Volume 3 — IGNATIUS LOYOLA.

RISE AND INFLUENCE OF THE JESUITS.

The counter-reformation effected by the Jesuits Picture of the times; theological doctrines The Monastic Orders no longer available Ignatius Loyola His early life Founds a new order of Monks Wonderful spread of the Society of Jesus Their efficient organization Causes of success in general Virtues and abilities of the early Jesuits Their devotion and bravery Jesuit Missions Veneration for Loyola; his "Spiritual Exercises" Lainez Singular obedience exacted of the members of the Society Absolute power of the General of the Order Voluntary submission of Jesuits to complete despotism The Jesuits adapt themselves to the circumstances of society Causes of the decline of their influence Corruption of most human institutions The Jesuits become rich and then corrupt Esprit de corps of the Jesuits Their doctrine of expediency Their political intrigues Persecution of the Protestants The enemies they made Madame de Pompadour Suppression of the Order Their return to power Reasons why Protestants fear and dislike them

JOHN CALVIN.

PROTESTANT THEOLOGY.

John Calvin's position His early life and precocity Becomes a leader of Protestants Removes to Geneva His habits and character Temporary exile Convention at Frankfort Melancthon, Luther, Calvin, and Catholic doctrines Return to Geneva, and marriage Calvin compared with Luther Calvin as a legislator His reform His views of the Eucharist Excommunication, etc His dislike of ceremonies and festivals The simplicity of the worship of God His ideas of church government Absence of toleration Church and State Exaltation of preaching Calvin as a theologian; his Institutes His doctrine of Predestination His general doctrines in harmony with Mediaeval theology His views of sin and forgiveness; Calvinism He exacts the same authority to logical deduction from admitted truths as to direct declarations of Scripture Puritans led away by Calvin's intellectuality His whole theology radiates from the doctrine of the majesty of God and the littleness of man To him a personal God is everything Defects of his system Calvin an aristocrat His intellectual qualities His prodigious labors His severe characteristics His vast influence His immortal fame

LORD BACON.

THE NEW PHILOSOPHY.

Lord Bacon as portrayed by Macaulay His great defects of character Contrast made between the man and the philosopher Bacon's youth and accomplishments Enters Parliament Seeks office At the height of fortune and fame His misfortunes Consideration of charges against him His counterbalancing merits The exaltation by Macaulay of material life Bacon made its exponent But the aims of Bacon were higher The true spirit of his philosophy Deductive philosophies His new method Bacon's Works Relations of his philosophy Material science and knowledge Comparison of knowledge with wisdom

GALILEO.

ASTRONOMICAL DISCOVERIES.

A brilliant portent The greatness of the sixteenth century Artists, scholars, reformers, religious defenders Maritime discoveries Literary, ecclesiastical, political achievements Youth of Galileo His early discoveries Genius for mathematics Professor at Pisa Ridicules the old philosophers; invents the thermometer Compared with Kepler Galileo teaches the doctrines of Copernicus. Gives offence by his railleries and mockeries. Theology and science Astronomical knowledge of the Ancients Utilization of science Construction of the first telescope Galileo's reward His successive discoveries His enemies High scientific rank in Europe Hostility of the Church Galileo summoned before the Inquisition; his condemnation and admonition His new offences Summoned before a council of Cardinals His humiliation His recantations Consideration of his position Greatness of mind rather than character His confinement at Arceti Opposition to science His melancholy old age and blindness Visited by John Milton; comparison of the two, when blind Consequence of Galileo's discoveries Later results Vastness of the universe Grandeur of astronomical science