Index

Abstract promise 262, 263 Acquisition by creation 195 by discovery 195, 201 by occupation 196, 211 civil 196-197 derivative 207 in Roman law 194-200 Kant's theory of 210-213 natural 195 things not subject to 197 Act, as basis of liability 158 Acting at one's peril 167, 178 Action de deiectis et diffusis 162 de recepto 162 in factum 160 in personam 151 noxal 162 Adjudication administrative element in 122-123 steps in 100 Administration 108 adjustment with law 137 Administrative tribunals 130, 136 Ames, James Barr 178 Analogy, reasoning by 32 Analysis 53 Analytical application 123-125 reasoning 105 theory 53-54 Anglo-Saxon Law 148 Application of Law 100 ff. agencies of individualizing 129-138 analytical 123-125 equitable 122, 126-129 historical 125-126 latitude of 120, 129 margin of 112 rules 142 theories of 123-129 Aquilian culpa 156, 159, 162 Aquinas, St. Thomas 25-26 Aristotle 25, 38, 76, 82, 138 on application of law 109-110 threefold classification of governmental powers 15 Austin, John 172-174, 259 Bacon 258 Bailment 170, 270, 275 Bartolus 37 Baty, T. 166 Bentham 54, 84 Bergson 141 Bills of Rights 43, 53, 216 Binding 164 Blackstone 26, 180, 208, 268, 278 Buckland, W. W. 161 Callings, restrictions on engaging in 88 Camden, Lord 119 Canon law 252, 254 Carrier, liability of 186 Casuists 254 Catholic jurist-theologians 39 Causa 259 civilis 248, 250, 251 debendi 251, 254, 255 Causation 162, 164 Certainty 142-143 Change, reconciliation with stability 30, 38 Cicero 27, 30, 31, 117 Civilization, as a measure of value 98 jural postulates of, 56, 169-179, 284 Civil law, 237-240 Classes, social, 91 Codification, 46-47, 139-140 Coke, Sir Edward, 133 Commentators, the, 37 Common Law, the, and legislation, 139-140 professional view as to, 278 types of delictal liability in, 168 Community property, 229 Composition, 149, 241-242 Compromises, 94-95 Conceptions, legal, 116 Conditions "implied in law", 259 Conduct, application of law to, 137-139 expectations arising from, 189 Consciousness, as starting point, 84 Consideration, 240, 258-259, 267, 268, 271-273, 278-279 adequacy of, 273-274 circumstances keeping doctrine alive, 278-282 in equity, 258-259, 277 meanings of, 276-277 meritorious, 259 Contract analogy of real transactions, 242 Anglo-American law of, 257-259 anomalies in law of, 282 bargain theory of, 269, 271-273 by estoppel, 187 categories of, 248 civil-law enforcement of, 238-240 common-law categories of, 274-275 common-law enforcement of, 240 consensual, 249 equivalent theory of, 255-256, 257-259, 269, 273-277 Fichte's theory of, 261-262 formal, 245-271 Hegel's theory of, 263 historical background of law of, 241 ff. historical category of, 172 historical theory of, 266-269 injurious-reliance theory of, 261 innominate, 249, 261 Kant's theory of, 261 metaphysical theories of, 260-265 natural-law theory of, 260 "natural principle of", 45-46 objective theory of, 264-265 oral, 282 philosophy of, 253 philosophical theories of, 241 positive theory of, 265 real, 249, 275 religious origins of, 242-247, 252 Roman categories of, 45, 253, 260, 266 Romanist theory of, 263-265 simple, 275 specific enforcement of, 238-240 Spencer's theory of, 265 subjective theory of, 271 theory of basis in personality, 263-265 theory of inherent moral force, 259-260, 261 third-party beneficiaries of, 273 will theory of, 264-265, 269-271, 281-282 Corpus Iuris Canonici, 252 Court and jury, 111 Courts, contest with Crown, 53 Culpa, 170, 175 abstract standard of, 177 concrete standard of, 178 contractual, 170 delictal, 170 Culpability 158 as basis of liability 184 fiction of 158, 178 Custody 222-223 D'Aguesseau 254 Debt 174, 244, 275 Defamation 280, 281 Delicts, equitable 159 historical category of 172 nominate 162, 169-170, 175 Demosthenes 22 Depositum 249 Derivative acquisition 207 Derry v. Peek 281 Dicey, A. V. 184 Digest of Justinian 107 Discovery 195, 201 Discretion 117, 119, 129 margin of 132 of the chancellor 130-133 relation of to rule 112, 141-143 Dispensing power 113 Distributions, Statute of 142 Division of labor 56, 176, 191 Doctor and Student 252, 259 Doe, Chief Justice 185 Dolus 156, 159, 169, 175 Dominium 199, 225 Due care 170, 175 standard of 119-120 Duguit, L. 98, 232 Dumoulin 39 Dunedin, Lord 276 Duress 159 Duties 173 relational 85 Economic interpretation 66-67, 179-180 Eldon, Lord 47 Empiricism, judicial 34, 283 juristic 34 End of law 54, 59-99 as a measure of value 96 Greek conception of 74-77 ideals of as basis of juristic theories 71-72 keeping the peace as 72-74 maximum individual self-assertion as 84-87 medieval conception of 78-80 nineteenth-century conception of 83-85 preserving social status quo as 74-81 rise of new ideas as to 87-99 Roman conception of 77-78 theories of 72-99 English juristic theory 64 Englishmen, common-law rights of 43, 53 Enterprises, conduct of 137-189 Equality 82-85 Equitable application of law 122, 126-129 Equities 121 Equity 28, 47, 57, 59, 117, 130-133, 137-138, 258-259, 271 and natural law 41, 102, 112, 114, 153, 178 of the tribunal 102 provision for a child as consideration in 272, 274 securing a creditor as consideration in 272 settlement on a wife as consideration in 272, 274 will not aid a volunteer 272 Ethical interpretation 266 Familia 200 Fichte, theory of contract 261-262 Fictions 102-108, 115 dogmatic 179, 180, 274 of culpability 178-179 of negligence 179 of representation 166, 179 of undertaking 171 Fiducia cum amico 249 Fifth Amendment 51 Finding law 100, 104-105 Form and intention 154-155 Formal contracts, 245, 271, 275 historical origin of, 245-247 Formal undertaking, 155 Forms in primitive thinking, 247-248 Formulas, elasticity of, 121 Fortescue, 38 Fourteenth Amendment, 51 Freedom of contract, 191, 265, 267-269 Freedom of industry, 191 French Civil Code, 48, 162, 163 law of delictal liability, 167-168 monarchy, legal theory under, 64 Functional attitude, 91 Generalizations, 145 General security, 72, 96, 149-150, 171, 175, 176, 179, 193, 282 how infringed, 177 Germanic law, 36, 41, 79, 251, 254 Gifts, reformation of, 273 Gloss, The, 37 Glossators, 40 Good faith, 153, 155, 157, 170 corollaries of, 188-189 Gray, J. C., 102 Greek city, problem of order in, 75 security of social institutions in, 75 Greek law, 20-27, 151, 175 Greek philosophers, conception of the end of law, 35, 74-77 conception of the nature of law, 81 conception of the general security, 74 on subjects of litigation, 97, 241 Grotius, 196, 205-207, 260 Hammurapi, 60 Hard bargains, 132 Hegel, 84, 216, 274 theory of contract, 262 theory of property, 214-216 Heraditus, 76 Hindu law, 226-227, 243-245 Hippodamus, 241 Historical application of law, 125-126 Historical categories, 172 Historical school, 279 Holmes, Mr. Justice, 166 Household, partition of, 226-227 Husband and wife, 188 matrimonial property regime, 229 Hybris, 77 Idealism, juridical, 41-42, 91 Idealistic interpretation, 266 Imperium, 199 "Implied" undertakings, 158, 171 Individual free self-assertion, 54 Individualization, 111, 113-114 by juries, 133-134 in criminal procedure, 138 in punitive justice, 134-135 judicial, 120-121 moral element in, 137 of penal treatment, 129-130 Individual life, 96 Inheritance, 139 Innkeeper, liability of, 186 Insult, 151 Intention, 189 as source of liability, 157 Interdependence, 56 Interdicts, 200 Interests, 89-90 compromises of, 94-95 delimitation of, 192 giving effect to, 90 group, 225 harmony of, 96 individual, in promised advantages, 236 intrinsic importance of, 95 inventory of, 90 of substance, 139, 237 recognition of, 90, 192 securing of 96, 97 valuing of 89, 95-99 weighing of 89, 94 Interpretation 51-52, 100 fiction of 102-108 genuine 105, 124 relation to law making 105 Jessel, Sir George 268 Judicial, contrasted with administrative 108 Jural postulates 169-179, 188, 192-193, 193-194, 237, 249, 284 Juridical idealism 41-42, 91 Jurisconsults 30, 43-44 Jurisprudence, problems of 111 Juristic theories, nature of 69 Jurists, metaphysical 52, 68 search for the more inclusive order 145 seventeenth and eighteenth-century 43-44 Jurist-theologians 39 Spanish 81-82, 83 Jury 129, 133-134 lawlessness of 138 Jus 31 Jus disponendi 221 Just, the, by nature or by convention 25, 27, 31, 55 Justice, Aristotle on 25, 77 definition of in the Institutes 77 executive 137 idea of 65 without law 102, 113 Justinian, Institutes of 77-78 Kant 84, 202, 219, 260 theory of contract 260-261 theory of property 210-214 Kenyon, Lord 47 Kin organization 74 Laesio enormis 274 Langdell, C. C. 259 Law, adjustment with administration 137 and morals 27, 30, 41, 111, 112 application of 100 ff. as an aggregate of rules 110 as a body of agreements 63 as a body of commands 64 as a body of divinely ordained rules 60 as a keeping of the peace 72-74 as a reflection of divine reason 63 as a system of principles 62, 66 as custom 61, 62 as declaratory of economic or social laws 67-68 as precepts discovered by experience 65 as recorded traditional wisdom 61 as restraint on liberty 60 as rules imposed by dominant class 66 as standing between the individual and society 53 as unfolding an idea of right 65 basis of authority of 19, 23-24, 27, 28-29, 38, 69-72 Byzantine theory of 110 distinguished from rules of law 24 elements of 115-116 end of 35-36, 59 ff. effectiveness of 193 finding 100, 104-105 forms of 27-28 government of 136 historical theory of 65, 68 how far made 107-108 idea of self-sufficiency of 17, 67 judge made 35 jurist made 35 maturity of 48, 59, 102 merchant 155, 271, 275 nature of 59, 91, 111 nature of theories of 68-69 political theory of 68 restatement of the 282 science of 101 soft spots in the 282 theories of the nature of 60-68 Law making, judicial 105 presuppositions of 59 Legal standards 51, 114, 116-120, 129, 141 Legal transactions 153 bonae fidei 248 categories of 247 formal 249 stricti iuris 248 Lending 150 Letters of credit 275, 276-277 Lex 31 Lex Aquilia 159 Liability, absolute 179 act as basis of 158, 182 analytical theory of 152-153 as corollary of fault 163-164, 166, 168, 181, 187, 283-284 basis of delictal 177 delictal 163, 167-169 elements of 162-163 employer's 163 fault as basis of 160, 163-164, 167 for cattle going on vacant lands 180-181 for injury by animal 163, 164, 180 for injury by child 159 for injury by minor 162 for injury by a res ruinosa 162 for injury by slave 159 for intentional harm 168 for negligence 175, 180 for non-restraint of agencies 176 for tort, basis of 167 for tort, common-law theory of 168-169 for trespassing cattle 180 for unintended non-culpable harm 168 for unintentional culpable harm 168 for vicious animals 182, 186 from culpability 184 from legal transactions 187 fundamentals of 174 historical anomalies in 166, 179, 186 in French law 161-164 intention as basis of 157, 160 justifiable reliance as basis of 189 meaning of 147 natural sources of 156 noxal 159 of carrier 186 of innkeeper 159, 160, 186 of master of ship 159, 160 of stable keeper 159, 160 on "implied" terms of transaction 170 philosophical theories of 193-194 primitive grounds of 149-151 quasi-contractual 156 quasi-delictal 156 relational 186-188 to make restitution 187 theories of 148 will-theory of 157, 177, 179, 189 without fault 156, 162, 166, 177, 179 Liberty 84-85 idea of 65, 267 idea of as source of liability 157 law and 60 Locke, John 208 Lorimer, James 218 Louis IX 128 Magistrate, power of 112 Maine, Sir Henry 208 Mala prohibita 26 Mandate 272 Mansfield, Lord 47, 260, 262, 273 Manu 60 Maturity of law 48, 59, 102 Maxims 34 Metaphysical jurists 92 Metus 159 Middle Ages, conception of end of law in 78-80 idea of law in 77-81 juristic need in 36 Miller, W. G. 216-217 Mining customs 195 law 201, 222 Minos (pseudo-Platonic dialogue) 24 Mosaic law 60 Mutuum 249 Narada 244 Nationalism in law 39 Natural, meaning of in philosophy of law 31-32 Natural law 25, 31, 35, 40, 41, 45-52, 55, 154, 166, 209, 253, 278, 280 American variant of 50 as a theory of growth 33-34 as deduced from "a free government" 52 as ideal critique 52 economic 205 theory of 42 Natural obligation 250 Natural reason 202 Natural rights 15, 42-43, 55, 83, 92-93, 146, 204, 205 historical-metaphysical theory of 52 theories of 44-45 to produce of labor 209 Nature, meaning of in Greek philosophy 31-32 state of 45 Necessary distinctions 172, 174 Negative community 207 Negligence 119-120, 165, 168, 177, 179, 270, 280 fiction of 179, 180 in speaking 280, 281 per se 179 Neo-Hegelians 94, 98 Neo-Kantians 93, 98 New York, Code of Civil Procedure 105 Nexum 249 Nomos, meanings of 22 Noxal liability 159 Nudum pactum 246, 254, 273, 280 Oaths and vows 251 Obligation, civil 252 ex contractu 146, 172 ex delicto 146, 172, 174 ex uariis causarum figuris 16, 172 meaning of 147 moral basis of 250 natural 250, 252-253 nature of 145 oaths as basis of 251-252 quasi ex contractu 257 religious 244 will as basis of 250 Occupation 196, 211 as a legal transaction 213-214 Office or calling, duties attached to 173 Options 272, 274 Ownership, analytical theory of 222-224 development of the idea of 221-231 dogma that everything must be owned 199 things excluded from 199 Pacta donationis 272 Pacts 248, 250, 261, 275 Partition 226-227, 228 Part performance 282 Paul, St. 77 Peculium 227-228 Pecunia credita 249 Pedis possessio 222 Penal treatment, individualizing of 129-130 Penalty, for delict 149 of reparation 149 Personal government 135-136 Personality 191 Pessimism, juristic 57 Petty courts 130, 138 Philosophers, attempt to unify law and law making 19 attempt to reconcile authority with need of change 19 quest for an ultimate solving idea 19 Philosophical thinking, achievements of in law 16-18 as a force in administration of justice 16 needs determining as to law 18 possibilities of in law of contracts 284 Plato 24, 76 Pledge 251 Political interpretation 266 Positivism 54-56 Possession 233-234 Post-Glossators 37 Pothier 45 Primitive law 72-74 faith of in verbal formulas 154 Primogeniture 50 Principles 34, 53, 116 Procedure 111 Proculians 196 Promised advantages 191 Promises, abstract 255, 262, 263 an element in wealth 236 exchange of 254 "from ostentation" 256, 280, 281 moral duty to keep 262 philosophical theory of enforcing 283 simple 275 theories of enforcing 269-276 theory of inherent force of 259-260 Promissory oath 150-151, 251 Property, acquisition of 194-200, 204 analytical theory of 221-224 basis in creation 209 basis in division by agreement 205 basis in economic nature of man 205, 209 community 229 effectiveness of law as to 193 Grotius' theory of 205-207 Hegel's theory of 214-216 historical development of law of 224-232 historical theory of 219, 221-232 household 226-227, 229 inequalities in 215, 221 in natural media of life 201-202 jural postulates of 193, 194 Kant's theory of 210-214 law of 141 Lorimer's theory of 218 medieval theory of 202 metaphysical theories of 210-218 modes of acquiring 194-202 "natural" acquisition of 195 natural-law theories of 204-210 natural limits of right of 195 negative community in 207 philosophical theories of 194 ff. positive theory of 219-221 psychological theory of 209, 23, 234 restrictions on appropriation of 88 restrictions on use and disposition of 87-88 self-acquired 227-228 seventeenth-century theory of 202 socialization of 233 social-utilitarian theory of 225 sociological theories of 232 Spencer's theory of 219 theories of 202-225 theory of in Anglo-American law 208 theory of in antiquity 202 things not subject to 197 titles to 195-197, 211 twentieth-century theories of 232 Protestant jurist-theologians 39 Psychology 90, 94, 279-280 Publicists, French 110 Public utilities 117, 136 exemption of from competition 88-89 power to contract 187 Pufendorf 207-208 Punitive justice 111 individualization of 134-135 Quasi-delict 161, 162 Ratio legis, doctrine of 32, 46 Reason, excessive faith in 39, 46-47 Reform movement, legislative 47, 85 Relations 171 duties attached to 173 economic value of 192 interference with 192 legal protection of 193 Release 272, 274 Religion 242 ff. Reparation 149 Representation 179 Res communes 197, 198, 199, 207, 210 extra commercium 197, 201, 216, 217 ipsa loquitur 180, 185-186 nullius 199, 205 publicae 198, 210 religipsae 198 ruinosa 162-163 sacrae 198 sanctae 198 Responsibility at one's peril 167 Right, idea of 65 natural and conventional 15, 25-26, 31 Rights, in personam 146 in rem 147 Roman conception of end of law 77-78 jurisconsults 30, 43 Roman law 26, 36, 41, 45, 105-106, 145, 151, 155, 170, 173-174, 195, 199, 200, 225, 228, 245-250, 254, 275 as basis of medieval law 40 as basis of law in XVII and XVIII centuries 41 contribution of to legal philosophy 36 Rousseau 214 Rules 115-116 adapted to commercial transactions 141 adapted to property 141 and discretion 141-143 application of 142 as guides 121 mechanical application of 142-143 Rylands v. Fletcher 168, 182-186 Sabinians 196 Sale 249 Satisfaction of wants, as an ideal 98-99 Savigny, F. C. von 213 Scholastic philosophy 36 permanent contribution of 38 Seals 240, 271, 275 contract under seal 255 Security of transactions 193, 237 Seisin 225 Self help 73 Seller's talk 280 Separation of powers 102-103, 107 Set off 250 Social contract 204 Social control 99, 225 Social engineering 99 Social ideal 56 as a measure of values 98 Social interdependence 232 as a measure of values 98 Social interests 99 in peace and order 148 in security of transactions 237 Social laws 54-55 Social order, feudal 79-80 idealized form of the 35 static 85 Social sciences, unification of 91 Social status quo, as end of law 35-36 Social utilitarianism 92-98 Socialists 209 Society, Greek conception of 79 jural postulates of civilized 169-179 kin-organized 73-74 medieval conception of 79 Sociology 94 Sophrosyne 77 Sovereignty, Byzantine theory of 40 Specification 195 Specific performance 131-132, 238-240 Spencer, Herbert 84, 97, 201, 265 his law of equal freedom 219 his theory of property 219-221 Spirit and letter 154 Standards, legal 51, 114, 116-120, 129, 141 Stare decisis 140 Status to contract 266 Statute of Frauds 282 Statute of Uses 277 Stipulation 246 of counsel 273, 274 Stoics 197 Strict law 33, 101, 112-113, 153, 155, 165, 280 Substance, interests of 139, 225 Super constitution 15, 51 Symbols 248 Teleology, legal 92 Theories of law, elements in 70-71 Third-party beneficiaries 273 Title, by creation 195 by discovery 195 by occupation 196, 211 "natural" 195 "Tort of negligence" 105 Torts 283 development of liability for 164-167 generalization of liability for 167 law of 117, 167 nominate 164, 165, 170, 175, 283 Traditio 249 Trust, constructive 173 gratuitous declaration of 272, 274 Twelve Tables 249 Unjust enrichment 173, 187 Utilitarians 267, 268 Utility 53 Value, criteria of 89, 95-99 Vrihaspati 243 Waiver 272, 274 Wants, as juristic starting point 89-90 limitations on satisfaction of 97-98 satisfaction of 89-90 Warranties 174, 249 Whale fishing 195 Will, as basis of liability 157, 169 as basis of obligation 250 as juristic starting point 84, 89 Will theory 189 of contract 264-265 Williston, S. 282 Wills, harmonizing of 84, 90, 92-93 Workman's compensation 167