; dictation exercises, 305 ff. Dividends, 355. Dividing a subject into its natural divisions, 149 ff. Dot, 9. Double relative, 59. Doubling final consonants, rule for, 22. Draft, bank, 341 ff.; time, 343-344; sight, 344-345. Dropping of final e, 22, 25. Druggist, outline of advertising letters sent by, 268-269. Durability, its appeal in advertising, 311-312. E, final, retained, 25. Each, every, 62, 86 (3) Economy, its appeal in advertising, 311-312. Effect and affect, 102. Efficiency, office, 217; stenographic, 217. ei or ie, 24. Either—or, 123. Electric washing machine, outline of letters to sell, 269. Elements, independent, case of, 65; punctuation of, 182. Emphatic pronouns, 59. Emulation, its appeal in advertising, 311-312. ence and ance, 34. Endings, peculiar adjective, 33; peculiar noun and verb, 34. Endorsing a check, methods of, 340. English, oral, 1, 127 ff.; written, 1. (See Punctuation, The Clear Sentence, Business Letters.) ent, 33. Enthusiasm in business, 230. eous, 33. Essentials, of a sales letter, 230; in manufacture, 272-273; of an advertisement, 310-311. Every, number of, 86. Examples and illustrations, paragraphs developed by, 222. Examples of advertisements, 318 ff. Except, a preposition, 124; incorrectly used as a conjunction, 124. Except and accept, 102. Exclamation mark, use of, 162. Exclamatory sentence, defined, 41. Explanatory details, paragraphs developed by, 222. Explanatory expressions, punctuation of, 179 ff. Appositives, 179; parenthetical expressions, 180; independent elements, 182; explanatory relative clauses, punctuation of, 185; subordinate elements coming at the end of the sentence, 188. Exports in cattle, paragraph on, 76. Express money order, 340-341. Expression, conciseness of, 199; variety of, 111. f, and fe, plurals of nouns ending in, 19. False conclusions in debating, 137-138. Farm lands, 325 ff.; outline of letters to sell, 267-268; letters pertaining to, 325 ff.; topics for investigation and discussion on, 327; dictation exercises on, 329 ff. Farm reform, 329. Farming specials, 330. Favor, your esteemed, and similar expressions, to avoid, 243. Fee simple, 322. Fewer and less, 80. Figures, plural of, 20, 160. Final consonant, rule for doubling, 22. Final e, dropped, 22, 25; retained, 25-26. Finance department of a railroad, 360-361. Finances of a corporation, 354. Fly, flow, flee, 101. Folding a letter, directions for, 238. Follow, conjugation of in the passive voice, 105 ff.; synopsis of, passive, 106. Following, the, punctuation after, 195. Follow-up letter, the, 264 ff. For, as preposition and conjunction, 55. Foreclosing a mortgage, 322. Foreign plurals, 21. Foreign news, to suggest subjects for talks, 155. For example, punctuation with, 195. For instance, punctuation with, 195. Form letter, the, 264. Form of the business letter, 231. Formation, of participles, 21 ff.; of possessive case, 67; of infinitives, 110. Freight bill, 286. Freight, receipt for, 285. Furniture, outline of letters to sell, 269. Future tense, 88 ff.; progressive, 89; perfect, 90. G, pronunciation of, 24. Gas mantles, paragraph on, 280-281. Gold certificates, 332. Good and bad headlines in advertisements, 313-314. Government's Laundry, the, 173-174. Greek roots, 30. Had ought, 103. "Hammock" paragraph, 216. Have and of, 119. Heading of the business letter, 232, 235. Headlines of advertisements, good and bad, 313-314. Health, its appeal in advertising, 311-312. Herculean, 5. Homonyms, 14-15. How to advance, paragraph on, 177. Hoping and similar expressions, to avoid, 242-243. Hyphen, use of, 196. Ible, 33. Ideas, mistaken, in letter writing, 241 ff. ie or ei, 24. Illustrations and examples, paragraphs developed by, 222. Imperative sentence, defined, 41. In, prefix, 33. Income of railroads, 360. Incorrectly used, nouns and pronouns, 73-74; adjectives and adverbs, 81-82; verbs, 114-115; prepositions, 118-119. Indefinite it or they, 207 ff. Indefinite pronouns, 61; used as adjectives, 61. Independent elements, case of, 65; punctuation of, 182. Indicative mode, defined, 112; of be, 112. Indirect discourse, 166 ff. Indirect object, 66. Industrial corporations, 363. Industry, 273. Infinitive, defined, 109; tenses and voices of, 110; split, 77, 209. Initial clause or participial phrase, punctuation of, 176. Insurance, 327 ff.; letters pertaining to, 328 ff. Insurance and real estate, 321 ff. Interesting words, 1 ff. Interjection, 49; O, 161. Interrogation mark, use of, 162; position of with quotation marks, 163 ff. Interrogative pronouns, declined, 60. Interrogative sentence, 41. Intransitive verb, 83. Introduction of the letter, 232, 235-236. Investigation and discussion, topics for, on manufacture, 278-279; on distribution, 304; on real estate, 327; on banking, 349-350; on the corporation, 365. Investments, mining, 365-366. Investors, 184, 185. ious, 33. Irregular plurals of nouns, 19. Irregular verbs, principal parts of, 95 ff. ise, ize, yze, 34. It used indefinitely, 207 ff. Italic, derivation of, 3. Italian a, 9. Its and it's, 160 ff. k, insertion of, 25. Kindly, abuse of, 243. Labor, 274. Local news, to suggest subjects for talks, 155. Land business, the, 325 ff. Latin-American trade, the, 306. Latin prefixes and suffixes, 31. Lay and lie, 100-101. Learn and teach, 101. Lease, 321. Least, used in the superlative degree, 78. Legal department of a railroad, 360-361. Length of good headlines in advertisements, 313. Less and fewer, 80. Letter beginnings, 240, 247, 248-249. Letter, to investors, 47; to accompany a style book, 172; to sell a trip on the water, 183-184; to sell a house coat, 221-222; ordering goods, 239; from A. Lincoln to Mrs. Bixby, 240-241; to accompany a catalogue, 245 ff.; to sell cheese, 246; to sell hinged paper, 247-248; to open an account, 250-251; credit, 251-252; requesting payment, 254 ff.; answering a complaint, 257-258; of application, 260-261; follow-up, 265 ff.; from a bank, soliciting a trust (to be punctuated), 348-349; market, 366. Letters, plurals of, 20. Letters, business, in the manufacturing business, 276 ff.; in the retail business, 287 ff.; in the wholesale business, 292 ff.; in the mail order business, 295 ff.; to help the salesman, 301; pertaining to banking, 345 ff. (See Business letters, Letter.) Lie and lay, 100-101. Like, followed by the objective case, 124. Loose and lose, 103. Lose and loose, 103. Luck and labor, paragraph on, 174. Macron, the, 9. Magazine advertising, 311 ff. Mail order business, the, 295 ff.. Manufacture, 270 ff.; essentials in, 272-273; subjects for themes on, 275; suggestions for debates on, 275; letters in, 276 ff.; topics for investigation and discussions on, 278 ff.; bibliography for, 280; dictation exercises in, 280 ff. Market letter, 366. Market value, 355 ff. Marks, diacritical, 7; question, 162; quotation, 163 ff. Materials, raw, 274. Maturity of bonds, 358, 364. May and can, 102. Merchant, the retail, 286 ff.; the wholesale, 291 ff.; the mail order, 295 ff. Methods of endorsing a check, 340. Might and could, 102. Mining investment, principles of, 365. Misplaced modifiers, 209-210. Mispronounced, words commonly, 13, 17. Mistaken ideas in letter writing, 241 ff. Mode, defined, 112; indicative and subjunctive of be, 112; subjunctive denoting possibility, 113. Model letters. (See Letter.) Modern business done by letter, 229 ff. Modifiers, adjective and adverb, word, 49; phrase, 52 ff.; clause, 54-55; used to secure unity, 202; misplaced, 209-210. Money, 332; kinds of paper, 332 ff.; its appeal in advertising, 311-312. Money order, express, 340-341; postal, 341. Monosyllables ending in silent e, 9. Month from year, comma used to separate, 178. More or less, used in the comparative degree, 78. Mortgage, 322, 357 ff.; foreclosing a, 322. Most or least, used in the superlative degree, 78. Motives to which advertisements appeal, 311. Namely, punctuation with, 195. Names, suggestive, in advertising, 313. National bank notes, 333. National news, to suggest subjects for talks, 155. Necessary words, omission of, 210-211. Need, its appeal in advertising, 311-312. Negative comparison, 125. Negative, outline for a debate on advertising, 143 ff. Neither—nor, 123. News, to suggest topics for talks, 155. Nominative absolute, 65. Nominative case, 64 ff.; as subject, 64; as subjective complement (predicate nominative), 65; as appositive, 65; independent, 65; absolute, 65. Nor, 123. Notes, 359; promissory, 336. Noun, defined, 49; clause, 54; and the pronoun, 57 ff.; common, 57; proper, 57; collective, 57; abstract, 57; verbal, 57; modified by every and similar words, 86; collective, number of, 86. Nouns, rules for plurals of, regular, 18; ending in y, 19; ending in o, 19; ending in f and fe, 19; irregular, 19-20; compound, 20; foreign, 21; possessive case of, 67; incorrectly used, 73-74; joined by or, 86; punctuation of series of, 171 ff. Number of verb, 86. O, capitalization of, 161. o, plural of nouns ending in, 19. Object, of a preposition, 55, 66; of a transitive verb, 66; indirect, 66; second, 66. Objective case, 64, 66; as direct object of a transitive verb, 66; as object of a preposition, 66, 119; as indirect object, 66; as second object, 66; as appositive, 66; as adverbial modifier, 66; following like, 124. Observation, subjects taken from, 146 ff. Obsolete words, 3. Of and have, 119. Of phrase substituted for the possessive case, 67. Oh, 161. Omission, of letters, 160; of necessary words, 210 ff.; of subject in business letters, 242. Opening an account, letters for, 240 ff. Operating department of a railroad, 360. Oral English, exercises in, 127 ff. Oral expression, 127 ff.; variety of, 111. Oral reproduction, from magazines, 147; from newspapers, 154 ff. Oral exercises, in general, 127 ff.; on manufacture, 273 ff.; in the retail trade, 286; in the wholesale trade, 290 ff.; in the mail order business, 295; in connection with the salesman, 299 ff. Order bill of lading, 285. Ordering goods, letter for, 239. Order, express money, 340-341; postal money, 341. Organization, corporate, 359; of a railroad, 360. Outline, for a debate, 141 ff.; how to make an, 151 ff. Paper money, kinds of, 332 ff. Paragraph, the, 215 ff.; in dialogue, 168 ff.; proper length of, 215-216; topic sentence in, 216 ff.; "hammock," 216; how developed, 222-223. Paragraphs on, Sacramento City, 48; exports in cattle, 76; cost of living, 173; the government's laundry, 173-174; luck and labor, 174; sawdust, 174-175; a new kind of wood, 175; hogs as mortgage lifters, 175; cotton seed, 176; making paper, 176-177; how to advance, 177; bubonic plague, 177; politics of a city, 181; cotton in the Soudan, 181; the "yellow" invasion, 182; saving, 182, 184, 193; investors, 184, 185; Chicago's milk supply, 186; the dead letter sale, 190; industries, controlled, 193; the secret blotter, 197; a mummy's doll, 198; office efficiency, 217; stenographic efficiency, 217; business courtesy, 218; the rural landscape of Norway, 218; the Spectator, 218-219; income, 225; gas mantles, 280-281; production of wool, 281; casting metals, 281; transportation, 305; the Latin-American trade, 306; the parcel post in Africa, 306; the remedy for wrecks, 306-307; colonization, 307; farm reform, 329; farming specials, 330; selection of seed, 330-331; the clearing house, 350-351; washed money, 351-352; an early monopoly, 365; mining investments, 365-366. Paragraphs, subjects for. See Subjects. Parenthesis marks, use of, 196; wrongly used to cancel expressions, 196. Parenthetical expressions, punctuation of, 180 ff. Participle, defined, 109; tenses and voices of, 109; the dangling, 205-206. Participles, formation of, 21; of verbs in y, 23. Participial phrases, punctuation of, 176 ff.; 188 ff. Parts of speech: The noun and the pronoun, 49, 57 ff.; the adjective and the adverb, 49, 75, ff.; the verb, 49, 83 ff.; the preposition and the conjunction, 49, 116 ff.; the interjection, 49. Parts, principal, of irregular verbs, 95 ff. Par value, 355. Passive voice, defined, 84; conjugation of follow, in the, 105 ff.; synopsis of follow in the, 106. Past tense, 88; progressive form of, 89; emphatic form of, 89; perfect, 90. Payment, letters requesting, 253 ff. Perfect tenses, 89 ff. Period, use of, 162. Personal pronouns declined, 58. Personality essential in a salesman, 298. Persons of the pronouns, 58. Phrase modifiers, 52 ff. Phrases, prepositional, 52 ff.; adverbial, 52-53; adjective, 52-53; classification of, 110; punctuation of series of, 171 ff.; initial participial, punctuation of, 176; incorrectly used as a sentence, 45, 242. Plurals, of nouns, 18 ff.; of letters and figures, 20, 160; of foreign nouns, 21. Positive degree, 78, 79. Possessive case, 64, 67; rules for forming, 67; separate possession, in the, 67; with verbal nouns, 67 ff.; of phrase substituted for, 67; use of the apostrophe in the, 159. Possibility, use of the subjunctive mode to show, 113 ff. Postal money order, 341. Predicate, of the sentence, 41; nominative, 65. Preferred stock, 355. Prefix, usually constituting a syllable, 16; Anglo-Saxon, 29; Latin, 31; ad, con, and in, 32-33. Present tense, 88; progressive, 88; emphatic, 88; perfect, 89. Preposition, defined, 49; phrase introduced by, 52; followed by the objective case, 66, 119; and the conjunction, 116 ff.; the wrong, 119; necessary, 119. Prepositional phrases, 52-53. Prepositions, and adverbs confused, 52; list of, 53; used with certain verbs, 116-117; incorrectly used, 118-119. Pride, its appeal in advertising, 311-312. Principal clauses, 42. Principal parts of irregular verbs, 95 ff. Progressive tenses, 88 ff.; 105. Promissory note, 335. Pronominal adjectives, 60. Pronoun, defined, 49; and the noun, 57 ff.; incorrect use of same as a pronoun, 72-73. Pronouns, 58 ff.; personal, declined, 58; emphatic, 59; reflexive, 59; list of relative, 54; declension of relative, 59; compound relative, 59; double relative, 59; restrictive relative, 59 ff.; interrogative declined, 60; demonstrative, 60; indefinite, 61; adjective, 61; possessive in form, not in use, 59 (note); incorrectly used, 73 ff.; joined by or, 86. Pronunciation, 7 ff.; slurring syllables in, 7; of c and g, 24. Proper noun, defined, 57; capitalization of, 57, 161. Proposition for debate, 137. Public utility corporations, 361 ff. Punctuation, 158 ff.; apostrophe, 159 ff.; capitals, 160 ff.; period, 162; interrogation mark, 162; exclamation mark, 162; quotation marks, 163 ff.; comma, 170 ff.; semicolon, 192 ff.; colon, 194 ff.; dash, 195 ff.; parenthesis marks, 196; hyphen, 196 ff.; of series, 170 ff.; of compound sentences, 45, 173 ff.; of initial clause or participial phrase, 175 ff.; of explanatory expressions, 179 ff.; after as follows, etc., 195; after namely, etc., 195. Quality, its appeal in advertising, 311-312. Questions for discussion on, manufacture, 273-274; the retail merchant, 286-287; the wholesale merchant, 291-292; the mail order merchant, 295; advertising, 309-310; real estate, 323; the corporation, 363-364. Quitclaim deed, 322. Quotation marks, use of, 163 ff. Quotations, use of comma in, 170 ff. Railroad, the, 360; sources of income of, 360; organization of, 360; departments of, 360 ff. Railroad company, the, 284, 360. Raise and rise, 101. Raw materials, 274. Reading, subjects taken from, 147 ff. Real and very, 81. Real estate and insurance, 321. Real estate business, 321 ff. Rent, 321; lease, 321; warranty deed, 322; quitclaim deed, 322; clear title, 322; fee simple, 322; mortgage, 322; foreclosing a mortgage, 322; agent and commission, 323; letters in, 324 ff.; topics for investigation and discussion, 327. Receipt for freight, 285. Redemption of bonds, 358. Reflexive pronouns, 59. Reform, farm, 329. Relative pronouns, list of, 54, 59; declined, 59; double, 59; restrictive, 59 ff.; compound, 59. Relative value of different forms of advertising, 310. Remedy for wrecks, 306-307. Remittance, forms of, 338 ff. Check, 339; certified check, 339 ff.; endorsement, methods of, 340; express money order, 340; postal money order, 341; bank draft, 341 ff.; time draft, 343 ff.; sight draft, 344 ff. Rent, 321. Reproduction, oral, from magazines, 147 ff.; from newspapers, 154 ff. Requesting payment, letters, 253 ff. Restricting the subject, 150. Restrictive relative pronouns, 59 ff. Retail merchant, the, 286 ff. Richards' baby stocking fund, 337. Rise and raise, 101. Roots, Greek, 30. Rules. For spelling: regular plurals in s and es, 18; changing final y to i, 19; nouns in o, 19; nouns in f and fe, 19; plural by change of vowel, 19; by adding en, 19; no change for the plural, 20; two plurals, 20; compound nouns, 20; plurals of letters and figures, 20; foreign plurals, 21; doubling final consonant, 21-22; retaining y before ing, 23; ie or ei, 24; soft c and g, 24; dropping final silent e, 25; retaining final e, 25-26. For punctuation: the apostrophe, to show the possessive case of nouns, 159; to show omission of letters, 160; to show plurals of letters, figures, and words not regularly nouns, 160; capitals, 160 ff.; the period, 162; the interrogation mark, 162; the exclamation mark, 162; quotation marks, 163 ff.; comma in direct quotations, 170; comma in series, 171 ff.; comma in compound sentence, 173 ff.; comma after initial clause or participial phrase, 175 ff.; comma to separate month from year, etc., 178; comma to show omission of words, 178; comma to set off appositive, 179 ff.; comma to set off parenthetical expressions, 180 ff.; comma to set off independent elements, 182 ff.; comma to set off non-restrictive relative clause, 185 ff.; comma to set off subordinate element at the end of the sentence, 188 ff.; the semicolon, 192 ff.; the colon, 194 ff.; the dash, 195 ff.; parenthesis marks, 196; the hyphen, 196. S 1, comma fault, 44. S 2, use of phrase or clause as sentence, 45. Sacramento City, paragraph on, 48. Salary, 3. Sales letter, the, 244 ff. Salesman, the, 298 ff.; letters to help the, 301-302. Salutation, the, of business letters, 232, 236-237. Same, not a pronoun, 72-73; distinctly business blunder, 243. Saving, paragraphs on, 182, 184, 193. Savings banks, 334, 336; postal, 337. Savings department of bank, 332. Saw and seen, 99-100. Sawdust, paragraph on, 174. Second object, 66. Secretary's report, the, 115 (note). Sede, cede, ceed, 34. Selection of seed, 330-331. Semicolon, uses of, 45, 174, 192 ff. Sentence, the, and its elements, 41 ff.; subject of, 41; simple, 42; complex, 42; compound, 42; compound, punctuation of, 45, 174; predicate of, 41; declarative, defined, 41; interrogative, defined, 41; imperative, defined, 41; exclamatory, defined, 41; simple, defined, 42; compound, defined, 42; complex, defined, 42; errors, 44. Separation, the keynote of punctuation, 159. Series, punctuation of, 171 ff. Set, and sit, 101. Shall and will, 89, 92. Shareholders, 355. Shares, of capital stock, 355. Shift in construction, 211 ff. Short sentences, combination of, 202 ff. Should and would, 93-94. Sight draft, 344-345. Signature, the, in business letters, 232, 237-238. Silent consonant, words containing, 11. Silent vowels, 11. Silver certificates, 332. Simple sentence, defined, 42. Since, as preposition and conjunction, 55. sion, tion, cion, 34. Sit and set, 101. Slang, 129. Slurring of syllables, 7. Smooth connection, 127-128, 224; methods of securing, 224. Snappy style, in letter writing, 246. So—as, in negative comparisons, 125. So habit, to avoid the, 111, 128. Soudan, cotton in the, 181. South Africa, parcel post in, 306. Specials, railroad farming, 330. Spectator, The, paragraph from Macaulay, 218-219. Speech, parts of, 48 ff. Speech, plan in making, 131 ff.; outline for, 151 ff. Spelling, rules, 18 ff.; 500 words for, 36 ff. Split infinitive, 77, 209. States, abbreviation of names of, 26-27. Steamship company, the, 284. Steel, trouble in introducing, 191. Stenographic efficiency, 217. Still-life advertisements, 314. Stock, capital, common and preferred, 353, 355; authorized capital, 355. Stockholders, 355. Stocks, of a corporation, 354 ff. Straight bill of lading, 285. Style, in letter writing, 244 ff. Subject, as a whole, 148; divisions of, 149 ff.; making outline of, 151 ff.; restricting the, 150, 153; of the sentence, 41, 65; simple, 55; complete, 55; of subordinate clause, 55; compound, number of, 86; incorrect omission of, in business letters, 242. Subjective complement, 65. Subjects, how to choose, 146 ff.; for debates, 141, 144, 275, 290, 302; for compositions on manufacture, 274, 275, 278-279; on distribution, 299, 301, 303, 304; on advertising, 317, 318; suggested by personal experience, 147; suggested by reading, 147, 154. Subjunctive mode, defined, 112; of be, 112; used to denote possibility, 113. Subordinate clauses, adjective, adverb, noun, 54; subject of, 55. Subordinate conjunctions, list of, 54. Subordination, in the sentence, 201 ff. Subscription, outline of letters to sell, 268. Success, elements of, 135. Successful men and women, 136. Suffix, usually constituting a syllable, 16; Anglo-Saxon, 29; adjective, 30; verb, 31; noun, 31; able and ible, 33; ant and ent, 33. Suggestions for debates, 139 ff., 144; on manufacture, 275; on distribution, 290, 302. Suggestive names in advertisements, 313; headlines, 313-314. Superlative degree, of adjectives, 78; of adverbs, 79. Superlatives, to be avoided, 129. Syllabication, 15. Syllables, slurred, 7; division of words into, 15 ff. Synopsis of write, active voice, 91. Teach and learn, 101. Technical words, 4. Tense, defined, 88; of participle, 109; of infinitive, 110. Tenses, distinguished, 88 ff. (See Present tense, Past tense, Perfect tenses.) Than and as, case following, 121. That, restrictive relative, 59 ff. That is, punctuation with, 195. The following, punctuation with, 195. Themes, oral, 127 ff. (See Oral themes.) There, their, 126. Thinking, business, 2. Thus, punctuation with, 195. Tilde, 9. Time draft, 343-344. Tion, sion, cion, 34. Tious, troublesome ending, 33. Title, clear, to property, 322. Titles, 150; of officials and of honor, 161; of books and plays, 162. To, too, two, distinguished, 125-126. Tone, of the letter, 240. Topic sentence, in the paragraph, 216 ff. Topics for investigation and discussion, on manufacture, 278-279; on distribution, 304; on real estate, 327; on banking, 349-350; on the corporation, 365. Trade, Latin-American, 306. Traffic department of railroad, 359. Transitive verb, followed by objective case, 66; defined, 83. Transportation, 283. Troublesome verbs, 100 ff.; lie and lay, 100 ff.; sit, set, 101; fly, flow, flee, 101; rise, raise, 101; teach, learn, 101; may, can, 102; might, could, 102; accept, except, 102; affect, effect, 102 ff.; lose, loose, 103. Trust companies, 334, 337. Trust department of a bank, 332. Uncertain antecedents, pronouns with, 207 ff. United States treasury notes, 333. Unity, in the sentence, 199; in the paragraph, 216. Unless, a conjunction, 124. Until, as preposition and conjunction, 55. Usefulness, its appeal in advertising, 311. Utility corporations, public, 36 ff. Value, par of stock, 355 ff.; market, 355 ff. Vanity, its appeal in advertising, 311. Variety of expression, 111. Verb, the, 83 ff.; defined, 49; transitive, 66, 83; intransitive, 83; copulative, 83; active voice of, 84; passive voice of, 84; number of, 85; person of, 85; singular with certain words, 85 ff.; plural with certain subjects, 86; tense of, 88 ff.; shall and will, 92; should and would, 93; conjugation of be, 104 ff.; be used to make progressive tenses, 105; be used to make passive voice, 105 ff.; the participle, 109; the infinitive, 110; mode, 112 ff.; conjugation of write, active voice, 88 ff.; follow, passive voice, 105 ff.; synopsis of write, active voice, 91; synopsis of follow, passive voice, 106. Verbal noun, defined, 57; possessive case with, 67 ff. Verbs, incorrectly used, 114; participles of verbs in y, 23; taking two objects, 66; taking indirect and direct objects, 66; principal parts of irregular, 95 ff.; troublesome, 100 ff.; lie, lay, distinguished, 100; sit and set, distinguished, 101; fly, flow, flee, distinguished, 101; rise and raise, distinguished, 101; teach and learn, distinguished, 101; may and can, distinguished, 102; might and could, distinguished, 102; accept and except, distinguished, 102; affect and effect, distinguished, 102; lose and loose, distinguished, 103; had ought, incorrectly used, 103; certain prepositions used with, 116 ff. Very and real, distinguished, 81 Voice, active and passive, defined, 84; of the participle, 109; of the infinitive, 110. Vowels, pronunciation of, 9; length of, in monosyllables ending in e, 9; words containing silent, 11. Warranty deed, 322. Washed money, 351-352. Washing machine, letters to sell, outline, 269. Watered stock, 357. Way-bill, railroad, 286. Were, where, distinguished, 126. What, double relative, 59. Who, and which, used restrictively, 60. Who and whom, 70 ff. Whoever and whomever, 71. Wholesale merchant, the, 291 ff. Why, childish use of, 128. Will and shall, 89, 92 ff. Will you be so good as to, 243. Wish, subjunctive to express, 113. Without, a preposition, 124; incorrectly used as conjunction, 124. Word analysis, 29 ff. Words, interesting, 1 ff.; obsolete, 3; technical, 4; similarly pronounced 14, 15; frequently mispronounced, 13, 17; containing dg, 25; ending in silent e, retain or drop e, 25; analysis of, 32; easily confused, list of, 35 ff.; 500 for spelling, 36 ff.; used as different parts of speech, 51; omission of, punctuation to show, 178. Wordiness, 130 ff, 200-201. Would and should, 93 ff. Would say, to be avoided, 243. Write, conjugation of, active voice, 88 ff.; synopsis of, passive voice, 91. Writing advertisements, exercises in, 315-316. Written composition, 1, 127 ff. Written expression, 1, 127 ff. Y, nouns ending in, plural of, 19. "Yellow" invasion, paragraph on the, 182. You attitude, the, in letter writing, 244. Yze, ize, ise, 34.

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