Index

Adoption, by the Sun-god, 36;

its prevalence in Babylon, 37;

concerning slaves, 38 ff.;

a way to citizenship, 41

Ainsworth, on coast-line formation, 2

Allat, goddess of under-world, 242;

in temples, 247

Amen, used in hymns, 245

Amorites, the, women, 18, 191;

colonies, 187 ff.;

position of, 189;

freedom of worship, 191-193;

country, 220

Apprentices, case of slaves, 71

Arad-Samas, position of his two wives, 27

Aramaic, taught in schools, 56

Architecture, features of Babylonian, 9, 10;

use of bricks, 90, 137;

character of, 91;

plans of houses, 92;

foundations, 92;

decorations, 93, 94;

dwellings of poor, 95;

stair-cases, 95

Army. See under “State”

Artists, position of, 166

Ashtoreth. See Istar

Assur, worship of, 256

Assyrians, compared with Babylonians, 8;

in regard to women, 18;

slave law among, 78;

slave contract, 79, 80;

features of architecture, 93;

gardens of, 95;

land, 123;

contracts, 124;

land measurements, 125;

money interest, 156;

coinage, 157;

medicine, 164;

military character of government, 172;

taxes, 175;

army, 181;

navy, 183;

letters, 217;

religion, 255

Astrology, 60;

letters relating to, 219

Baal worship, 233-234

Babylonia, its importance and situation, 1;

the increase of land, 2;

and its culture, 6;

various nationalities, 7;

Chaldean associations, ibid.;

Kassite influence, 7, 8;

the inhabitants, 9;

trade, ibid., 107;

architecture, 9;

writing, 10;

mode of burial, 10, 11;

cosmogony, 11;

fertility, 11, 12;

features of family life, 13 ff.;

dowry and divorce, 20 ff.;

polygamy, 27;

matrimony, 29;

inheritance, 31;

adoption, 36 ff.;

citizenship, 41;

names, 45 ff.;

literature, 52-54;

burial, 62-66;

slavery, 67 ff.;

labourers, 82 ff., 148;

manners and customs, 90 ff.;

manufactures, 107 ff.;

house property, 118-120;

land, 120 ff.;

money-lending, 157 ff.;

[pg 268]

bankers, 151;

barristers, 161;

government, 168 ff.;

army, 177 ff.;

law, 95 ff.;

letter-writing, 208 ff.;

religion, 231 ff.

Balawât, description of shrine at, 247

Bankers, firms of, 127;

and money-lending, 151 ff.

Barbers, position of, 105

Beating the bounds, custom of, 121

Bedâwin, as shepherds, 82;

wages of, 86

Beer-houses, 113

Bel, “The Illumination of Bel,” 60

Bel-Katsir, a plea set aside, 28;

his adoption, 37

Bel-Merodach and sonship, 36, 168, 169;

hymns and prayers, 260

Berachiel, his action for adoption, 38, 39

Berossus, origin of Babylon, 1

Bethels in shrines, 248

Bitumen, use of, 90;

prices of, 147

“Black Stone” of Mecca, 248

Borsippa, University at, 54;

“The Epic of the Creation,” 55

Branding in the sole, 44

Brick-makers, importance of, 137, 138

Burial, method of Babylonian, 10, 62 ff.;

place of, 62;

cemeteries, 62;

rites of, 63;

tombs, 64

Canaanitish Women, legal status, 19

Cape of Good Hope, 45

Carchemish, importance of, 156;

maneh of, 159

Carpenters, 134

Cemeteries, 62

Chaldea, the origin of, 7

Chariots for army, 178

Circumcision, 47

Clay-tablets, use of, 51

Colonies of Amorites, 187

Concubines, allowed, 25;

purchaseable, 26

Cosmetics, wide use of, 105

Cosmological beliefs, 243

Cremation, practised, 62

Cuneiform writing, 49;

use of clay, 50, 209;

chapters, 52;

origin, 209

Custom-house, place of, 111

Customs:

manner of building, 90 ff.;

furniture, 96 ff.;

dress, 99 ff.;

the cylinder, 102;

beards, 104, 105;

cosmetics, 105

Cylinder, worn on arm, 102;

designs on, 103;

patterns of, 103

Death, belief about, 242

Divorce, among Babylonians, 20-25;

position of divorced wives, 28;

instances, 196, 197

Doctors. See under “Medicine”

Dowry and divorce, 19 ff.;

penalties, 26;

reasons of divorce, ibid.

Dress, many varieties of, 99;

priest's, 101;

poor person's, 101;

women's, 102;

seal cylinder, 102

Duty, on sheep, 111;

levy of, 113

Ea, the god of Eridu, 3, 260;

founder of law, 195;

the spirit, 232;

the temple of, 236;

Semitic influence, 237

[pg 269]

Ebers Papyrus on medicine, 163

Eclipses mentioned, 219

Education:

a curious procedure, 44;

naming, ibid.;

schooling, 47 ff.;

bodily exercises, 48;

cuneiform writing, 47;

writing materials, 50, 51;

books, 52;

kinds of literature, 52;

school buildings, 54;

class education, 55;

dead languages taught, 56;

philology, 57;

history, 58;

other studies, 59

Egibi, the banker, 127, 152

Egyptian influence on religion, 233

El-lil, the god of Nippur, 3

Eridu, a seaport of primitive Chaldea, 2;

a great centre, 3, 4;

its god, 3;

its origin, 4;

its temple, 236

Exorcisms, form of, 260

Family life among Semites, 13;

equality of sexes, 14

Farmers, tenure, 84, 85

Fasts and feasts prescribed, 246

Footstool, 96

Furniture, scanty but artistic, 96

Gardens, largely used, 94, 127

Gem-cutting, art of, 103

Gods and goddesses, relation of king to, 169 ff.

Grain, varying prices of, 142, 145;

as exchange, 144;

store-house, 206

Gudea, priest-king of Lagas, 90;

works of, 93, 94;

a vase of, 97;

dress, 102;

deification of, 169

Guilds for traders, 141

Hades, belief about, 242

Herodotus, quoted on Babylonian fertility, 11;

on prostitution, 30

History, the favourite study, 58

Hit, bitumen procured from, 90

“House of Cereals,” the, 206

House-property, value of, 114;

lease of, 115;

payment for, 116;

a lawsuit, 118-120

Hymns, Sumerian origin, 244;

Amen, 245;

hymns and prayers to Bel, 260

Ideograph, or picture-writing, 236

Inheritance, laws of, 31;

private ownership, 32;

testaments, ibid.;

the will of Sennacherib, 35;

the theory of adoption, 36;

disputes, 42

Iron, general use of, 136

Irrigation, necessity of, 88

Istar, the goddess, significant changes, 13, 14;

the priestesses of, 16, 17;

land of temple of, 126;

independence of, 239;

as Ashtoreth, 240;

story of, ibid.;

prophetesses of, 252;

the Istar of witchcraft, 259

Ivory, large trade in, 136

Jews, position of, in Babylonia, 68;

colonists, 190

Judges, appointment of, 197;

trials before, 199

Juries, existence of, 198

Kassites, their dynasty, 7;

effect of conquest in Babylonia, 171

[pg 270]

Khalutê, battle of, 53

Khunnatu, 72

Khammurabi, letters of, 210 ff.

Ki-makh, or cemetery, 62

King. See under “State”

Labourers, classes of, 82;

farmers, 84;

wages, 85, 86, 148-150;

songs of, 87

Land, value of, 120 ff.;

rent of, 121;

in Assyria, 123 ff.

Law, the study of, 59;

early origin, 195;

judges, 197;

case of foreigners, 198;

trials, 199;

careful procedure, 201;

punishments, 205;

bail, 206;

prisons, ibid.

Layard, his discovery of a lens, 51

Letter-writing no modern invention, 208;

material used, 209;

cuneiform writing and its advantages, 210;

early examples, 211 ff.;

Assyrian, 216 ff.;

private letters, 225;

sealing, 228;

noticeable features, 229, 230

Literature, place of, 52;

poetry, 165

Maneh. See “money-lending”

Marriage ceremonies among Babylonians, 29;

among Israelites, 30;

permitted degrees, 31

Medicine, early use, 162;

Egyptian influence, 163;

court physicians, 164;

in Assyria, 164;

doctors' letters, 218

Metals, use of, 131;

where found, 132;

method of working, 132;

copper, 133;

prices for, 147

Money-lending, a lucrative profession, 151;

a coin currency, 152;

repayments, 153;

rate of interest, 153, 154;

securities, 155;

Assyrian interest, 156;

standard of coins, 158;

fixed values, 160

Monotheism in hymns, 262

Moon-god, temple of, 2;

cult of, 257;

hymn to, 261

Murasu, the firm of, 161

Music and its cultivation, 166

Naming a child, 44;

and a god, 45;

reasons for changes, 46

Nebo-akhi-iddin, contract of, 75

Nebuchadnezzar's army, 181

Nergal, the Lord of the Dead, 65

Nidinti, case of the slave in, 70

Nineveh, letters in library at, 216

Nippur, excavations at, 3;

its god, ibid.;

its origin, 4;

the temple, 236

Nublâ, a law case, 15;

her slave, 71;

apprenticing a slave, 141

Oannes. See “Ea”

Oracles, in writing, 48

Palms, high prices, 127

Paradise, origin of, 95

Partnerships, frequent, 127;

with women, 128;

form of deeds of, 128, 129;

terms of, 129

Peters, Dr., quoted, 66

Philology cultivated, 57, 58

Phœnicians, 183

Physical exercises, 48, 52

Pilasters, use of, 91

Poets, position of, 165

[pg 271]

Polygamy, among Babylonians, restricted, 27;

but possible, 27, 28

Porcelain, trade in, 137

Portents, the study of, 59, 60

Postal system established, 104;

extensive use, 228

Priest, dress of, 101;

classes of, 249;

eunuch-priests, 250;

marriage, 252

Prisons, 206

Professions:

bankers, 151;

barristers, 161;

doctors, 162;

poets, 165;

musicians, 165, 166;

artists, 166

Property, a legal point relating to, 23;

a woman's power, ibid.;

disputes, 42;

temple prop, 255

Prostitution in Babylonia, 30, 252

Punishments, legal. See “Law”

Qubtâ, and her slave, 70

Quddâ, and his slave, 70

Rab-mugi, or court-physician, 164

Rab-saris, office of, 176

Rab-shakeh, or vizier, knowledge of language, 57;

office of, 176

Religion, letters relating to, 223;

popular superstition, 231, 257;

twofold influence in official creed, ibid.;

Sumerian and Semitic conceptions compared, 232;

Shamanism, 235;

ideograph, 236;

the centres and their influence, 236, 237;

Semitic influence, 237 ff.;

Istar, 239;

Tammuz, 240;

the origin of things, 241;

various beliefs, 242;

Hades, 242;

cosmological, 243;

sacred books, 244;

hymns, 244, 260;

numerous services, 245;

temples, 246;

sacrifices, 248;

hierarchy, 249;

temple revenues, 253, 255;

witchcraft, 259;

exorcisms, 260;

monotheism, 263

Rimanni-Bel, a slave's adoption cancelled, 40

Sabbath, origin of word, 245;

customs, ibid.

Sacred books, 244

Sacrifices, various kinds, 248

Sandals used, 100, 101

Sargon, his empire, 5, 6;

a tradition of, 83;

houses in time of, 92;

dress, 101;

survey of land, 122;

carpenters' trade under, 134

Satraps, or governors, 176

Schools, 47 ff.;

buildings, 54;

dead languages taught, 56;

subjects of study, 56 ff.

Scribes, the position of, 161

Semites, connection with Sumerians, 4 ff.;

influence on religion, 231, 237;

Semitic conception of deity, 233;

the goddess, 238

Sennacherib's will, 35;

garden, 94, 95

Shamanism of the Sumerians, 235

Sheep, largely kept, 109;

a contract, 111;

duty, ibid.;

market, 112

Shekel, 158

Ships, character of, 185

Sippara, situation of, 113;

letters found at, 214

[pg 272]

Slaves, position of, 67, 68;

classes of, 68;

price of, 69, 70, 75;

law regarding, 69;

apprentices, 71;

privileges, 71;

restrictions, 74;

emancipation of, 77, 78;

in Assyria, 78, 79

Songs of peasants, 87, 88

Spelling, correctness of, 230

State:

theocratic character, 168;

relation of sovereign to God, 169-171;

the Western Empire, 171, 172;

contrasts in Assyria, 172;

aristocracy, 173, 174;

taxes, 175;

officials, 176-177;

divisions of army, 177-182;

chariots, 178;

developments, 180;

Assyrian army, q.v.;

under Nebuchadnezzar, 181;

navy, 183;

merchant boats, 184;

character of ships, 185;

Amorite colonies, 187;

immunities, 194

Stables, letters relating to, 222

Stars, worship of, 62

Stela of the Vultures, 105

Stone used for decoration, 93

Stone-cutters, perfect work of, 135

Streets, character of, 112, 113

Stucco, largely used, 92

Sumerians, race influence, 4;

influence on Semites, ibid.;

marriage law, 25;

marriage ceremony, 29;

dictionaries, 50;

language taught, 56;

law for slaves, 69, 81, 82;

text-book on farming, 84;

beardless, 104;

law as to barbers, 105;

weights, 158;

deification of Sumerian kings, 170;

code of law, 195;

influence on religion, 231;

Sumerian conception of a god, 232;

no moral nature, 234;

Shamanism, 235;

Tammuz, 240;

hymns, 244

Sun, belief about, 242

Superstition, popular, 231, 257

Surveyors, importance of, 123

Tables, fashion of, 97

Tablets of Tel-el-Amarna, 7;

the use of clay, 10

Talent, 158

Tammuz, worship of, 240, 251

Tapestries, 107

Taxes, nature of, 175;

immunity from, 194

Tel-el-Amarna tablets, quoted, 7, 19;

ladies' letters, 48, 215;

other letters, 209;

points of letter-writing, 229

Temples, construction of, 246;

temple ministers, 251;

revenues of, 253

Tiglath-pileser, his gardens, 94

Tithes paid, 253

Tombs. See “Burial”

Trades, 107 ff.;

woollen, 108;

partnerships, 127;

carpenters, 135;

stonecutters, 135;

iron-smith, 136;

ivory carvers, 136;

porcelain-makers, 137;

brick-makers, 137;

vintners, 139

Tsarpî, an Assyrian prefectess, 18

Tylos, island of, 108

Ubaru, contract of, 85

Under-world, belief in an, 64

Ur of the Chaldees, foundation of the town, 2;

its moon-god, 2;

its connection with Nippur, 3;

a custom with daughters, 14;

[pg 273]

comparative prices, 147, 148;

hymn used at, 261

Ustanni, an interesting contract, 73

Vases, plentiful and various, 97

Weights. See Appendix

Will, an example of a, 32;

an heiress, 34;

the document of Sennacherib, 35;

disputes, 42

Wine, manufacture of, 139, 140;

letters relating to, 221

Women:

family, legal and religious status in Babylonia, 14 ff.;

in Assyria, 18;

in Canaan, 19;

divorce, 20;

dowries, 20;

traders, 24;

a superior slave, ibid.;

concubines, 26;

testatory rights, 29;

legal forms of matrimony, 29;

prostitutes, 30;

adoption, 37;

dress, 102;

as trade partners, 128

Wool, manufacture of, 107 ff.;

looms, 108

Writing materials, 50, 51.

See also “Letter-writing”

Yahveh, name known in Babylonia, 227