INDEX

Ababdeh Arabs, 106

Abraham, Sara, and Isaac, 104

Abrasion of Rocks (see Denudation)

Absorption Tests, 151, 152

Abstemiousness of Camels, 15

Abu Bayan, Jebel, 45

Abulfida Ismail, 109

Abu Mohariq Dunes, 4, 43

Abu Sighawâl, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 39

Abydus, 108

Abyssinia, 6, 13, 88, 92, 125, 159

Acacia-Trees, 69, 76, 77, 92, 187, 190, 231

Adam and Eve, 104

Adametz, P. von, 233

Æthiopia (see Abyssinia)

Age of Ancient Lakes, 120

Age of Wells, 71, 72, 80

Agriculture, 67, 157, 171, 212-220

Agûl el Douma, 76

Ain (Aiyûn), 69

Ain Aid, 221

Ali Morad, 59

Amûr, 17, 21, 36, 37, 38, 55, 99, 165, 166, 171, 173

Bella, 83

Bellal, 59

Bergis, 80, 81

Dakhakhin, 78, 79, 80

Dizé, 15

Estakherab, 59, 71, 72, 139, 210

Foq el Doum, 81

Girgâwi, 221

Girm Meshîm, 57, 75, 76, 114, 115

Hamûr, 173

Harrân, 59, 114

Jaja, 77

Johar, 81, 85

Khalîl, 221

Khenâfish, 36, 106

Mabrûka, 85

Magarin, 59, 71, 72, 210

Mahmud, 59, 115

Mohammed Delaib, 142

Mustapha Kashef, 101

Tabashîr, 106

Zaaf, 59

Zaha el Din, 85

Zaiyan, 59

el Burg, 59, 106

Burrda, 84

Douma, 76, 114

Ghazâl, 28, 59, 69, 110, 114, 115, 142

Ghuâta, 59

Hais, 38

Hushi, 81

Karm, 85

Qasr (near Maks), 85

Qasr (N. of Meheriq), 15, 59, 114, 115, 226

Sabbagh, 59

Tawîl, 59, 60, 70, 227

Terfai (N.), 115

Terfai (S.), 85

Akhmîm, 106

Alexandria, 68, 105, 106

Alluvial Clays, 76, 81, 83

Altitudes, 10, 27, 57, 58, 59, 60, 72, 116, 117, 136, 142, 144

Alum, 21, 125, 221, 222, 223

Al Vahat, 108

Amenebis, 99

American Methods of Drilling, 134, 196, 197

Excavation in Necropolis, 87

Ammonians, 88, 89, 90

Ammon of Hibis, 99

Amun (Ammon-Ra), 92, 100, 105

Amûr (see Ain Amûr)

Ancient Lakes, 110, 122

Roads, 38,

Anderson, J., 232

Andrews, C. W., 118

Aneroid Determinations (see Barometric Observations)

Animals, Wild, 14, 108, 224, 233

Annexation of Oases, 66

Anticlinal Folds, 129, 147

Antiquities, 6, 7, 86-109

Antoninus Pius, 98, 99

Apted, F. E., 59

Aqueducts, 8, 9, 71, 100, 101, 117, 118, 131, 167-185

Arabian Geographers, 108

Arabic Inscriptions, 104

Arbaîn (Derb el), 13, 16, 33, 34

Arcadius, 105

Area of Libyan Desert, 2

Arianism, 105

Army of Cambyses, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92

Artesian Basins, Conditions required in, 124

Artesian-Water Sandstone, 49, 121, 125, 126, 131, 138, 151, 152, 162

Arûs el Buqar, 4

Ascent of Passes, 27, 30, 36, 37

Ascherson, P., 20, 89

Ash-Grey Shales, 48

Assiut, 27, 28, 33, 34, 37, 43, 44, 91

Athanasius, 94, 105

Auasis, 108

Augila, 90

Australian Wells, 140, 143, 161

Average Discharge of Wells, 135, 140

Avidius Heliodorus, 99

Baglûli, El, 32

Baguat, El, 103

Baharia Oasis, 3, 8, 17, 23, 38, 51, 53, 96

Bahnessa, 5

Baker, H. H., 113

Baldwin-Wiseman, W. R., 154

Ball, J., 23, 24, 39, 56, 58, 60, 87, 98, 101, 103, 165, 171, 236

Banishment to Oasis, 94

Barchans, 31, 202-205

Barley, 62, 66, 212, 214, 225

Barometric Observations, 58

Barron, T., v, 236

Basilides, 96

Baskets, 68, 74, 193

Beadnell, H. J. L., 236

Beans, 220

Bedawin, 2, 31, 40, 62, 76, 158, 215, 233

Belat, 17, 38

Bellaida, 101, 102, 106, 114, 203, 222, 231

Beniâdi, 16, 17

Berber Race, 66

Beris, 15, 16, 25, 32, 34, 46, 60, 80, 81, 85, 110, 115, 158, 165, 210, 211, 215, 218

Bir (Abiyâr), 69

Bir Ain el Gôs, 59, 69

el Dinaria, 136

Mansûra, 69

Murr, 43

Qattara, 59

Birds, 14, 227, 231

Bisharin Arabs, 106

Blemmyes, 106

Blockhouses, 82

Bones, Subfossil, 118

Bore No. 1—58, 59, 137

4—146

5—144, 145

6—144, 145

14—148, 152

16—152

18—152

22—59

31—152

33—127

36—142

38—142

39—152

42—142, 146, 156

43—127

44—59, 142, 152

Bores for Forts, etc., 168, 169

Boring Machinery (see Machinery)

Boring Operations, 69, 131-134, 143, 151, 186-197

Botîkh, El, 30, 35

Brevedent, Father C. F. X. de, 13

Bricks, Size of Sun-dried, 101

Bronze on Temple Doors, 92

Browne, W. G., 15, 234

Brugsch, H., 22, 86, 98, 235

Bubbling Springs, 47

Bulaq, 15, 32, 73, 74, 75, 215

Buraig, El, 31

Burg Hamâm (see Dovecots)

Byzantine Period, 99, 102

Cailliaud, F., 16, 17, 22, 34, 58, 86, 234, 235

Cairo Observatory, 58

Calcareous Tufa, 26, 48, 52, 53, 112

Caliphs, 103

Cambyses, 88, 89, 90

Camels, 14, 15, 26, 33, 34, 37, 42, 44, 215, 224

Capacity of Rocks as Water-Carriers, 132

Caravan Routes (see Roads)

Caravans, 24, 26, 27, 33, 34, 37, 41, 44

Carcasses of Camels, 14

Casing of Wells, 78, 79, 128, 135, 137, 141, 186, 187, 189

Cause of Rise of Water in Wells, 162, 163

Cause of Salts in Water, 130

Caving of Strata, 134, 135, 189

Cementing Material in Sandstone, 132, 134

Cemeteries, 100, 102

Centroclinal Folds, 56

Channels (see Irrigating Channels)

Character of Desert Roads, 39

Character of Inhabitants (see Inhabitants)

China, Well-Sinking in, 19, 196

Christ, 104

Christian Customs, 106

Christian Necropolis (see Necropolis)

Christian Period, 21, 87, 103-106

Chronology, Ancient, 88

Clay Hummocks, 111, 113

Clay Plains, 76, 81, 133

Cleaning out Aqueducts, 171, 172

Cleaning out Wells (see Repairing)

Climate, 52, 53, 67, 107, 108, 120, 171, 172, 220

Closing of Wells, 135, 148

Cnoeus Virgilius Capito, 95

Cobalt, 222

Coffin Masks, 102

Collecting Pits, 126, 127

Colonization by Romans, 167, 170

Coloquintida, 14

Coloured Designs on Tombs, 104

Colours of Dates, 216

Columbaria, 106, 116

Composition of Waters, 6, 72, 130, 131, 137

Concretions, 30, 35

Confining Strata (see Impervious)

Constantius, 105

Contest between Man and Sand, 199, 200, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211

Contraband Trade, 76

Contrast of Desert and Cultivated Lands, 1, 18

Coots, 230

Coptic Church, 103

Coptic Period, 7, 103

Corn-Mill, 69, 119

Corporation of Western Egypt, Ltd., 38, 39, 65, 113, 208

Cost of Dates, 215

Cost of Drilling Wells, 196, 197

Cotton, 14, 220

Craig, J. I., 159

Crescentic Dunes (see Barchans)

Cretaceous System, 22, 48, 55, 112, 124, 166

Crops, 14, 62, 130, 212-220

Cross-Country Travelling, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44

Crystalline Rocks, 49, 124, 161, 164

Cubit (Unit of length), 107

Cultivated Lands, 10, 46, 61-85, 212-220

Cultivated Lands, Formation of, 78-83, 122, 210

Cultivation of Date-Palm, 216-218

Cultivation of Rice, 212-215

Cyrene, 21, 97

Cyril of Alexandria, 106

Daila, El, 4

Dakhakhin, 76, 77, 80, 210, 214

Dakhla Oasis, 3, 4, 16, 17, 23, 25, 27, 36, 51, 89, 90, 136, 189, 195, 229, 232

Danian Formation, 48, 166

Darcy, H., 154

Darfur, 2, 33, 34, 125, 159

Darius, 7, 92

Date-Brandy, 218

Date-Crop, 62, 215

Date-Palms, 216-218

Decline of Well-Flows, 79, 135, 140, 148, 188

Deepest Borings in Oasis, 132, 157

Deflation, 52

Denudation, 35, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 83, 111, 126, 199, 206

Deposits, Table of Geological, 48

Depressions, Formation of, 5, 47, 50, 52, 53, 54

Depth of Wells, 8, 107, 129, 132

Dêr el Ghennîma, 16, 100, 101, 128, 129, 147, 169

Derb el Arbaîn, 13, 16, 33, 34

Derb el Ghubbâri, 36

Derb el Refûf, 26, 28, 30, 31, 39

Derb el Tawîl, 16, 17, 37

Derut, 43

Dervish Raids, 82

Descent of Passes, 27, 36

Desert Roads, Nature of, 39

Desert Types, 31, 35, 42

Development of Artesian Basins (see Exploitation)

Development of Strata, Unequal, 50, 51, 55

Dials, 107

Dilail el Kelb, 32

Dimensions of Oasis, 45

Diminution of Flows of Wells (see Decline)

Dip of Strata, 55, 56, 161, 166

Discharges of Wells, 57, 63, 81, 127, 129, 134, 135, 136, 139, 149, 150, 160, 186

Discharge of Um el Dabâdib tunnel, 172

Disintegration (see Denudation)

Disposition of Ancient Monuments, 117

Divers, 193, 194, 195

Domesticated Animals, 118

Dongola, 13, 16

Donkeys, 68

Dorcas Gazelle, 174, 225-227

Doum-Palms, 68, 73, 74, 77, 82, 84, 187, 190, 218, 219

Dovecots, 107

Doves, 231

Drilling (see Boring)

Driving Well-Casing, 189, 196

Dronka, 28

Drovetti, Chevalier, 16, 234

Drugs, 14

Dubîya, El, 32

Duck (see Wild-Fowl)

Dunes (see Sand-Dunes)

Dungun, 33

Durability of Wooden Casing, 187

Durra Millet, 213, 215

Dush, 16, 26, 33, 84, 85, 97, 106, 115

Dust-Winds, 13, 49, 52, 67, 70, 79, 81, 82, 84, 198-211

Early History, 6, 12-24, 87

Earth-Movements (see Folding)

Earthy Minerals (see Minerals)

Economical Aspects, 212-223

Edfu, 22, 28, 33, 93

Edmonstone, Sir A., 17, 100, 234

Effect of closing Wells, 148, 149

Effect of Salty Waters on Crops, 130

Egyptian Government, 9, 20, 59, 62, 63, 64, 82, 137, 159, 188, 220

Egyptian Kings, 87, 88

El Baglûli, 32

El Baguat, 103

El Botîkh, 30

El Buraig, 31

El Daila, 4

El Dêr (see Dêr el Ghennîma)

El Dubîya, 32

El Elwania, 30, 32

El Ghart, 31

El Ghennaim, 28

El Ghuâta (see Qasr el Ghuâta)

El Ghubbâri, 36

El Hais, 38

El Hamera, 32

El Ishab, 32

El Mafâriq, 32

El Masaad, 30

El Mishâbit, 30

El Mograbi, 30

El Nakhail, 33, 85

El Qara, 38

El Qusîya, 32, 43

El Ramlia, 15, 26, 28

El Refûf, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31

El Sherîf el Edrissi, 108

El Shugera, 28, 29, 39, 42

El Suâga, 31

El Tundaba, 29, 31, 39

El Yabsa, 26, 28

El Zizagat, 31

Elevation of Well-Outlets, 78, 79

Embalming, 104, 105

Emigration, 193

Encroachment of Dunes (see Sand-Dunes)

Eocene System, 22, 35, 48, 50, 54, 55, 112, 201

Epsom Salts (Epsomite), 125, 222

Erosion (see Denudation)

Errors in Measurement of Well-Discharges, 65, 66

Eruptive Rocks (see Crystalline Rocks)

Escarpments of Oasis, 26, 45, 51

Esna, 16, 27, 28, 33, 34, 121

Esna Shales, 48, 51

Ethiopia (see Abyssinia)

Euergetes, 93

Evaporation, 71, 164

Excavation of Ancient Sites, 86

Excavation of Conduits, 169

Exile to Oasis (see Banishment)

Exogyra Beds, 48, 51, 54, 166

Expedition against Oases (see Cambyses)

Experiments on Wells, 127, 136, 144-149, 151, 155

Exploitation of Artesian Basins, 135, 140, 142, 143, 150

Exploration of Underground Aqueducts, 173-175, 179-184

Extinct Lakes, 110-122

Ezula, 14

Fâlig Dates, 216

Fallow Lands, 10

Famous Wells, 71

Farafra Oasis, 3, 4, 17, 23, 38, 43, 44, 54, 90, 91

Farshut, 16, 28, 30, 32, 33, 38, 58

Faults, 55, 56, 116

Fayûm, 5

Fellahin, 43, 66

Fennecs, 232, 233

Ferruginous Sandstone, 36, 130, 222

Ferruginous Waters (see Ochreous Waters)

Fertilizers, 79, 210, 214

Fevers, 10, 19, 42, 108, 219

Fezzan, 2

Fissures, 8, 116, 127, 131, 134, 148, 149, 150, 153, 162, 166, 175, 180

Flexures (see Folding)

Flint Implements, 6, 7, 29, 87, 119

Flooding by Wells, 120, 121

Flowing Wells, 124, 139-153, 186

Flowing Wells from Surface-water Sandstone, 127-130

Flowing Wells of Arid Regions, 161

Flowing Wells, Relation to Ground-Level, 128

Flow of Water through Coarse and Fine Sands, 155

Flow of Water through Sandstone, 127, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 162, 163

Fodder, Green, 212

Folding, 22, 51, 53-57, 129, 147

Food-Supplies, 62

Formation of Depressions (see Depressions)

Formation of Terraces, 78, 79, 81

Former Prosperity of Oasis, 10, 94, 107, 108, 109

Fortified Monasteries (see Monasteries)

Forts, 26, 30, 94, 100, 101, 156, 167, 168, 172

Fossils, 30, 52, 57, 107, 113, 116, 118, 132

Foxes, 232

French Engineers, 188

French Government, 16

Fresh-Water Shells, 53, 116, 118

Fruit of Date- and Doum-Palms, 62, 73, 216-219

Fruit-Trees, 78, 172, 220

Gala, 57

Galba, Emperor, 95

Garat el Melh, 31

Garat Radwan, 31

Gardens, 19, 67, 69, 84, 172

Garrisons, 14, 82, 94, 108

Garsed, W., 130, 137, 202

Gases in Artesian Waters, 72, 77, 137, 155

Gauges used in Measurement of Wells, 64

Gazelle, 174, 225-227

Gennâh, 46, 71, 72, 114, 138, 201, 209, 210, 215, 218, 227, 231

Geographers, Arabian, 108

Geological Sequence, 47

Geological Society of London, 23

Geological Survey of Egypt, 23

Geology, 20, 45-60, 125-134, 221, 223

Gerbils, 233

German Expedition, 20

Gertuma, 56

Geysers, 81

Gharaq, 5

Ghart, El, 31

Ghattasin (see Divers)

Ghennaim El, 28

Ghennîma (see Dêr and Jebel el Ghennîma)

Ghuâta (see Qasr el Ghuâta)

Ghubbâri, Derb el, 36

Gingerbread Tree (see Doum-Palms)

Girga, 27, 30, 32

Girm Meshîm, 57, 75, 76, 114, 115

Gorn el Gennâh, 18, 46, 56, 60, 71, 106, 116, 117, 210, 221

Gorringe, L., 23, 27

Government Survey (see Egyptian Government)

Græco-Roman Period, 93, 118

Grazing Lands, 219

Greek Inscriptions, 97, 99, 104

Gregory, J. W., 161

Grey Shales (see Impermeable Grey Shales)

Grinding-Stones, 119

Guest, A. R., 236

Guhêna, 29

Gyb (see Qasr Gyb)

Hadrian, Emperor, 98

Hagar Hawara, 32

Hagi Ali, 13

Hais, Ain el, 38

Hamera, El, 32

Hamlets (see Settlements)

Hamrâwi Dates, 216

Hamûr, Ain, 173

Hand-boring Rigs, 191, 192, 193, 196

Hardness of Rocks, 50, 54

Harvesting, 215, 217, 227

Hassan Effendi, 189

Hazen, A., 154

Headquarters of Corporation of Western Egypt, Ltd., 39, 59, 113, 115, 126, 127, 128, 130, 133, 138, 142, 202, 203, 208, 214, 219, 220, 225, 233

Hedges, 67

Hegîra, 108

Height of Ancient Lakes, 112, 115, 116, 117

Lacustrine Deposits, 115, 116

Helaoue, 13, 14

Herbs, 14, 15

Herodotus, 19, 88, 89, 90, 107

Hesperides, Gardens of the, 19

Hibis, Temple of, 7, 22, 59, 92, 93, 94, 98, 101, 103

High-Level Springs, 165

Hills, and Hill-Massifs, 46

Hindaw, 195

Historic Period, 7, 86-109, 119

Holding Capacity of Water Strata, 151, 152

Hollow Walls, 98

Honorius, 106

Horizontality of Strata, 54

Horus, 22

Hoskins, G. A., 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 86, 91, 95, 97, 99, 100, 104, 105, 109, 235

Hot Springs (see Temperature)

Hume, W. F., 54, 236

Hummocks, Clay, 111, 112

Hyæna, Striped, 37

Hydraulic and Hydrostatic Pressure (see Pressure)

Igneous Rocks (see Crystalline Rocks)

Impermeable Grey Shales, 48, 49, 126, 131, 133, 164

Impervious Strata, 121, 124, 126, 134, 166

Implements (see Flint Implements)

Implements for Repairing Wells, 193-194

Implements used by Early Well-borers, 186

Inclination of Strata (see Dip)

Infiltration into Sandstones, 6

Influence of Wells, 72, 135, 144-148, 162

Inhabitants of Kharga, 67, 68

Inscriptions, 12, 19, 22, 93-99, 104

Interference of Wells (see Influence)

Intermittent Flow of Wells, 77, 81, 155

Iron Pyrites (see Pyrites)

Irresistibility of Sand, 205, 211

Irrigation, 127, 135, 168, 212, 213

Irrigating Channels, 69, 71, 75, 77, 120, 168, 169, 227

Irrigation Methods, 9-11, 107, 212-213

Ishab, El, 32

Isis and Serapis, 97

Islands of the Blessed, 19, 88, 107

Ismail Abulfida, 109

Isopotential Lines, 142

Jackals, 232

Jacob, 105

Jacutus, 109

Jaja, 16, 26, 32, 33, 76, 77

Jebel Abu Bayan, 45

Jebel Ghennîma, 26, 30, 46, 100, 111, 133

Jebel Lebekha (see Qasr Lebekha)

Jebel Tarif, 36, 46, 55, 56, 60, 102, 126, 171, 200, 205, 222, 231

Jebel Tarwan, 56, 114, 223

Jebel Têr, 46, 55, 56, 60, 66, 70, 102, 103, 114, 126, 171, 201, 206, 223, 231

Jebel Um el Ghennaim, 26, 46

Jellab, Nagab el, 30

Jerboas, 233

Johnson Pasha, 220

Jordan, W., 20, 58, 235

Joseph, 105

Julius Demetrius, 95

Junction of Artesian-Water Sandstone with Overlying Shales, 133

Jupiter Ammon, 88, 89, 90, 91

Juvenal, 94

Kareez (see Aqueducts)

Karnak, 28, 30, 32

Kawâmil, 27, 28, 29

Kenem, 93

Kharafish Type of Desert, 35

Kharga Village, 21, 25, 46, 58, 66-70, 215, 228

Khartum, 159

Khenâfish, Ain, 36, 106

Kilns, Brick and Pottery, 102

King, F. H., 154

Kneph, 100

Knibbs, G. H., 143, 154, 162, 163

Koptos, 22

Kordofan, 2, 159

Kufra Oasis, 3, 4

Kurkur Oasis, 33, 109

Kysis, 97

Lacustrine Deposits, 48, 49, 52, 110-122

Lagmi, A Date-Palm Liquor, 218

Lakes, Ancient, 110-122

Land Reclamation, 10, 172, 214, 219, 220

Lebekha (see Qasr Lebekha)

Lefèvre, M., 188

Length of Underground Aqueducts, Total, 179

Letronne, M., 95

Level of Sub-surface Water, 126, 127

Level of Ain Amûr, Beris Spring, and Nakhail, 165, 166

Levels (see Altitudes)

Libyan Desert, Limits, Area, etc., 1-5

Libyan Formation (see Eocene)

Libyan Races, 66

Lignite, 132

Limits of Ancient Lakes, 112, 114

Limits of Oasis, 85

Local Pressure, 129, 130, 163, 164

Longitudinal Flexure, 55, 116

Loss of Cambyses’ Army, 88-92

Lucas, A., 137, 236

Lucerne, 212, 219

Lyons, H. G., 22, 160, 235, 236

Lythgoe, A. M., 86

Machinery for Boring, 8, 9, 188, 191-193, 196, 197

Mafâriq, El, 32

Magmatic Waters, 161

Magnesia, Sulphate of, 125, 221

Maks, 15, 82, 83, 84, 115, 211

Manfalut, 13, 38, 43

Man-Holes, or Air-shafts, of Underground Tunnels, 9, 173-185

Manufacture of Casing, 187, 190

Manufactures, 68, 107, 218

Manures (see Fertilizers)

Maps (see Surveying)

Marcus Ruffinus Lupus, 97

Marine Deposits, 50

Masaâd, El, 30

Masks, Coffin, 102

Mats, 68, 74

Maximus, 96

Measurement of Wells, 63-65

Mediterranean Sea, 201

Meheriq, 28, 39, 70, 101, 106, 114, 115, 142, 171, 208, 226, 233

Melh, Garat el, 31

Mellawi, 91

Memphis, 90

Menes, 87

Meteoric Waters, 161, 163

Methods of Sinking Wells (see Boring)

Middle Ages, 93

Migration of Villagers, 70

Milne, D., 220

Minerals, 125, 157, 220-223

Mines, Ancient, 222, 223

Miocene System, 4

Mishâbit, El, 30

Mogara, 4

Mograbi, El, 30

Mohammed Abu Salem, 228

Mohammedan Conquest, 7, 9, 103, 108

Mohammed Said, 220

Mohariq (see Abu Mohariq)

Monasteries, 100, 101, 105, 167, 168

Monoclinal Fold, 56

Monuments, Earliest, 7

Mosquitoes, 10

Mouaslet el Kharga, 38, 39

Movement of Dune-Sand, 199, 203, 204

Mud-Volcanoes, 81

Mummies and Mummy-Cases, 102, 104

Murr, Bir, 43

Mut, 100

Nadûra, 22, 56, 93, 98

Nagab Bulaq, 26, 33

Nagab el Jellab, 30

Nakhail, El, 33, 85, 166

Natural History, 224-233

Nature of Desert Roads, 39-44

Necropolis, Christian, 21, 87, 103-105, 116

Nektanebos, 92

Neolithic Implements, 7, 29, 119

Nestorius, Bishop, 94, 106

Nile Delta, 213

Nile River, 6, 158, 159, 160, 164

Nitrogen (see Gases)

Noah, 104

Notables of Oasis captured by Dervishes, 82

Nubia, 6, 66, 124

Nubian Sandstone, 48, 51, 92, 124, 151, 152, 159, 201

Nummulitic Limestones, 54

Oasis, Derivation of Term, 3, 21

Observations on Wells (see Experiments)

Ochreous Waters, 72, 130, 137

Ochre (Oxide of Iron), 72, 73, 125, 138, 221

Olympiodorus, 107, 186

Omda of Kharga, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 171

Origin of Lakes, 120-122

Origin of Oases-Depressions (see Depressions)

Origin of Underground Waters, 6, 125, 154-166

Osiris, 22

Otu, 21, 22

Outcrop of Water-bearing Beds, 124, 164

Output of Wells (see Discharges)

Ownership of Wells, 10, 11, 47

Paganism, 105

Palæolithic Implements, 6, 119

Palm Leaves and Fibre, 68

Palm Trees, 63, 66, 67, 74, 77, 81, 84

Panopolis, 106

Parthey, 90

Passage Beds (see Esna Shales)

Passes, 26, 27, 36

Past Accumulations of Water, 160

Patterson, R. S., 65, 158

Paul, 104

Peasantry of Oasis, 66, 213, 230

Pelusium, 88

Percolation from Nile into Nubian Sandstone, 160

Persian Period, 7, 22, 86-93, 167

Persian Water-Wheels (see Saqia)

Phosphatic Deposits, 48, 223

Physiognomic Types, 66

Pick-Marks, Ancient, 181

Pierpont Morgan, 87

Pigeons, 106, 107, 231

Plants, Fossil (see Fossils)

Plateau, Limestone, 48, 54

Pleistocene Deposits, 48, 53, 118, 120

Plinius Capito, 99

Plover, 231

Plutonic Rocks (see Crystalline Rocks)

Plutonic Waters, 161

Poncet, M., 13, 14, 15, 109, 234

Population, 61, 66, 67

Porosity of Nubian Sandstone, 151, 152

Porosity of Strata, 124, 132, 149, 150, 151, 155

Pottery, 29, 31, 102, 113, 118, 119, 120

Prehistoric Period, 6, 8, 29, 87, 112, 113, 120

Pressure of Gases, 77, 155

Pressure of Water, 77, 121, 130, 134, 136, 140, 141, 142, 149, 150, 155, 162, 163, 164

Primitive Character of Kharga Village, 68

Proclamations inscribed on Monuments, 95

Prosperity, Former, 10, 94, 107, 108, 109

Protection of Conduits, 169

Protection of Cultivated Lands, 69, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209

Psammetikh, 88

Ptolemaic Remains, 7, 93, 99, 118

Pumping, 123, 127, 128, 157

Purple Shales, 48, 126, 128

Pyrites, 137, 223

Qara, El, 38

Qasr Ain Mustapha Kashef, 101

Qasr Dakhl, 4, 38

Qasr Dush, 85, 97

Qasr el Ghuâta, 73, 93

Qasr Farafra, 44

Qasr Gyb, 131, 170, 226

Qasr Lebekha, 8, 100, 101, 126, 131, 170, 200, 206, 222

Qasr Zaiyan, 59, 60, 73, 98, 99, 117

Qirat, Value of the, 64, 65, 138

Quail, 230

Queensland, Artesian Wells of, 140

Quicksands, 134

Qusîya, El, 43

Radwan, Garat, 31

Railway, 10, 25, 29, 31, 38, 58, 68, 74

Rainfall, 2, 29, 40, 62, 104, 107, 161, 166, 216

Raising of Outlets of Wells (see Elevation)

Raising of Water from Wells, 170

Ramlia, El, 15, 26, 28

Rate of Boring, 192, 197

Rate of Travelling of Caravans, 44

Rate of Underground Flow (see Flow of Water)

Ratio of Calm to Windy Days, 198

Rawlinson, Canon, 88

Recent Deposits, 48

Recharging of Depleted Water-bearing Strata, 150

Reclamation (see Land Reclamation)

Reduction of Pressure, 140

Refûf, El, 26, 28, 30, 31, 39

Regulating Appliances for Wells, 9, 65, 193

Relation of Population and Water-Supply, 61, 62, 63, 193

Religion and Customs, 96, 103, 104, 105, 106

Repairing Wells, 78, 82, 83, 187, 193-196

Resistance of Strata to Flow of Water, 149, 150

Retaining Banks, 78, 80, 82, 83

Revenue, 66, 94

Reversion to Desert, 7, 70, 71, 83, 84, 208, 210, 211

Rice, 62, 66, 212-214, 227, 230

Rice in Land-Reclamation, 2, 213-215

Rigs for Boring (see Machinery)

Rizagat, 18, 28, 32

Roads, 4, 13, 25-44

Rock-Pressure, 163

Rod el Ghanam, 32

Rohlfs Expedition, 4, 20

Rohlfs, G., 20, 21, 89, 93, 100, 235

Roman Occupation, 7, 8, 9, 22, 31, 68, 93-109, 118, 157, 167, 170, 187, 226

Rotation of Crops, 10

Sala Abdulla, 173

Salt-pans, 75

Samhûd (see Wadi Samhûd)

Samples of Strata from Bores, 151, 152

Sand and Sand-Dunes:

Composition, 201, 202

Cross-Section of Dunes, 205

Damage to Cultivation, 69, 200, 207

Disposition, 200

Encroachment, 4, 70, 71, 83, 84, 206, 207, 208, 209

Erosion, 35, 52, 83, 111, 199, 206

Form, 202, 203, 204, 205

Formation of Terraces, 78, 210, 215

Held by Moisture and Vegetation, 208

Movement, Rate and Direction of, 92, 203, 207, 208, 211

Relation to Hills, etc., 199, 200, 205, 206

Sandstorms, 13, 89, 91, 208, 217

Sheltered Areas, 206

Storm-Walls and Fences, 207, 209

Origin, 201

Velocity of Wind, 199

Sanded-up Wells, 76, 85, 119, 150, 156, 157, 158, 171, 181

Saqias, 128

Saturated Sandstones, 121, 133, 148, 152

Sayce, A. H., 7, 87, 94, 98, 108, 236

Schweinfurth, G., 21, 22, 86, 94, 101, 235

Sea-Level, Relation of Floor and Plateau to, 59, 60

Sedimentary Rocks, 49, 54

Seepage 71, 159

Selection of Sites for Forts, 168

Selîma, 13, 15, 33

Senna, 14

Sensitiveness of Wells (see Influence)

Senussi Arabs, 4

Septimus Macro, 99

Serapis, Isis and, 97

Serir Type of Desert-Surface, 35

Set-ament, 22

Seth, 22

Settlements, Outlying, 69, 70, 84

Shebb, 13, 15

Sheikh Hassan Hanadi, 171, 173

Sheikh Khalid Ibn el Walîd, 74

Sheikh Mustapha (see Omda of Kharga)

Sheikhs’ Tombs, 70, 74, 84

Shells (see Fossils)

Sherîf el Edrissi, El, 108

Shugera, El, 28, 29, 39, 42

Sighawâl (see Abu Sighawâl)

Silt Deposits, 29

Silting of Wells, 9, 75

Similarity of Ancient and Modern Methods of Boring, 187, 190

Simultaneous Elevation and Denudation of Strata, 54

Siwa Oasis, 3, 4, 17, 89, 90, 91

Slaves, 33, 34

Slichter, C. S., 154

Slope of Underground Aqueducts, 178

Sohag, 27, 28, 30, 31, 39, 42

Soils, 52, 72, 214, 215, 220

Southernmost Wells of Oasis, 85

South-West Desert of Egypt, 54

Springs, 7, 8, 47, 52, 112, 116, 121, 122, 126, 165, 166

Spring Deposits, 48

St. Martin, V. de, 39, 90

Stagnation of Water in Strata, 131

Static Head, 128, 140, 141, 142, 153, 166

Steam-boring Rigs, 196, 197

Steel Casing, 189, 196

Steindorff, G., 88

Storage Reservoirs, 124, 152, 153

Strabo, 108

Streets of Kharga Village, 67

Suâga, El, 31

Sub-artesian Water, 8, 125, 161

Subsidence (see Folding)

Subterranean Water-Supply, 123-185

Subterranean Works (see Aqueducts)

Sudan, 2, 6, 33, 82, 124, 159

Sudd Region, 6, 159

Sugar-cane, 220

Sunt (see Acacias)

Surface Water, 8, 47, 76, 85, 113, 133, 189

Surface-Water Sandstone, 47, 121, 125-131, 151, 162

Surveying, 17, 20, 23, 42, 43, 58-60, 72, 176

Swamps, 4, 9, 125, 159, 164, 227

Syene, 94

Synclinal Folds, 56

Tables:

Altitudes, 59

Dunes, 204

Geological Deposits, 48

Interference of Wells, 145

Population, 62

Water Analyses, 138

Tamar Dates, 216

Tamarisks, 77, 85, 209, 225

Tahta, 28, 29

Tapping the Nile, 158

Tarif (see Jebel Tarif)

Tarwan (see Jebel Tarwan)

Tau Symbol, 104

Tawîl, Ain el, 59, 60, 70, 227

Derb el, 16, 17, 37

Taxes, 62, 63, 65

Tchonemyris, 99

Temperature, Changes of, 52

Effect on Rate of Flow of Water, 155

of Artesian Waters, 77, 109, 136, 149

of Sub-Surface Waters, 181

Temples (see Hibis, Jupiter Ammon, Qasr el Ghuâta, Qasr Dush, Qasr Zaiyan)

Tenîda, 36, 37

Têr (see Jebel Têr)

Termination of Um el Dabâdib Aqueduct, 183

Terraces formed by Wind-borne Material, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 210

Thebes, 18, 88, 89, 90, 91, 105

Theodosius, 107

Thickness of Artesian-Water Sand-stones, 152

Tiberius Julius Alexander, 95

Tibesti, 2, 159

Timasius, 106

Timbering Wells, 189, 190

Topography, 45-60

Total Thickness of Strata, 48, 49, 164

Total Yield of Wells, 62, 63, 139

Trading, 62, 68, 74, 76

Traditions, Local, 158, 173

Trajan, Emperor, 97

Transportation, Agents of, 52

Travelling in the Libyan Desert, 41, 42

Trenches, 168, 169

Tripoli, 2

Tristram, H. B., 216

Tufa (see Calcareous Tufa)

Tundaba, El, 29, 31, 39

Types of Desert, 31, 35, 42

Um el Dabâdib, 8, 60, 70, 100, 101, 126, 131, 170-185, 200, 205, 206, 225

Um el Ghennaim, 26

Uncemented Sandstones, 134

Underground Exploration, 174, 175

Underground Water-Supply, 123-185

United States, 143, 196

Value of Dates, 215

Value of the Qirat, 64, 65, 138

Variation in Character of Deposits of Libyan Desert, 50, 51, 55

Variation in Discharges of Wells, 57

Variation in Level of Water-bearing Strata, 129, 141

Variation in Porosity of Sandstone, 151

Variation in Static Head, 141

Varieties of Dates, 216

Vegetation, Wild, 15, 37, 40, 76, 84, 85, 165, 166, 208, 209, 225, 233

Velocity of Desert Winds, 199

Velocity of Underground Flow (see Flow)

Ventilation of Aqueducts, 177, 181

Vespasian, Emperor, 96

Villages overwhelmed by Sand, 70

Vuta, G., 23

Wadi el Molûk, 220, 221

Wadi Halfa, 159

Wadi Samhûd, 16, 32, 38

Wah, 21

Waled Hallaf, 27, 30, 32, 34

Walls of Kharga village, 67

Waste of Water, 9

Watch-Tower, 102

Water-bearing Beds below Plateau, 123, 124, 153

Water-bearing Beds disturbed by

Faults, etc., 56

Sandstones, 6, 49, 123-185

Waterfalls at Dakhakhin, 78

Watering Camels, 27, 28

Water Stations, 9, 31

Water stored under Oasis-Depression, Amount of, 152, 153

Water used in raising Rice, Amount of, 213

Weathering (see Denudation)

Weba Measure, 215

Wheat, 62, 212, 214

White Chalk, 48, 54, 55

Whiting, B. F., 197

Wild-Fowl, 227-230

Wilkinson, I. G., 99, 100, 235

Willcocks, Sir William, 213

Wind, 13, 35, 49, 52, 78, 79, 84, 106, 111, 172, 198-211, 217

Wind-formed Deposits, 78, 79, 122

Wine, 94, 108, 220

Winlock, 87

Wooden Lining of Wells (see Casing)

Xaverius de Brevedent, 13

Yabsa, El, 26, 28

Yield of Date-Trees, 217

Yield of Wells (see Discharges)

Young, 95

Zambiles (see Baskets)

Zarâbi, 28

Zittel, K. von, 20, 235

Zizagat, El, 31

Zoology of Egypt, 233

Zosimus, 106

THE END