INDEX

Abdominal operations, shock in relation to, 27 value of transfusion following, 32 Abdominal veins, “bleeding into,” 27 Accidents, loss of blood following, 20 Acholuric jaundice, blood condition in, 93 blood groups of patients with, 93 transfusion in, 94 Acidosis, in pregnancy, 63 Agglutination, 84, 85 abnormal, 56 among animals, 79 in infants and children, 84 method of the test, 101 phenomenon of, 71-73 potential, of fœtal corpuscles, 85 preceding hæmolysis, 70, 76 Agglutinins, 71 in the blood, discovery of, 15 in maternal blood serum and milk, 86 “major” and “minor,” 73 “minor” in citrated blood, 123 “Agglutinophilic” properties of blood corpuscles, 72, 85 Agote, Prof., first transfusion of citrated blood by, 16 Air hunger, 21 Air-lock in transfusion apparatus, 125, 131, 133 Alkaline solution in treatment of shock, 34 Alkalinized blood, 63 Amaurosis, 21 Amputations, value of transfusion following, 32 Anæmia, 19, 50 acute, 19, 20 amount of blood necessary in transfusion treatment, 25 effect of transfusion on, 22 following hæmorrhage, 20, 24 signs and symptoms of, 20 transfusion treatment of, 31 aplastic, 50 hæmophilia with, 48 splenic, 50 see also Pernicious anæmia Anæsthesia, transfusion in conjunction with, 33 Anæsthetics, shock accentuated by administration of, 31 Anaphylactic shock, following transfusion, 77 in pernicious anæmia, 57 influence on coagulation time of blood, 45 Anastomosis, Crile’s method, 109 for direct transfusion, 108, 109 Antecubital veins, injection of blood into, 134, 135 Anti-agglutinins, 74 Antibodies, in the blood, 58 Anticoagulants, 16 action of, 120, 122 in hæmophilia, 47 sodium citrate, 121 transfusion with, 118 Aplastic anæmia, 50 Arm tourniquet, 126, 128 Army, blood transfusion in, 17 Arteries, in direct transfusion, 108, 109 occlusion of, prevention of, 109 selection of, for transfusion, 108 Asthma, transmission of, 68 Auto-hæmolysins, development of, 94 Auto-hæmolysis of blood outside the body, 94 phenomenon of, 94, 95 Bacteria, blood inhibiting growth of, 58 Bacterial infections, 58-63 transfusion in relation to, 58, 60 Benzol poisoning, transfusion treatment of, 65, 66 Blood, administration of, apparatus for, 115, 126, 127, 130-133 methods, 108, 112, 130-135 time occupied in, 131, 132 agglutinins and iso-agglutinins in, 15, 71, 72, 74 amount in the body, how measured, 22, 23 animals’, use of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 15 anti-agglutinins in, 74 antibodies in, 58 auto-hæmolysis of, 94 bactericidal power of, 58 calcium content of, 120 citrated, see Citrated blood clotting of, see Coagulation coagulation of, see Coagulation defibrinated, early use of, 11, 12 examination of, for transfusion, 56, 57, 95 hydrogen-ion concentration of, 28 immunized, in pyogenic infections, 58 inhibiting growth of bacteria, 58 loss of, see Hæmorrhage maternal, agglutinins in, 86 of donors, see Blood donors of patients, reinfusion with, 42, 43 testing of, 56 rapid administration, danger of, 78 substitutes for, 35, 36 testing of, for transfusion, 68, 83, 92, 95 total quantity in the body, 22 transfused, corpuscles in, 37 relative value of corpuscles and plasma in, 36, 37 withdrawal of, methods and technique, 108, 112, 116, 126-128 Blood clot, mechanism of formation of, 119 rapid hæmorrhage causing, 24 see also Coagulation Blood corpuscles, “agglutinophilic” properties of, 72, 85 and plasma, relative value of, 36, 37 clumping together of, 70 condition during shock, 39 conditions due to alterations in, 50 destruction of, in the toxæmias, 64 effect of transfusion on, 52 fœtal, potential agglutination of, 85 in transfused blood, 36, 37 function of, 37 quantity and concentration during shock, 28 transfusion of, 64 Blood count, during shock, 39 following hæmorrhage, 39 following transfusion, 40 in pernicious anæmia, 51, 53-56 Blood diseases, 50-58 Blood donor, 69 blood of, 56, 57 agglutinating power of serum of, 72-74 testing of, 68 transmission of disease by, 67, 68 characteristics of, 100 choice of, 68, 96-107 effect of blood loss on, 99 for new-born infants, 49 for pernicious anæmia, 56, 57 injury to, during transfusion, 111, 124 members of patient’s family as, 85, 90, 92, 95 “professional,” 69, 98 testing of, 83, 92, 95-97 for blood groups, 101 treatment of, 60, 99, 100 “universal,” 72, 73 vaccine treatment of, prior to withdrawal of blood, 60 withdrawal of blood from, 108, 109, 124 by anastomosis, 108, 109 by Kimpton-Brown tube, 116, 117 by needle, 126-128 by syringe, 112, 113 Blood groups, 67, 69, 70, 101 among animals, 79 and disease, relation between, 81, 93 classification of, 70, 71 compatibility of, 72, 75, 80 in families, 84, 90, 92 testing of, 102 earliest classification of, 15 family incidence of, 84, 90, 92 incidence among our own population, 83 incompatibility of, 80, 92 earliest reference to, 6 in animals, 80 in families, 84, 90, 92 symptoms of, 75-77 testing for, 101, 102 inheritance of, 86, 87, 90, 91 medico-legal considerations, 92 maternal, compared with those of infants, 86, 92 over-lapping of, 72, 96 pathology of, 79 phenomena of, 69-75 physiology of, 79 popular beliefs concerning, 84 racial incidence of, 81, 82 reactions between the serum and corpuscles of, 70, 71, 72, 73 testing for, in blood donors, 97, 101 transfusion in relation to, 95 “unit characters” in, 86, 87, 88 Blood measurements, 22, 23 Blood plasma, in transfused blood, 36, 37 Blood pressure, 21 as an indication for transfusion, 40 danger points in, 21 following loss of blood, 21 low, essential feature of shock, 27 transfusion treatment of, 32 Blood reactions, 70, 71, 72, 80, 101 clinical picture of, 75 disease in relation to, 93 family incidence of, 84, 90, 92, 95 following transfusion, 95, 96, 122, 123 in infants, 84, 90, 92 incompatibility of, transfusion in relation to, 96 intensity of, variations in, 73 recognition of symptoms of, 75-77 variation in degree of, 76 Blood recipients, “universal,” 72, 95 “Blood relations,” transfusion in relation to, 84, 92, 95 Blood serum, agglutination test of, 101 preservation of, 101, 102 stock, 101 collection of, 102 Blood volume, changes in, in hæmorrhage and shock, 24, 25, 27 diminution in shock, 27, 32 estimation of, 22 imperfect oxygenation due to, 36 life dependent on, 24, 25 Blundell, James, his “impellor,” 10, 11 transfusion by (in 1818), 10, 11 Body, total quantity of blood in the, 22 Breathing, difficult, during transfusion, 78 Burns, transfusion for shock due to, 136 Calcium, action of, 120 in the blood, forms in which present, 120 precipitation of, 119 Cancer, transfusion for, 9, 18 Cannula, for direct transfusion, 110 for indirect transfusion, 130 Capillary circulation, condition during shock, 39 stagnation of, following hæmorrhage and shock, 27, 29 Carbon monoxide poisoning, 64 condition of the blood in, 64 transfusion treatment of, 64, 65 Children, transfusion of, technique, 134 see also Infants Chloroform, shock accentuated by administration of, 31 Chlorosis, 50 Circulation, blood volume necessary to maintain balance of, 24, 25 capillary and venous, comparison during shock, 39 condition during shock and hæmorrhage, 27, 28, 29, 39 stagnation of, 28 see also Blood Citrate reactions, 122, 123 Citrated blood, 16, 121, 124 administration of, methods, 129-134 keeping and care of, 128, 129 reaction following use of, 122, 123 transfusion of, 121, 124 first recorded case of, 16 in pernicious anæmia, 51, 56 see also Sodium citrate Clotting, see Coagulation Coagulation, deficient, following hæmorrhage, 41 difficulties connected with, in early experiments, 11, 12 effect of transfusion on, 42 Coagulation, mechanism of production of, 119 outside the body, 118, 119 prevention of, 114, 120 Clotting, prevention of, by sodium citrate, 119, 120 prevention of, during transfusion, 109, 110, 112 transfusion simplified by prevention of, 119 Coagulation time, anaphylactic shock influencing, 45 effect of transfusion on, 46, 47 hæmorrhage in relation to, 44, 45 in jaundice, 44 prolongation of, 44 Coal-gas poisoning, transfusion treatment of, 64 Coga, Arthur, 8 Cold, predisposing to shock, 29, 30 Cox, Thomas, transfusion experiments by, 3 Crile, improvement in technique of transfusion by, 15 method of direct transfusion, 109 Curtis and David, improvements in technique of transfusion by, 16 Daniel, of Leipsic, 3 Darwin, Erasmus, 9 Death, loss of blood causing, 24 Denys, John, first human transfusion performed by, 3, 5, 6 Diabetes mellitus, transfusion in, 66 Diphtheria, 60 acute toxæmia in, 60 experimental transfusion in, 60, 61 Direct transfusion, apparatus for, 109, 110 methods, 108, 109, 110 objections to, 110, 111 technique of, 108-111 Disease, relation between blood groups and, 81, 93 transmission by blood transfusion, 68 Drysdale, Dr. J. H., 52 Duodenal ulcer, severe hæmorrhage from, transfusion treatment, 41 Eclampsia, “fœtal threat” in relation to, 85 transfusion treatment, 62 Ectopic gestation, rupture of, transfusion following, 42 Elsberg and Bernheim’s method of direct transfusion, 109 Emboli, multiple, 77 Endocarditis, transfusion for, 60 Ether, shock accentuated by administration of, 31 Fever, transfusion for, 9 Fluids, administration of, during shock, 34 “Fœtal threat,” 85 Folli, Francesco, supposed blood transfusion by (1654), 2 Fontanelle, use of, 135, 136 Forced fluids, 34 Fullerton’s method of direct transfusion, 110 Gametes, segregation of, 88 Gastric ulcer, severe hæmorrhage from, transfusion treatment, 41 Grafts, tissue, 80 Gum transfusion, 35, 36, 37 and blood transfusion, relative value of, 35, 37 objections to, 36 Gurye, Gaspar de, 6 Hæmatemesis, treatment of, 41 Hæmoglobin percentage, during shock and hæmorrhage, 39 Hæmoglobinuria, 6, 7, 70 as symptom of blood reaction, 76 following blood transfusion, 76 paroxysmal, blood condition in, 94 Hæmolysed blood, toxicity of, 77 Hæmolysins, 71 Hæmolysis, 94, 95 agglutination preceding, 70, 76 early reference to, 6 Hæmophilia, anæmia with, 48 anticoagulants in, 47 blood condition in, 45 sodium citrate administration in, 47, 48 transfusion treatment of, 45-48 Hæmophilics, coagulation time of blood of, 46, 47 transfusion beneficial to, 46 Hæmorrhage, 20 acute anæmia following, 20, 24 blood counts following, 39 blood-volume changes in, 24, 25, 27 Hæmorrhage, coagulation time in relation to, 44, 45 condition of blood following, 24, 27, 28, 39 danger of, 20, 23 effects of, how combated, 33 following gastric or duodenal ulcer, transfusion treatment, 41 general treatment of, 31, 33 gum treatment of, 35, 36 in new-born infants, transfusion treatment, 49 intraperitoneal, 42 limits of, 24 post-partum, transfusion treatment, 42 rapid, 23, 24 reflex compensation for, 99 reinfusion treatment of, 42 saline treatment of, 33 secondary, 40, 41 indications for transfusion in, 41 shock always associated with, 20, 26 shock and, clinical difference between, 38 signs and symptoms of, 38 transfusion treatment of, 20, 25, 31 effects of, how judged, 40 indications for, 40 traumatic, 40 Hæmorrhagic diseases, 44-50 Hæmostasis, blood transfusion producing, 42, 44, 45, 48 Harvey, William, his theory of the circulation, 2 Heart, dilatation of, 78 effect of loss of blood on, 23 Helmholtz, method of transfusion of infants, 135 Heredity, blood groups in relation to, 86, 87, 90, 91 Mendelian theory of, 86, 90 Higginson’s transfusion instrument, 13, 14 Hirudin, use of, 16 Histamine, 30 production of, 30 production of shock by, 30 Horse asthma, transmission of, 68 Howard’s method of transfusion of infants, 135 Hydrogen-ion concentration in the blood, 28, 31 shock in relation to, 28, 32 Hydrophobia, transfusion for, 9 Immunized blood, transfusion by, in pyogenic infections, 58 Incompatibility, symptoms of, 6, 75 Indirect transfusion, 111 Infants, blood groups in, 84, 92 compared with those of mothers, 86, 92 blood reactions in, 84, 90, 92 transfusion of, 48 conditions necessitating, 49, 134 dosage, 136 technique, 134-136 with maternal blood, 85, 92 withdrawal of blood from, 136 Influenzal pneumonia, transfusion for, 61 Innocent VIII, 2 Internal saphenous vein, injection of blood into, in infants, 135 Iso-agglutinins, 72, 79 distribution among animals, 79, 80 Iso-hæmolysins, 72, 79 in animals, artificial reproduction of, 96 Isotonic saline solution in treatment of shock, 34 Jaundice, 44 acholuric, transfusion in, 94 blood groups in patients with, 93 hæmorrhage following operation in cases of, 44 transfusion in cases of, 44 Joekes, Dr., 52, 57 Jugular vein, injection of blood into, 135 Keith, on blood volume changes, 24, 27 on shock and hæmorrhage, 32 Kimpton and Brown, improvements in technique of transfusion by, 16 Kimpton-Brown tube, whole blood transfusion with, technique, 114 King, Edmund, transfusion experiments by, 3, 4, 8 Lamb’s blood, early transfusions with, 5, 9, 15 Legitimacy, inheritance of blood groups in relation to, 92 Leukæmia, 50 blood groups in patients suffering from, 81 Lewisohn’s sodium citrate experiments, 16, 120, 122, 123 Longitudinal sinus, use of, 135 Lower, Richard, transfusion experiments by, 3, 8 Malaria, transmission by transfusion, 67, 68 Malignant disease, blood groups in patients suffering from, 81, 93 “Maternal threat,” 85, 92 Measles, blood injections in, 62 Median basilic vein, accessible for direct transfusion, 108 incision of, 130 puncture of, 126-128 Melæna neonatorum, transfusion for, technique, 134, 135 value of transfusion in, 48 Mendelian theory, 86, 90 of blood groups, 86, 87, 88, 90 Milk, injection of, 15 maternal, agglutinins in, 86 Muscle, damaged, production of histamine from, 30 Needle, for transfusion, 126 case of, 126 improved form of, 113 Nephritis, transfusion treatment of, 63 New-born infants, blood donors for, 49 blood reactions of, 84, 90, 92 hæmorrhagic disease of, 48, 49 transfusion of, 48 technique, 134-136 with maternal blood, 84, 85, 92 Nitrobenzol poisoning, transfusion treatment of, 65 Obstetrics, transfusion in, 42 Operations, shock following, 31 value of transfusion following, 32 Osmotic pressure, 36 significance of, 36 Oxygenation, imperfect, blood loss causing, 36 solutions increasing, 37 Oxyhæmoglobin, conversion into carboxyhæmoglobin in carbon monoxide poisoning, 64 Pain, predisposing to shock, 29 Paraffin wax, coating of glass tube with, 114, 116 in prevention of clotting, 110, 114 Paroxysmal hæmoglobinuria, blood conditions in, 94 Pedigree of blood groups, 90 Pellagra, transfusion in cases of, 66 Pepys, Samuel, 7, 8, 9 Pernicious anæmia, 50 blood condition in, 93 blood count in, 51, 53-56 blood groups in patients with, 93 subcutaneous blood injections in, 58 transfusion treatment of, 50-58, 95 complications of, 57 cases illustrating, 53-55 choice of blood donor, 56, 57 dosage, 52 reactions following, 57 Perspiration, blood loss due to, 28 Placenta prævia, transfusion following, 42 Pneumonia, transfusion in cases of, 61 Poisoning, transfusion treatment of, 64, 65 Post-operative shock, 31 Post-partum hæmorrhage, 42 Pregnancy, toxæmias, of “fœtal threat” in relation to, 85 transfusion treatment of, 62 “Professional” blood donor, 69, 98 Purpura, transfusion in cases of, 49, 50 Pyæmia, transfusion in cases of, 59 transfusion in, 58 Radial artery, accessible for direct transfusion, 109 exposure of, 111 objections to use of, 111 Reactions, 75, 76 following transfusions, 57, 122, 123 see also Blood reactions Reinfusion with patient’s own blood, 42, 43 Rejuvenation, 136 Replacement of blood, complete, 136 Respiratory system, effect of loss of blood on, 23 exhaustion of, 21 Robertson, Bruce, transfusion of infants and children by, 135, 136 Robertson, Oswald, transfusion with citrated blood by, 121, 124 “Robertson’s bottle,” 124, 125 Saline infusion, treatment of shock by, 33 Saphenous vein, internal use of, 130, 135 Sauerbruch’s method of direct transfusion, 108 Segregation of the gametes, 88 Septicæmia, transfusion for, 59, 136 Serum, see Blood serum Shock, 20 abdominal operations in relation to, 27 alkaline administration during, 34 anaphylactic, see Anaphylactic shock avoidance of, following hæmorrhage, 29 blood count during, 39 blood volume changes in, 24, 25, 27, 32 capillary system during, 27, 28, 29 causal theories of, 26, 27 conditions of the blood during, 24, 27, 28, 39 effects of, how combated, 33 experimental production of, 30 fluid administration during, 34 gum treatment of, 35, 36 hæmorrhage always associated with, 26 hæmorrhage and, differential diagnosis, 38, 39 hydrogen-ion concentration in relation to, 28, 32 low blood pressure the essential feature of, 27 mechanism of production of, 30 post-operative, 31 primary, 29 reinfusion treatment, 42 saline treatment of, 33 secondary, 29 conditions predisposing to, 29 signs and symptoms of, 26, 29, 38 theories regarding, 26 toxic theory of, 30 transfusion treatment of, 20, 26, 31 indications for, 40 Skin eruption, as symptoms of blood reaction, 76, 77 Sodium bicarbonate, in treatment of shock, 34 Sodium citrate, absorption and elimination of, 120 action of, 122 as an anticoagulant, 16, 121 coagulation time of the blood reduced by, 47 dosage, 121, 122 elimination of, 120 form in which used, 123 in hæmophilia, 47 in prevention of clotting, 119, 120 reactions following use of, 122, 123 tolerance to, 122 toxicity of, 77 Sodium phosphate, use of, 16 Solutions, for transfusion, essential constituents of, 36, 37 viscosity and osmotic pressure of, 36 Spinal anæsthesia, transfusion in conjunction with, 33 Splenic anæmia, 50 Stansfeld’s apparatus, 134 Staphylococcal septicæmia, blood transfusion in, 59, 60 Sterility and blood groups, 80 Streptococcal septicæmia, blood transfusion in, 136 Syphilis, transmission by blood transfusion, 68 Syringe, cleansing of, 114 Higginson’s, 13, 14 whole blood transfusion with, technique, 112-114 Tissue transplantation, success of, dependent upon compatibility of blood groups, 80 Tissues, damage to, producing toxic substances, 30 Tourniquet, Canti’s, 126, 128 Toxæmia, 58-66 acute, in bacterial diseases, 60 blood transfusion in, 31, 58, 60, 61 of pregnancy, transfusion treatment of, 62 traumatic, 30-32 production of, 30 Toxic theory of shock, 30 Transfusion, apparatus for, 115, 126, 127, 130-133 in early experiments, 10, 13 recent improvements in, 15 continuous, 60 direct method, technique, 108-111 early objections to, 9 history of, 1 ideal method of, 124, 132 indirect method, technique, 111-112 of infants, 134 technique, 134 recent advances in knowledge and technique of, 15-17 repeated, 57 Robertson’s citrate method, 121, 124 apparatus for, 124, 134 whole blood, with syringes, technique, 112 with anticoagulants, technique, 118-134 with Kimpton-Brown tube, 114 Traumatic toxæmia, 30-32 Tuberculosis, transfusion in, 62 Twins, blood groups in, 92 Typhoid, transfusion in, 62 “Universal donors,” 72, 73 “Universal recipients,” 72 Urine, hæmoglobin in, 39, 70, 76 suppression of, 76, 77 Urticaria, following transfusion, 77 Uterus, rupture of, 42 Vaccine, injection of, into blood donors, 59, 60 Vaso-motor failure, in shock, 26 Vein, for direct transfusion, 108, 109 injection of blood into, 134, 135 insertion of cannula in, 131 occlusion of, prevention of, 109 puncture of, 113 technique, 126-128 prevention of injury to, 113, 124 Venesection, preceding transfusion, 60 in carbon monoxide poisoning, 65 Venospasm, 27 Venous circulation, condition during shock, 39 Viscosity, 36 significance of, 36 Vital red, use of, 23 War, transfusion in, 17 Water, during severe shock, 34 Whole blood transfusion, apparatus for, 114 objections to, 118 prevention of clotting, 114, 118 with Kimpton-Brown tube, technique, 114-118 with syringes, 112-114 Willis, Thomas, 3 “Wound shock,” 29 Wren, Sir Christopher, vein injections by, 2, 3