Contents

CHAPTER PAGE

I. What is Anthropology? 11

Anthropology treats of man as a member of a social group—Pure and applied anthropology.

II. The Problem of Race 18

Significance of the term “Race”—Overlapping of racial types—Subjective existence of types—Racial heredity and family lines—Inbred and heterogeneous types—Functional differences between individuals of the same bodily form—Environmental influences upon bodily form—Races considered from an evolutionary viewpoint—Relation between the size of the brain and intelligence—Man as a domesticated form—Physiological and mental differences between races—Difficulty of distinguishing between hereditary and environmental conditions—Significance of intelligence tests—Tests of American Negroes—Relative importance of cultural experience and racial descent—Racial descent disregarded by ethnologists.

III. The Interrelation of Races 62

Race consciousness—Open and closed societies—Race a type of closed society—Intermingling of races—Conditions under which race antipathies break down.

IV. Nationalism 78

Confusion between the terms “Race” and “Nationality”—Mixed descent of European nations—Language as basis of national groupings—Culture and political organization as basis of nationality—Fictitious groupings based on distant relation of speech—Increase in size of political units—Early development of tribal units—Decrease in feeling of difference between tribal groups—The function of nationalism.

V. Eugenics 102

Effects of selection—Effect of environment and heredity—General degeneracy—Selection for development of specific qualities—Social effects of eugenic legislation—Elimination of the unfit—Dangers of eugenic procedure.

VI. Criminology 120

Criminals as a class—Criminals as defectives—Social conditions and crime—Relative importance of hereditary and environmental factors.

VII. Stability of Culture 131

Acceleration of cultural development—Periodicity of the rate of change—Automatic habits—Relation between material inventions and automatic habits—The relation between language and thought—Actions are more stable than their interpretations—Stability of patterns of thought—Negative effect of automatism—Intolerance—Independence.

VIII. Education 164

Phenomena of growth and development—Influence of heredity—Development of functions—Retardation and acceleration—Comparison of sexes—Application of generalized observations to the establishment of educational standards—Racial characteristics—Cases in which standards are applicable—Prediction of individual development—Generalized standards are not applicable to individuals—Cultural effects of education—Effect of education upon mental freedom—Conflicts in educational aims—Effect of education upon crises in the life of the individual—The cultural outlook of classes—Cultural outlook of educated class—Cultural outlook of the masses.

IX. Modern Civilization and Primitive Culture 198

Applicability of anthropology—Valuation of different cultural aims—Objective study must be based on different cultures—Anthropology an historic science—Prediction of development of culture impossible—Primitive cultures as historic growths—General social laws—Progress in inventions and knowledge—Stability of moral ideas—Progress in ethical behavior—Progress in social organization—Leadership—Position of woman—Marriage—Property—Is the direction of cultural development predetermined?—Culture not superorganic—Geographic and economic determinism.

References 237