CONTENTS
Reading edition
[The numbers in the first column refer to the pages of the text; those in the second column to the pages of the Exercises.]
INTRODUCTION
TEXT EXERCISES
Language and Grammar xi
Grammar and Usage xv
Summary of General Principles xvii
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
PART ONE—THE PARTS OF SPEECH IN THE SENTENCE
The Sentence—Subject and Predicate 1 227
Kinds of Sentences 2 227
The Eight Parts of Speech Defined 3 228
The Same Word as Different Parts of Speech 9 229
Infinitives and Participles 11 229
Comparative Importance of the Parts of Speech 13
Simple and Complete Subject and Predicate 14 230
Compound Subject and Predicate 15 230
Substitutes for the Parts of Speech 16 231
Phrases—Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverbial 16 231
Clauses—Independent and Subordinate 16 232
Compound and Complex Sentences 17 232
Compound Complex Sentences 18 232
Clauses as Parts of Speech 19 232
Summary of Definitions 21
PART TWO—INFLECTION AND SYNTAX
CHAPTER I—INFLECTION
Inflection in General 25
Summary of Inflections 26
CHAPTER II—NOUNS
Classification—Common Nouns and Proper Nouns 27 233
Special Classes—Abstract, Collective, Compound 29 234
Inflection of Nouns 30 235
Gender 31 235
Number 34 235
Person 39 236
Case 40 237
Nominative Case 41 237
Possessive Case 43 238
Objective Case 47 239
Parsing of Nouns 54 240
CHAPTER III—PRONOUNS
Personal Pronouns 55 241
Gender and Number of Personal Pronouns 56 241
Case of Personal Pronouns 57 241
The Self-Pronouns (Compound Personal Pronouns) 60 241
Adjective Pronouns—Demonstratives 62 243
Adjective Pronouns—Indefinites 64 243
Relative Pronouns 66 244
The Relative Pronoun What 71 246
Compound Relative Pronouns 72 246
Interrogative Pronouns 73 246
Parsing of Pronouns 74 247
CHAPTER IV—ADJECTIVES
Classification of Adjectives 75 248
Adjectives—the Articles 77 248
Comparison of Adjectives 79 249
Irregular Comparison 81 249
CHAPTER V—ADVERBS
Classification of Adverbs 83 250
Relative and Interrogative Adverbs 86 251
Comparison of Adverbs 87 252
Use of the Comparative and Superlative 88 252
Numerals—Adjectives, Nouns, Adverbs 89 252
CHAPTER VI—VERBS
Classification of Verbs 91 253
Auxiliary Verbs—Verb-Phrases 91 253
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 92 253
Copulative Verbs 93 253
Inflection of Verbs 94 254
Tense of Verbs 94 254
Present and Past Tenses 94 254
Weak (Regular) and Strong (Irregular) Verbs 95 254
Person and Number 97 254
The Personal Endings 97 254
Conjugation of the Present and the Past 98 254
Special Rules of Number and Person 100 254
The Future Tense—Shall and Will 102 256
Complete or Compound Tenses 106 258
Voice—Active and Passive 107 258
Conjugation of the Six Tenses 108 258
Use of the Passive Voice 110 258
Progressive Verb-Phrases 113 260
Emphatic Verb-Phrases 114 260
Mood of Verbs 115 261
Indicative Mood 115 261
Imperative Mood 116 261
Subjunctive Mood—Forms 118 261
Uses of the Subjunctive 119 261
Potential Verb-Phrases (Modal Auxiliaries) 124 262
Special Rules for Should and Would 127 264
The Infinitive 132 266
The Infinitive as a Noun 134 266
The Infinitive as a Modifier 136 266
The Infinitive Clause 137 267
Participles—Forms and Constructions 140 268
Nominative Absolute 144 269
Verbal Nouns in -ing (Participial Nouns) 145 269
CHAPTER VII—PREPOSITIONS
List of Prepositions 148 270
Special Uses of Prepositions 149 270
CHAPTER VIII—CONJUNCTIONS
Coördinate (or Coördinating) Conjunctions 151 270
Subordinate (or Subordinating) Conjunctions 153 270
Correlative Conjunctions 153 270
CHAPTER IX—INTERJECTIONS
Interjections 155 272
Exclamatory Expressions 155 272
CHAPTER X—CLAUSES AS PARTS OF SPEECH
Clauses as Parts of Speech 157 272
Adjective Clauses 157 272
Adverbial Clauses 158 272
Noun (or Substantive) Clauses 159 272
CHAPTER XI—THE MEANINGS OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
Clauses of Place and Time 163 272
Causal Clauses 164 272
Concessive Clauses 164 272
Clauses of Purpose and Result 166 274
Conditional Sentences 167 274
Forms of Conditions 169 274
Present and Past Conditions 170 274
Future Conditions 171 274
Clauses of Comparison 173 275
Indirect Discourse 173 277
Shall and Will, Should and Would in Indirect Discourse 177 278
Indirect Questions 179 280
Shall and Will, Should and Would in Indirect Questions 182 281
PART THREE—ANALYSIS
CHAPTER I—THE STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES
Analysis—the Elements 183 282
Simple Sentences 184 282
Compound Sentences 185 282
Complex Sentences 186 282
Compound and Complex Clauses 186 287
Compound Complex Sentences 187 283
CHAPTER II—ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES
Simple Sentences 188 283
Compound Sentences 188 283
Complex Sentences 189 283
Compound Complex Sentences 190 283
CHAPTER III—MODIFIERS
Modifiers in General 191 283
Modifiers of the Subject 192 283
Modifiers of the Predicate 196 284
CHAPTER IV—COMPLEMENTS
Use of Complements 200 285
The Direct Object 201 285
The Predicate Objective 202 285
The Predicate Nominative 202 285
The Predicate Adjective 203 285
CHAPTER V—MODIFIERS OF COMPLEMENTS AND OF MODIFIERS
Modifiers of Complements 205 286
Modifiers of Other Modifiers 207 286
CHAPTER VI—INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS
Four Kinds of Independent Elements 209 286
Parenthetical Expressions 209 286
CHAPTER VII—COMBINATIONS OF CLAUSES
General Principles 210 287
Coördination and Subordination 210 287
Clauses—Simple, Compound, Complex 211 287
Complex Sentences 186 282
Simple Sentences with Compound Subject or Predicate 212 287
Compound and Complex Sentences 213 287
Compound Complex Sentences 215 287
Varieties of the Complex Sentence 216 287
Special Complications in Complex Sentences 220 288
Special Complications in Compound Complex Sentences 222 288
CHAPTER VIII—ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES
Ellipsis in Clauses and Sentences 224 288
Varieties of Ellipsis 225 288
Examples of Elliptical Constructions 226 288
EXERCISES
Exercises on Part One 227
Exercises on Part Two 233
Exercises on Part Three 282
APPENDIX
Lists of Verbs 291
Conjugation of the Verb to be 300
Conjugation of the Verb to strike 301
Use of Capital Letters 305
Rules of Punctuation 306
Rules of Syntax 311
The English Language 316
Index 321