Appendix I A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
Reading edition
Circa 1892 B. C.—Birth of Ishmael.
” 1773 ” —Death of Ishmael.
” 992 ” —Bilkis, queen of Yemen (Sheba) visits Solomon.
” 700 ” —Amalgamation of Cushite and Sabean clans in Yemen.
” 754 ” —All Yemen and Oman under rule of Yaarŭb.
” 588 ” —First Jewish settlements in Arabia.
A. D. 33—Arabians present at Pentecost.
” 37—The Apostle Paul goes to Arabia.
” 60—Second Jewish immigration into Arabia.
” 105—Roman Emperor Trajan under his general Palma subdues Northwestern Arabia.
” 120—Destruction of great dam at Marib and the beginning of Arab migrations northward.
” 297—Famine in Western Arabia. Migrations eastward.
” 326—Nearchus, admiral of Alexander, surveys the Persian Gulf.
” 325—Nicene Council—Arabians present.
” 342—Christianity already extending in Northern Arabia. Churches built in Yemen.
” 372—Mavia, queen of North Arabia, converted to Christianity.
” 525—Abyssinian invasion of Yemen.
” 561—Mohammed born at Mecca.
” 575—Persians under Anosharwan expel the Abyssinians from Yemen.
” 595—Mohammed marries Khadijah.
” 595—Yemen passes under Persian Rule.
” 610—Mohammed begins his prophetic career.
” 622—(A.H. 1)—Mohammed flees from Mecca to Medina. The era of the Hegira. (See end of Table.)
” 623—Battle of Bedr.
” 624—Battle of Ohod.
” 630—Mecca overcome. Embassy to Oman, etc.
” 632—Death of Mohammed. Abubekr caliph. All Arabia subjugated by force of arms.
” 634—Omar caliph. Expulsion of Jews and Christians from Arabia.
” 638—Kufa and Busrah founded.
” 644—Othman caliph.
” 655—Dissensions regarding caliphate. Medina attacked. Ali chosen caliph.
” 656—Battle of the Camel. Capital transferred to Kufa.
” 661—Ali assassinated. Hassan becomes caliph.
” 750—Beginning of Abbaside Caliphate (Bagdad).
” 754—Mansur.
” 786—Haroun el Rashid.
” 809—Amin.
” 813—Mamun.
” 833—Motasim.
” 847—Motawakkel.
” 889—Arise of Carmathian sect.
” 905—Yemen comes under Karamite caliphs.
” 932—Rebellion in Yemen. It becomes independent under Imams of Sana as rulers.
” 930—Carmathians take Mecca and carry away the black-stone to Katif.
” 1055—Togrul Beg at Bagdad.
” 1096-1272—The Crusades. Arabia in touch with European civilization through its bands of warriors.
” 1173—Yemen subdued by sultans of Egypt.
” 1240—Rise of Ottoman Turks.
” 1258—Fall of Bagdad.
” 1325—Yemen again independent.
” 1454—Imams of Yemen take Aden and fortify it.
” 1503—Portuguese under Ludovico Barthema, make voyages on Arabian coast and visit Aden and Muscat.
” 1507—Portuguese take Muscat.
” 1513—Portuguese under Abulquerque are repulsed at Aden. Visit Mokha and the Persian Gulf.
” 1516—Suleiman by order of Mameluke Sultan attacks Aden and is repulsed.
” 1538—Suleiman the Magnificent sends a fleet and takes Aden by treachery. Arab garrison butchered.
” 1540—Beginning of Turkish rule in Yemen.
” 1550—Arabs hand over Aden to the Portuguese.
” 1551—Aden recaptured by Peri Pasha.
” 1624-1741—Imams established rule over all Oman with capital at Rastak; then at Muscat.
” 1609—First visit to Aden by English captains.
” 1618—English establish factories at Mokha.
” 1622—Portuguese expelled from Bahrein and Arab coast by the Persians.
” 1630—Arabs drive out Turks from Yemen and Imams take the throne at Sana.
” 1740-65—Dutch East India Company in Persian Gulf and Red Sea ports.
” 1765—English East India Company in Persian Gulf and Red Sea ports.
” 1735—Abdali Sultan of Lahaj takes Aden.
” 1741—Ahmed bin Said drives out Portuguese from Muscat and founds Dynasty of Imams, anew.
” 1765—Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab dies and his political associate Mohammed bin Saud propagates Wahabiism in Arabia.
” 1780—Spread of Wahabi doctrine over all of Central Arabia.
” 1801—Wahabis conquer Bahrein and hold it for nine years.
” 1803—Abd-ul-Aziz the Wahabi chief assassinated by a Persian fanatic.
” 1803—Wahabis take Mecca and lay seige to Jiddah.
” 1804—Wahabis take Medina.
” 1804—Said bin Sultan ruler of Oman and Zanzibar.
” 1809—Aden visited by Captain Haines of British Navy.
” 1818—Ibrahim Pasha captures Wahabi capital and sends Amir in chains to Constantinople where he is beheaded.
” 1805-1820—British suppress piracy in Persian Gulf.
” 1820—Son of Amir, Turki, proclaimed Sultan of Nejd and Oman coast.
” 1821—British make treaty with tribes on Oman coast called the “Trucial League.”
” 1820-1847—British treaties with Bahrein chiefs to suppress slave-trade and piracy.
” 1831—Turki, ruler of Nejd, murdered.
” 1832—Feysul bin Turki, succeeds him.
” l835—Abdullah bin Rashid becomes a powerful chief in Jebel Shammar.
” 1835—Aden again visited by British to avenge cruelty to sailors shipwrecked off its coast.
” 1839—Aden bombarded by British fleet and taken. Treaties made with surrounding tribes.
” 1840-1847—Aden attacked by Arabs.
” 1846—Tilal bin Abdullah bin Rashid succeeds to rulership of Jebel Shammar and becomes independent of Wahabi power.
” 1851-1856—Abdullah bin Mutalib Sherif of Mecca.
” 1854—Sultan of Oman makes treaty with England and cedes Kuria Muria Islands.
” 1856—Thuwani bin Said ruler of Oman.
” 1857—Perim occupied by British.
” 1858-1877—Abdullah bin Mohammed Sherif of Mecca.
” 1858—Cable laid in Red Sea from Suez to Aden, but proved defective (cost £800,000).
” 1858—Bombardment of Jiddah by British.
” 1865-1886—Abdullah bin Feysul ruler of Nejd with capital at Riad.
” 1867—Mitaab bin Abdullah succeeds Tilal.
” 1867—Menamah (Bahrein) bombarded by British because of broken treaty. Isa bin Ali made ruler.
” 1866—Sultan bin Thuwani ruler of Oman.
” 1868—Mohammed bin Rashid assumes power and rule at Hail as Amir of Nejd.
” 1869—Cable laid from Bombay to Aden and Suez.
” 1870—Turkish invasion of Yemen.
” 1871—Turkish invasion of Hassa and occupation of Katif.
” 1871—Seyyid Turki ruler of Oman (Muscat).
” 1875—Busrah made a separate vilayet.
” 1877—Beginning of Turkish bureaucracy at Mecca.
” 1878—Treaty of Berlin. Reforms promised in Turkish Provinces.
” 1880—Hasein, Sherif of Mecca, is murdered.
” 1881-82—Abd el Mutalib again Sherif of Mecca.
” 1882—Aun er Rafik made Sherif of Mecca.
” 1886—Mohammed Ibn Rashid takes Riad overturning Saud government and becomes ruler of all Central Arabia.
[Note.—To find the equivalent date A. H. of any year A. D.:—From the year A. D. deduct 621.54 and to the remainder add 3 per cent. A. H. 1 = July 16th, 622 A. D., and the Moslem year consists of 12 lunar months. To find the equivalent date A. D. of a year A. H. multiply it by .970225 and to the remainder add 621.54. The sum gives the date A. D. of the end of the year A. H.]