INDEX

INDEX

Admiral, flags of, 63-5, 85; in boats, 100; rank distinguished by balls, 101 ---- Lord High, use of standard 77, 80, 87, 88, 91; anchor flag, 80-4, 201; of Scotland, 84, 192 Admiralty flag, 81 Æthelstan, 32 Agrippa, blue flag, 11 Alexander the Great, 7 Amadeo of Savoy, 112, 143 Anchor, as badge of Lord High Admiral, 82 Anne, Queen, 84 Anthony, A., 45 Antioch, 22 Aradus, 7 Artemisia, 8 Athens, 7 Audley, Thomas, 87, 155 Australia, flags of, 85, 121, 135, 136 Baldwin, 19 banner, early, 2; of Richard I, 4, 21; of Edward I, 34; Tudor, 45 baucan, 42, 161 Bauçan, 21 Bayeux Tapestry, 13 Bayonne, 42 Bohemond, 18 Boteler, Sir Nathaniel, 61, 86, 117, 158 Bristol, 46 Bruges, 42 Brutus, 11 Buckingham, Duke of, 78, 82, 89, 91, 157 Bytharne, Jehan, 154 Cabot, John, 77 Cadiz, expeditions to, 88, 89, 114, 157 Calais, 45 Canada, flags of, 121, 135 carroccio, 27 Charlemagne, flag of, 12, 17, 32 Charles II, flag flown at homecoming, 66 Childers, H. C. E., 85 Cinque Ports, flag of, 42, 43, 128 Clarence, Duke of (William IV), 85 colonial flags, 128, 135 colours of distinction, 110; see also Ensign comitus, 25 commodore, pendant of, 102, 105; of Bombay Marine, 122 Conflans, Antoine de, 150 Constantine, 12 Constantinople, 26 council, banner of, 77, 142, 143, 145, 149, 155, 157 crescent, in early standards, 7 Cromwell, Oliver, 65 cross, as standard, 7; in flags, 19; coloured for, at Crusades, 33, 37; of St George, 37 crusades, 17 Danes, 30, 50 Dartmouth, Lord, 107 Dover, 43 dragon standard, form of, 10; in Bayeux Tapestry, 16; in England, 32; of Richard I, 33; at Westminster, 33; in army, 34; in Scotland, 49 Drake, Sir Francis, 45, 60, 113 East India Co., flag of, 130; signals, 183 Edward I, 37; cross of St George, 39; convention with Count of Flanders, 42 Edward III, founds chapel of St George, 40; adopts arms of France, 74; at Sluys, 77; flag at sea, 86 Egypt, 6 ensign, called 'colours,' 6; commonwealth, 62; red for merchant ships, 68; union replaces St George's cross, 71, 118; of three colours, 92; change in white, 99; striped, 115; introduction of red, 115; of white and blue, 117; squadronal colours, 117, 119 Essex, Earl of, 88 Eustace the monk, 86 Faversham, 42 flag, definition of, 1; origin and development, 1; unknown to the Greeks, 9; early Chinese, 9; early Athenian, 9; laterally-attached, 12; protection, 12, 19; Arab, 13; unusual form in Bayeux Tapestry, 15; triangular, 16; Crusaders', 18; introduction of heraldic devices, 21; consecrated, 14, 21, 23; authority conveyed by, 22, 27; of Pisa, 23; of Genoa, 24; of Venice, 25; division of fleet by, 25, 91; origin of national, 27, 28; early English, 30; Saxon, 30; Danish, raven, 30; of St George (vide s.v.); baucan, 42; early English ships, 42-6; Union (vide s.v.); alterations under the Commonwealth, 62; of command, 74; squadronal colours, 111, 117; privateers, 124; public offices, 126; for signals (vide s.v.); ceremonials, 189; striking, 189; salute, 190; lowered as sign of surrender, 192-5; white flag of truce, 193; half-masted, 195; black for mourning, 196; black indicating no quarter, 196; yellow at executions, 196; of captured ship, 195-6; as indication of rejoicing, 196; dressing ship, 197; time for hoisting at sea, 197; false colours, 198; methods of attachment, 199; sizes of, 200. (See also Banner, Ensign, Gonfanon, Standard.) flagstaff, naked, use of, 95 flammula, 11 Flanders, 42 Florence, 27, 28 Garter, Order of, 44 Gaston de Bearn, 18 Genoa, rise of, 23; flag of St George, 24 geton, 6, 44 Godfrey of Bouillon, 18 gonfanon, early form, 2, 5, 13; in Bayeux Tapestry, 14; chansons de geste, 20; Genoese, 24; of St Mark, 26; of council, 44 Greece, 7, 9 Greenwood, Jonathan, 163 guidon, 6 Hamburg, 29 Harold, standard of, 16, 32 Hastings, 42, 46 Hawke, Sir Edward, 164 Hawkins, Sir John, 45, 114, 156, 191 ---- Sir Richard, 191, 193 Henry II, 37, 38 ---- IV, 74 ---- V, ordinances of war, 41 ---- VIII, flags on ships, 45, 113; adopts harp for Ireland, 52 Histiaea, 8 Holy Trinity, 44 Hood, Lord, 174 Hospitallers, flag of knights, 21 Howard of Effingham, 78, 82, 88 Howe, Earl, 120, 167, 168, 171 Indian Marine (Royal), flags of, 121 Innocent III, 22 insignia, 2; mentioned by Vegetius, 10 Ireland, early flags, 50; red saltire, 51; great standard of, 52; arms of, 52, 75; harp, 52, 64, 65, 75 Jack, definition of, 6; introduction of, 60; during Commonwealth, 64, 94; on merchant ships, 68; on yachts, 69; budgee jack, 69, 124; special form for use in America, 70, 127; disuse of, at sea, 71; misuse of term, 73 Jaffa, 19 James I, 54, 75 ---- II (Duke of York), 67, 81, 83, 162 Jerusalem, 18 John (Don) of Austria, 112 Kempenfelt, Richard, 167, 169, 170 Knowles, Sir Charles, 166 La Bourdonnais, Mahé de, 167 Lateran, mosaic, 12 Leo, Emperor, tactical signals, 141 Lloyds, flag, 128 Lubeck, 29 Lyme Regis, 41, 46 McArthur, John, 174 Marryat, Frederick, 183 Mary, Queen, impales arms of Spain in Standard, 74 Milan, early national ensign of, 27 Millan, John, 163 Mocenigo, Piero, 146 Nelson, Lord, 121, 172, 174, 175, 178 New Zealand, flags of, 135 Northumberland, Earl of, 83 Octavian, 11 Padua, 27 Papal flags, 19, 21, 22, 23 Parma, 27 Pembroke, Earl of, 80, 84, 99 pendant, 6, 114; Union, 73; to distinguish squadrons, 90; of command, 102; of distinction, 98, 102; budgee, 105; of Commodore, 102, 105; of senior officer, 107; of ships of war, 110; of Bombay Marine, 122; sizes of, 201, 203; hoisted on commissioning, 202 Pennington, Sir John, 61, 158 pennon, 6 pennoncel, 6, 38, 43 Pepys, Samuel, 57, 66, 95, 102, 104, 108, 126, 130 Pergamum, 8 Philip Augustus, 21 Philip of Flanders, 21 ---- of Spain, 191 phoinikis, 9, 10, 141 pinnae, 11 Pisa, flags of, 22 Polyaenus, 8 Pompey, 11 Popham, Sir Home, 176, 180, 183 private ship, definition of, 90 privateer, flags of, 124; red jack, 70, 125 protentinus, 25 Raymond of Toulouse, 18 Richard I, banner and standard, 4, 21, 33, 74 ---- II, orders army to bear St George's cross, 40; impales arms of Edward the Confessor in Standard, 74 Riga, 29 Robert of Normandy, 19 Rooke, Sir George, 98, 163 royal arms, flags of, 42, 43, 44, 74; of Scotland, 48 Rupen, 22 Rupert, Prince, 79 Russell, Edward, 163 Rye, 46 St Andrew, becomes patron saint of Scotland, 47; cross placed upon clothing of Scots army, 41, 47; flag, 55, 59, 64, 65, 92, 131 St Columba, 47 St Cuthbert, 34 St Edmund, 34, 39, 40, 43 St Edward, 34, 39, 40, 43, 44 St George, cross of, 20; flag of, 24, 34, 36, 42, 44, 51, 55, 57, 59, 91, 113; cult of 35; early representations in England, 36; origin of cross of, 37; introduction into England, 38; becomes patron saint, 40; cross placed on clothing of army, 40; flag on early ships, 42-6; in use during Commonwealth, 62; jack, 68; as admiral's flag, 87, 99; introduced into white ensign, 101, 118; replaced by Union in ensign, 118 St John, 33, 34, 43; flag of Knights of, 21 St Katherine, 44 St Margaret, 50 St Mark, 25, 26, 149 St Mary, flag of, 23, 27, 43, 44 St Maurice, 12, 32 St Nicholas, 44 St Patrick, 50, 52 St Peter, 22, 33, 47 St Wilfred, 33 Sandwich, 42 Saracens, 18 Scotland, early flags of, 46; discontent with the Union Flag, 56; flag during Commonwealth, 63, 64; Northern lighthouses, 128; salute to English men-of-war, 192 semeion, 2, 8, 9, 140 ships, early flags of English, 41-6, 76; Scottish, 48, 63; Irish, 52; distinction between royal and merchant, 59; flags during Commonwealth, 63; public ships of war, 110; private men-of-war, 124; public ships, 126; method of signalling, 188 ---- merchant, flags of, 46, 129; abuse of Union flag, 66; to fly St George's jack, 68, 70, 132; forbidden to fly Union flag, 130; red ensign, 130; East India Co., 130; irregular colours, 133; Levant Co., 134; Guinea Co., 135; Scottish East India Co., 135; of British Dominions, 135; blue ensign, 136 Sidon, 7 signals, vexillum, 10; early flag signals, 140; of 14th cent., 142; of 15th cent., 146; of 16th cent., 150; of 17th cent., 157; special flags first proposed, 160; red flag, 160; first English codes, 161; Commonwealth, 162; late Stuart, 162; of Russell, 163; of Rooke, 163; of Hawke, 164; numerary codes, 166; of Sir Chas. Knowles, 166; of la Bourdonnais, 167; tabular system, 167; of Howe, 169, 171; of McArthur, 174; vocabulary, 175; of Popham, 176, 180; at Trafalgar, 178; modern codes, 181; commercial codes, 183; of Marryat, 183; International Code, 184 signum, 2, 9, 10, 141 standard, early forms, 3; at crusades, 4, 21; Egyptian, 6; Phoenician, 7; Greek, 7; Roman, 9; of Brutus, 11; position of, 11; lowered, 11, 12; of Harold, 16; Battle of the, 33, 34, 49; of the Generals at Sea, 64; of Charles II, 66; Royal, history of, 74; of Commonwealth and Protectorate, 75, 79; early use at sea, 76; flown by Lord High Admiral, 77, 80; by commanders of fleets, 78; of William III, 80 streamers, 6; lengths of, 45, 200 Strickland, Sir Roger, 95 Tancred, 18 Templars, flag of, 21 Tenterden, 46 Trafalgar, 178 Trinity House, 67, 103, 128 tufa, 11 Union Flag, origin of, 54; proclamation of 1606, 55; objection of Scots, 56; quarterly form, 57; first called 'Britain or British flag,' 58; confined to ships of the R.N., 59; introduction of the jack, 60; form during Commonwealth, 63-5, 93; at Restoration, 66; usurped by merchant shipping, 66; imitations of, 68; proclamations against use by merchant ships, 67, 68; union of 1707, 71; of 1801, 71; modern patterns, 72; flown by admirals, 89, 100; use by captains in command, 98; flown by privateers, 124; white bordered, 127; as signal, 158; proportions of crosses in, 201; for persons of distinction, 203 Venice, flag of, 25, 26, 149 Verona, 27 vexillum, 2, 9, 10, 30 William the Conqueror, gonfanon of, 12, 14 William III, 80 Wynter, William, 88, 155 Xerxes, 8 Yachts, flying union flag, 69; flags of, 136 Yarmouth, 46 Young, Captain John, 60, 114, 197

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