INDEX

“Aaron”

his intelligent expression, 144, 146, 147

his capture, 145

on the journey, 147, 148

his tricks, 148

” one aversion, 148, 149

” sympathy for Moses, 149-152

realization of death, 151, 152

loses his mate, 170

his illness and death, 172-174

“Aaron” with “Elisheba”

acts as a protector, 156

his reliance on human aid, 157, 158-159

driving the cow, 158, 159

we start for Liverpool, 159

the bogie on the steamer, 159

solicitude of the apes, 159-160

their ingenuity, 161

the ape in the mirror, 161-162

Aaron’s jealousy, 162-165

the rivals, 163-165

arrival at Liverpool, 167, 168

Elisheba’s illness, 168

Aaron again becomes nurse, 170

Abstract ideas in simians, Lack of, 20, 36

Affection in animals not mere instinct, 58-59, 173

Age of maturity in apes, 98, 191, 192

Amusement (of captives)

captives should have, 55-56, 283

means of, 20-21, 33, 35, 54-56

Angola, 268

Anthropoid or manlike apes (see also Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Gibbon, Orang, and references under Chimpanzee captives)

the group, 3

superior intelligence, 35, 60

Apes (see also Simians and references under Anthropoid apes)

resemblance to man, 2

described, 3, 92-98, 223 ff.

anthropoid or manlike group, 3

skeleton a duplicate of man’s, 4, 7

superior intelligence of anthropoid, 35, 60

travelers’ stories untrue, 71-72, 235-236, 266 ff.

do not act in concert, 268

Approval, Apes’ love of, 197, 203

Arboreal habit, The, 96-97, 224-225, 245

Baboon, The, 3, 14, 15, 196-197, 224, 266, 277

relative plane, 3, 277

Bailey, Mr. James A., New York City

his valuable apes, 190-191

corroborative testimony, 268

“Banquo,” 28-29

Battel, Henry (1590), 267, 268

Batuna (plant), 77, 245

Bellevue Gardens, Manchester, England (see also Consul II)

Consul II, 193

a pugnacious ape, 198-200

chimpanzee and orang, 200

Borneo, 274

Buffalo (N. Y.) Museum, Specimens in, 104

Cage in the jungle, The

idea first conceived, 60

exceptional opportunities it afforded, 60, 71, 260

its construction, 62-64

its furniture, 64-66

date of occupancy, 71

length of occupancy, 71

my chimpanzee companion, 71

(see also Moses)

the native boy, 71, 120, 121, 125, 148-149

program for the day, 73 ff.

my menu, 73, 77, 79, 84

wild visitors, 75 ff., 186-190, 252-260

the tornado, 79 ff.

Cameroon (valley), 85, 213, 215, 267

Capuchin monkey, The (see also under Monkey), 18-19, 28, 29, 38, 39, 42, 52

Care of simian captives

amusement of, 20-21, 33, 35, 54-56, 283

their short lives, 146, 200, 201

effects of confinement, 231

cannot live in pure air, 280, 281

condition compared to a certain

tropical moss, 279-280

humidity essential, 280-282

diet, 282-283

dust of straw injurious, 283

tobacco fatal to the gorilla, 283-284

Catarrhini, 3

“Caucasian of monkeys, The,” 35

Cebus monkey, The (see also under Monkey)

brown species, 17, 24, 42

experiments with, 17, 18

superior intelligence, 35

white-faced species, 42

Charla (lake), 25

Charleston, S. C., Experiments at, 24 ff.

Cherry, Mr. William S., African traveler, 212

Chicago Gardens, Experiments at, 17, 29

“Chico”

his unusual size, 190

” scream, 241

” fear of an elephant, 268

Chi Loango (river), 211, 218

Chimpanzee, The (see also Kulu-kamba, Ntyigo, and references under Chimpanzee captives)

order of intelligence, 4, 60, 85, 99, 105-106

perception of number, 34

resemblance to man (see also Skeleton), 60-62, 92

in native haunts, 70, 71, 186-190

habitat, 85-87, 280

derivation and meaning of name, 86

two species, 86 ff.

described in detail, 92-98, 188

position in sleep, 96

longevity, 98

age of maturity, 98, 191, 192

breeding season, 98-99

social traits and government, 99-105

reasoning power and mental status, 105, 116, 206

does not bear captivity well, 146

pulmonary trouble common, 146

maladies resemble man’s, 186

seen from the cage, 186-190

climate of America favorable, 200-201

mode of attack, 237

scream and beating sound, 240-242

disposition, 250, 284

Chimpanzees, Speech of

extent of vocabulary, 108, 115, 136

number of words interpreted, 108, 115

pitch of voice, 108, 109, 111, 112, 116

vocal organs, 108-110

phonetic symbols invented by author, 109-113

method of producing sounds, 110-111

character and meaning of sounds, 112-115, 123, 125, 130, 135-137

quality of voice, 113

use of gestures, 114-115

possibility of development, 139

resemblance to human speech, 116

constant meanings of sounds, 136, 137

Chimpanzee captives, Some (see Aaron; Elisheba; Sailor’s pet; Village pet; Gaboon, captives at; Izanga; Chico; Johanna; Consul II; Clever kulu; Five young kulus; Sally)

Cincinnati Zoölogical Garden, Experiments at, 14, 28, 200, 241

Classification of simians, 2-4

Clever kulu, A

her color, 202

facial expression, 203, 206

love of approval, 203, 204

always in mischief, 204

unties complicated knots, 204-206

evidence of reasoning power, 206

Color, Simians’ perception of, 30-32, 35, 36, 139

Concrete ideas, Simians can express only, 36

Congo (river), 66, 85, 191, 209, 211, 212, 216, 218, 241, 267, 268, 270, 272

Constant meanings of sounds in simian speech, 15, 18, 23, 135-137

“Consul II”

his remarkable sagacity, 193

rides a “bike,” 193

smokes a pipe, 193-195

draws with chalk or pencil, 195, 196

distinguishes three letters, 196

love of teasing, 196-197

aversion to being clothed, 197

loves approval, 197

attempts at burglary, 198

his keeper’s zeal, 198

Cranio-facial angles

of man, 8

” apes, 9

” monkeys, 9

” reptiles, 10

Cross, Dr., Liverpool, England

guardian of Aaron and Elisheba, 168, 172

Cruelty

unnecessary in hunting, 146

inherent in natives, 157, 184-185

Crystal Mountains, 211, 214

Cynocephalus, 266

“Darwin”

learns Puck’s sound for “food,” 43

Deaf-mutes, Method of teaching applied to simian speech, 110

Death, Apes’ realization of, 151, 152, 170, 259

Deemin, Mr. James, English trader, 223, 261

Descriptions of simians

of monkeys, 3, 224

” chimpanzee, 92-98, 224

” gorilla, 223 ff.

Development of “calf” a means of comparison, 227

Dexterity and ingenuity

of apes, 122, 126, 129, 130, 132, 161, 184, 193-198, 204-206

of monkeys, 56-57

Dialects (see types under Monkeys, Speech of)

Dimension, Simians’ perception of, 30, 36

“Dodo”

Nemo’s apologetic speech, 47

her appeal to her keeper, 48-50

Drake, Mr. J. H., African traveler, 261

Drum, The (see Kanjo)

Du Chaillu, Paul, African traveler, 214, 272, 273

Early reports of apes (see Ford, Savage, Wilson, Walker, Hanno, Battel, Du Chaillu)

“Elisheba” (see also Aaron with Elisheba)

where captured, 154

her shrewish temper, 154-156

her selfishness and perversity, 155-156

her champion and slave, 156, 162-165

a suitor rebuffed, 163-165

submissive only from policy, 166

her illness and death, 168-171

Eloquence of monkeys’ speech, 22, 47-50

Emotions, Simians display human

sympathy, 149-152, 170-171

aversion, 26, 148-149

sorrow, 50, 152, 170

jealousy, 46, 125, 162-165, 186

contempt, 203, 206, 250

affection, 58-59, 134-135, 173, 174

Enjocko, 268

Enumeration (see Number, Perception of)

Esyira (tribe and country), 140, 144, 145, 218, 228, 267, 269

Ethics, Monkeys’ code of, 30

Etymology of native names, 232, 272

Evolution, 36

Expression (see also Facial expression)

defined, 13

speech a means of, 13

animals’ limit of, 13, 23

Facial expression of simians, 1, 16, 46, 47, 126, 146-147, 150, 162, 170, 182, 197, 202-204, 206, 207, 229

Falkenstein, Dr., 267

Ferocity of apes exaggerated, 229, 235-236

Ferran Vaz (lake), 66, 144, 149, 219, 228, 270

Fiote (tribe and language), 86, 267

Five young kulus, 207-210

Food

of chimpanzee, 106-107, 128-129, 132

of gorilla, 245-246

Ford, Dr., African traveler, 214, 217

Form, Simians’ perception of, 30, 139, 196

Fort Gorilla, 71

Gaboon (town and river), 66, 153, 155, 182, 211, 214-217, 268, 272

Gaboon, Some captives at, 182 ff.

their table manners, 182-184

their love of beer, 183-184

their dexterity, 184

maladies resemble man’s, 186

Gibbon, The

order of intelligence, 4

arboreal habit, 96, 276

size and activity, 275-276

skeleton, 276

can stand erect, 276

wonderful leaping power, 276

several known species, 277

vocal qualities, 277

Glave, E. J., African traveler, 241

Goode, Rev. A. C., late missionary at Batanga, 272

Gorilla, The

order of intelligence, 4, 211, 232

resemblance to man, 60

in native haunts, 70, 71

seen from the cage, 71, 77-78, 186, 252-260

his scream and beating sound, 84, 109, 237-242

arboreal habit, 96-97, 224-225, 245

nomadic, 97, 233

habitat, 211 ff., 273, 278-279

early reports of (see references under Early reports)

skeleton, 218-223

described in detail, 223 ff.

cannot walk erect, 225

the “calf” as means of comparison, 227

species, 228, 274

compared with other apes and with man, 228-231

social traits and government, 231 ff.

derivation of name, 232

in council, 234

ferocity exaggerated, 235-236, 262, 273

mode of attack, 236-237

sounds wrongly attributed to, 109, 240-242

method of carrying young, 242, 259

disposition, 242, 250-251, 284

food, 245-246, 282-283

stealthiness, 253, 262

calling sound, 254

difficult to find, 260-263

only one ever brought to America, 263

a wild gorilla takes his own photograph, 264-265

care in captivity, 278 ff.

Great forest, The, 68

Guinea, Gulf of, 85, 266

Habitat

of gorilla, 211 ff., 273, 278-279

of chimpanzee, 85-87, 280

of orang, 274

of gibbon, 276

Handmann, Mr. Otto, German consul at Gaboon, 182

Hanno, 500 B.C., earliest mention of the ape, 266-267

Harris, Captain, African traveler, 217

Harvard Medical School Collection, 6

Hornaday, W. T., authority on orang, 275

Human faculties, embryo of all, exists in simians, 37

Ikomba njina, 232, 234, 235

Inenga (lake), 218

Ingenuity of simians (see Dexterity)

Izanga (lake), 184, 212, 223

an unhappy captive at, 184-185

an act of mercy, 185

“Jack,” 25

“Jennie,” 27

“Johanna”

her value for scientific use, 190, 192

probable age, 191

size, 191

intellectual plane, 192

“Jokes” 24 ff.

his fright, 24

the reconciliation, 26

Journeys in the jungle

to the chimpanzee country, 66

a five days’ journey on foot, 148

to the coast, 153

Jungle, the African

described, 66-70, 153

daily life in, 73 ff.

the quiet hour, 77

a tornado, 79 ff.

Kabinda (town), 191

Kanga ntyigo

etymology of the name, 272

Kanjo, The, 102-104

the drum, 104, 241

Keller, Helen

with Nellie, 52-53

Kisanga (valley and river), 212

Komo (river, also name of gunboat), 153, 213, 217

Kongo, 272

Kulu-kamba (see also under Chimpanzee, and references under Chimpanzee captives)

its habitat, 87

described and compared with ntyigo, 87-91

Moses’ successor, 144

highest type of all apes, 202, 210

name applied to different types, 270

Lamberene (town), 270

Lemur, 2, 224

relative plane, 2, 277

Loango (valley), 192, 211, 267, 269

Longevity of chimpanzee, 98

Lopez, African explorer, 270

Lopez, Cape, 153, 270

Mafuka, 269, 274

Maladies of simians

pulmonary trouble common, 146

resemble man’s, 186

Malay Peninsula, 276

Mandrill, The, 14

Mayumba (town), 215, 216, 268

M’Bouve, 272

“McGinty”

his jealousy, 45, 46

Meanings of certain sounds in simian speech (see also under Monkeys, Speech of, and Chimpanzees, Speech of)

sound meaning “food,” 19, 28, 29, 43, 112-113

sound meaning “drink,” 19, 28, 29

sound meaning “warning,” 14, 20, 27, 113

sound meaning “alarm,” 24, 27, 113

sound meaning “friendship,” 113

sound meaning “good,” 160, 181

calling sound, 112-113, 136

Mental power and status of simians (see also under Ape, Chimpanzee, Monkey, Gorilla, “Aaron,” “Moses,” etc.)

compared to man, 105

compared to the dog, 116

Menu, My daily, 73, 77, 79, 84

Mesial crest (see Gorilla, Skeleton of)

“Mickie”

the boss of the school, 45-46

his tricks, 46

Middle forest, The, 68

Mirror, Experiments with, 40-41, 161-162

Mode of attack

of chimpanzee, 237

of gorilla, 236-237

Moiro, 217

Monkey, The (see also Simians)

human appearance, 1

relative plane, 2, 277

relationship to man, 2, 277

all simians not monkeys, 2-3

described, 3, 224

old world and new world, 3

cranio-facial angles, 9

Cebus species (see Cebus)

Capuchin species (see Capuchin)

perception of sound, color, form, dimension, quality, number, music, etc., 30-37

code of ethics, 30

Rhesus species (see Rhesus)

difference in traits and tastes, 35

express emotion, 50

affection not mere instinct, 58-59

Monkeys, Laughter of, 38, 54-55

Monkeys, Speech of

study of, 14 ff.

poor success of first efforts, 15

sound meaning “alarm” or “warning,” 14, 20, 24, 27

phonograph first used, 16-18

sounds have constant meanings, 15, 18, 23

number of sounds interpreted, 18

sounds described, 19-20

speech monophrastic and monophonetic, 19, 44

pitch of voice, 20, 28, 50

resemblance to human speech, 20, 22-23

each species has its own speech, 23, 44

sign of surrender, 25 ff.

sound meaning “food,” 19, 28, 29

sound meaning “drink,” 19, 28, 29

musical quality of voices, 19, 25, 45, 47, 50, 53, 57

eloquence, 22, 47-50

types of speech and inflections, 23, 42, 60

“Moses”

my sole companion in the cage, 71

his breakfast, 73

his amusements, 73, 120, 122-124

his siesta, 77, 124

position in sleep, 96

learns a word of human speech, 115-116, 137-138

his capture, 117-118

his moral training, 118, 120-121, 130-132

his tricks, 120-121, 123-124, 131

dexterity and ingenuity, 122, 126, 129-130, 132-133

reading the newspaper, 123

his jealousy and temper, 125, 186

our walks in the jungle, 125

understood rights of possession, 125, 128

preferences in food, 128, 129, 132

meaning of sounds, 123, 125, 135-137

his quick vision, 125

a severe lesson, 131-132

reasoning power, 133

his devotion, 134-135

perception of form, color, music, etc., 139

he signs a legal document, 139-140

last illness, 140-142, 149-151

his chimpanzee nurse, 149-152

his death, 142, 151, 152

his claims to fame, 143

Mpongwe, 86

Music, Simians’ perception of, 35-36

Native explanation of relationships, 269-270

Native reports unreliable, 215, 231

Nazavine (bay), 270

“Nellie”

her love of companionship, 20, 22

warns me of danger, 21 ff.

her perception of sound, 22

with Helen Keller, 52-53

her ingenuity, 56-57

“Nemo”

his diplomacy, 47

his abject apology, 47-48

Nenge Nenge (town), 214

New world monkeys, 3

their superior intelligence, 35

New York Zoölogical Gardens, Experiments at, 45-51

Nguni (river), 154, 211, 213, 218

“Nigger,” 45, 51

Njina, 228, 267, 269, 270

Njole (town), 213

Nkami (tribe, lake, and river), 66, 144, 212, 218, 272

Noogo (river), 144

Nose a distinguishing feature, The, 3

Ntcheego, 268

Ntyigo (see also under Chimpanzee)

its habitat, 87

described, 87-90

compared with kulu-kamba, 90-91

distinguished from ntyii, 228

Ntyii, 223, 228, 267, 269-270

Ntyi-ne-nye-ni (village), 144

Number, Perception of

by simians, 32-34, 36

by birds, 34

Ogowé (river, delta, and basin), 66, 117, 202, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 223, 272

Old world monkeys, 3

Orang, The

order of intelligence, 4

arboreal habit, 97

a captive at Bellevue, 200

compared, 274, 275

Orungu (tribe), 215

“Othello”

place of capture, 221

absence of humor, 244

illness and death, 247-249

with Moses, 249, 250

his speech sounds, 251

Owen, Sir Richard, writer on Africa, 215

Parrot Island, 214

Paternal instinct in animals, 100

“Pedro”

his troubles, 38

appreciation of kindness, 38

recording his sounds, 38, 39

his tale of woe, 39, 41

speech repeated to Puck, 39-41

Philadelphia Museum of Zoölogy, Specimens at, 217

Phonograph as a means of recording speech of monkeys, 15 ff.

first experiments, 16 ff.

behavior of monkeys on hearing, 16-18

speech and reply recorded, 18

Pedro’s speech recorded, 38

experiment with Puck, 39-41

Pitch of voice

in monkeys, 20, 28

in apes, 108, 109, 111-112

Platarrhini, 3

Pongo, 267, 269

Program, A day’s, 73 ff.

“Puck,” his perplexity on hearing phonograph, 39-41

Quality, Simians’ perception of, 30

Quantity, Simians’ perception of, 32

Reasoning power in simians, Evidences of, 16-18, 33-34, 36, 37, 105, 133, 161, 206

Records of speech sounds (see Phonograph)

Rembo (river), 144, 218

Resemblances between simians and man

in body, 1, 2, 4-8, 60, 92, 186, 277

in speech, 20, 22-23, 116

in affections, 58-59, 173, 174

Rhesus monkey, 32

Romanes, Professor

experiments with chimpanzee, 34

experiments with “Sally,” 241

Sacrum (see Skeleton)

Sagittal ridge (see Gorilla, Skeleton of)

Sailor’s pet, A

his suit rejected, 163-165

“Sally,” 241

“Sally Jones,” 244

Savage, Dr., African traveler, 213, 214, 216

Scream of gorilla and chimpanzee, 84, 109, 237-242

Sette Kama (town), 144, 212

Sheldon, Mrs. M. French, African traveler, 25

Sierra Leone, 266

Simians (see Apes, Monkeys, etc.)

wide range of types, 2

different forms described, 3

two grand divisions, how distinguished, 3

Simian speech (see Monkeys, Speech of, and Chimpanzees, Speech of)

Size of apes, 96, 190, 191, 221, 230

Skeleton, The

as basis of comparison, 4

chief point of difference, 4

sacrum, peculiarities of, 4-6, 8

vertebræ, number of, 5-6

causes of difference in sacrum and vertebræ, 6

sternum, differences in, 6, 7

skull, differences in, 8

general comparison, 7-8

of gorilla, 218-223

of gibbon, 276

Smithsonian Institution, Experiments at, 15 ff., 38

Snapshot, A unique, 264-265

Social traits and government

of chimpanzee, 99-105

of gorilla, 231 ff.

Soko, 270

Speech defined, 12

Speech of animals (see also Monkeys, Speech of, and Chimpanzees, Speech of)

author’s interest in, 12

grounds of belief in, 12, 13

vocabularies limited, 13

can express what they conceive, 13, 23

development of interest, 14

Spider-monkey, 38

Stanley Pool, 216

Steckelman, Carl, African explorer, 216

Sternum (see Skeleton)

Stories of travelers and writers often untrue, 71-72, 235-236, 261-263, 267, 268, 273

Strohm, Mr. Adolph, trader at Gaboon, 154, 158

Sumatra, 274

Threadbare story, A, 262, 273

Tornado in the jungle, 79 ff.

Translations of native reports, Literal, 269, 270

Troglodytes, 267

Tyimba (village), 144

Under forest, The, 68

University of Toronto Collection, 249

Village pet, A

the children’s playmate, 175-178

understood names and commands, 179

brought water and wood, 179-180

brought persons named, 180-181

price double that of a slave, 182

Vocabularies of animals (see Speech of Animals; Monkeys, Speech of, and Chimpanzees, Speech of)

Walker, Dr., revises Wilson’s lexicon of native language, 216

Wallace, Mr. Alfred R., authority on orang, 275

Webber, Mr., keeper of ape at Bellevue

his success in training, 198

Wild visitors to the cage, 75 ff., 81-82, 186-190, 252-260

did not usually evince fear, 253

retreated in good order, 253, 255, 258

Moses frightens one away, 254

a gorilla beckons, 255

a narrow escape, 256-258

an exceptional opportunity, 258-259

a brave baby, 260

a gorilla takes his own photograph, 264-265

Wilson, Dr., first missionary at Gaboon

wrote lexicon of native language, 216

Wurmb, Baron, 267