ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES (continued 2)

According to Smythies (1960:385), this species had never been taken in North Borneo. These specimens, therefore, are the first recorded from there. Specimens previously were saved from Sarawak and Indonesian Borneo.

Hypsipetes criniger viridis (Bonaparte): Hairy-backed Bulbul.—Specimens, 26: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, September 26, 1962, MCT 2963; ♀, September 27, 1962, MCT 2971; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3337; ♂, November 27, 1962, MCT 3356; ♀, July 7, 1963, ADG 169; ♂, June 14, 1963, ADG 139; ♂, June 12, 1963, ADG 125. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 13, 1962, MCT 3022; ♂, October 13, 1962, MCT 3023; ♀, October 13, 1962, MCT 3029; ♀, October 13, 1962, MCT 3033; ♂, October 14, 1962, MCT 3040; ♀, October 16, 1962, MCT 3054; ♂, October 16, 1962, MCT 3055; ♀, October 19, 1962, MCT 3081; ♀, October 19, 1962, MCT 3082; ♂, October 20, 1962, MCT 3109; ♂, October 22, 1962, MCT 3129; ♂, October 26, 1962, MCT 3162; ♂, November 11, 1962, MCT 3251; ♀, November 13, 1962, MCT 3273; ♀, November 13, 1962, MCT 3274; ♂, November 13, 1962, MCT 3275. Gum-Gum: ♀, October 3, 1963, ADG 288; ♂, October 3, 1963, ADG 289; ♂, August 12, 1963, ADG 228.

These bulbuls regularly feed on berries of Trema orientalis. I saw these bulbuls darting out after insects from branches, much as flycatchers would do, and have noticed a tendency toward flycatching in other bulbuls, but not so commonly as in this species. In using the name Hypsipetes instead of Microscelis I follow Rand and Rabor (1959:102).

Hypsipetes malaccensis Blyth: Streaked Bulbul.—Specimens, 4: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., 41.0 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2787. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 19, 1962, MCT 3092. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 22, 1962, MCT 3497; ♂, December 22, 1962, MCT 3498.

I did not find this species common at any collecting locality. Smythies (1957:707) considered it a lowland species, but its occasional occurrence in the highlands is indicated by the specimen from Tenom.

Deignan (in Peters, 1960:291) regards Hypsipetes virescens and Hypsipetes malaccensis as specifically distinct.

Hypsipetes charlottae perplexus (Riley): Crested Olive Bulbul.—Specimens, 5: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2818; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., September 25, 1962, MCT 2951; ♀, September 25, 1962, MCT 2952; ♂, November 27, 1962, MCT 3333; ♀ imm., 32.6 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2638.

This species was occasionally observed in the cocoa, where it fed on berries of Trema orientalis. The size of the testes in males taken in August suggests that the species had been breeding earlier.

Hypsipetes flavalus connectens (Sharpe): Ashy Bulbul.—Specimens, 7: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 23, 1962, MCT 3508; ♀ largest ova 1 mm., December 17, 1962, MCT 3447; ♂, December 17, 1962, MCT 3448; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., December 19, 1962, MCT 3466; ♂, December 19, 1962, MCT 3467; ♂ testis 6 × 6 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3476; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3477.

This was a common and conspicuous bird in the moss forest. Males called and sang there. The call note sounds like the mew of a cat. The Ashy Bulbul could easily be "squeaked in," at which time it approached silently. When observed in the forest it was noisy and gregarious.

Aegithina viridissima viridissima (Bonaparte): Green Iora.—Specimens, 7: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ largest ovum 1 mm., 13.5 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2755; ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., 14.8 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2756; sex?, 13.2 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2805; ♂, 12.5 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2895; ♀ 13.0 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2921; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3345. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 20, 1962, MCT 3479.

In the cocoa this abundant bird usually occurred in flocks of five to 10 and fed 10 to 15 feet up in shade trees. On December 17, I saw singing males in the moss forest at 4,000 feet, 5.5 miles southwest of Tenom. This is considered a lowland species by Smythies (1957:698).

Aegithina tiphia aequanimis Bangs: Common Iora.—Specimens, 2: Tenom: ♂, January 5, 1963, MCT 3581; ♂, January 5, 1963, MCT 3582.

Two were netted in secondary forest near Tenom.

Chloropsis cyanopogon cyanopogon (Temminck): Lesser Green Leafbird.—Specimens, 8: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 19.8 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2630; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 25.3 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2631; ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2819; ♀, 22.2 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2923; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3342; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3352; ♀, April 28, 1963, ADG 77; ♀, May 28, 1963, ADG 116.

It was seen regularly in the cocoa at the research station and was the most common leafbird.

Chloropsis sonnerati zosterops Vigors: Greater Green Leafbird.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., 45.8 gm., MCT 2707; ♂, 46.0 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2740.

It was seen many times in the cocoa.

Irena puella criniger Sharpe: Fairy Bluebird.—Specimens, 10: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 3 × 1 mm., 63.6 gm., July 4, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 2588; ♀, 70.3 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2680; ♀, 69.8 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2711; ♂ testis 13 × 10 mm., 65.0 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2714; sex?, August 2, 1962, MCT 2715; sex?, 64.5 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2716; ♀, June 15, 1963, ADG 143; ♀, July 11, 1963, ADG 189; ♀, June 27, 1963, ADG 163. Tiger Estate: ♂, June 23, 1963, ADG 157.

This was a common species around the Research Station in the cocoa and much-disturbed primary forest.

Erithacus cyane (Pallas): Siberian Blue Robin.—Specimen, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, November 4, 1962, MCT 3208 (netted in primary forest).

Copsychus pyrrhopygus (Lesson): Orange-tailed Shama.—Specimens, 9: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., July 11, 1962, MCT 2617; ♂, September 7, 1962, MCT 2885; ♀, October 3, 1962, MCT 2985; ♂, December 1, 1962, MCT 3401; ♂, November 30, 1962, MCT 3444. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., October 14, 1962 MCT 3044; ♀, November 13, 1962, MCT 3272. Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, June 20, 1963, ADG 154; ♀, August 11, 1963, ADG 222.

This bird of the primary forest was only rarely seen in secondary forest. The specimen taken on July 11, 1962, was in heavy molt with only two outermost tail feathers in evidence; there was also molt of the wing and body feathers.

Copsychus saularis pluto Bonaparte: Magpie-Robin.—Specimens, 3: Pintasan Agriculture Station: ♂, October 18, 1963, ADG 323. Tuaran: ♀, December 14, 1963, SCFC 219. Telipok: ♀, March 9, 1963, TM 68.

This species was recorded at Tawau in cultivated areas but no specimens were collected there. Those collected by Garcia, Chung, and Conway tended to be morphologically intermediate between C. s. adamsi and C. s. pluto.

Copsychus stricklandi stricklandi Motley and Dillwyn: White-rumped Shama.—Specimens, 14. Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 8 × 5 mm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2826; ♂ testis 11 × 6 mm., September 5, 1962, MCT 2873; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3359; ♀, November 29, 1962, MCT 3389. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 12, 1962, MCT 3012; ♀, October 12, 1962, MCT 3013; ♀ brood patch, oviduct enlarged, October 17, 1962, MCT 3069; ♀, October 19, 1962, MCT 3078; ♀, October 26, 1962, MCT 3154. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 23, 1962, MCT 3514. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 15, 1963, ADG 200. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 27, 1963, ADG 263; ♀, August 28, 1963, ADG 268; ♀, October 4, 1963, ADG 291.

This species was common in the cocoa and surrounding secondary forest at Quoin Hill, but I saw it only once in the moss forest on the mountains near Tenom.

No specimen taken showed characters of or tendencies toward C. malabaricus suavis. Perhaps the zone of intergradation on the east coast is farther south than Darvel Bay, where it was placed by Smythies (1960:390).

S. D. Ripley (in Peters et al., 1964:72) considered C. stricklandi to be specifically distinct from C. malabaricus, and his opinion is accepted here.

Enicurus leschenaulti borneensis Sharpe: White-crowned Forktail. Specimens, 4: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀ imm., October 21, 1962, MCT 3112; ♀ largest ovum 2 mm., October 27, 1962, MCT 3167; ♂, November 1, 1962, MCT 3195. Gum-Gum: ♀, September 24, 1963, ADG 282.

I saw this species only once in life, along a small, wet-weather stream. The specimens, however, were all netted in primary forest, some distance away from any stream.

Judging from measurements, these specimens are E. l. borneensis, although one would expect to find only E. l. frontalis at elevations of 600 feet. The specimen taken by Garcia at Gum-Gum was not identified to subspecies.

Enicurus ruficapillus Temminck: Chestnut-naped Forktail.—Specimens, 3: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 21, 1962, MCT 3113; ♂, November 4, 1962, MCT 3207; ♂, November 8, 1962, MCT 3231.

This bird was common along the upper Apas River at Quoin Hill. All specimens were taken in nets stretched across streams.

Zoothera interpres interpres (Temminck): Chestnut-headed Ground Thrush.—Specimens, 9: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 28, 1962, MCT 3171; ♀, October 24, 1962, MCT 3138. Kalabakan: ♀, November 17, 1962, MCT 3300. Cocoa Research Station: ♀ imm., June 10, 1963, ADG 120; ♂, June 12, 1963, ADG 130; ♀ imm., June 15, 1963, ADG 141. Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, August 15, 1963, ADG 233; ♂, August 9, 1963, ADG 217; ♂, August 27, 1963, ADG 261.

The many specimens of this species taken indicate the effectiveness of mist nets in collecting birds in tropical forest. Although Smythies (1960:398) considered this bird to be rare in Borneo, I think that it is merely shy and retiring. We never saw the species in the field and the specimens were all netted. The habitat was in primary forest, except for that of MCT 3300, which was taken in dense secondary forest. The two birds from 12 miles north of Kalabakan were taken in a net stretched across a surveyor's transect. The net was set on a hilltop and the birds hit it approximately three feet above the ground. Two of the specimens from the Cocoa Research Station are in juvenal plumage, indicating that this species probably breeds in the area.

Cettia whiteheadi (Sharpe): Short-tailed Bush Warbler.—Specimen, 1: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3488.

The specimen was netted in the moss forest, in fairly heavy secondary undergrowth.

Prinia flaviventris (Delessert): Yellow-bellied Wren-Warbler.—On September 2, 1962, I saw several of these wren-warblers in a grassy area near the golf course at Tawau.

Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel): Great Reed Warbler.—Specimens, 6: Tenom: ♀, December 31, 1962, MCT 3546; ♂, January 1, 1963, MCT 3555; ♂, January 2, 1963, MCT 3565; ♀, January 4, 1963, MCT 3575; ♀, January 3, 1963, MCT 3574; ♂, January 4, 1963, MCT 3579.

This species was common in the old paddy near Tenom, which has now grown up to grass and shrubs. I saw one individual also in shrubbery in Jesselton.

Phylloscopus borealis (Blasius): Arctic Leaf Warbler.—I saw this leaf warbler once in dense scrub in the moss forest near Tenom.

Seicercus superciliaris schwaneri (Blyth): White-throated Flycatcher Warbler.—Specimens, 2: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂ testis 4 × 2 mm., December 23, 1962, MCT 3510; ♀, December 23, 1962, MCT 3511.

In the moss forest this was a common bird that hopped about in the climbing bamboo and scrub.

Orthotomus atrogularis humphreysi Chasen and Kloss: Black-necked Tailorbird.—Specimens, 5: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 4 × 2 mm., 6.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2827; ♀ oviduct enlarged, brood patch, 5.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2828; ♂ testis 4 × 2 mm., September 26, 1962, MCT 2967; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3336; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3375.

These birds lived in the secondary forest-edge in dense shrubbery. They were breeding at a time when most other birds seemed to have completed breeding activities; most had begun the post-breeding (prealternate) molt. On October 3, 1962, I saw two adults with two young in nondescript juvenal plumage with virtually no markings and a pale yellow color, unlike that of the adults.

Orthotomus sericeus sericeus Temminck: Red-headed Tailorbird.—Specimens, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ with large ovum, 10.8 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2770.

The bird was uncommon at the research station. The one specimen was from the cocoa. I saw two others in secondary growth on the edge of the forest. Possibly this species, like the preceding one, was approaching full breeding activity.

Orthotomus sepium borneonensis Salvadori: Ashy Tailorbird.—Specimens, 8: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ vascular brood patch, oviduct enlarged with one possible collapsed follicle, 7.8 gm., August 22, 1962, MCT 2797; ♀ imm., 8.0 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2829; ♂, 8.8 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2896; ♂, 8.5 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2897; ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., 8.5 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2901; ♀ largest ova 3 mm., 8.5 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2902. Tiger Estate: ♀, October 11, 1962, MCT 3000. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 20, 1962, MCT 3486.

This was the most common tailorbird in the Quoin Hill area. Indications were that the species was also breeding (see O. sericeus). Besides the above localities, I observed it 12 miles north of Kalabakan. A male was heard singing on September 11, 1962; the song was simple and on an ascending scale. The specimen taken near Tenom was growing new tail feathers.

Rhipidura perlata S. Müller: Spotted Fantail Flycatcher.—Specimens, 19: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ largest ova 2 mm., July 11, 1962, MCT 2618; ♂ testis 6 × 5 mm., 15.1 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2645; ♀, 13.2 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2776; ♀, 12.4 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2785; ♂, June 12, 1963, ADG 129. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 13, 1962, MCT 3021; ♂, October 16, 1962, MCT 3056; ♀, October 16, 1962, MCT 3057; ♂, October 16, 1962, MCT 3111; ♀, October 24, 1962, MCT 3141; ♂, October 24, 1962, MCT 3146; ♂, October 24, 1962, MCT 3148; sex?, October 26, 1962, MCT 3165; ♂, October 27, 1962, MCT 3168; ♂, October 27, 1962, MCT 3169; sex?, October 30, 1962, MCT 3197. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♀, July 13, 1963, ADG 198; ♀, July 24, 1963, ADG 214. Oil Palm Research Station: sex?, August 15, 1963, ADG 243.

This bird was one of the most common in the lower story of the primary forest. On July 23, 1962, many males were performing courtship displays at Quoin Hill.

Rhipidura javanica longicauda Wallace: Pied Fan-tailed Flycatcher.—Specimens, 3: Tawau: sex?, September 2, 1962, MCT 2863. Telipok: ♀, February 9, 1963, TM 28. Tuaran: sex?, December 14, 1963, SCFC 19.

On Karindingen Island this was the only passerine bird seen. It was confined to the lowlands and never was seen in localities more than a few feet above sea level.

Culicicapa ceylonensis ceylonensis (Swainson): Gray-headed Flycatcher.—Specimens, 6: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 8.0 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2726; sex?, August 20, 1962, 8.6 gm., MCT 2784. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀?, October 12, 1962, MCT 3018; ♂, October 13, 1962, MCT 3024; ♂ testis 4 × 4 mm., October 28, 1962, MCT 3179. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 20, 1962, MCT 3483.

This bird of the primary forest and primary-secondary forest ecotone was common at all three principal collecting stations.

Muscicapa sibirica Gmelin: Sooty Flycatcher.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 10.0 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2811; ♂, July 8, 1963, ADG 174.

Several small "brown" flycatchers which could not be assigned to species were observed at Quoin Hill and Kalabakan. The specimen taken by Garcia is of interest as it was taken on a date extremely early for a migrant. Garcia's specimen (not the other) also presented problems of identification and its assignment to this species is tentative.

Muscicapa latirostris latirostris Raffles: Brown Flycatcher.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, September 26, 1962, MCT 2965.

Muscicapa cyanomelana cyanomelana Temminck: Blue and White Flycatcher.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, November 27, 1962, MCT 3335.

The specimen, netted in the cocoa, apparently provides the only record from the east coast of Borneo (see Smythies, 1957:742).

Muscicapa concreta everetti (Sharpe): White-tailed Blue Flycatcher.—Specimens, 6: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 15, 1962, MCT 3045; ♂, November 1, 1962, MCT 3199; ♀, November 8, 1962, MCT 3229; ♂, November 8, 1962, MCT 3230. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 19, 1962, MCT 3465; ♀, December 23, 1962, MCT 3516.

This species seems to be confined to the primary forest, and was common at both localities listed. Smythies (1960:444) thought it resided primarily at elevations of 2,000 to 4,000 feet, occasionally occurring near sea level. This flycatcher seems to prefer the understory of the forest, where it was observed sitting on bare limbs and darting out after insects.

Muscicapa unicolor infuscata (Hartert): Pale Blue Flycatcher.—Specimens, 2: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂ by plumage, October 31, 1962, MCT 3189; ♀, November 12, 1962, MCT 3556.

This flycatcher was seen only in primary forest, on the above dates. The birds collected appear to provide the only definitive records for North Borneo (cf. Smythies, 1960:445), although Mary Norman observed the species once at Quoin Cocoa Estate on an unspecified date (Smythies, 1963:281).

Muscicapa turcosa rupatensis Oberholser: Malaysian Blue Flycatcher.—Specimen, 1: Tiger Estate: ♀, November 25, 1962, MCT 3320.

Muscicapa caerulata caerulata (Bonaparte): Large-billed Blue Flycatcher.—Specimens, 10: Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 10, 1963, ADG 185. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 19, 1962, MCT 3076; ♂, October 24, 1962, MCT 3144; ♂, October 26, 1962, MCT 3160; ♀, October 28, 1962, MCT 3170; ♀, November 8, 1962, MCT 3232; ♂, November 13, 1962, MCT 3266. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 12, 1963, ADG 223; ♀, August 16, 1963, ADG 244; ♂, August 19, 1963, ADG 252.

This was the most common "blue" flycatcher at Kalabakan. It was recorded at Quoin Hill only by Garcia. The record by Smythies (1963:281) seems open to question as no specimen was preserved.

Muscicapa venusta Deignan: Bornean Blue Flycatcher.—Specimens, 6: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, September 24, 1962, MCT 2939; ♂, June 12, 1963, ADG 128. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 12, 1962, MCT 3014; ♂, October 19, 1962, MCT 3089. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 10, 1963, ADG 218. Kinabatangan: sex?, October 15, 1963, ADG 309.

The "blue" flycatcher of the Quoin Hill area was observed several times in the primary forest and primary forest edge. On July 14, 1962, I saw a male and a female of M. venusta bathing in a shallow stream in the deep forest. They fluttered their wings in the water and then flew to a nearby fallen log and preened for several minutes.

Muscicapa rufigastra rufigastra Raffles: Mangrove Blue Flycatcher.—Specimen, 1: Tuaran: ♂, December 14, 1963, SCFC 33.

Muscicapa dumetoria mulleri Blyth: Orange-breasted Flycatcher.—Specimens, 5: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 11.8 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2661; ♀, November 1, 1962, MCT 3198; ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., November 11, 1962, MCT 3246; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., November 28, 1962, MCT 3384. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 25, 1962, MCT 3531.

This species was seen only in the understory of primary forest. On November 10, I watched a male and female feeding about three feet above the ground in the undergrowth. They sat on small vines and plants and darted out after insects. I never observed this species more than 20 feet above the ground.

Muscicapa narcissina Temminck: Black and Yellow Flycatcher.—Specimens, 2: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3331. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 20, 1962, MCT 3484.

The two specimens were taken in nets in the primary forest. They cannot presently be assigned with certainty to subspecies.

Rhinomyias umbratilis (Strickland): White-throated Jungle Flycatcher.—Specimens, 19: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 16.7 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2662; ♂ testis 6 × 5 mm., 20.7 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2663; ♀, 17.9 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2686; ♀, September 29, 1962, MCT 2974; ♂, July 8, 1963, ADG 175. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 10, 1962, MCT 2993; ♀, October 13, 1962, MCT 3027; ♂, October 13, 1962, MCT 3031; ♂, October 14, 1962, MCT 3036; ♂, October 16, 1962, MCT 3053; ♂, October 16, 1962, MCT 3058; ♂, October 18, 1962, MCT 3074; ♀, October 20, 1962, MCT 3107; ♂, October 23, 1962, MCT 3132; ♂, October 25, 1962, MCT 3149; ♀, October 28, 1962, MCT 3174. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♀, July 11, 1963, ADG 195; ♀, July 12, 1963, ADG 196; ♀, July 19, 1963, ADG 212.

This abundant species at Quoin Hill and Kalabakan was chiefly an inhabitant of primary forest.

On July 31, I observed this species singing at Quoin Hill. One sang with its mouth closed and sounded much farther away than it actually was. The song has seven notes on a descending scale. Birds observed on September 27 were in heavy molt and one specimen lacked tail feathers.

Philentoma pyrrhoptera pyrrhoptera (Temminck): Chestnut-winged Monarch Flycatcher.—Specimens, 10: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 10, 1962, MCT 2992; ♀, October 15, 1962, MCT 3048; ♂, October 20, 1962, MCT 3100; ♂, October 20, 1962, MCT 3105; ♀, November 11, 1962, MCT 3244; ♀, November 16, 1962, MCT 3291. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 9, 1963, ADG 180; ♂, July 9, 1963, ADG 181; ♂, July 24, 1963, ADG 215; ♀, July 11, 1963, ADG 192.

The species was common at Kalabakan. Garcia took a few at Quoin Hill, but I observed the species there only once.

Philentoma velata caesia (Lesson): Maroon-breasted Monarch Flycatcher.—Specimens, 7: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 25.0 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2725; ♂, 27.2 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2783; ♂, September 5, 1962, MCT 2872. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 22, 1962, MCT 3126; sex? (♀ by plumage), October 29, 1962, MCT 3182; ♀, November 3, 1962, MCT 3205. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 26, 1962, MCT 3536.

At Quoin Hill this was a bird of the primary forest. The species was common in the moss forest above Tenom.

Hypothymis azurea prophata Oberholser: Black-naped Blue Monarch Flycatcher.—Specimens, 18: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 10.8 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2754; ♂, 15.2 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2834; ♂ testis 6 × 4 mm., 11.1 gm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2876; sex? September 14, 1962, MCT 2922; ♂, November 1, 1962, MCT 3200; ♂, November 7, 1962, MCT 3221; ♂, November 10, 1962, MCT 3242; ♂, November 20, 1962, MCT 3373; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3374; ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., December 1, 1962, MCT 3412; ♀, December 2, 1962, MCT 3427. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 22, 1962, MCT 3504; ♂, December 23, 1962, MCT 3509. Cocoa Research Station: ♀, April 30, 1963, ADG 95; ♀, June 19, 1963, ADG 1551. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: ♂, July 11, 1963, ADG 194; Oil Palm Research Station: ♂, August 10, 1963, ADG 220; ♀, August 13, 1963, ADG 232.

This seemingly ubiquitous bird occurred in primary forest and cocoa. A specimen taken on September 14, 1962, was still in heavy molt.

Terpsiphone paradisi borneensis (Hartert): Paradise Flycatcher.—Specimens, 6: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 9 × 5 mm., July 11, 1962, MCT 2616; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., 21.2 gm., August 3, 1962, MCT 2719; ♀, June 10, 1963, ADG 119. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 19, 1962, MCT 3090; ♀, November 10, 1962, MCT 3240. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 24, 1963, ADG 258.

At Quoin Hill this species was common in primary forest. One of the males (MCT 2719) was rust-colored. It and similar rufous males may be immature (see Owen, 1963:235).

Pachycephala whiteheadi homeyeri (Blasius): Whitehead's Thick-head.—Specimens, 2: Siamil Island: ♀, September 19, 1962, MCT 2931; ♂, September 19, 1962, MCT 2932.

The thick-heads were by far the most common passerine bird in the relict forest on Siamil Island, being quite tame and easily approached. They generally spent most of their time sitting on branches of forest vines and bushes in the understory and were never observed in the upper story. McGregor (1910:604) describes the species as: "Common on Tawi Tawi, less so in Sulu. A deep woods bird; tame and easily shot. Feeds on insects, and usually keeps some distance above the ground."

The two specimens recorded above provide the first record of this species from Borneo, the previously known range being confined to the Philippine Islands. My material closely resembled the subspecies found on Tawi-Tawi and here is assigned to P. w. homeyeri.

Motacilla caspica melanope Pallas: Gray Wagtail.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, October 4, 1962, MCT 2991.

I saw this migrant first at the research station on August 25, 1962, along a dirt road, and it was subsequently seen many times along logging roads in secondary forest.

Artamus leucorhynchus leucorhynchus Linnaeus: White-breasted Swallow Shrike.—Specimens, 2: Tuaran: sex?, December 6, 1963, SCFC F13; ♀, December 7, 1963, SCFC F15.

Lanius cristatus lucionensis Linnaeus: Brown Shrike.—Specimen, 1: Tuaran: ♂, January 12, 1963, MCT 3593.

One bird was observed near our sulap 12 miles north of Kalabakan on October 22 and 26, 1962. The specimen was netted in a paddy field and others were seen at Tuaran.

Lanius tigrinus Drapiez: Thick-billed Shrike.—Specimens, 2: Tiger Estate: ♂, November 25, 1962, MCT 3316. Cocoa Research Station: ♀, November 29, 1962, MCT 3383.

The specimen taken on November 29, was netted in a small clearing in primary forest.

Aplonis panayensis strigatus (Horsfield): Glossy Starling.—Specimens, 2: Tiger Estate: ♀, October 11, 1962, MCT 3001; ♀, November 25, 1962, MCT 3322. Tuaran: ♀, March 21, 1963, ADG 35; sex?, December 1, 1963, EJHB 616.

This species was in the lowlands around Semporna, Siamil Island, Brantian Estate, and Tawau.

Gracula religiosa religiosa Linnaeus: Talking Myna.—Specimens, 3: Tiger Estate: ♀, October 11, 1962, MCT 3020. Cocoa Research Station: ♂, May 28, 1963, ADG 114. Gum-Gum: ♀, September 9, 1963, ADG 277.

This was a common bird at Quoin Hill but was not seen elsewhere by me. It frequented the dead trees in the cocoa.

Anthreptes simplex (S. Müller): Plain-colored Sunbird.—Specimens, 6: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ imm., 8.0 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2768; ♂ imm., 10.0 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2769; ♂, 7.0 gm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2878; ♂, September 25, 1962, MCT 2959; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3332; ♂, November 27, 1962, MCT 3343.

This common bird at Quoin Hill frequented flowers of the Tree Cassava. Trees of that species were shade trees in the cocoa.

Anthreptes malacensis ssp. (Scopoli): Brown-throated Sunbird.—Specimens, 2: Tenom: ♂, January 3, 1963, MCT 3573; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., January 4, 1963, MCT 3576.

One of the specimens (MCT 3576) was molting into adult male plumage; the size of its testes suggests that this bird was also coming into breeding condition, all of which seemingly lends support to Chasen's (1939:401) suspicion that the species has an eclipse plumage. Lacking specimens in breeding plumage, I was unable to determine the subspecific affinities of the population at Tenom.

This species was observed also on Siamil Island.

Anthreptes rhodolaema Shelley: Rufous-throated Sunbird.—Specimens, 14: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 3 × 3 mm., 12.5 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2742; ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., 15.0 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2743; ♀, 13.5 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2744; ♀ imm., 12.7 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2745; ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., 13.5 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2749; ♂, 13.0 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2750; ♀, 12.0 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2751; ♀ imm., 10.8 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2775; ♂, September 4, 1962, MCT 2869; ♀ largest ova 3 mm., oviduct enlarged, 12.0 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2905; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3350; ♂, November 27, 1962, MCT 3351; ♂, November 27, 1962, MCT 3355.

The Rufous-throated Sunbirds were the most common sunbirds at the Cocoa Research Station. They seemed to prefer foraging about flowers of the Tree Cassava. The stomachs of those examined contained insects. The absence of A. malacensis suggests that these two species are mutually exclusive.

Anthreptes singalensis borneana (Kloss): Ruby-cheeked Sunbird.—Specimens, 3: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 8.0 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2801; ♂, November 29, 1962, MCT 3385; ♀, 8.4 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2752.

This species seemed to prefer secondary forest or cocoa as a habitat and was an uncommon bird at Quoin Hill.

Nectarinia sperata (Linnaeus): Van Hasselt's Sunbird.—Fred Dunn saw a male in secondary forest near the Cocoa Research Station.

Nectarinia jugularis (Linnaeus): Yellow-breasted Sunbird.—This sunbird was abundant in the coconut palms at Siamil Island. The species was observed also at exotic flowering plants in Tawau.

Nectarinia hypogrammica hypogrammica S. Müller: Purple-naped Sunbird.—Specimens, 10: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3334: ♂, July 7, 1963, ADG 167. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂ testis 3 × 5 mm., October 14, 1962, MCT 3035; ♂, October 15, 1962, MCT 3047; ♂, October 23, 1962, MCT 3133; ♂, October 24, 1962, MCT 3145; ♂, November 2, 1962, MCT 3203; ♀, November 15, 1962, MCT 3287. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 16, 1963, ADG 247; ♂, August 27, 1963, ADG 262.

This common species of secondary forest at Quoin Hill seems to prefer spiders and various insects for food. I saw one bird removing dead leaves from a tree and picking out the spiders that had taken over the curled leaves as shelters. I also saw birds of this species hover before spiderwebs and remove the spiders.

A specimen taken on November 15, 1962, was in heavy molt.

Aethopyga mystacalis (Temminck): Scarlet Sunbird.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 6.0 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2903.

This specimen was molting from a drab to an adult type male plumage. I saw this species only one other time at Quoin Hill, but on December 26 I saw two males feeding among epiphytic plants in the moss forest above Tenom. The condition of the specimen's plumage prevented its identification to subspecies (presumably A. m. temmincki).

Aethopyga siparaja (Raffles): Yellow-backed Sunbird.—Specimens, 3: Tawau: ♂ testis 5 × 5 mm., September 2, 1962, MCT 2861. Tiger Estate: ♂, October 11, 1962, MCT 2999. Oil Palm Research Station: ♀, August 13, 1963, ADG 231.

This sunbird was common around flowers at Kalabakan and Brantian Estate.

Unfortunately, I lack enough specimens to make a subspecific identification. The specimen from Tawau differs from A. s. siparaja, however, only in having darker wings; it closely resembles the type and the series that Oberholser used when describing A. s. ochrapyrrha.

Arachnothera longirostris buttikoferi van Oort: Little Spiderhunter.—Specimens, 58: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 16.2 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2777; ♂, 15.6 gm., August 22, 1962, MCT 2796; ♂ testis 6 × 4 mm., 16.0 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2913; ♀, December 1, 1962, MCT 3399; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., December 2, 1962, MCT 3431; ♂, November 27, 1962, MCT 3347; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3348; ♂, November 28, 1962, MCT 3366; ♂, November 28, 1962, MCT 3367; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3368; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3369; ♂, November 28, 1962, MCT 3370; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3371; ♂, November 28, 1962, MCT 3372; ♂, November 29, 1962, MCT 3386; ♂, December 1, 1962, MCT 3397; ♂, December 1, 1962, MCT 3398; ♀, December 2, 1962, MCT 3430; ♀?, November 30, 1962, MCT 3443; ♀, April 26, 1962, ADG 60; ♂, April 27, 1963, ADG 70; ♂, April 27, 1962, ADG 73; ♂, April 18, 1963, ADG 78; ♂, April 28, 1963, ADG 80; ♂, April 29, 1963, ADG 86; ♂, April 29, 1963, ADG 87; ♂, April 30, 1962, ADG 93. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 16, 1962, MCT 3050; ♂, October 16, 1962, MCT 3051; ♂ testis 4 × 2 mm., October 18, 1962, MCT 3073; ♀, October 17, 1962, MCT 3064; ♂ testis 7 × 5 mm., October 19, 1962, MCT 3079; ♀, October 19, 1962, MCT 3093; ♂, October 21, 1962, MCT 3120; ♂, October 23, 1962, MCT 3134; ♂ testis enlarged, October 25, 1962, MCT 3150; ♂ testis 7 × 5 mm., October 26, 1962, MCT 3156; ♀, October 28, 1962, MCT 3173; ♂, November 2, 1962, MCT 3204; ♂, November 4, 1962, MCT 3209; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., November 4, 1962, MCT 3210; ♂ testis 2 × 1 mm., November 6, 1962, MCT 3214; ♀, November 11, 1962, MCT 3252. Kalabakan: ♀, November 15, 1962, MCT 3278; ♀ 2 eggs in oviduct, ovary enlarged, brood patch, November 15, 1962, MCT 3279; ♀ brood patch, two collapsed follicles, November 15, 1962, MCT 3280; ♂ testis 7 × 6 mm., November 15, 1962, MCT 3281; ♀ brood patch, egg in oviduct, largest ovum 6 mm., November 15, 1962, MCT 3286; ♂ testis 7 × 6 mm., November 16, 1962, MCT 3290; ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., November 16, 1962, MCT 3294; ♀, November 16, 1962, MCT 3295; ♂ testis 6 × 3 mm., November 17, 1962, MCT 3297; ♂ testis 5 × 5 mm., November 17, 1962, MCT 3298; ♀, November 17, 1962, MCT 3299. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♀, December 26, 1962, MCT 3538. Gum-Gum: ♂, October 4, 1963, ADG 290; ♀, October 5, 1963, ADG 294; ♀, October 5, 1963, ADG 295.

This was the most common of all the spiderhunters, and was found at all localities. It was readily taken in mist nets. Unlike most birds, these spiderhunters become quite agitated in nets, and within a few minutes usually strangle themselves.

From October 16 through November 11, I took several specimens 12 miles north of Kalabakan, but only one in breeding condition. On November 15, I moved 12 miles back to Kalabakan from an elevation of 600 feet to an elevation of 50 feet. As can be seen from the specimen-data, nearly all the females then collected either had nests with eggs or were approaching oviposition. The specimens were all taken in nets in an area approximately 200 feet square. On November 20 at the Brantian Estate a bird sitting on a branch six inches up in secondary forest jumped down to the ground and fed on unknown material.

Arachnothera crassirostris (Reichenbach): Thick-billed Spiderhunter.—Specimen, 1: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 14.8 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2746.

This spiderhunter was recorded on the basis of one specimen and one sight record. One seen in secondary forest would dart out from its perch on a limb, hover near the end of a branch, and then return to its perch. No flowers were visible and I assumed that the bird was catching insects.

Arachnothera flavigaster (Eyton): Greater Yellow-eared Spiderhunter.—Specimens, 9: Cocoa Research Station: ♀ imm., 36.3 gm., August 21, 1962, MCT 2789; ♀ imm., 38.4 gm., August 21, 1962, MCT 2790; ♀, 38.4 gm., August 22, 1962, MCT 2795; ♀ brood patch, largest ova 2 mm., November 27, 1962, MCT 3330; ♂, November 28, 1962, MCT 3359; ♂ testis 7 × 6 mm., November 29, 1962, MCT 3379; ♂, November 30, 1962, MCT 3395; ♀, April 27, 1963, ADG 66; ♀, April 27, 1963, ADG 67.

This species was met with only at Quoin Hill, where it was common around the abaca and wild bananas. The primary diet seemed to be pollen, nectar, and spiders. I found it easy to differentiate from the next species in the field (see below).

Arachnothera chrysogenys harrissoni Deignan: Lesser Yellow-eared Spiderhunter.—Specimens, 4: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, 23.5 gm., August 21, 1962, MCT 2788; ♂, April 27, 1963, ADG 68; ♂, April 30, 1963, ADG 92; ♂, May 27, 1963, ADG 113.

I observed this species at Quoin Hill only once, but Garcia took three specimens at the same locality. He labels his specimens as taken in primary forest. I never saw the species there and took my one specimen in the abaca, where the bird was eating spiders, nectar, and pollen. The chief characters distinguishing this species from A. flavigaster were the tuft of yellow feathers on the side of the head and the narrow eye ring in A. chrysogenys.

Arachnothera affinis pars Riley: Gray-breasted Spiderhunter.—Specimens, 27: Cocoa Research Station: ♂, 27.2 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2771; ♀, 22.2 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2772; ♀ imm., 21.1 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2773; ♂, 29.2 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2774; ♂, 27.0 gm., August 21, 1962, MCT 2791; ♂, 26.6 gm., August 21, 1962, MCT 2792; ♂, April 27, 1963, ADG 65; ♀ imm., May 1, 1963, ADG 99; ♂, June 12, 1963, ADG 126; ♂, June 20, 1963, ADG 154-B. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♀, October 15, 1962, MCT 3046; ♀, October 24, 1962, MCT 3139. Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., November 27, 1962, MCT 3327; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3328; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3329; ♀, November 27, 1962, MCT 3338; ♂ testis 5 × 4 mm., November 27, 1962, MCT 3339; ♂, November 28, 1962, MCT 3363; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3364; ♂, November 28, 1962, MCT 3365; ♀, November 28, 1962, MCT 3366; ♀, November 29, 1962, MCT 3390; ♂ testis enlarged, November 29, 1962, MCT 3391; ♀?, November 29, 1962, MCT 3392; ♂, December 1, 1962, MCT 3393; ♂, December 2, 1962, MCT 3429; ♂, November 30, 1962, MCT 3442.

This bird was fairly common at Quoin Hill in the abaca and wild bananas and, at Kalabakan, in primary forest. Its feeding habits are the same as those of the preceding species. The order of abundance of the spiderhunters is probably best shown by the number of each species taken: Arachnothera longirostris, 58; A. affinis, 27; A. flavigaster, 9; A. chrysogenys, 4; A. crassirostris, 1.

Prionichilus xanthopygius (Salvadori): Yellow-rumped Flowerpecker.—Specimens, 7: Cocoa Research Station: ♂ testis 5 × 5 mm., 8.9 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2800; ♀ largest ova 3 mm., oviduct enlarged, 10.2 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2910; ♀ imm., 9.7 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2911; ♂ testis 3 × 2 mm., 9.5 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2912; ♀ imm., 7.0 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2920; ♂ testis 6 × 4 mm., vas deferens enlarged, September 26, 1962, MCT 2966; ♂, November 27, 1962, MCT 3344.

This species did not appear at Quoin Hill until August 23. The gonads of most of the adults taken from that time on appeared to be regressing from breeding condition, and several immatures were taken also, suggesting that the breeding season was over. The birds seemed to be attracted, with bulbuls, to the tree Trema orientalis.

Prionichilus maculatus maculatus (Temminck): Yellow-throated Flowerpecker.—Specimen, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: ♂, October 19, 1962, MCT 3094.

I observed this flowerpecker once at Quoin Hill, in much-disturbed primary forest, but was unable to secure a specimen. Twelve miles north of Kalabakan it was found in primary forest.

Dicaeum chrysorrheum Temminck: Yellow-vented Flowerpecker.—I observed one feeding about 50 feet high among epiphytic plants in the moss forest 5.5 miles north of Tenom.

Dicaeum monticolum Sharpe: Black-sided Flowerpecker.—Specimen, 1: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂ testis 5 × 3 mm., December 17, 1962, MCT 3449.

I saw this flowerpecker once, in the moss forest above Tenom. Treatment of this species as monotypic follows the revision of Salomonsen (1961:17).

Dicaeum cruentatum (Linnaeus): Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker.—Along the seashore near Tawau this species fed in flowering trees. Males were pugnacious and persistently chased what appeared to be females.

Dicaeum trigonostigma dayakanum Chasen and Kloss: Orange-bellied Flowerpecker.—Specimen, 1: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: ♂, December 23, 1962, MCT 3507.

This flowerpecker was found only in the moss forest above Tenom, where it was seen numerous times feeding among the epiphytic plants.

Zosterops everetti tahanensis Ogilvie-Grant: Everett's White-eye.—Specimens, 9: Cocoa Research Station: ♀, August 8, 1962, MCT 2734; ♂ testis 4 × 3 mm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2735; ♀, 8.6 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2757; ♀, 7.8 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2758; ♀ imm., 7.9 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2759; ♀, 8.2 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2760; ♂, 7.8 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2761; ♂ imm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2762; ♂ imm., 7.8 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2764.

At the Cocoa Research Station flocks of 20 to 40 birds were seen daily, feeding in the cocoa trees. Only once was this species seen away from the cocoa trees; this was in secondary forest where the birds were feeding in a tree about 30 feet tall. They move in flocks and are noisy.

Smythies (1960:485) states that this species occurs from the Poi Range up to the lower slopes of Kinabalu. This is apparently the first record from eastern Borneo.

Lonchura fuscans (Cassin): Dusky Munia.—Specimens, 11. Cocoa Research Station: ♀, July 6, 1962, MCT 2603; ♀, September 1, 1962, MCT 2847; ♂ testis 7 × 6 mm., September 1, 1962, MCT 2848; ♂ testis enlarged, September 24, 1962, MCT 2943. Tenom: ♀, January 6, 1962, MCT 3584; ♀, January 6, 1963, MCT 3585; ♂ testis enlarged, January 6, 1963, MCT 3586; ♀ several collapsed follicles, old brood patch, January 6, 1963, MCT 3587; ♀ imm., January 6, 1963, MCT 3588; ♀, January 6, 1963, MCT 3590; ♂ testis enlarged, January 6, 1963, MCT 3591.

In contrast to L. malacca, this species was commonly found in secondary forest away from cultivated fields. It was common at Quoin Hill and Kalabakan. On July 18, 1962, a pair was observed building a nest near Kalabakan, in a native kampong under the eave of a house. There the birds were fastening the nest to the palm thatching about 20 feet up and nearly over the door. Another pair was nesting, close to the same house, about eight feet up in a citrus tree. In Kalabakan proper, I saw a pair with fledgling young in a croton bush about six feet from the door of a house, on November 15, 1962. This nest was about seven feet up.

Lonchura malacca (Linnaeus): Chestnut Munia.—Specimens, 6: Tawau: ♀ imm., September 2, 1962, MCT 2862. Tenom: ♂, January 6, 1963, MCT 3589. Tuaran: ♀, January 12, 1963, MCT 3594; ♀, January 12, 1963, MCT 3595; hermaphrodite, testis 8 × 5 mm., largest ovum of ovary 2 mm., January 12, 1963, MCT 3596; ♀, January 12, 1963, MCT 3597.

This was a common bird in the lowlands away from forest. I observed it feeding on lawns in Tawau. A pair was building a nest on July 19, 1962, in an ironwood tree about 10 feet above the ground. The nest was typically ball-shaped with a side entrance. This species appears to stay in age groups when it flocks, as evidenced by the large flocks of young in first-year plumage.

The hermaphroditic specimen was of some interest, since the ovary and testis both seemed to be enlarged.