ILLUSTRATIONS
Reading edition
Illustrating the method of making animated cartoons by cut-outs Frontispiece
PAGE
Magic-lantern and motion-picture projector compared 7
Geneva movement 9
A motion-picture projector 11
Illustrating the proportions of light and dark periods during projection in two types of shutters 12
Section of an animated cartoon film 15
The thaumatrope 17
Two instruments used in early investigations of optical phenomena 18
Apparatus on the order of Faraday’s wheel 19
An antecedent of the phenakistoscope 20
A phenakistoscope 21
Phenakistoscope combined with a magic-lantern 22
Phenakistoscope with a cycle of drawings to show a dog in movement 23
The zootrope 24
Zoetrope of William Lincoln 25
Reynaud’s praxinoscope 26
The theatre praxinoscope 28
Projection praxinoscope 29
Optical theatre of Reynaud 30
The kineograph 31
Plan of the apparatus of Coleman Sellers 36
The ostrich walking; from Muybridge Facing page 40
Marey’s photographic gun 42
Plan of the kinora 43
Plan of Edison’s first kinetoscope 46
Projector and motion-picture camera compared 48
A negative and a positive print 49
Plan of a motion-picture camera 50
Types of camera and projector shutters 51
One foot of film passes through the projector in one second 53
“Animator’s” drawing-board 61
A sheet of perforated paper and the registering pegs 63
Illustrating the making of an animated scene 67
Illustrating the making of an animated scene with the help of celluloid sheets 71
Arrangement of board, pegs, and hinged frame with glass 75
Balloons 78
Three elements that complete a scene 79
Phenakistoscope with cycle of drawings of a face to show a movement of the mouth 80
Cardboard model of an airplane with separate cut-out propellers Facing page 84
The laws of perspective are to be considered in “animating” an object 86
Perspective applied in the drawing of birds as well as in the picturing of objects 87
Articulated cardboard figures 89
Illustrating the animation of a mouse as he runs around the kitchen 95
Successive phases of movements of the legs in walking 101
Illustrating the action of the foot in rolling over the ground 103
Successive phases of movements in walking 105
Phases of movement of a quick walk 107
Contractions and expansions as characteristic of motion 109
Order in which an animator makes the sequence of positions for a walk 112 and 113
Phases of movement of a walk. Six phases complete a step 115
A perspective walk 117
Four positions for a perspective run 118
Phases of movement for a perspective run 119
Running figure 121
Phases of movement for a quick walk 123
Walking movements, somewhat mechanical 124
Phases of movement for a lively walk 125
Phases of movement for a quick walk 127
Walking movements viewed from above 128
Trotting horse 134
Trotting horse (continued) 135
A panorama effect 138
Galloping horse for a panorama effect 139
The elephant in motion 140
The elephant in motion (continued) 141
Pigeon in flight; from Muybridge Facing page 142
Comic walk of a duck 143
Cycle of phases of a walking dog arranged for the phenakistoscope 144
Phenakistoscope with a cycle of drawings to show a dog in movement 145
Running cow 147
Phases of movement of a walking lion 148
Dog walking 149
Various kinds of wave motion 150
Cycle of drawings to produce a screen animation of a waving flag 157
Cycle of drawings for an effect of falling water 159
Cycle of drawings for a puff of vapor 161
An explosion 162
The finishing stroke of some farcical situation 163
Piano practice 164
Three drawings used in sequence and repeated as long as the particular effect that they give is desired 165
A constellation 166
Simple elements used in animating a scene 167
Symbolical animation of snoring 172
Series of drawings used to show a baby crying 173
A “close-up” 175
Illustrating the use of little “model” hats to vivify a scene 176
“Cut-out” eyes 178
Illustrating the making of “in-between” drawings 179
Illustrating the number of drawings required for a movement 180
Illustrating a point in animating a moving limb 182
Making drawings in turning the head 183
Easily drawn circular forms and curves 186
Foreground details of a pictorial composition 190
Making an animated cartoon panorama 193
Illustrating the apparent slowness of a distant object compared to one passing close to the eye 195
Distinguishing marks on wheels to give the illusion of turning 197
Elements used in giving a figure the effect of trembling 198
Typical arrangement of camera and lights 203
Part of a length of film for a title 208
Vignetter or iris dissolve 211
To explain the distribution of light in a cross dissolve 213
Illustrating the operation of one type of motion-picture printer 217
Another plan for an animator’s drawing-board 218
Canine thoughts 219
Plenty of movement demanded in screen pictures 224
The plaint of inanimate things 227
The pinwheel effect of two boys fighting, elements needed in producing it 231
Cycle of drawings to give the illusion of a man spinning like a top 235
A blurred impression like that of the spokes of a turning wheel is regarded as funny 236
Hats 239
Radiating “dent” lines 240
A laugh-provoking incident in an animated cartoon 241
The Mad Hatter 246
Detail of a fresco by Michael Angelo 248
Mr. Frost’s spirited delineation of figures in action 249
The peep-show 250
Demeny’s phonoscope 251
Drawings used in making a film of a gasolene engine in operation 255
Character of drawings that would be prepared in producing moving diagrams of the muscles in action 258
THE BEGINNING OF ANIMATED DRAWINGS