INDEX

Abazi, Dede (religious leader): 98

administrative divisions: vii, 33, 34 (fig. 3), 35

adult education: 87, 88, 90-91

agas: 95

agrarian reform: 15, 16, 75; law, 21, 96

agreements. See treaties and agreements

agriculture (see also collective farms, crops, state farms): deterrents to goal attainment, 145; exports, 151, 174; five-year plans, 145, 152, 155-59 passim; imports, 173; investment, 167; land use, acreage, 152; mechanization, 146, 152; new methods, 145, 152; pattern of organization, 146, 151, 153; production, 145, 151-52, 155-56 (tables 10, 11), 157-59; productivity, 149; share of labor force, 147; summary, viii

aid, foreign (see also under specific country and under Communist countries): 3, 4; economic, 146, 169-71; military, 175-79 passim, 190; summary, ix

air force: 180, 184-85; chief, 184

air transport: ix, 46-47

airbases: 184-85

Albanian (language): 55-56, 137

Albanian Party Political Bureau. See Politburo

Albanian Telegraphic Agency (news agency): 131-32

Albanian Workers' Party (see also Central Committee, Central Commission on Education, Directorate of, Politburo, Secretariat): v, 1; activists and agitators, 107, 125, 128, 129; book publishing, 134; communication channels, 125; Conference, 114; Congress, 113; control over people and institutions, 2, 93-94, 111, 135, 137, 140, 142, 146, 147, 176, 185-86, 192-93, 194; and the courts, 107; discipline, 114; economic goal, 145; founded, 17; institutes, 117; mass organizations as levers of, 117-18; members in security forces, 193; membership, 115; national and regional organization, 111-15; operations, 115-16; organization within armed forces, 175; political power, 103-04, 106; religious policy, 100; schools, 116-17; slogan, 181; Stalinist methods, 121; statutes, 113-14, 115, 116, 118, 128

Albanian Writers' Union: 56

Ali, Hafez Musa Haxhi (religious leader): 98

Alia, Ramiz (Politburo secretary): 111, 112

alphabet, Albanian: 49, 56, 83

American Agricultural School (Kavaje): 84

American Junior Red Cross: 84

American Technical School (Tirana): 84

anti-Communists: organizations, 18; records on, 195

Antoniu, Kristaq (singer): 142

Apponyi, Geraldine (wife of Zog I): 16

area: vii, 1, 25

armed forces (see also People's Army): chief of staff, 180; civilian activities, 152, 181; decorations, 187-88; defense budget, 191; equipment, 175, 179, 181-82, 183, 184; foreign aid, 175-79 passim, 190; historical background, 177-79; medical services, 187; military courts, 108; military schools, 186-87; mission, 181; mobilization potential, 185; Party control of, 111, 185-86; Party organization within, 115, 175; political indoctrination of, 185-86, 190; rank designations, 175, 180; resistance to Italian occupation, 178-79; strength, 175, 181, 183, 184; summary, ix

Army of National Liberation: 18, 64, 111

arts, fine: 142-43

Asdreni, —— (poet): 139

Austria-Hungary: 14

authority: under communism, 68; traditional attitude toward, 67, 71

automobiles: 65

Bajraktari, Muharem (chieftain): 72

bajraktars (tribal chieftains): 67, 71, 74

balance of trade, 171

Balli Kombetar (National Front): 18, 74, 139; supporters, 72

Balluku, Beqir (min. of defense): 111, 180

banking: 168-69

Bashkimi (newspaper): 129, 130 (table 7)

Bektashi (religious group): 97, 98

Belishova, Liri (former Politburo member): 23

besa (pledge): 53

beys: 2, 5, 10, 13, 17, 72, 73, 74; creation of the class, 95; during civil war, 74; seizure of their land, 21; social position, 67, 70, 73

bibliography: 197-207

bicycles: 65

birth rate: 51

books: publishing and distribution, 133-34

boundaries: 25, 26, 31-33; border security (see Frontier Guards); potential for dispute, 4, 9, 31; settlement (1913), 14, 25

Broz, Josip (Tito): 19, 21, 22, 122

budget (see also expenditures, revenue, taxes): 164-67; defense, 191; responsibility for preparing, 106; social and cultural sectors, 58

Buene River: 39, 47, 183

Bulgaria: aid and trade, 170, 172

Byron, Lord: 96

Cako, Hito (chief, Army Political Directorate): 186

capital goods: output, 160-61

Carcani, Adil (Politburo member): 112, 120

Central Commission on Education: 92, 94, 112

Central Committee: 92, 94, 105, 113, 116, 117, 127; composition, 77, 112; functions, 114; and labor situation, 147, 148, 149; members in Council of Ministers, 106; publications, 129, 131

Charles I of Anjou: 11

children: welfare provisions, 64

China, Communist: aid, economic, 122-23, 160, 170, 171, 172; aid, military, 175, 176-77, 179, 184, 190; debt to, 171; economic effect of alignment with, 146; education and training in, 92; influence, 23; jointly owned shipping line, 47; relations with, v, 3, 104, 121-23; trade, 172, 174

Christianity: introduction, 11, 95

chrome: 44

Churchill, Winston: 19

Ciano, Count (Italian Foreign Min.): 16

Cikuli, Ziza (poet): 140

cities: growth, 75; population, 49, 50, 51, 56

civil war (1943-44): 18-19; fate of anti-Communists, 74

clans. See tribes and clans

clergymen: 73; Communist actions against, 96, 97-98, 99-101

climate: vii, 4, 26, 35, 36 (table 1), 37

collective farms: 145, 146, 151; basic features, 153-54; labor force, size, 147, 148; number and size, 154-55; patriarchalism, 80; personal income, 153-54; private plots, 154, 157, 159, 166; work performance, 151-52

Cominform. See Communist Information Bureau

communications (see also press, radio, television): 125-35; ownership, 110; summary, ix

Communist Information Bureau (Cominform): 21, 179

Communist countries: aid, 21, 169, 170; education and training in, 91; trade, 172

Communist Party. See Albanian Workers' Party

Communist regime: attitudes toward population growth, ethnic differences, and blood feuds, 51, 53; consolidation of power, 20-23; efforts to alter social structure, 67-69, 73-83; gains claimed, 6, 45, 50, 53, 58, 59, 75, 91, 94, 145, 149, 151, 155, 159, 165-66; goals, 2; installation date, 9; policy toward religious groups, 96, 97, 100

Communists: seizure of power, 17-20 concentration camps. See labor camps

cooperatives: agricultural, 136

copper ore: export, 44

Conference of Peze (1942): 17

Constituent Assembly: People's Republic proclaimed by, 20

constitution: first Communist, 20, 74, 86, 96, 113; independence, 14; provisions, 101, 104-08 passim

consumer goods: output, 161

cotton: 151, 155, 156 (table 10)

Council for Economic Mutual Assistance (CEMA): 21; member, 121

Council of Ministers: 132, 134, 150, 164, 179; description, 106; and religious control, 97

courts: 107-08; military, 108, 190; summary, viii

crime: 79, 128, 176; military, 190

crops (see also specific crop): industrial, 151; production, 155, 156 (table 10); yields, 41

culture: achievements, 137-38; development, 135-43; dominant themes under communism, 136; indoctrination through institutions, 135; Party control of activities, 135, 137, 140, 142

currency: viii, 167-68

Czechoslovakia: 123; aid, 170; trade, 172

Dako, Kristo (school founder): 84

death rate: 51

defense: budgetary expenditures, 166

Deljana, Thoma (Min., Education and Culture): 88

Democratic Front: 1, 103, 109, 117; described, 118-19; newspaper, 129; NLF renamed, 19

Dhrami, M. (artist): 143

diet: 62

Directorate of: Agitation and Propaganda (Agitprop), 112, 127; Cadres and Organizations, 112; Education and Culture, 92, 94, 112; Mass Organizations, 112; Radiobroadcasting, 132; State Administrative Organs, 112; State Security, 111, 176, 193-94

disease: 59-60

divorce: 79-80

doctors: 61

drainage. See lakes, rivers

Drin River: 37, 39, 47, 160, 164

Dume, Gen. Petrit (army chief of staff): 180, 192

Durres (port): 11, 183; facilities, 47; population, 51, 57; transportation, 46

East-West conflict: position in, 2, 121

economic planning: Communists view of, 110

economic plans (see also Five-Year Plans): responsibility for preparation, 106

economy: major objective, 7; status of, 146; summary, viii

education (see also schools): 83-94; discrimination, 77; eight-year, obligatory, 88-89; first objective, 69; function of information media, 126-27; indoctrination of youth, 69; medical training, 61; military, 88, 90; Party control, 93-94; pre-Communist period, 83-85; reform, 88; and social mobility, 69; status of, 6; summary, viii; system, 87-89 (fig. 5), 90-94; technical, 86-87

Educational Reform Law (1946): 86

Elbasan (city): 46, 49, 57

elections: 1, 19, 20; Assembly representatives, 105; candidate selection, 103, 104, 107, 109, 116-17; character and procedure, 108-09; mobilization of voters, 128

electricity. See power, electric

elite: Party, 64, 69, 77, 78, 106; ruling, 2, 10, 68, 73, 96, 121

employment: 147

ethnic groups: 5, 6, 9, 49, 52-55; minor, 54-55

European nations: relations with, 123; trade, 174

expenditures: 165, 166-67; defense, 191

exports: 172, 173-74; agricultural, 151, 174; industrial, 161, 162, 174; principal, 44; summary, viii

Faja, Baba. See Martaneshi, Baba Mustafa Faja

family: under communism, 74; efforts to revolutionize, 68, 81-83; rate of increase in number of, 75; role in politics, 77; as social force, 6; traditional organization, 67, 70-71

farm credits: 169

farms. See collective farms, state farms

Fejzo, Baba (clergyman): 98

fertilizer: 160

feuds, blood: 6, 53-54, 71

Fier (city): oil refinery and power plant, 160; population, 49, 57

Filce, Gjorgjija (singer): 142

films: 141

finance (see also currency, banking, budget): 164-69; summary, viii

Five-Year Plans: First (1951-55) and Second (1956-60), 159; Third (1961-65), 145, 149, 165, 170; Fourth (1966-70), 145, 152, 155-59 passim, 165, 171, 172; Fifth (1971-75), 164, 171

Floqi, Kristo (playwright): 140

food: prices, 64; processing, 162

foreign aid. See aid, foreign

foreign relations: 121-23

forests: 26, 41-42

France: relations with, 23; trade, 173

Franciscans: 97, 100, 139

Frasheri, Midhat (political leader): 18, 139

Frasheri, Naim (writer): 139

Frasheri, Sami (playwright): 140

Frontier Guards: 111, 176, 194

fruit: citrus, 30; exports, 174; production, 151, 155, 156 (table 10)

Fuga, Myqerem (Institute head): 117

gas: reserves, 44

Geg (language): 56, 137

Gega, Lira (former Politburo member): 22

Gegs (ethnic group): 6; ethnic characteristics, 53; population, 52; social structure, 70-72

Germany: resistance to occupation by, 179

Germany, East: aid and trade, 170, 172

Gjata, Fatmir (writer): 140

glossary: 209

government: appointment of officials, 116; character of, 1, 103, 104, 108; local, 106-07; Party control of, 103, 104, 106; structure, 104-07; summary, vii

grain: bread grain production, 151, 155, 156 (table 10)

Great Britain: 178

Greece: Albanians living in, 55; boundary claim, 14, 26; relations with, 9, 123; shared border, 25, 31, 32; trade, 173

Greeks (ethnic group): 54

gross industrial product (GIP): minerals share, 44

gross national product (GNP): per capita, 50

Gypsies: 54, 55

harbors: 183

Hasbiu, Gen. Kadri: 77, 111, 193

Hasko, Arif (air force chief): 184

health and medicine: facilities, 61; military medicine, 187; mobile medical teams and equipment, 61; personnel and training, 61; services, 58; status of, 6, 50, 59-62; summary, viii

history: 9-23

Hitler, Adolf: 17

holidays: 10, 78

hospitals: 61

houses: description, 63

housing: investment, 167; loans, 169; status, 51, 62-63

Hoxha, Enver (Party first secretary): 1, 3, 11, 17-23 passim, 53, 62, 77, 80, 84, 88, 100-05 passim, 111, 115-27 passim, 136, 142; relation to defense establishment, 180; relation to security police, 193; rise to leadership, 179

Hoxha (Enver) United Army Officers School: 186

Hoxha, Nexhmije (Party official): 77, 93, 112, 117

Hoxha-Shehu duumvirate: overthrow attempt, 22

Hungary: 172

Hunyadi (Hungarian king): 12

hydroelectric power: potential, 40, 162, 163; station, 159, 160, 164

identification cards: 195

illiteracy: 7, 86, 94, 126

imports: viii, 172, 173

income: collective farm workers, 153-54; national, major source, 7; taxes, 165

independence: 2, 3, 9, 10, 13-16, 139, 176, 177; proclaimed, 14

indoctrination: political and social, 69, 126, 135, 140, 147, 185-86, 190

industry: 146, 159-64; budgetary expenditures, 166, 167; construction projects, 159, 160; deterrents to development, 161; exports, 161, 162, 174; five-year plans, 159, 164,170;

imports, 173; nationalization, 21, 110; production, 160-63 (table 12); productivity, 149-50, 161; progress toward goal, 145; structure, 160; summary, viii

infant mortality: 50, 60

information media (see also press, radio, television): functions, ownership, and control, 2, 125-29

Institute for Economic Studies: 117

Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies: 117

Institute of Party History: 117

intellectuals: 73, 76-77

interest rate: 169

investment: budgetary expenditures, 167

iron: 44

irrigation: 40, 152, 153

Islam. See Muslim religion

Italy: aid, military, 178, 192; and Albanian independence, 13-14; invasion and annexation by, 3, 9, 16-17; relations with, 9, 16, 23, 121; resistance to occupation by, 178-79; trade, 173

Jakova, Tonin (trade union officer): 120

Jakova, Tuk (former Politburo member): 100

Jesuits: 83, 97

judges: election of, 108

justice (see also courts): summary, viii

Kapo, Hysni (Party official): 77, 82, 112, 117, 118

Kapo, Vito (women's organization head): 77, 119

Kastrioti, Gjergj. See Skanderbeg

Kastrioti, John of Kruje (tribal chieftain): 12

Kellezi, Abdyl (chmn., People's Assembly): 105

Khrushchev, Nikita: 22, 23, 122

Kisi, Archbishop Kristofor: 98

Koliqi, Ernest (playwright): 140

Kominino, Gjergi (poet): 140

Kono, Kristro (composer): 142

Korce (city): 51, 57

Kosmet: disposition of, 18

Kosovo area (Yugoslavia): 31, 33

Kryeziu, Gani bey (chieftain): 73

Kupi, Abas (founder, political organization): 18

labor (see also labor force): summary, vii; voluntary, 150-51, 162

labor brigades (youth): 118

labor camps: 20, 74, 77, 98, 193, 194

Labor Code: 110

labor force: adequacy, 146-47; attitude toward employment, 148; attitude toward industrial modernization, 161; education and indoctrination, 147, 161-62; effect of socialization of the land, 151; labor norms, 150; nonagricultural workers, 73; Party control over, 146, 147; productivity and discipline, 147-50 passim, 161; size and distribution, 147-48; working conditions, 78

lakes: 31, 32, 38 (fig. 4), 39, 47

land: in agricultural use, 152; arable, 26, 41; private plots, 154, 157, 159, 166; reclamation and melioration, 152; seizure and redistribution, 21; socialization, 151

language: 49, 55-56; foreign broadcasts, 132-33; official, 56; summary, viii

League for Defense of Rights of the Albanian Nation: 13

Legality Movement: 18, 74; supporters, 72

lek (currency): exchange rates, 167

Lenin (V. I.) Institute: 117

Leshi, Haxhi (head of state): 72, 105

libraries: 134-35

life expectancy: 51

limestone: 30, 31, 44

literature: 138-40

livestock and livestock products: 154; production, 152, 155, 156 (table 11), 157-58

living conditions: 49-50, 58-65

loans and credits: 169, 170-71

machine tractor stations: 146, 153, 165

machinery: 161

malaria: 59

malnutrition: 60

Mana, A. (sculptor): 143

management: attitude toward industrial modernization, 161; and productivity lag, 149-50

marriage: under communism, 74; customs, 68, 71; laws and rate, 79

Martaneshi, Baba Mustafa Faja (clergyman): 98

Marxism-Leninism: 67, 68, 104, 121, 122; teaching of, 86, 87, 88, 94, 117, 119, 126, 128-29, 135

medical services. See health and medicine

midwives: 61

migration: 51, 75, 148

Mijo, Sokrat (theater entrepreneur): 140

Mijo, Vangjush (artist): 142

military training (see also schools, military): in school system, 88, 90

minerals: 30, 31, 44, 160, 173

Ministry of: Education and Culture, 87, 93, 134, 137, 141, 142; Foreign Affairs, 134; Health, 59, 60, 61; Interior, 115, 176, 190, 193, 194; National Defense, 134; People's Defense, 115, 175, 176, 179, 186

Mjeda, Dom Ndre (poet): 139

Mugosha, Dusan (Party founder): 17

Mukaj agreement (political parties): 18

museums: 135

music: 141-42

Muslim religion: 7; conversion to under Ottomans, 12, 67, 94-95; number of members, 95

Mussolini, Benito: 16

name of country: vii, 11

National Liberation Front: 1, 175; seizure of government, 19

National Liberation Movement: 103, 139, 179; created, 17; supporters, 72, 73

nationalism: 5, 9, 126, 136, 139, 175, 177

nationalization: effect on social structure, 75; of industry, 21, 141; information media, 126; of schools, 84

naval forces: 180, 182-84; commander, 182

Ndoja, Mark (poet): 140

Ndreu, Dalli (former Gen.): 22

Near East Foundation: 84

Nendori (literary monthly): 100, 101

news agency: 131-32

newspapers: 129, 130 (table 7)

Nigris, Monsignor (apostolic nuncio): 99

Nikon, Bishop: 99

Noli, Bishop Fan S.: 15, 16, 73, 139

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): 176

nurseries (day care): 68, 148

nurses: 61

Nushi, Gogo (president, trade unions): 120

nutrition: 62

oil: production, 163 (table 12); refinery, 160; reserves, 44

organizations: anti-communist, 18; mass, 117-21

Orthodox Church of Albania: 7, 67, 98; members, 95

Ottoman rule: 3, 12-13

Paco, J. (sculptor): 143

Paisi, Archbishop: 99

Paluca, Maria (singer): 142

paramilitary training: 188-90

Pasha, Mehmet Ali (governor of Egypt): 12

Pasha, Pasko Vasa (playwright): 140

pashas: 2, 5, 13; creation of the class, 95; social leadership, 70

Paskal, Odhise (sculptor): 142

pastures: 41, 152

patriarchalism: 67; efforts to eradicate, 68, 80-83

peasants: attitude toward collectivism and modern methods, 145, 151, 157, 158, 159; conditions under communism, 78-79; religion, 95

People's army (see also air force, naval forces): ground forces, 181-82; organizational patterns, 180; position in government, 179-80; rank designations, 180-81; strength, ix, 181, 183, 184; training and paramilitary training, 182-90 passim

People's Assembly: 106, 108, 116, 164, 179-80, 190; aim and sphere of action, 109; description, 104-05; power and influence, 110

People's councils: description, 106-07; as Party levers, 117-18

People's Police: 111, 176, 195

periodicals: 130, 131 (table 8)

Pioneer organizations: 118

pipeline: xiv (fig. 1), 44, 46

Plasari, Ndreci (institute head): 117

poetry: 139

Poland: 172

police. See Directorate of State Security, Frontier Guards, People's Police

Politburo: 21, 105, 112, 113; communication media policy, 127; composition, 77; and the educational system, 92; and the labor situation, 148, 150; members in Council of Ministers, 106; Secretariat, 111; top executive branches, 111

politics: and creation of the modern state, 15-17; historical background, 5-6; locus of power, 2, 103, 108-11 passim; role of family connections, 77; the system, 108-21

Popovic, Miladin (Party founder): 17

population: control by Party and police, 2, 93-94, 137, 146, 176, 192-93, 194; ethnic composition, 1, 5, 6, 9, 49, 52-55; growth rate, 49, 51; rural character, 50, 56; social composition, 76 (table 4); statistics, 1, 49, 50-52 (table 3); summary, vii; working age, 147

Poradeci, Lasgush (poet): 139

ports: ix; facilities, 47

potatoes: 155, 156 (table 10)

power, electric (see also hydroelectric power): extent of use, 50, 58, 162, 163 (table 12); insufficiency, 44; production, 163 (table 12), 164; thermal plant, 160, 162

Prennushi, P. Vincenc (poet): 139

Presidium: 108; description, 105-06, 111; president, 72, 105

press: 125-28 passim, 129-32; use for Party purposes, 126-27

prices: consumer commodities, 64-65

proletariat: dictatorship of, 108-11

Puna (newspaper): 129, 130 (table 7)

radio: foreign broadcasting, 132-33; receivers and stations, 132, 133 (table 9); use for Party purposes, 126-27

Radio Tirana: v, 132

railroads: ix, xiv (fig. 1), 45-46

rainfall: 4, 26, 27, 29, 35, 36 (table 1), 37

Rama, K. (artist): 143

Red Cross: 61

regions, natural: 26-31

religion (see also clergymen, Orthodox Church, Muslim religion, Roman Catholic Church): 5; under Communists, 96-102; eradication efforts, 7, 69, 96-102; law to control, 96-97; summary, viii; traditional attitudes toward differences, 67, 96; wealth confiscation, of religious bodies, 96

resources, natural: 41-44; ownership, 110

revenue: 164, 165-66

rice: 155, 156 (table 10)

rivers: 37, 38 (fig. 4), 39-40 (table 2)

roads: ix, xiv, (fig. 1), 25, 27, 45

Rockefeller Foundation: 59

Roman Catholic Church: 7, 67; actions against, 99-100; membership, 95

Romania: aid and trade, 170, 172

Rruga e Partise (Party monthly): 117, 127, 131

Russia: 13, 14

Sako, Zihni (writer): 140

salt: 44

sanitation: 58, 62

Sazan Island: air base, 185; Sea Defense Brigade, 183

schools: Catholic, 99; enrollment, 91, 92 (table 5), 93 (table 6); higher institutes, 86, 90, 93 (table 6); military, 186-87; nationalization, 84; number of, 92 (table 5); paramilitary training, 188-90; Party, 116-17; pre-Communist period, 83-85; secondary, 90

security forces (see also Directorate of State Security, Frontier Guards, People's Army, People's Police): 175-95; control of population by, 176, 192-93; Party control of, 111; summary, ix

Sejko, Teme (former naval commander): 22, 190

Semen River: 39

settlement: patterns, 4, 49, 56-58

Shehu, Fiqrete (Party school head): 77, 117

Shehu, Mehmet (Prime Minister): 1, 22, 77, 84, 88, 90, 92, 103, 104, 105, 111, 116, 122

Shehu (Mehmet) Military Academy: 187

Shijak: airbase, 184

Shijaku, S. (artist): 143

shipping: 47

Shkoder (city): population, 51, 57; theater, 140

Siliqi, Llazar (poet): 140

Skanderbeg (national hero): 5, 10, 12, 138, 175, 177

Skanderbeg military school: 186

Skenderi, Vehbi (poet): 140

social insurance, 63-64

society (see also authority, divorce, elite, family, marriage, peasants, tribes and clans, women, youth): character of, 1-7; under communism, 68, 73-83; structure, 67-102; traditional patterns and values, 67, 69-73; by type of employment, 76 (table 4)

soils: 26, 41

Soviet Union: aid, economic, 7, 122, 141, 154, 169, 170; aid, military, 175, 176, 179, 183, 184, 192; break with, 122; debt to, 170; de-Stalinization campaign repercussions, 21; education and training in, 61, 87, 91; farm model, 153; relations with, v, 2, 3, 21, 23, 104, 112, 121, 122, 123; trade, 172

Spahiu, Xhafer (Politburo secretary): 111

Stalin, Joseph V.: 19, 22, 121, 122, 140, 142, 192, 193

Stalin (formerly Kucove): pipeline from, 44, 46

Stalin-Tito rupture: 21

standard of living: 7, 49-50, 58

state farms: 146, 151, 153; labor force size, 147; number and size, 154; private plots, 154, 157, 159, 166

State Planning Commission: 58, 146, 150

State University of Tirana: enrollment, 91; established, 137-38; Faculty of Jurisprudence, 74; Faculty of Medicine, 61; Library, 135; Linguistics and History Institute, 56; paramilitary training, 188

status: social mobility, 69

steel-rolling mill: 160

Stratoberdha, Llazi (Directorate head): 112

sugar beets: 151, 155, 156 (table 10)

sugar mill: 159

summary: vii-ix

Sunni (religious group): 97, 98

Tashko, Koco (former Party Leader): 23

Tashko, Tefta (singer): 142

taxes: 164, 165-66; and property confiscation, 20; turnover tax, 165, 166

teachers: number of, 91, 92 (table 5); Party membership, 94; training, 83, 87

television: 125, 133

temperature: 36 (table 1)

Tepelena, Ali Pasha (Lion of Yannina): 13

textbooks: 86, 87

textiles: mills, 159, 160; production, 163, (table 12)

theater: 140-41

Tirana (capital city): airbase, xiv (fig. 1), 184; description, 57; population, 51, 56, 57; transportation, 46

Tito. See Broz, Josip

Tittoni-Venizelos Agreement: 15

tobacco: 151, 155, 156 (table 10)

topography: vii, 4, 26-27, 28 (fig. 2), 29

Tosk: official language, 49, 56, 137

Tosks (ethnic group): 6, 52; characteristics, 53, 54; social structure, 70-72

tractors (see also machine tractor stations): spare parts, 160

trade, foreign: 146, 171-74; agreements, 173

Trade Union Workers: Agriculture and Procurements, 120; Education and Trade, 120; Industry and Construction, 120

trade unions (see also United Trade Unions): 120; administration of social insurance activities, 63; and control of labor, 147

Trako, Konstantine (composer): 142

transportation: problems, 4-5; status, 44-47; systems, xiv (fig. 1)

treaties and agreements, international: boundary, 14, 15, 32; defense, 16; summary, ix; trade, 173

Treaty of San Stefano: 13

trials: accessibility, 107

tribes and clans: description, 70; social patterns and values, 69-73

tuberculosis: 60

Turkey: Ottoman rule period, 12-13

Union of Albanian Women: 117, 119

Union of Albanian Working Youth: 1, 93, 115, 117, 175; described, 118; newspaper, 129; paramilitary training, 190

Union of Artists and Writers: 137, 142

unions. See trade unions, United Trade Unions

United Nations: Communist China mouthpiece in, v; Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA): 59

United States: Albanians living in, 55; relations with, 23, 122

United Trade Unions: 1, 117, 129; description, 120

university. See State University of Tirana

urbanization: 56, 75; government policy, 50-51, 147-48

values: traditional, 69-73 passim

vegetables: exports, 174; production, 151, 156 (table 10)

vegetation: 26, 41

Vijose River: 37, 39

villages: description, 57-58; electric power, 58; health services, 61-62; population, 49, 56

Vlachs (ethnic group): 54-55

Vlora, Ismail Qemal bey (independence leader): 3, 14

Vlore (port): airbase, 185; facilities, 47; pipeline to, 44, 46; population, 51, 57; Sea Defense Brigade, 183; transportation, 46

vocational and technical training: 86-87

Vodica, Pashko (clergyman): 98

voting: constitutional provision, 108

wages: 64

Warsaw Pact: 121, 123, 176, 192

West, the: East-West conflict, position, 2, 121; relations with, 23; trade, 172, 173

Wied, Prince Wilhelm zu: 15

wildlife: 43

Wilson, Woodrow: 15

women and girls: attitudes toward, 81, 82, 148; and blood feuds, 6, 71; mobilization potential, 185; paramilitary training, 189; part in production and government, 119; position in society, 54, 119; rights, 119-20; social changes under communism, 68; union of women, 117, 119; welfare benefits, 64

workers' compensation: 64

World War I: 3, 15, 32, 121, 177

World War II: 45, 50, 62-63, 175, 178-79

Xoxe, Jakov (writer): 140

Xoxe, Koci (government official): 21, 22, 193

Ylli (periodical): 131

youth (see also Pioneer organizations, Union of Albanian Working Youth): antireligious mission, 100, 118; attitudes toward, 82; organizations, 118; paramilitary training, 188-90

Yugoslav Communist Party: 17, 18, 19

Yugoslavia: aid, economic, 169; aid, military, 176, 179, 192; Albanians living in, 55; influence, 21; relations with, v, 2, 3, 9, 22, 23, 104, 121, 122, 123; shared border, 25, 32; trade, 173

Zengo, Androniqi (artist): 142

Zeqir, Ymer (commander, naval forces): 182

Zeri I Popullit (Party's official daily): 80, 81, 91, 121, 129

Zeri i Rinise (newspaper): 129, 130 (table 7)

Zicishti, Mihalaq (chief, State Security): 193

Zogu, Ahmet (King Zog I): 15, 16, 70, 72, 73, 178