INDEX

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Aaron, 43

Accidents: 8; street-lighting in relation to, 225 et seq.; percentage (table) of, due to improper lighting, 231

Acetylene: 62; light-yield of, 106, 107, 170, 187, 191

Actinic rays: effect of, upon human organism, 275

Africa, public lighting in ancient, 31

Agni, god of fire, 40

Air-pump, 130

Air-raids, 225

Alaska, 18, 29

Alchemy, 20

Aleutians, 18

Alexandria, 43, 163

Allylene, 106

Aluminum, 108, 179, 180

Amiens, Treaty of, 69

Amylene, 106

Aniline dyes, 106

Animal: distinction between, and human being, 3; 15; production of light, 24 et seq.; sources of light, 30, 31; oils, 51

Antimony, 294

Antioch, 153

Arago, 114, 196

Archbishop of Canterbury, 49

Archimedes, 19

Arc: lamps, 69, 89; electric, 111 et seq.; distinction between spark and, 112; Davy's notes on electric, 113; formation of, 115, 116; Staite and enclosed, 117, 118; principle of enclosed, 118, 119; types of, 120; flame-, 121, 122; luminous, 122; electric, 127; luminous efficiency of electric (table), 124; 160 et seq.; -lamp in lighthouses, 168 et seq.; magnetite-, 187; 261

Ardois system of signaling, 199

Argand, Ami: 52; inaugurates new era in artificial lighting, 53, 54; 63, 70, 76, 77, 78, 97, 167, 196

Argon, 137

Aristophanes, "The Clouds," 19

Art Museums, 9, 13, 322, 323

Asbestos, 170

Asia: public lighting in ancient, 31, 39

Automobiles, 238

Babylon, 39

Bacteria: effect of artificial light upon, 272 et seq.; 281, 282

Bailey, Prof. L. H., 250

Baltimore, 98

Bamboo: carbon filaments, 169

Bartholdi, 302, 303

Beacons. See Lighthouses.

Beck, 186

Beecher, 72

Beeswax, 35, 51

Benzene, 106

Bible, cited on importance of artificial light, 42-44

"Bluebird, The," Maeterlinck, 9

Blue-prints, 261

Bollman, 98

Bolton, von, 132, 133

Bombs, illuminating, 182 et seq.

Boston Light, 164, 165, 166, 177

Bowditch, production of regenerative lamp by, 78, 79

Boy Scouts, 17

Bremer, 120

Bristol University, 252

Brush, 68, 159

Building, 8

Bunsen, 81, 85, 89, 148, 149

Bureau of Mines: cited on open flames, 234; 236

Burning-glasses, 19, 20. See also Lenses.

Butylene, 106

Byzantium, 34

Cæsar, 163

Canada, 254

Candle-hour, defined, 215

Candles: progress and, 7; 25, 28, 29, 30, 33; religious uses of, 34, 35; as a modern light-source, 36, 37; ceremonial uses of, 38 et seq.; 44, 48, 57, 82, 97, 222, 299, 304

Calcium, 107, 108

Carbolic acid, 106

Carbon: 53, 80, 81; physical characteristics of, 80, 81; 90, 104, 105, 128, 129, 144, 170

Carbon filament: 127 et seq.; preparation of, 129, 130, 131; luminous efficiency of, 131, 132; lamps, 161; lamps in greenhouses, 250 et seq.

Carbons, formation of, 115, 116

Carbureted hydrogen, 75

Carcel, invention of clockwork lamp by, 54, 55

Cat-gut, 130

Ceria, 85, 101

Charleston, S. C., 185

Charcoal: 113; uses of, for electrodes, 115

Chartered Gas Light and Coke Co., London, 74

Chemistry: artificial light and, 256-268

Chicago, 62, 304, 305

Chimneys, 54, 60, 62

China, 19, 31, 32

Chlorate of potash, 22

Christ, 33, 46, 47

Christians, "children of light," 42

Christmas trees, 43, 304

Chromium, 294

Church of England, 49

Cities: economy of artificial lighting in congested, 13

Civilization: effect of artificial light upon, 4 et seq.; fire and, 15

Clark, Parker and, 139

Clayton, Dr.: invention of portable gas-light by, 64; quoted, 64, 65; experiments of, with coal-gas, 67

Claude, 147

Cleaves, Dr., quoted, 276, 277

Clegg, Samuel: 74; gas-lighting accomplishments of, 75, 76

Cleveland, 159

"Clouds, The," Aristophanes, 19

Coal: 32; as a light-source, 55; supply, 223; 228

Coal-gas: 63 et seq.; public lighting by, developed, 70 et seq.; analytical production of, 103, 104; yield of, retort (table), 105; analysis of, 106

Coal-mines, 234 et seq.

Cobalt, 294

Coke, 68, 105

Cologne, 157, 158

Colomb, Philip, 197

Color: 9; relation of artificial light to, 284 et seq.

Colza, 31, 52, 167

Combustion, 82 et seq.

Commerce, 8, 97

Constantine, 42

Copper, 262, 295

Cornwall, 63

Cotton: 101; carbon filaments, 129, 130

Cromartie, 78

Crookes, 90, 146

Crosley, Samuel, improvement of gas-meter by, 76

Crusies, 32

Daguerre, 258

Dancing, 346

Davy, Sir Humphrey: 33, 68, 73; first use by, of charcoal for sparking points, 112; notes of, on electric arc, 113; 114

Daylight, artificial, 12: 284 et seq.; application of, 287

Daylighting, 12-14

Dollond, 195

Doty, 61, 167

Drake, Col. E. L., discovery of oil in Pennsylvania by, 56

Drummond, Thomas: 171, 185, 196; quoted on signaling, 197

Dudgeon, Miss, 251, 252

Dyes, 256, 265

East Indies, 29

Eddystone Light, 166, 167

Edison: and problem of electric incandescent filament lamps, 128 et seq.; 129; quoted on birth of incandescent lamp, 130

Edward I, 274

Edward VI, 49

Efficiency, effect of artificial light upon, 14

Eggs: relation of artificial light to production of, 247, 248

Egypt: 31; sacredness of light in ancient, 39; 153, 195

Electric filament: 81, 127 et seq.: approximate value of, lamps (table), 138

Electric pile: construction of, 111; 127

Electricity: 13, 22; as a light-source, 57; for home-lighting, 62, 84; 87, 89; ignition of gas by, 102; lighting by, 109 et seq.

Electromagnetic waves, 68, 86, 87

Electromagnets, 114, 116

Electrodes, 113, 114, 115 et seq.; life of, 122

Elizabeth, Queen, 274

England: 32; petroleum discovered in, 56; gas-lighting in, 63 et seq.; 166, 251, 274

Erbia, 85

Esquimaux: 18; use of artificial light by, 31

Ethylene, 106

Factories: 13; artificial light in, 239 et seq.

Faraday, 113

Filaments, carbon, 129 et seq.

Finsen: 273, 274, 275; on stimulating action of artificial light, 277; 279, 280

Fire: importance of, to man, 5 et seq.; man's dependence upon, 15; mythical origin of, 16; making, 17 et seq.; production of, in the stone age, 18; in early civilization, 19; ancient worship of, 29, 299

Fireflies: 24, 81, 96, 148, 149, 150

"First Men in the Moon, The," H. G. Wells, cited, 148

Fish: artificial light as bait for, 249

Flame-arcs, 120, 121, 122, 187

Flames: 86, 88, 89; open, 233, 234 et seq.

Flint, 33

Fool's gold, 18

Fort Wagner, 185

France: lamps in, 55; early gas-light in, 72

Franchot, invention of moderator lamps by, 55

Frankland, 77

Franklin, Benjamin: 165; quoted, 210-212; 213

Fresnel, 167, 196

Friction, 16, 17

Gas: 13, 22; discovery of coal, 32, 33; early uses of, as light-source, 63 et seq.; installment of, pipes in England, 63, 64; Shirley's report on Natural, 66, 67; first public display of, lighting, 69; cost of, lighting, 71; first attempt at industrial, lighting, 72; first English, company, 74; first, explosion, 75; house, lighting, 76, 77; 80, 82; spectrum of, 90; modern, lighting industry, 97 et seq.; origin of lighting by, 98; first, works in America, 98; growth of, consumption in United States, 99; electrical ignition applied to, lighting, 102; pressure, 102, 103; water, 105; carbons in, 106; production of Pintsch, 109, 110; salts applied to, flames, 120; 157; Census Bureau figures on cost of, plants, 221, 222; 224, 341

Gas-burners: 63, 64, 77; candle-power of pioneer (table), 79; improvements in, 84

Gas-mantle: 61, 81; influence of, 99; characteristics of, 100 et seq.; 187

Gas-meter, Clegg's, 76

Gasolene: lamps, 55; 57

Gassiot, 114

Gauss, 196

Geissler, 146

General Electric Company, 132, 135, 136

Germany: development of lamps in, 56; early gas-lighting in, 72

Glass, 195, 290 et seq.

Glowers, 139

Glow-worms, 24

Glycerides, 52

Gold, 293

Gout, 275

Gramme dynamo, 117

Grass: 18; carbon filaments, 129

Greece: 39; sacred lamps in ancient, 41; 42

Greenhouses, carbon-filament lamps in, 250 et seq.

Hall of Fame, 134

Happiness, effect of artificial light upon, 14

Hayden and Steinmetz, 253

Health, artificial light in relation to, 269-283

Helium, 89

Hemig, 155

Hemp, 21

Henry, William, 75

Herodotus, 56

Hertz, 68

Hertzian waves, 271

Hewitt, Cooper, produces mercury-arcs, 124, 125

Home: artificial light in relation to, 6; lighting, 325 et seq.

Hindu: light in, ceremonials, 40

Hudson-Fulton Celebration, 306

Huygens, 195

Hydrocarbons, 82

Hydrogen, 81

Illiteracy, artificial light and, 9

Invention, 7, 97

Iowa, 238

Iridium, 129

Iron, 18, 262, 294

Iron pyrites, 18

Italy, 249

Jablochkov: electric candle of, 117

Jamaica, 19

Jandus, 118, 122

Japan: 19; use of oil in, 30; 281

Jerusalem, 43

Jews: artificial light among, 40

Journal, Paris, quoted, 210-212

Kerosene: 57; weight of, lumens, 60; 62, 187, 233

Kitson, platinum-gauze mantle applied by, 61

Laboratories: achievements of, 137

Lamps: 16, 25; Roman, 30; 31; invention of safety, 33; ancient funereal, 39; sacred, of antiquity, 41; ceremonial, 44; scientific development of oil, 51 et seq.; Holliday, 55; Carcel, 54, 55; Franchot's moderator, 55; gasolene, 55; development of, in Germany, 56; air pressure, 61; supremacy of oil, ends, 62; Bowditch's, 77, 78; 80, 97; mercury-arc, 126; electric incandescent filament, 127 et seq.; gem, 132; tungsten, 133 et seq.; luminous efficiency (table) of incandescent filament, 141; 299; in home, 328-333

Lange, 167

Lard-oil, 51

Lavoisier, 195

Lead, 262, 294

Le Bon, 72

"Legend of Montrose, The," Scott, cited on primitive lighting, 27

Leigh, Edmund, quoted, 226

Lenses, 20, 171 et seq.

Libanius, quoted, 153, 154

Liberty, Statue of, 301, 302, 303

Libraries, 9

Light: relation of artificial, to progress, 3 et seq.; as a civilizing agency, 3-14; primitive man and artificial, 4; Milton, quoted on importance of, 5; artificial, and science, 7; artificial, and industrial development, 8; Maeterlinck's tribute to, 9; Lincoln's debt to artificial, 9; symbolism of, 9, 10; therapy, 10; in war, 11; adaptations of, 12; 13; mythical origin of artificial, 16; earliest source of, 16; production of, in stone age, 18; matches as source of, 21; animals as, sources, 24, 25; primitive sources of, 24-37; evolution of artificial, sources, 24-37; development, 28 et seq.; early outdoor use of artificial, 28; Roman uses of artificial, 30; beginning of scientific, 33, 34; candles as modern, source, 36, 37; symbolism and religious uses of, 38 et seq.; Bible cited on artificial, 42-44; in relation to worship, 43, 45, 46; Argand's contribution to, 53, 54; coal as, source, 55; early uses of gas as, source, 63 et seq.; as a public utility, 70; first installation of industrial gas, 72; science of, production, 80 et seq.; causes of, radiation, 80, 81; 83; lime, 84; electric, 89 et seq.; principle of, production, 90, 91; sources, 93; various gas-burners', supply, 95; relative efficiency of, sources, 95, 96; in the home, 97; influence of, upon science, invention, and commerce, 97 et seq.; yield of acetylene, 106, 107; electric, 109; influence of gas upon development of artificial, 110; development of artificial, 111 et seq.; efforts to improve color of mercury-arc, 125; electric-incandescent-filament, 127 et seq.; effect of tungsten, upon, 133 et seq.; of the future, 143-152; in warfare, 178-193; signaling, 194-207; cost of, 208-224; and safety, 225 et seq.; improper use of, 229, 230; comparison of daylight and artificial, 240; reducing action of, 258; bactericidal action of, 272 et seq.; modifying, 284 et seq.; spectacular uses of, 298-309; expressiveness of, 310-324; utility of modern, 325-340; evolution of the art of applying, 341-356; mobile, 347, 348, 349, 350; psychological effect of, 351 et seq.; as an accompaniment to music, 352-354

Light-buoys, 10, 169

Lighthouses: 10, 163-177; optical apparatus of, 172 et seq.

Light-ships, 10, 169

Lighting-systems: comparison of, 12-14

Lime, 84, 107, 108, 294

Lincoln, Abraham, 9

Linen, 18

Link-buoys, 28

Lithopone, 265, 266

Liverpool, 167

Living: comparison of, standards, 238 et seq.

London, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 202

London Gas Light and Coke Company, 74

Lucigen, 61

Lumen-hour: defined, 215

Lumens: 60, 94, 215

Lutheran Church, 49

Lyceum Theatre, London, 73

Maeterlinck, Maurice, 9

Magazines, 8

Magdsick, H. H., 303

Magnesia: 84; Nernst's application of, 138

Magnesium, 179, 180

Magnetite arc, 187

Man: distinction between, and animal, 3; artificial light and early, 4; light-sources of primitive, 25

Manganese, 262, 268, 294

Mangin, 188

Mann, 129

Mantles, 95

Manufacturing, 8

Marconi, 68

Marks, 118

Matches: as light-sources, 21; 22, 82

Maxwell, 68

Mazda lamps, 289, 339

Mecca, 40

Mediterranean Sea, 163

Mercury-arc: Way's, 124; 125, 126; quartz, 125, 126; attempts to improve color of, light, 125

Middle Ages, 46, 47, 274

Milton, quoted, 5

Mirror, 19

Mohammedans, 40

Moore, Dr. McFarlan, 146, 147

Morality, effect of light upon, 9

Morse code: application of, to light-signaling, 198, 199

Moses, 195

Moving-pictures, 9, 260, 261

Munich, 72

Murdock, William: installment of gas-pipes by, 63; 68, 69, 70; quoted on industrial use of artificial, 71; 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 217, 309

Museums: 13; utilization of artificial light by, 322, 323

Music: light as an accompaniment to, 352-354

Mythology, 16

Nantes, 85

Napoleon, 111

Napthalene, 106

National Heat and Light Co., 72, 74

Natural gas, 99

Navesink Light, 206

Nernst, 138, 139

Newspapers, 8

Newton, Sir Isaac: 7; quoted on discovery of visible spectrum, 87; 88

New York, 98, 165, 166, 206, 302, 304

Niagara Falls, 108, 306

Nickel, 262

Nielson, 77

Niepce, 258

Niter, 21

Nitrogen, 137

Norfolk, 169

Obesity, 275

Offices, 13

Oil: as a light-source, 29 et seq.; development of, lamps, 51 et seq.; 155; in lighthouse, 165 et seq.; 222, 224, 299

O'Leary, Mrs., and her lamp, 62

Olive-oil, 51, 52, 167

Orkney Islands, 29, 177

Osmium, 133

Oxygen: relative consumption of, by oil-lamps, 58, 59; 262

Ozone, 262

Painting, 342, 343, 347, 348, 349

Pall Mall, 74

Panama-Pacific Exposition: 304; artificial lighting of, 306, 307, 308, 309

Paper: 18; carbon filaments, 129, 130

Paraffin, 35, 57

Parker and Clark, 139

Paris: experimental gas-lighting in, 83, 84; Volta in, 111; 154, 185, 210, 212, 213

Peckham, John, 195

Pennsylvania: discovery of oil in, 56

Periodic Law, 145

Petroleum: 35, 51, 55; discovery of, 56; constitution of crude, 57; 58, 214

Pharos, 163

Philadelphia, 98, 99, 157

Phillips and Lee, 70, 72

"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London," 33; quoted on industrial lighting, 63; Shirley's report on natural gas in, 66, 67; quoted, 87

Phœnicians, 34, 39

Phosphorus, 21

Photo-micrography, 12

Photography: 126; early experiments in, 258; development of, 259; 291, 292

Picric acid, 106

Pigments, 265

Pintsch: production of, gas, 109, 110, 170

Pitch, 106

Plant-growth: artificial light and, 11, 249 et seq.

Platinum, 85, 128, 129, 262

Plumbago, 113, 130

Plymouth, 166

Poetry, 346

Police, 162

Potash, chlorate of, 22

Priestley, Professor, quoted, 252

Printing, 8

Progress: influence of fire upon, 15 et seq.

Prometheus, 16, 41

Propylene, 106

Ptolemy II, 163

Quartz: 18, 19; mercury-arcs, 125; uses of, 126; in skin diseases, 278, 279

Radiators, energy, 88 et seq.

Radium, 150

Railway Signal Association, 205

Railways: light-signaling applied to, 205

Ramie fiber, 101

Rane, 250, 251

Rare-earth oxides: 85; properties of, 88, 99

Recreation, 9

Redruth, 63

Reformation: ceremonial uses of light during the, 48, 49

Rheumatism, 275

Robins, Benjamin, 201

Rome, 30, 32, 34, 39, 41, 42, 44

Röntgen, 270, 280. See also X-ray.

Royal Society of London: 33, 63, 66, 67, 70, 73; and first gas explosion, 75, 111, 112

Rumford, 167

Rushlights, 28, 33

Russia, 281

Ryan, W. D'A., 306

Safety: artificial light in relation to, 14, 225 et seq.

Salts: chemical, 88, 89; metallic, 120; silver, 257, 258

Sandy Hook Light, 165, 166

San Francisco, 304, 306-309

Savages, 3, 15, 17

Sawyer, 129

Scheele, K. W., 133; quoted, 257, 258

Schools, 9

Science: light and, 6, 7; 97; systematized, 268

Scotland: 26, 31, 32, 48; oil industry in, 56

Scott, Sir Walter, cited, 27, 98

Sculpture: artificial light in relation to, 184

Search-lights, 11, 169

Section of Plant Protection, 225, 226

Selenium, 267, 293

Semaphore, 199

Shells: illuminating, 179 et seq.

Shirley, Thomas: quoted on natural gas, 66, 67

Siemens, 78

Signaling, 194-207

Silicon: filament, 140

Silk: artificial, 101; carbon-filaments, 129

Simpson, R. E., 227, 231

Silver, 258, 293

Skin diseases: treatment of, 278, 279, 280

Skylights, 13

Sleep, 8

Smallpox, 274, 275

Smeaton, 166

Soho, 69, 72

South Africa, 129

Sparks: 33, 125

Spectrum: visible, 86; Newton quoted on, 87; of elements, 89; of gases, 90; 120, 121; mercury, 124-126

Sperm, 31, 51, 52, 167

Spermaceti, 35, 51

Splinter-holders, 27, 28

Stage: and artificial light, 319 et seq.; 343

Staite, 117, 118

Stearine, 35, 52

Stearn, 129

Steel, 18, 33

Steinmetz, Hayden and, 253

Sterilization: quartz-mercury-arc and, 280, 281, 282

Stevenson, Robert Louis, quoted, 177

Stores, 13

St. Paul, 43

St. Paul's Cathedral, 300

Street-lighting: development of, 152-162

Sugar, 22

Sulphide of iron, 18

Sulphur, 18, 21, 179, 180, 294

Sulphuric acid, 21, 22

Sun, 8, 16, 19, 20

Swan, 129

Syracuse, 19

Syria, 153

Tallow, 34, 35, 51, 52

Tantalum: 132; filament lamps, 133

Tar, 68, 106

Telegraphy, 195

Telephony, 194

Textiles, 256

Thames, 169

Theaters, 9, 319 et seq.

Thoria, 85

Tin, 262

Tinder-boxes, 18, 19, 22

Travelers Insurance Company, 227

Trees, 26

Troy, 42

Tuberculosis, 273

Tungsten lamp, 161 et seq., 187, 261, 290, 303

Typhus, 273

Ultra-violet rays: 126, 150; in photographic electricity, 267, 268; 270, 272, 294

United States: petroleum in, 57; gas-consumption in, 99; 164, 165, 166

United States Geological Survey, cited on sale of gas, 222

United States Military Intelligence, 225, 226

Vacuum tubes, 81, 286

Venetians, 195

Ventilation, 13

Verne, Jules, 143

Vestal Virgins, 42

Volcanoes, 166

Volta, 111, 112, 127

Voltaic pile: construction of, 111, 127

Von Bolton. See Bolton.

War: and artificial light, 11, 178-193

Washington, 305

Water: sterilization of, by artificial light, 280 et seq.

Watson, Dr. Richard, 67, 68

Watt, 94

Waves: electro-magnetic, 68, 86, 125 et seq.

Wax, 34, 46, 51

Way: mercury-arc produced by, 124

Wells, 61

Wells, H. G., cited, 148

Welsbach, Auer von: 61; invention of mantle by, 99, 100, 133

Wenham, 78

West Indies, 25

Whale-oil, 31

Wicks, 35, 36, 53, 54, 58, 59

Winsor, 72, 73. See also Winzler.

Winzler. See Winsor.

Wolfram. See Tungsten.

Wood, 26, 27, 28

Woolworth Building, 302, 303

Wounds: treatment of, by artificial light, 10

X-ray: production of, tubes during War, 131; 137, 150, 270, 280

Young, James: discovers petroleum, 56

Yttria, 85

Zeitung, Cologne: 157; extract from, on street-lighting, 158

Zinc, 125, 130, 267

Zirconia, 84, 85

Transcriber's List of Corrections

LocationOriginalCorrection

Chapter/SectionPage

Chapter II 18 and similiar material and similar material

Chapter XIII 167 as a constant level at a constant level

Chapter XIV 186 the carbons to distintegrate the carbons to disintegrate

Chapter XV 195 John Pechham John Peckham

coated with an allow coated with an alloy

196 with various billiant with various brilliant

200 key in depressed key is depressed

Chapter XVI 216 has nearly doubled have nearly doubled

Chapter XVII 230 this own indifference their own indifference

Chapter XXIII 314 Nature's lighting varied Nature's lighting varies

Chapter XXIV 332 so-called cadelabra so-called candelabra

337 possibilties possibilities

READING REFERENCES 358 ...Applications an Théatre." ...Applications au Théatre."

INDEX 364 Photo-micography Photo-micrography

365 Siemans Siemens