INDEX

Academy of Agricultural Sciences: 135

Academy of Sciences: 135

Agitation and Propaganda Department (Agitprop): 160, 169, 187

Agrarian Party. See Bulgarian Agrarian Union

agriculture (see also agroindustrial complexes): viii, 21, 160, 225-247, 260; civil defense teams, 276; collectivization, 3, 33, 34, 52-53, 69, 74, 77, 204; cropping pattern, 230-231; erosion, 227-228; faulty practices, 243-244, 245-246; fertilizers and pesticides, 243-244, 266-267; five-year plans, 228, 229, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240; income, 84; investment, 211, 238-239, 245; irrigation, viii, 41, 42, 44, 226, 229-230, 231, 300; labor, 207, 225, 237-238; land protection, 227-229; land use, viii, 45-46, 227-231; livestock and livestock products, viii, 225, 234, 241, 242, 244-247, 260; marketing, 240-241; mechanization, 239-240; national income, 207, 241; organization, 231-235; planning and management, 235-237, 246; private farm plots, 204, 225, 231, 234-235, 241, 245; production, viii, 160, 225, 230, 241-247; shortage of skilled workers, 225, 237, 244, 245, 246; Thracian Plain, 45-46; trade, 178, 222, 225, 247; traditional, 76-77

agroindustrial complexes: viii, 5, 53, 203, 205, 225, 231-234; communications problems, 236-237; labor, viii, 232, 237, 238, 246; land ownership, 234; legal and economic aspects, 233-234; marketing, 241; planning and management, 236; types, 232-233; voluntary nature, 233

air and air defense forces: ix, 7, 287, 289, 290, 291, 298, 299; training, 294, 295

airlines: ix, 62-63

Albania: 35, 172, 176, 179, 180, 292; historic, 12, 14, 17

alcoholism: 190, 278, 281-282

Algeria: 257

Andonov, Ivan: 129

Angel, Isaac: 13

architecture: 133-135

armed forces (see also air and air defense forces; army; navy): 7-8, 287-300; cadet programs, 295-296; equipment, 288, 291, 298; logistics, 298, 300; manpower, 292-293; medical service, 296-297; military justice, viii, 297-298; military service, 142, 274, 275, 292-293, 296; morale, 287, 296; officers, 8, 289, 293, 298-299; officers' training, 275, 295; political indoctrination, 8, 289, 294, 300; ranks, uniforms, and decorations, 298-300; reserves, 293; social benefits, 296; Soviet aid, 291, 298; Soviet officers, 179; state and party control, 146, 288-289; training, 293-296, 300

Armenians: 2, 55, 65

army: ix, 7-8, 32, 290-291; border troops, ix, 7, 269, 273, 289; Bulgarian People's Army, ix, 273, 287, 289; Construction Troops, 269, 273-275, 293; equipment, 290-291; Soviet model, 288, 293

art: 131-133; National Revival, 131-132; Turnovo School of, 131

artisans and craftsmen: 72, 73, 86-87, 204, 211, 245, 249; historic, 12, 17

artistic and intellectual expression: 21, 123-135, 162; First Congress on Culture—1967, 155; Golden Age, 7, 12, 14, 121, 126, 131, 134; government and party control, 7, 123, 124-125, 155, 187; ideological messages, 124, 128; library clubs, 125; minority groups, vii; National Revival, 18, 131-132, 134, 135; National Theater, 123, 128; prestige, 7, 123; self-censorship, 7, 125; Soviet model, 7, 124; Stalinist period, 124; subsidies, 123, 125, 127, 128; unions, 7, 125, 187, 276

Asen: 13

Attila the Hun: 54

Australia, relations: 179

Austria, historic: 17

Bagrianov, Ivan: 28

Balkan-Bulgarian Airlines (BALKAN): ix, 62-63

Balkan Pact: 26-27

Balkan wars, 1912, 1913: 21, 22-23, 288

banks and banking: viii, 204, 215-219; Bulgarian Foreign Trade Bank, viii, 215, 216, 219; Bulgarian National Bank, viii, 215, 216, 219; credit, 204, 216-217; state lotteries, 217; State Savings Bank, viii, 215-216, 217

Basil II: 13

Battle of Ankara: 17

Battle of Varna: 17

Belgium, relations: 178-179

Black Sea: viii; effect on climate, 43, 44, 45, 46, 226; patrol boats, 273; ports, 54; tourism, 196

Black Wind: 44

Blagoev, Dimiter: 30

Bobov Dol: 253-254, 255

Bokov, Georgi: 186

border troops: ix, 7, 269, 273, 289

Boris I: 11, 66

Boris III: 25, 26, 27, 28, 30

Botev: 196

Botev, Khristo: 126

boundaries: 2, 48-50; Congress (Treaty) of Berlin—1878, 2, 22; Greece, 49-50, 273; post-World War I, 25, 49; post-World War II, 29, 49; Romania, 49, 50, 273; Treaty of San Stefano—1878, 2, 20, 22; Turkey, 49, 50, 273; Yugoslavia, 49, 273

Boyana Church: 131

Bozhinov, Alexander: 132

Brezhnev, Leonid: 3, 156, 162

budget: 213-215

Bulgars: vii, 2

Bulgaranov, Boyan: 161

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: 245

Bulgarian Agrarian Union: 21, 25, 26, 30, 31, 141, 150, 153, 163-164, 165, 191; membership, 163, 277; organization, 163

Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP) (see also Politburo; State Council; Tenth Congress): 3, 25, 141, 157-163; Central Committee, vii, 3, 4, 153, 157-158, 160, 191; democratic centralism, 157, 166; first secretary, vii, 4, 140, 143, 158, 160; growth of, 30-36, 158-159; membership, 158-160, 276; New Course, 34; news organization, 192; nomination of candidates, 150-151; organization, 157-158, 284; Party Congresses, 3, 155, 157, 159, 160-163; party uprising—1923, 25-26, 30; pre-World War II, 25, 26; purges, 32, 34, 35, 36, 159, 161; Secretariat, vii, 3, 4, 153, 157, 158, 162-163; Soviet leadership, 156, 157, 160, 171; structure, 3, 137; supremacy over all aspects of Bulgarian life, 156, 184, 276-277; women members, 160, 168

Bulgarian Hunting and Fishing Union: 277

Bulgarian National Library: 187, 199

Bulgarian Red Cross: 167, 277

Bulgarian Telegraph Agency: 186-187

Bulgarian Union for Physical Culture and Sports: 277

Bulgarian Union of Tourists: 277

Bulgarians abroad: 55, 272

Bulgars: 9, 10, 11, 52

Burgas: 47, 54, 57, 62, 199, 227, 250, 254, 255

Byzantine Empire: 9, 10-11, 12-17 passim

Canada, relations: 178

Carpathian Mountains: 38

caves: 40, 47

Central Leninist Party School: 121

Chelopets: 259

Chervenkov, Vulko: 3, 34, 35, 113, 115, 153, 159, 160, 161, 186

China, People's Republic of: 35, 160-161, 189

citizenship: 272

civil defense: 167, 275-276

civil rights: 142, 186, 283, 285-286

climate: vii, 37, 42-44, 226

Committee for Science, Art, and Culture: 106

Committee of Bulgarian Women: 168-169

Committee of State Security: 36, 271

Committee on Art and Culture: 125, 140, 155, 198, 199

communications. See mass communications

Communist Party. See Bulgarian Communist Party

Congress of Berlin: 2, 22

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON): vii, 171, 176, 179-180, 240; trade with, viii, 180, 222

Council of Ministers: vii, 4, 106, 137, 138, 141, 142, 144, 145-147, 218-219, 220; administration of ministries, viii, 5; agricultural programs, 228, 238; Department of Motion Pictures, 201; establishment, 139; functions, 5, 140, 145-147, 173, 174, 204, 205, 216, 235-236, 250, 261, 274; legislative initiative, 32, 140, 141; organization (chart), 146; police power, 146

Couve de Murville, Maurice: 178

crime: 190, 269-270, 273, 279-282; criminal code, 282-283; death penalty, 283, 298; economic, 281; juvenile, 280, 294; military, 297-298; penalties, 280, 283; political, 142, 269, 270, 274, 280-281, 283

Crusades: 13

Cuba: 117, 180, 222

currency: viii, 14, 219-220; exchange rates, 219, 221

Cyril: 11, 126

Czechoslovakia: 106, 172; Bulgarian students, 117; relations, 175, 222; Soviet invasion, 1968, 155, 189-190

dams: 42

Danube River: viii, 41, 44, 54, 61-62, 227; as boundary, 49, 50; Iron Gate, 38, 62; patrol boats, 273, 291

Danubian plateau: 38, 39, 41, 43, 226-227; population density, 57

Dimitrov, Georgi: 2-3, 25, 32, 34, 121, 165, 172

Dimitrov, Vladimir: 132

Dimitrov Communist Youth Union (Komsomol): 155, 166-168, 169, 185, 277-278; membership, 217-218; officer training, 289; premilitary training, 294-295; source of manpower reserve, 167, 294

Dimitrovgrad: 55

Dimov, Dimitur: 127

divorce: 70, 190

Dobrudzha: 15, 27, 28, 29, 40, 43, 50, 226

Dolni Dubnik: 254

Dospevaki, Vladislav: 132

Dragoman Pass: 59

Dragoycheva, Tsola: 161

drainage: 38, 41-42

Dzhurov, Dobri: 289

Economic Commission for Europe: 181

economy: viii, 5, 203-223; automation, 203-204, 236-237, 249; BKP policies, 215, 250; Bulgaria's Great Leap Forward, 160-161; decentralized management, 156, 205, 250; five-year plans, viii, 154, 157, 160, 250, 254, 255; investment, 210-213, 260-261; national income, 204, 206-207, 210, 300; New Economic Model, 156; organization, 204-206; Soviet aid, viii, 156, 175, 203, 212, 223; State Planning Committee, 5; trusts, 205-206, 220-221, 233, 251; Twenty-Year Plan of Economic Development, 161; World War I, 24; World War II, 28

education: viii, 6-7, 21, 93-122; abroad, 96, 97, 116-117; administration, 96, 106-107; adult, 97, 120, 121; boarding schools, 120; Center for Amateur Scientific and Technical Activities among Youth and Children, 279; Communist policies, 97-99, 113, 115; ethnic minorities, 96, 99, 102; financing, 107-108; foreign student exchange, 94, 116-117; graduate, 116; higher (see also students of worker or peasant origin, preference, infra), 6-7, 21, 94-95, 97, 98, 100-101, 104, 105, 111, 113-118; history, 21, 95-97; ideological indoctrination, viii, 6, 97-99, 100, 115, 121, 159, 169, 284, 285; literacy, 21, 93, 95-96, 97, 98, 106, 120, 169; of prisoners, 284; polytechnic schools, 103, 104, 105, 110-111, 112; private schools, 120-121; reforms, 6-7, 96, 99-105, 109, 110, 159, 162; religious, 94, 95, 96, 98-99, 100, 121; scholarships, 102, 117; science and technology, emphasis on, viii, 58, 93, 94, 117-118, 167, 237, 263; Soviet pattern, 93, 98, 100, 102, 115, 118, 119; special, 113, 119-120; state control, 76, 97-99, 100, 113, 120; students of worker or peasant origin, preference, 6, 73, 74, 76, 93-94, 99, 162; teacher training, 101, 102, 103, 115, 118-119; Teachers Union, 277; technical and vocational schools, 96-97, 99, 100, 101-102, 104, 110, 111, 112-113, 116, 121, 284; Turkish period, 16; work concept, 98, 101-102, 103, 109

elections: 3-4, 149-151; BKP membership, 150; Central Election Commission, 149-150; Law of Election for the National Assembly, 149; 1971 Constitution, 149; nominations, 150, 165; Secretariat, 158; trade unions, 166

electric power: 255-257, 266; hydroelectricity, 41, 42, 176, 180, 252, 255

Elin Pelin Bulgarian Bibliographical Institute: 199

Eliseyna: 259

ethnic groups: Armenians, 2, 55, 65; Bulgar, vii, 2; Greek, vii, 2, 55, 58, 65, 106; Jews, 2, 28, 34, 55, 58, 67, 106; Macedonians, vii, 55, 58, 65, 66; minority languages, vii, 97; Romanians, vii, 2, 55, 58, 65; Turks, vii, 2, 55, 65-66, 106, 177

European Conference for Security and Cooperation: 176

family: 65, 67-71; extended family (zadruga), 67-68, 70-71, 76; family allowance payments, 90; traditional, 67-69

Father Paisi: 18, 95, 126

Fatherland Front: 7, 33, 77, 100, 137-138, 139, 141, 165-166, 277; BKP use of, 7, 166, 276; Izgrev, official organization, 191; National Council (Committee), 31, 137, 150, 164; State Council, relationship, 164; World War II, 1, 29, 31-32

Ferdinand, King: 22, 24, 25

films: viii, 91, 129, 184, 187, 200-202; Soviet, 201

finance (see also budget): viii, 21

folk arts: 126,130-131

folk songs: 18

forced labor camps: 273

foreign policy: 155, 171-181; Chervenkov, 34; Communist countries, 175-176; conduct of, 173-175; historical factors, 172-173; irredentism, 1, 2, 9, 10, 13, 20, 21-22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 176; military relations (see also Warsaw Treaty Organization), 292; noncommunist states, 175, 176-179; Soviet model, 35, 171, 172, 173, 178; Western Europe, 155, 178-179, 190

foreigners, laws governing stay of: 272-273

France: 178, 222

freedom of information: 186-187

French Revolution: 18

Gabrovo: 253

Genkov, Genko: 133

Genov, Todor: 127

geography: v, vii, xiv, 2, 137

Georgiev, Iliya: 185

Georgiev, Kimon: 26, 29, 32

German Democratic Republic: 117, 172, 175, 222

Germany (see also World War I; World War II): 9, 27

Germany, Federal Republic of: 178, 222

Ghiaurov, Nikolai: 129

Goths: 10

government (see also Bulgarian Communist Party; Chervenkov; Council of Ministers; Dimitrov, Georgi; National Assembly; State Council; Zhivkov): vii, 3-5, 137-151; BKP control, 137, 143, 149, 153; central, 142-147; Dimitrov constitution, 1947, 1, 32-33, 97-98, 100-101, 106, 139-140, 143, 168, 186; Fatherland Front coalition—1944-1947, 1, 2, 31-32, 139, 158, 163, 165, 172; interwar years, 25-27; local, see local government; 1971 constitution, 137-138, 140-142, 145, 149, 156, 162, 163-164, 168, 173, 186; Soviet model, 137, 140; structure (chart), 144; Turkish rule, 16; Turnovo Constitution—1879, 21, 32, 138-139; unity of rule, 35, 138, 140, 141-142, 148, 149, 153, 157

Greece: 26-27, 35, 177, 290, 296; Balkan Wars, 22-23; historic, 9, 10, 11, 14; radio relay lines, 195; World War I, 23

Greeks: vii, 2, 55, 58, 65, 106

Grigorov, Mitko: 161

Gypsies: 55, 66, 106

health: 79-83; feldshers, 82; hospitals, 80, 82; life expectancy, 79-80; physicians, 81, 82; polyclinics, 80-82; Public Health Service, 80-83

history (see also Turkish rule): 9-36; Balkan wars—1912 and 1913, 21, 22-23, 288; Byzantine Empire, 9, 10, 11, 12-14, 17; early, 9-15; early migrations, 10; feudalism, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16; First and Second Bulgarian Kingdoms, 1, 9, 10, 11-15; Golden Age, 7, 12, 121, 126, 131, 134; independence, 21; interwar years, 25-27; monarchy abolished in 1946, 32; postliberation, 20-21; Slavs, 2, 9, 10, 11, 52

Holy Roman Empire: 14

housekeeping: 70, 91

housing: 85, 87-89, 211; conveniences, 53, 79, 89; rural, 88; shortage, 71, 87-88, 213, 250

Hungary: 28, 172, 175; historic, 15, 17

Huns: 10, 11

hydroelectricity: 41, 42, 252, 255; Danube River cooperative project, 176, 180, 255

industry: viii, 3, 5, 24, 161, 222-223, 249-261; civil defense teams, 276; economic crime, 281; forced labor camps, 273; growth, 6, 21, 34, 264; investment, 211, 253, 260-261; labor, see labor; organization, 249-252; production, 263, 264-265; programs for improvement, viii, 5, 154, 160, 249, 250, 264; quality, 264-265; raw materials, 175, 252, 257-260; raw materials, fuels and power shortages, 203, 249, 252, 257, 259, 260, 261; Soviet aid, 6, 175, 223, 249, 254, 255, 260; State Inspectorate for Industrial Power and Power Control, 256; state ownership, viii, 3, 32-33, 69, 249; supply system, 251-252; textile, 208, 264, 267; trusts, 5-6, 203, 213, 249, 250, 251

Institute for the Improvement of Teachers: 118-119

Institute for Political Instruction: 121

international organizations: vii

irredentism: 1, 2, 9, 10, 13, 20, 21-22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 176

Iskur River: 41, 42, 49

Italy: 9, 27, 28, 179, 222

Ivan Asen II: 14

Ivan Vazov State Library: 199

Jews: 2, 28, 34, 55, 58, 67, 106; emigration, 34, 58; World War II, 28

Johnson, Lyndon B.: 177

judicial system: viii, 7, 138, 144, 148-149, 269, 283-284; Chief Prosecutor, 138, 141, 144, 148-149; district courts, 148; military courts, viii, 148, 297-298; party control, 149; penal institutions, 7, 269, 284-286; special courts, viii; Supreme Court, viii, 141, 144, 148, 149, 297

Kalarov, Vasil: 25, 32

Kaloyan: 14

Kamchiya River: 46

Karavelov, Lyuben: 126

Khristov, Boris: 129

Khrushchev, Nikita: 3, 34, 35, 102-103, 161, 173, 192

Komsomol. See Dimitrov Communist Youth Union

Kostov, Traicho: 34, 35

Koulekov, Pencho: 133

Kozloduy: 255

Kremikovtsi: 257

Krumovo: 257

Kurdzhali: 259

Kyustendil: 196

labor: viii, 58, 207-210, 252, 261, 262-264, 300; agricultural, viii, 207, 225, 232, 237-238, 246; BKP membership, 159; Construction Troops, 269, 273-275; employment, 207, 264; Labor Army, 274; lack of incentive, 204; preferential treatment of workers, 6, 73, 74, 76, 93-94, 99, 162; shortage of skilled workers, viii, 203, 207-208, 225, 237, 244, 245, 246, 256, 263, 300; sickness and disability benefits, 89-90; wages, 84, 208-210, 237-238, 262-263; workweek, 91

language: vii, 97, 102; Cyrillic alphabet, 12, 126; foreign, education in, 113; minorities, vii; Russian, compulsory education, 109, 110

Lasarov, Ivan: 133

Levski, Vasil: 19

liberation, 1878: 1-2, 19-21, 52, 287, 288; Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, 19; Congress (Treaty) of Berlin, 2, 22; growth of nationalism, 17-20; Internal Secret Revolutionary Organization, 19; "moderates"-"radicals", 19; revolution of 1876, 19-20, 288; Russian role in, 1, 19, 20, 172; Treaty of San Stefano, 1878, 2, 20, 22; Turnovo Constitution, 21, 32, 138-139

libraries: 183-184, 199-200; Cyril and Methodius Library, 187

literature: 125-128, 187; historic, 12, 14, 15; periodicals, 126, 128; Slav-Bulgarian History, 18, 95, 126; writers' revolt, 127-128; Writers' Union, 125

living conditions (see also health; housing): 79-91, 300; Commission on the Living Standard, 84, 205; consumer goods, shortage, 83, 84, 86; cost of living, 83-84, 85; leisure, 91; rural, 53, 88; special plenum on, viii, 83-84, 87, 203, 205, 209-210; workers and peasants, 84, 85

local government: vii, 50-52, 137, 138, 140, 141, 147-148; budget, 213; cities and towns (rayoni), 50, 147, 271; civil defense, 276; districts (okruzi), vii, 50, 52, 107, 144, 147, 159, 236; elections, 149; legal departments, 284; police, 148, 271; townships (obshtini), vii, 50, 52, 147, 271

Lovech: 254

Lulchev, Kosta: 32, 33

Macedonia: Bulgarian territorial claims, 1, 9, 13-14, 21-23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 49, 176; historic, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20-23, 29; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), 22, 25, 26; People's Republic of, 66

Macedonians: vii, 55, 58, 65, 66

Macedonian terrorism: 23, 25, 26

Madan: 55, 259

Magyars: 12, 13

Manov, Emil: 128

Maritsa-Iztok coalfield: 253

Maritsa River: 40, 42, 45, 49, 55, 59, 60, 226, 227, 255

Marxism-Leninism (see also ideological indoctrination under education): 141, 167, 175

mass communications (see also films; press; publishing; radio and television): viii, 183-202; administration, 187-188; local groups, 185; objectives, 183, 184-185; party control, 183, 186; pro-Soviet themes, 183, 188, 189, 191; public opinion, 184; relative popularity, 185; state ownership and regulation, viii, 183; themes, 183, 188-189, 191

mass organizations (see also Dimitrov Communist Youth Group; Fatherland Front): 7, 65, 76, 77, 164-169; BKP control through, 7, 153, 164, 165, 166; civil defense, 276; ideological training, 169; memberships, importance, 76; public order role, ix, 276; social pressure by, 269; sources of popular opinion, 7; trade unions, 89, 166, 185, 193, 276, 277; youth groups, 8, 76, 167-168, 277-279

merchant marine: 62

Mesta River: 42, 49, 226

Methodius: 11, 126

Mihailov, Ivan: 161

Milev, Ivan: 132

mineral resources: 37, 47-48, 252-257

mineral waters: 48

Ministry of: Agriculture (and Food Industry), 193, 205, 228, 233, 235, 236, 240; Chemical Industry and Power Generation, 204; Culture, 106, 195; Education, 106; Finance, viii, 89, 204, 213, 219, 221; Foreign Affairs, 173-174; Foreign Trade, viii, 173-175, 204, 219, 221; Information and Communications, 187; Interior, 32, 35, 154; Internal Affairs, ix, 7, 148, 167, 269, 271, 273, 284; Justice, viii, 7, 32, 283-284, 285; National Defense, ix, 7, 8, 167, 193, 273, 275, 287, 288, 289-290, 294; National Education, 106-107, 116, 167, 198, 208, 263; Public Education, 96; Public Health, 80; Supply and State Reserves, 251-252; Transport, 63

Montenegro: 22, 28

motor vehicles: 59

Murad I: 15

Murkvichka, Ivan: 132

music: 129-130

National Assembly. (See also State Council): vii, 4, 137, 138, 142, 144, 147; elections, 139, 147, 149, 150; establishment, 139; functions, 4, 5, 32, 139-140, 145, 147, 148, 149, 173, 213-214; presidium, 139, 141, 143

National Liberation Army: 31

National School of Choreography: 113

national security (see also armed forces; border troops; civil defense; police): ix, 154, 269-286; organization, 270; police state period, 159, 270-271; state security police, 7, 269, 270

nationalism: 189; historic, 16

naval base (Varna): 54

navy: ix, 7, 287, 289, 291, 295, 298, 299

Nedkova, Maria: 133

Nicephorus: 11

North Atlantic Treaty Organization: 290

opera: 123, 129-130

Otechestven Front: 191, 192-193

Ottoman Turks (see also Turkish rule): 15-16

Panagyurishte: 259

Partisan Song: 132

Pavlov, Todor: 161, 187

Pavlovich, Nikola: 132

Peasant Union Party: 32

peasants (see also Bulgarian Agrarian Union): 6, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74; BKP membership, 159; populism movement, 25; postliberation period, 21; preferential treatment for education, 6, 73, 74, 76; Turkish rule, 16-17, 131

Pelin, Elin: 127

penal institutions: 7, 269, 284-286

pensions: 89, 90

Pernik coalfields: 253, 254

Peter, rebellion against Byzantine Empire: 13

Petkov, Nikolai: 32

Petrov, Ilia: 132

Philip of Macedon: 10, 54

Pioneers (Young Septembrists): 167-168

Pirdop: 259

Pirin range: 40, 42, 46, 57, 227

Pleven oil refinery: 254-255

Pliska: 11

Plovdiv: 45, 54, 226, 250, 255, 259; libraries, 199; railroads, 59, 60; universities, 115

Poland: 172, 175

police: ix, 7, 269; People's Militia, 148, 269, 270, 271-273; registration of weapons, etc., 272; secret police (police state period), 159, 270-271; voluntary paramilitary auxiliaries, 269

Politburo: vii, 3, 4, 5, 143, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 187; composition, 154, 156, 162-163; foreign policy role, 171

Pomaks: 16, 55, 67

Popov, Lyuben: 194

population (see also ethnic groups): vii, 37, 55-58; by age and sex, 55, 56; exchanges, 57-58; growth rate, vii, 57; minorities, percent, 37, 55, 65; rural, 56, 57

ports: Black Sea (see also Burgas; Varna): 54, 62

Preslav: 12

press: 183, 184, 190-193; BTA, 187, 188, 189; circulation, 193; foreign language, 188; party control, 186-187, 190-191, 192; periodicals, 193; provincial, 192, 193; public attitude, 185; Sofia Press Agency, 187-188; Soviet pattern, 191-192; Union of Bulgarian Journalists, 186, 191

private ownership: 33, 140, 142, 204; Law on Citizens' Property, 142

propaganda: 183, 184, 185, 187, 190, 191, 194; anti-Western (see also Western influence), 155, 169, 188-189, 190, 191; Soviet Press Agency, 187-188

publishing: viii, 183, 187, 197-199; ideological content, 198-199; party control, 187, 197, 198; promotion of books abroad, 199; textbooks, 197-198, 199; translations, 197

Rabotnichesko Delo: 191, 192

radio and television: 125, 183, 184, 193-196, 267; color TV, 183, 196; foreign language, 195, 196; Intervision, 196; party control and use, 187, 194, 195; popularity, 185; programming, 195, 196; radio relay ties, 195; TV subscribers, 196

railroads: viii, 59-61; Orient Express, 59

rainfall: 43-44, 226

Rakovsky, Georgi: 19

religion: vii, 33, 65, 66-67, 189; Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 15, 19, 33, 66, 95, 98, 99, 121; Christianity, early, 12, 13, 14; church schools, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 121; Committee for Religious Affairs, 33; freedom of, vii, 66-67, 142; government control, 67; Greek (Eastern) Orthodox Church, 12, 16, 95; Jews, vii, 34, 67; Moslem, vii, 16, 33, 67; Protestants, vii, 33-34, 67; religious art, 131; Roman Catholics, vii, 14, 33, 67; Russian Orthodox Church, 33; Turkish era, 16, 66

Rila Monastery: 134

Rila mountains: 40, 41, 42, 46, 57, 226, 227; mineral resources, 253; Mount Musala, 40

Rilska River: 42

roads: 61

Rodopi (Rhodope) Mountains: 25, 39-40 passim, 55, 226, 227; as boundary, 49; mineral resources, 48, 257, 259; Pomaks in, 67; population density, 57

Romania: 26-27, 35, 172, 175, 176, 256, 287; Balkan War—1913, 22-23; border crossing, 50; cooperative hydroelectric power complex, 176, 180, 255; World War I, 24

Romanians: vii, 2, 55, 58, 65

Romans: 9-10, 11, 12, 54

Rositsa River: 42

Rumili (Rumelia): 16, 20

Ruse: 54, 115, 199, 232, 250; railroads, 59, 60

Russia: 9, 17, 19, 22, 106, 172; Revolution—1917, 24

Saint Sophia church: 54

Saint Theodor of Plateina: 131

Sakar mountains: 40

Samuel, King: 13

Scientific and Technical Union: 277

sculpture: 133

Serbia: 12, 15, 17, 22, 23, 28

settlement patterns: 52-55

shipbuilding: 62

Shumen: 199

Simeon, regency for: 28

size: vii, 37

Slaveikov, Pencho: 127

Slaveikov, Petko: 126

Slavs: 2, 9, 10, 11, 52

Sliven: 253

Slunchev Bryag: 196

smuggling: 273

Smyrnenski, Khristo: 127

social benefits: 89-91, 142

Social Democratic Party: 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 159, 191

social system: 6, 65-77; BKP membership, 6, 75; Communists, effect of, 65, 69, 73-77; feudal, 11; party elite, 6, 73-74, 75; peasants (see also peasants), 6, 71,72, 74; rural-urban differences, 71-73; social mobility, 6, 7, 75-76; traditional, 6, 65, 72-73, 76-77; urban intelligentsia, 72, 73

Socialist patriotism: 189

Sofia: 40, 53-54, 250; Academy of Fine Arts, 132; administrative district, 50; Bulgarian National Library, 199; climate, 44, 53; education in, 107, 115, 117; Higher Institute of Construction and Engineering, 275; hot springs, 48, 53-54; industry, 259; libraries, 199; media administrative center, 187; mineral resources, 47, 48; Radio Sofia, 195; television, 196; theaters, 128, 129; transportation, ix, 59, 60, 63; Turkish period, 16, 17; University of, 96, 97, 113, 135; World War II, 28, 29

Sofia Basin: 38, 41, 227

soils: 44-45, 226-227

Soviet Union: Bulgarian students, 116; Bulgarian timber workers, 260, 263; electricity imports from, 256; influence, 3, 9, 10, 29-30, 155; relations, 153-154, 156, 162, 171, 172, 175, 296; trade, viii, 175, 180, 222, 244, 257; World War II, 27, 28-29, 30-31, 288

sports: 91

Sredna Gora: 38, 42, 45, 259

Stalin, Joseph: 3, 34, 159, 172-173, 191-192, 270

Stambolisky, Alexander: 25, 163

Stara Planina: 38-46 passim, 226, 227; Botev Peak, 38; mineral resources, 47, 48, 253, 257, 259; population density, 57

Stara Zagora: 194, 199, 255

State Committee for Education and Technical Progress: 116, 140

State Council: vii, 137, 147; BKP membership, 143; establishment, 156, 162; executive council of Council of Ministers, 145, 174; Fatherland Front, relationship, 164; functions, 4-5, 143-145, 149, 173, 174; legislative initiative, 138, 141, 144; president, 143

Strandzha mountains: 40, 47, 227, 257

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks: 181

Struma River: 42, 49, 226, 227, 253

suffrage: 21, 138, 139, 149

Suleiman the Magnificent: 17

Svishtov: 97, 115

Tarabanov, Milko: 180

Tatars: 15, 17

taxes: 84, 214

Tenth Party Congress: 140-141, 154, 156, 157, 161-163, 211, 212; Soviet-Bulgarian relations, 173; theme, 162

theater: 123, 125, 128-129

Thrace: 10, 14, 15, 20, 29; Bulgarian territorial claims, 1, 9, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 49

Thracian Plain: 38-45 passim, 226, 227 agriculture, viii, 45-46; population density, 57

timber: 260, 266

Timok River: 49

Todorov, Stanko: 143, 161

topography: vii, 37-41

tourism: 133, 134; laws on stay of foreigners, 272-273; official currency exchange rate, 219; special problems, 282; television programs, 196

trade (see also Council for Mutual Economic Assistance): 27, 179, 207, 220-223, 259; Arab countries, 179, 222; balance of trade, 223; foreign trade organizations, 220, 221; historic, 14, 17, 18, 27; imports of minerals, 253, 254, 257, 258, 260; incentives and subsidies, 220-221; Soviet Union, viii, 175, 180, 222, 244, 257; state monopoly, viii, 220; U.S., 177-178

transportation: viii, 59-63, 86; airways, ix, 62-63; Berlin-to-Baghdad route, 59; cargo, viii, 59, 61-62; merchant marine, 59; passenger, viii, 61; railroads, viii, 59-61; roads, viii, 61; waterways, viii, 61-62

Traykov, Georgi: 164

Treaty of San Stefano: 2, 20, 22

Tsar Ivailo: 14

Tsar Simeon: 12

Tundzha River: 42, 45, 227

Turkey (see also Turkish rule; Turks): 26-27, 177, 290, 296; Balkan Wars, 22; radio relay lines with Bulgaria, 195

Turkish rule (see also liberation): 9, 13, 15-20, 52; administration, 16; culture, 15, 17, 123, 126, 130, 131, 134; education, 16, 93; reforms, 18-19; religion, 16, 66; rise of nationalism, 17-20

Turks: vii, 2, 55, 65-66, 106, 177; emigration, 57-58, 66

Turnovo: 15, 199; Balkantourist Hotel, 134

Tyulenovo: 254

Union of Working Youth: 277

United Nations: Committee on Disarmament, 181, 292; membership, vii, 34, 172, 180; participation, 180-181

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: 181

United States relations: 34, 35, 177-178, 222

urban development: 53

Ustashi: 26

Valley of Roses: 38, 45

Vaptsarov, Nikola: 127

Varna: 54, 57, 62, 199, 250; radio and television, 195, 196; railroads, 59, 60; universities, 97, 115

Vazov, Ivan: 126-127

vegetation: 45-46

Velev, Angel: 150

Veliko Turnovo: 54

Velsko: 199

Vidin Kingdom: 15

Vietnam, North: 117, 222

Visigoths and Ostrogoths: 10

Vitosha mountains: 40

Vladigerov, Pancho: 130

Vratsa: 254

Vucha River: 42

Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact): vii, 7, 171, 175, 179, 287, 290, 292, 293-294, 298

Western influence: 18, 34, 176, 185, 294

wildlife: 47

women: 69-70; alcoholism, 281; BKP membership, 160; Committee of Bulgarian Women, 168-169; labor, 237, 262; maternity leave, 90; penal institutions, 285; rights of, 142, 168; traditional role, 68

Workers Party: 30

World War I: 23-25

World War II: 1, 9, 10, 23-25, 288; declaration of war against Germany, 29; effect, 29-30; partisans, 30-31, 132, 277, 287; relations with Soviet Union, 27, 30-31, 288; Soviet occupation, 28-29, 31

youth: crime, 280, 285, 294; films on, 202; ideological training, viii, 6, 97-99, 100, 115, 121, 159, 169, 284, 285; labor, 237; news organization, 193; nihilist attitude, 155-156, 167, 278-279, 295; sources of information, 185

youth organizations (see also Dimitrov Communist Youth Union): 8, 76, 167-168, 277-279

Yovkov, Yordan: 127

Yugoslavia: 26, 35, 172, 256; Macedonians, treatment of, 66; relations, 26-27, 34-35, 176, 192, 296; World War II, 28

Yugov, Anton: 35, 161

Zakhariev, Vasil: 133

Zemen Monastery: 131

Zhivkov, Todor: 1, 3, 35-36; agricultural policy, 230, 231-232, 233; attempted coup against in 1965, 35-36, 153, 154, 156, 271; Committee of Bulgarian Women, 168-169; cultural policy, 124, 132; economic reforms, 160, 206; foreign policy, 35, 178; head-of-state, 4-5, 143, 153, 158, 160, 161; loyalty to Soviet Union, 1, 35, 153, 156, 171, 173, 175; media restrictions, 186; on education, 98, 103, 104; on Politburo membership, 162-163; pension system, criticism of, 90; reforms, 83, 154-155; Tenth Party Congress, 162; wage system reform, 208-209; "Youth Theses", 155, 167

Zlatni Pyassutsi (Golden Sands): 55

Zveno (link) group: 26, 32