Chapter XIV · CONCLUSION

It will probably prove helpful at the conclusion to indicate the main contents of Eucken's greatest works in order that the reader who turns to them for the first time may be able somewhat to find his bearings. The whole of Eucken's works turn around the conception of the spiritual life. This fact must be constantly borne in mind. The term has been repeated so often in all the previous chapters that the reader may be inclined to think that some other expression might well have been exchanged for it. But no other term serves Eucken's meaning, and the recurrence of the term has to be endured in order that it may yield of its rich content.

It has been shown how Eucken establishes a new world with its own laws and values within the spiritual life. The spiritual life possesses grades of reality: it reveals itself from the level of connection of body and mind and of ordinary life right up to Infinite Love in the Godhead. Such a reality is created within the total activity of the soul; but it is not mere subjectivism by virtue of the fact that its material comes to it from without.[86] And Eucken shows that it is thus a life partly given to man, and partly created by him. The "given" elements have to enter into man's soul. This they cannot do without much opposition. With the persistent energy of the total potency of the soul a world of independent inwardness is reached—a world which will have an existence of its own within the soul, and which will become the standard by which to measure the values of all the things which present themselves.

It is this superiority of the spiritual life which constitutes the essential factor in the evolution of the individual's personality as well as in civilisation, culture, morality, and all the rich inheritance of the race. Such an inheritance can be developed farther by the full consciousness of the spiritual life and by the exercising of it from its very foundation.

In The Problem of Human Life Eucken sees in the message of every one of the great thinkers of the ages, however much he may differ from them, the vindication of a life higher than that of sense or even of in-intellectualism. In one form or another, they all present some world of values which is born and nurtured within the mind and soul. All these thinkers stand for something which is great and good. Eucken attempts to discover this core in their teaching; and in the midst of all the differences some spiritual truth and value make their appearance. This volume has undergone many changes, and is now in its ninth edition.

In The Main Currents of Modern Thought Eucken deals, in the first part of the book, with the fundamental concept of spiritual life as this reveals itself in the meanings of Subjective—Objective, Theoretical—Practical, Idealism—Realism. The middle portion of the book deals with the Problem of Knowledge as this is shown in Thought and Experience (Metaphysics), Mechanical—Organic (Teleology), and Law. The third portion of the volume deals with the Problems of Human Life as these are presented in Civilisation and Culture, History, Society and the Individual, Morality and Art, Personality and Character, and the Freedom of the Will. The final portion deals with Ultimate Problems; and the two chapters on the Value of Life and the Religious Problem bring out the deeper meaning of spiritual life.

This volume has undergone many changes. When it appeared in 1878 it was little more than a history of the concepts we have already referred to.[87] But at the present time it deals with the history of the concepts, a criticism of these, and finally the presentation of the author's own thesis regarding the reality of an independent spiritual life.

In Life's Basis and Life's Ideal he analyses the various systems of thought which have been presented to the world. He finds many of these deficient; but although something that is contained in them has to pass away, they possess some spiritual element which requires preservation, and which is valid for all time. None of these systems is final; they have to preserve what is spiritual within them, and also merge it in some newer revelation gained for mankind. Every system of the universe and of life has to move; it has perpetually to drop something of its accidentals, and continually strengthen and increase its essentials. Everywhere emphasis is laid on the fact that the spiritual element must be preserved and increased at whatever cost, for it is an element of the highest value for the world, and constitutes the energy of the world's upward march.

In the Einheit des Geisteslebens, as well as in the Prolegomena to this, the necessity of a spiritual conception of knowledge comes to the foreground. All systems of Naturalism lack enough spiritual life within themselves to meet the deepest needs of the race. Man is more than all such systems. Even on the grounds of the Theory of Knowledge itself man can be proved to be more. Eucken deals in these two books with the content of consciousness: that content reveals what is a Whole or Totality, what is beyond sense, what includes within itself the isolated impressions of the senses or of the understanding, and what is therefore spiritual in its nature.

In the Kampf um einen geistigen Lebensinhalt—a book of the greatest value—we find Eucken at his best. His attempt here is to deal with the struggle for the spiritual life and the certainty of its possession. He shows how man has emerged out of Nature, and how he has moved in the direction of gaining an inner world during the long course of civilisation, culture, morality, and religion. Through titanic struggles this inner world becomes man's possession, and constitutes the true value and significance of his life. Man now realises that it is this world of spirit and values which constitutes the only really true world. Issuing out of this possession of the ever richer contents of this inward, spiritual world, the personality constantly becomes something quite other than it was, and its possession adds to the inheritance of the spiritual ideals of the world. At this source man is in possession of a power of a new kind of creativeness in any field of knowledge or life he may be obliged to work. Nothing blossoms or bears fruit without the presence and the power of spiritual life in the deepest inwardness of the soul.

In The Truth of Religion Eucken roams in a vast territory. All the oppositions of the ages to religion are brought on the stage, and are made to reveal their best and their worst. He shows how every system of thought, devoid of the experience and activity of the deepest soul, fails to engender religion. He shows over against all this the intellectual warrant for religion, and passes from this to the personal search by the soul for what is warranted by the intellect and by the deepest needs of one's own being. This has been the meaning of the religions of the world, and this meaning finds its culmination in Christianity.

Eucken's smaller books, such as The Life of the Spirit, Christianity and the New Idealism, Können wir noch Christen sein?, and The Meaning and Value of Life, present certain aspects of the larger volumes in a simpler form.

Eucken is at present engaged upon the completion of a work of great importance dealing with The Theory of Knowledge. His system has been stated to be in need of this important corner-stone, and he has hastened to meet the demand. The book will deal with the "grounds" of the life of the spirit in an even more fundamental manner than any of his books. A preparatory work, small in bulk—Erkennen und Leben—has just appeared in German, and will be issued in English in the spring of 1913.

In Erkennen und Leben Eucken shows the need of clearness in regard to the concept of the spiritual life. This work is an introduction to his forthcoming work—The Theory of Knowledge. He shows that the Problem of Knowledge can only be answered through a further clarification of the Problem of Life. It is, therefore, necessary to show what such a Life is and how it may be lived, and, finally, how it makes Knowledge possible. This is the only way by which the final convictions of Life are able to possess greater depth and duration.

Knowledge is possible only in so far as man participates in a self-subsistent life. Without such a self-subsistent life many intellectual achievements are possible, but they do not deserve the name of Knowledge.

Such a self-subsistent life must be operative in the foundation of our nature, but it must constantly receive its material from the most important meanings and values of the world. The self-subsistent life dare not feed on the mere analysis of consciousness or on the material which it already possesses.

History shows how a self-subsistent life is not created through the mere succession of events, but is always found as a life which is superior to the perpetual changes of Time. Consequently, every real Knowledge has something sub specie aeternitatis as its essence, and this differentiates it from all mere relativism.

The movement of History culminates alternately in Concentration on the one hand, and in Expansion on the other: Positive and Critical epochs alternate. Both aspects are necessary for the growth of life.

In modern times the growth of the Expansion-side of life has destroyed in a large measure the equilibrium of life; and the task to-day is to construct a new Concentration-side.

Such a new Concentration is possible: the experience of History testifies to its presence in several epochs; and there is a deep longing for it in many quarters to-day.

In order to attain to such a Concentration the "dead-level" life of the present must be overcome, and a turn must take place towards a new Metaphysic of Life.

Such is the problem to-day, and no complete answer is to be found in the past systems of Metaphysics. "The possibilities of Life and of Knowledge are in no way exhausted, but it is only through our own courage and actions that the possibilities can become actualities" (Erkennen und Leben, p. 161).

The various systems of Thought need a synthesis which will include them all. It is difficult to-day to obtain a theory of life which does not leave out of account some essential elements. Is there a possibility of discovering such a synthesis? I believe that Eucken's works answer this question. But we wait eagerly for the appearance of his greatest work, and I think that, when it appears, he will more than ever deserve Windelband's designation of him as "the creator of a new Metaphysic."

APPENDIX

LIST OF EUCKEN'S WORKS

1866. "De Aristotelis docendi ratione." Pars I. De particularis. This was the Doctor's dissertation at Göttingen University.

1868. "Über den Gebrauch der Präpositionem bei Aristoteles."

1870. "Über die Methode und die Grundlagen der Aristotelischen Ethik" (Separatabdruck aus dem Programm des Frankfurter Gymnasiums von 1870).

1871. "Über die Bedeutung der Aristotelischen Philosophie fur die Gegenwart" (Akademische Antrittsrede gehalten am 21 November, 1871). This was in Basel.

1872. "Die Methode der Aristotelischen Forschung in ihrem Zusammenhang mit den philosophischen Grundprincipien des Aristoteles."

1874. "Über den Wert der Geschichte der Philosophie" (Antrittsrede, Jena, 1874).

1878. "Die Grundbegriffe der Gegenwart." This was translated by Stuart Phelps in 1880, and published by Appleton of New York. The fourth edition has been translated by M. Booth, and has been published by T. Fisher Unwin in 1912. The title of the third German edition was changed to "Geistige Stromungen der [p.246] Gegenwart." The English edition is entitled "The Main Currents of Modern Thought."

1879. "Geschichte der philosophischen Terminologie."

1880. "Über Bilder und Gleichnisse in der Philosophie": Eine Festschrift.

1881. "Zur Erinnerung an K. Ch. F. Krausse" (Festrede, gehalten zu Eisenberg am 100 Geburtstage des Philosophen).

1884. "Aristoteles Anschauung von Freundschaft und von Lebensgütern."

1885. "Prolegomena zu Forschungen über die Einheit des Geisteslebens in Bewusstsein und Tat der Menschheit."

1886. "Die Philosophie des Thomas von Aquino und die Kultur der Neuzeit."

1886. "Beiträge zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie." (Second edition, 1906, under the

title "Beiträge zur Einführung in die Geschichte der Philosophie.")

1888. "Die Einheit des Geisteslebens in Bewusstsein und Tat der Menschheit." This will be published by Williams & Norgate.

1890. "Die Lebensanschauungen der grossen Denker." The ninth edition appeared in 1911. Changes and additions have been made in each succeeding edition. English translation (1909) by W.S. Hough and W.R. Boyce Gibson under the title "The Problem of Human Life, as viewed by the Great Thinkers from Plato to the Present Time" (published by Charles Scribners' Sons, New York; and T. Fisher Unwin, London).

1896. "Der Kampf um einen geistigen Lebensinhalt." (Second edition, with many changes, 1907.) A translation of this volume will be published by Williams & Norgate in the spring of 1913.

1901. "Das Wesen der Religion." (First and second editions.) This essay was translated by W. Tudor Jones in 1904, and was published for private circulation. It is now out of print, but will soon reappear together with another essay, "Wissenschaft und Religion."

1901. "Der Wahrheitsgehalt der Religion," 1901. (Second edition, with numerous changes, 1905; third edition, with changes, 1912.) The second edition was translated by W. Tudor Jones, and published by Williams & Norgate in 1911 under the title of "The Truth of Religion." A translation of the third German edition will be published at the close of 1912.

1901. "Thomas von Aquino und Kant: ein Kampf zweier Welten."

1903. "Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Philosophie und Lebensanschauung."

1905. "Was können wir heute aus Schiller gewinnen?" (Kantstudien: Sonderdruck).

1905. "Wissenschaft und Religion." This comprises a chapter in the collection of essays entitled "Beiträge zur Weiterentwickelung der Christlichen Religion."

1907. "Grundlinien einer neuen Lebensanschauung." This volume was translated by Alban G. Widgery, and published by A. & C. Black in 1911 under the title of "Life's Basis and Life's Ideal."

1907. "Hauptprobleme der Religionsphilosophie der Gegenwart." (First edition, 1907; fourth and fifth editions (with additions), 1912.) The first edition was translated by W.R. Boyce Gibson and Lucy Gibson under the title "Christianity and the New Idealism: a Study in the Religious Philosophy of To-day." This is published by Harper & Brothers, London and New York.

1907. "Philosophie der Geschichte." This is an essay in the volume entitled "Systematische Philosophie" in the series "Kultur der Gegenwart."

1908. "Sinn und Wert des Lebens." Third edition (with many additions), 1911. The first edition was translated by W. R. Boyce Gibson and Lucy Gibson under the title of "The Meaning and Value of Life" (Publishers: A. & C. Black).

1908. "Einführung in eine Philosophie des Geisteslebens." Translated by the late F.L. Pogson under the title of "The Life of the Spirit" (third edition, 1911).

1911. "Religion and Life" (the Essex Hall Lecture for 1911). This is published by the Lindsey Press, London.

1911. "Können wir noch Christen sein?" A translation of this is in preparation.

1912. "Naturalism or Idealism?" (the Nobel Lecture, translated by A.G. Widgery). This is published by Heffer & Sons, Limited, Cambridge.

1912. "Erkennen und Leben." A translation of this work, by W. Tudor Jones, is in preparation, and will be published by Williams & Norgate in the spring of 1913 under the title of "Knowledge and Life: An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge."

1913. "Erkenntnistlehre." This volume will appear early in 1913. The translation will also appear during 1913, and the book will be published by Williams & Norgate under the title of "The Theory of Knowledge."

FOOTNOTES:

INDEX OF NAMES

Adamson, R., 216. Adickes, 217. Aristotle, 15.

Balfour, A.J., 118. Bergson, 62, 74, 76, 100, 123, 131, 138, 193. Boehme, 105. Bosanquet, B., 8, 54, 74, 131. Boutroux, 105. Bradley, F.H., 130.

Caird, E., 45, 63, 155, 216. Carpenter, E., 123. Carpenter, J. Estlin, 234. Class, G., 19. Copernicus, 60.

Darwin, 60. Descartes, 65. Dilthey, W., 23, 219. Driesch, H., 62, 193.

Fichte, 17, 121. Fischer, Kuno, 16. Forsyth, P.T., 234.

Galileo, 60.

Gibson, W.R.B., 224. Goethe, 16, 17, 50, 76. Green, T.H., 63, 88.

Haeckel, 19, 64, 212. Haldane, 62. Hargrove, C, 234. Harnack, A., 56. Hartmann, Ed. von, 26, 123. Hegel, 17, 30, 47, 79, 219. Hicks, G. Dawes, 216. Höffding, H., 137. Horton, R.F., 234. Hügel, F. von, 106. Husserl, 23. Huxley, 21, 22.

Jacks, L.P., 231. James, W., 43, 92, 208, 220. Jesus, cf. chapters on Historical Religions and Christianity.

Kade, R., 100. Kant, 30, 63, 65, 120, 216, 217.

Liebmann, Otto, 16, 23, 216, 217. Lipps, 23. Lodge, O., 163. Lotze, 13, 14. Luther, 158.

MacDougall, W., 62. Mach, E., 19. Mackenzie, J.S., 206. Meredith, G., 127. Morgan, T.H., 62. Münsterberg, H., 19, 22, 63, 72, 93, 94.

Nettleship, R.L., 88.

Ostwald, W., 19.

Paul, 5, 50. Paulsen, F., 15. Phelps, Stuart, 239. Plato, 15, 49, 59, 188. Plotinus, 49.

Reinke, 62. Reuter, 13. Rickert, H., 19, 22, 72, 160, 217. Royce, J., 63. Runeberg, 202.

Savonarola, 192. Schäfer, E.A., 20, 62. Schelling, 17. Schiller, 16, 17, 120, 127. Schiller, F.C.S., 220. Schopenhauer, 17, 123, 204. Siebeck, H., 19. Simmel, G., 23. Socrates, 59. Sorley, W.R., 23.

Taylor, A.E., 206. Thomson, J.A., 62. Trendelenberg, 15. Troeltsch, E., 19, 100, 194.

Vaihinger, 23, 217. Volkelt, 19, 71.

Wallace, W., 44, 45. Ward, J., 63, 130, 155. Westermarck, E., 234. Wicksteed, P.H., 56, 211. Windelband, W., 18, 19, 23, 132, 216, 217. Wundt, W., 23, 94.