INDEXToC

INDEXToC

Adams, Henry, calls treaty of Ghent the work of Gallatin, 324

Adams, John, announces election of Gallatin as senator, 60; convenes Congress to consider relations with France, 132 his message, 133 replies coolly to resolution of House, 136, 137 remarks of McClanachan to, 138 his message in 1797, 139 visited by House to present answer, 140 wishes to establish new foreign missions, 141 informs Congress of French outrages, 147 and of preparations for war, 147 sends in X Y Z dispatches, 149 sends message on French relations, 152, 153 urges preparation for war, 155 thanks House for support, 155 delighted with support of Congress in 1799, 158 congratulates Congress on settlement at Washington, 162 supported for President by New England, 163 in election of 1800, 165 attributes distresses of Confederation to financial ignorance, 174 his breach with Hamilton, 177

Adams, John Quincy, on results of Gallatin's proposed appointment as secretary of state, 295; meets Gallatin and Bayard at St. Petersburg, 302 his training, comparison with Gallatin, 302, 303 given new commission, 312 differs with Clay over fisheries and Mississippi navigation, 323 appointed minister to England, 326 advised by Gallatin concerning commercial treaty, 333 appointed secretary of state, 334 informed by Gallatin of disadvantages of a war with Spain, 336, 337 his arguments in Apollon case disregarded by Gallatin, 338 his indignation, 338 writes opinion of Gallatin in his diary, 333, 339 described by Gallatin to Badollet, 339, 356 his pugnacity complained of by Crawford, 339 negotiates treaty with De Neuville, 340 comments of Gallatin upon, 340 appoints Rush secretary of treasury, 342 offers mission to England to Gallatin, 342, 343 promises Gallatin _carte blanche_, but gives him full instructions, 343 his instructions to Rush printed, 345 warns Gallatin to yield nothing, 346 congratulates Gallatin on his success, 348 candidate for presidency, 356 elected by House of Representatives, 358 at meeting of New York Historical Society, 384 Gallatin's friendly greeting to, 384 eulogizes Gallatin, 384, 385 his changing party compared with Gallatin's steadiness, 385 death, 386

Adams, William, on English peace commission, 316

Addington, Henry, on Clay's tone as diplomat, 345

Adet, P. A., French minister, imperils sympathy for France by impudence to Washington, 128; condemned by Federalists, 134 recommends tricolor, 153

Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of, 337

Alexander, Emperor of Russia, authorizes renewal of mediation, 308; fails to inform Romanzoff of Castlereagh's refusal, 311, 312 vain efforts of Crawford to secure interview with, 315 promises Lafayette to use influence in behalf of United States, 315 has interview with Gallatin, 315 informs Gallatin that he can do nothing more, 316

Algiers, treaty with, 117, 118

Alien Bill, debate and passage in House, 152; petitions against, in Congress, 157

Allegheny County, its part in Whiskey Insurrection, 49, 68 78, 96; elects Gallatin to Congress, 93, 127

Allègre, Sophie, marries Gallatin, her character and death, 30

Allègre, William, father-in-law of Gallatin, 30

Allen, ----, in debate on French relations, 136; attacks Gallatin as a French agent, 150

Allston, Joseph W., at free trade convention, 1831, 241

American Ethnological Society, founded by Gallatin, 379; its transactions, 379, 380

Ames, Fisher, leading orator of Federalists, 99; his speech on the Jay treaty, 120, 121 reports answer to President's Message, 128 defends it against Giles, 129 leaves Congress, his oratory, 133

Anderson, Professor, member of “The Club,” 367

Anti-Federalists, call convention to organize in favor of amending Constitution, 37; adopt resolutions to organize throughout the State, 39, 40 recommend amendments by petition, 40

Apollon, seizure of, explained by Gallatin and Adams, 338

Army, reduction of, advocated by Gallatin, 108, 123>129, 130 186, 188; his course defended, 216

Arnold, Benedict, effect of his treason, 12; campaign of Lafayette against, 371

Ashburton, Lord. See Baring, Alexander.

Astor, John Jacob, assists Gallatin to float loan, 214; wishes destruction of United States Bank, 259 subscribes capital of bank on condition that Gallatin manage its affairs, 269 his fur enterprise, 287 offered protection by Jefferson, 288 his settlement at Astoria, 288 unable to persuade Madison to support him, 288

Astoria, foundation and history of, 288

Atwater, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379

Bache, Franklin, educated at Geneva, 4; attacks Washington as a defaulter, in “Aurora,” 104

Bache, Richard, letter to, furnished by Franklin to Gallatin, 11

Bacourt, M. de, describes Gallatin in old age, 386

Badollet, Jean, college friend of Gallatin, 5; Arcadian schemes of, 9 letter of Gallatin to, 9 letters of Serre to, on life in Maine, 15, 25 informs Gallatin of troubles in Geneva, 25 at Gallatin's invitation, joins him in America, 25, 26 established at Greensburg, 27 letter of Gallatin to, 43 with Gallatin at anti-excise convention, 52 advised by Gallatin to avoid United States marshal, 55 letter of Gallatin to, on French Revolution, 56 letter of Gallatin to, on his wife, 59 instructed by Gallatin to secure reëlection of unseated members of legislature, 95 given an office by Gallatin, 287, 326 remark of Gallatin to, 299 letter of Gallatin to, on J. Q. Adams, 339 takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361 manages store for Gallatin, 362 letters of Gallatin to, 365, 370

Balbi, quotes Gallatin in his Atlas, 374

Baldwin, Abraham, on committee on finance, 106

Bank of North America, established by Morris, 172, 248; its purpose, 248 organization, 248, 249 difficulties of starting, 249, 260 its services, 249 jealousy of Pennsylvania toward, 250

Bank of United States, established by Hamilton, 175, 250, 251; its organization, 251, 252 borrowed from, by Gallatin, 204 petitions for a re-charter, 252 Gallatin's report in favor of, 252-254 a re-charter refused, 231, 254 its value, 255 opinion of Gallatin on, 255 controls state banks, 259 desire of Astor to crush, 259 remits specie to foreign stockholders, 260 its dissolution causes panic, 262, 263 reincorporation proposed, 265 vetoed, then approved, by Madison, 265 its subsequent history, 266 helps resumption of specie payments, 267 presidency of, declined by Gallatin, 268 deposits removed from, by Taney, 269 accepts charter from Pennsylvania, 271 its subsequent career, 271 fails in 1839, 276 weakness of Madison in 1812 in allowing its dissolution, 296

Bank, National, of New York, connection of Gallatin with, 269-277

Banks, state, difficulty of controlling their issues, 256; their evil effects, 257 status in 1811, 258 increase after termination of Bank of United States, 261, 262 suspend payment in 1815, 262 agree to resume, 267 supported by second Bank of United States, 267 Gallatin's “Considerations on,” etc., 268 connection of Gallatin with, 269-277 speculation craze of, in 1836, 271, 272 suspend payment in 1837, 272 conventions of, to prepare for resumption, 273-275 aided by Treasury, 275 “Suggestions” of Gallatin, 277

Barbour, Philip P., presides over free trade convention in 1831, 241

Baring, Alexander, explains to Gallatin British reasons for refusing Russian mediation, 306, 307; reply of Gallatin, 309 urges Gallatin to visit England, 311 requested by Gallatin to send passports, 313 his mission to America, 349, 350 his manner of negotiation with Webster, 350 visits Gallatin, 350 comparison with Gallatin, 350 his death, 386

Barings, connection with Louisiana purchase, 193, 195; competition of Bank of United States with, 271 letter of Gallatin to, 305

Barras, Comte, encouraged by Napoleon's success to bold measures against United States, 132

Bartlett, John Russell, gives anecdotes of Gallatin, 13, 22

Bartlett, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379

Bathurst, Lord, promises to appoint peace commissioners, 314; reopens negotiations, 319 insists on possession of part of Maine, 321

Bayard, James A., elected to Congress, 132; on legislative encroachments on executive, 143 on resolution to furnish foreign correspondence, 156 defends Sedition Law by a clever amendment, 159 moves committee to arrange for balloting in 1800, 166 accompanies Gallatin as peace commissioner, 301, 302 willing to accept an informal renunciation of impressment, 305 goes to Amsterdam, 312 on new commission to treat directly, 312 visits London, 313 asks Monroe for authority to negotiate anywhere, 314 appointed minister to Russia, 326

Baylies, ----, his report on Western territory complained of by England, 345

Bentham, Jeremy, works translated by Dumont, 5; influences Gallatin, 388

Bentson, ----, on Astor's hostility to United States Bank, 259

Berlin and Milan decrees, negotiations for compensation for seizures under, 333

Biddle, C. C., at free trade convention in 1831, 241

Biddle, Nicholas, in panic of 1837, 275

Blount, William, on committee on finance, 107; impeached, 138

Bonaparte, Jerome, his flight to America, 332

Bonaparte, Napoleon, his precocity compared to that of Gallatin, 32; effect of his Italian successes on French policy, 132, 139 adopts conciliatory tone, 160 issues Milan decree, 229 seen by Gallatin during Hundred Days, 326 American sympathy for, explained by Gallatin, 331

Boorman, James, at free trade convention in 1831, 241

Borgo, Pozzo di, compared to Gallatin, 32

Boston, visit of Gallatin to, 12-14, 17; Puritanical society in, 13 prejudice against French, 13 Gallatin's opinion of, 18 protests against Jay treaty, 103

Botts, John M., letter of Gallatin to, on bank, 256

Boundary, northeast, in treaty of Ghent, 321, 322; discussed in 1826, 343 referred to arbitration, 347 argument concerning, prepared by Gallatin, 349 decision of King of Netherlands rejected by United States, 349 documents concerning, published by Gallatin, 349 settled by Ashburton treaty, 350

Bourdillon, ----, takes share in Gallatin's land scheme, 361

Bourne, Shearjashub, on committee on finance, 106

Brackenridge, Judge H. H., on Gallatin's part in anti-excise agitation, 50; in Washington County, advises moderation, 69 an authority for history of insurrection, 71 his character and policy, 71 leads Pittsburgh committee to urge moderation upon rioters, 72 describes Bradford's behavior, 72 his estimate of numbers under arms, 72 compares excitement with that in 1765 and 1775, 74 at Parkinson's Ferry meeting, 78 supports Gallatin's efforts to prevent rebellion, 80, 82 on committee to confer with United States commissioners, 81 describes Gallatin's speech, 82 claims credit for preventing civil war, 84 on threats of secession, 86 defeated by Gallatin for Congress, 93

Bradford, David, represents Washington County in anti-excise proceedings, 51; elected to legislature, 54 low opinion of Gallatin concerning, 54 tries to shirk responsibility, 69 then determines on extreme measures, robs mail, 69 calls for armed resistance, 70 unable to countermand order, 70 assumes office of major-general, 72 his harangue to the insurgents, 73 at meeting at Parkinson's Ferry, 78 advocates armed resistance, 79 on committee on resolutions, 80 named to confer with United States commissioners, 81 urges rejection of their terms, 81, 82 excepted from amnesty, flies from the country, 84, 85

Bradford, James, in anti-excise convention, 52

Bradford, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379

Bradish, Luther, his eulogy of Gallatin, 388

Breading, Nicholas, in Pennsylvania ratifying convention, 35

Breckenridge, John, his brief career, 355

Brevoort, ----, member of “The Club,” 367

Brodhead, John Romeyn, orator at fortieth anniversary of New York Historical Society, 384

Buck, Daniel, on committee on finance, 107

Burke, Edmund, on place of revenue in the state, 218

Burr, Aaron, his connection with Dayton, 104; in presidential election of 1800, 163, 164, 166, 167 alienated from Jefferson by refusal to appoint Davis, 282

Cabinet, its lack of financial coöperation under Jefferson, 188; criticises Jefferson's messages, 283 weekly meetings of, suggested by Gallatin, 283 absence of system in, 284 dissensions and reorganization under Madison, 296, 297

Cabot, George, on committee to consider Gallatin's eligibility to senate, 61

Calhoun, John C., reports plan for a national bank, 265; ascribes Gallatin's disregard of Adams's arguments in Apollon case to “pride,” 338 Gallatin's opinion of, 355 elected Vice-President, 358 on Gallatin's ethnological studies, 378

California, discovery of gold in, 353, 354

Campbell, George W., furnished with report by Gallatin on injuries of Great Britain, 292, 303; secretary of treasury, 312

Canning, George, his policy toward United States, 225, 295, 344; attitude of Gallatin toward, in negotiation, 345 death, 347

Carnahan, Dr., describes entry of Whiskey Rebellion prisoners into Cannonsburg, 91

Castlereagh, Lord, discourages offer of Russia to mediate, 304; gives assurance of safety to cartel-ship, 307 refuses second offer of mediation, 311 offers to deal directly, 312 member of cabinet most favorable to America, 314 advises English commissioners to moderate demands, 319 approves treaty of Ghent, 326 arranges commercial convention with Gallatin, 326 expresses friendly feelings, 335

Cazenove, ----, takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361

Charles X., in Revolution of 1830, 370, 372

Chase, Salmon P., negotiations with Treasury Note Committee, 196 and note; follows Gallatin's treasury-note plan, 209 organizes national banking system, 256

Chateaubriand, succeeds Montmorenci, 340; negotiates unsuccessfully with Gallatin, 341 quotes Gallatin's statement of Cuban question, 346

Cheriot, ----, takes share in Gallatin's land scheme, 361

Chesapeake, captured by Leopard, 224

Chevalier, Michel, his studies on money, 278

Cheves, Langdon, at free trade convention in 1831, 241

Chôteau, Pierre Louis, meets Gallatin, his influence over Indians, 287, 374

Circourt, Count de, reviews Gallatin's “Synopsis of the Indian Tribes,” 378

Civil service, monopolized by Federalists, 280; demands of Republicans for a share in, 281 Gallatin's opinion of appointments to and conduct of, 281 intention of Jefferson to give one half of, to Republicans, 282

Clare, Thomas, his house the headquarters of Gallatin in 1784, 22, 24; rents Gallatin a house, 25

Clay, Henry, denounces Gallatin for advocating free trade, 242; apologizes, 242 on peace commission, 312 arrives at Gottenburg, 313 corresponds with Gallatin concerning place of negotiation, 314 differs with Adams over Mississippi navigation and fisheries, 323 joins Gallatin in England, 326 urges Gallatin to accept mission to Panama Congress, 342 letter of Gallatin to, on instructions as minister to England, 343 tone of his diplomatic correspondence, 345 Gallatin's opinion of, 356 resignation of Gallatin in his favor, 358 secures election of Adams, 358

Clinton, George, marriage of his daughter to Genet, 102

“Club, The,” in New York, Gallatin's membership of, 366, 367

Coast survey, established, 290

Coinage, debate concerning, in Congress, 140; regulated by Morris, 172

Coles, Edward, letter of Gallatin to, 284

Confederation, Articles of, political conditions under, 33, 34

Congress, adopts amendments to Constitution suggested by New York and Virginia, 40; passes excise law, 49 modifies it, 52 gives state courts jurisdiction in excise cases, 67 receives tricolor from France, 130 complained of by Jefferson as weak, 138 suspends commercial intercourse with France, 151 passes acts authorizing naval defense, 153 presence of Washington, Pinckney, and Hamilton at, in 1798, 155 speech of Adams to, 155 responsibility for war thrown upon, by Madison, 205 authorizes loan in 1812, 209, 212 damages Treasury by procrastination, 212 supports Gallatin's policy of extinguishing debt, 215 repeals internal revenue act, 221 passes embargo, 225 extends terms of credit on revenue bonds, 226 refuses to recharter the bank, 231, 254 declares war, imposes increased duties, 234 reimposes internal taxes, 236 adopts non-importation against England and France, 292 orders out naval force, 294 repeals embargo, 294

Constable, John, at free trade convention in 1831, 241

Constellation, defeats La Vengeance, 160

Constitution of Pennsylvania, convention called to revise, 40, 41; its membership and ability, 42, 43

Constitution of the United States, adopted, 35; struggle over ratification in Pennsylvania, 35 movement in favor of new convention to amend, 36-40 amended, 40 power of Representatives to appropriate, 109 debate in Congress on relation of treaty power to House of Representatives, 110-115 argument of Washington on treaty power, 114, 115 debate in House on relation of Executive to Congress, 142-147 power of Senate to require treasury reports, 161 in relation to state bills of credit, 257 question of power of United States to acquire territory, 285 in relation to National University, 291 to annexation of Texas, 351

Cook, Edward, presides over meeting of whiskey insurgents at Parkinson's Ferry, 79; indorses resolution to submit to terms of United States commissioners, 83

Cooper, Dr. Samuel, interested in Gallatin through Madame Pictet, 17

Couronne, ----, takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361

Crawford, William H., follows Gallatin's treasury policy, 215; at Gallatin's suggestion, urges Emperor again to mediate, 315 complains of Adams's pugnacity, 339 wishes Gallatin to stand for Vice-President, 341 looked upon by Gallatin as strongest leader after the triumvirate, 355 supported by Gallatin, Jefferson, and Madison against Adams, 356 stricken with paralysis, 357 nominated for President by caucus, 357 defeated by Adams, 358

Cuba, avowed intention of United States to prevent English seizure of, by war if necessary, 346

Cumberland Road, reported to Congress in 1807, 290

Dallas, Alexander J., his career compared to that of Gallatin, 28, 58; his parentage, 58 secretary of state for Pennsylvania, 58 friendship with Gallatin, 58 excursion with Gallatin, 58, 59 describes to Gallatin his experiences with militia in suppressing Whiskey Rebellion, 92 follows Gallatin's loan policy, 215 regrets absence of internal taxes, 236 proposes a national bank, 265 resigns, 266

Dallas, Mrs. A. J., on excursion with her husband and Gallatin, 58, 59

Dallas, George M., accompanies Gallatin to Europe, 301; sent to London, his instructions, 310 informs Gallatin of English offer to treat directly, 311 takes dispatch to Monroe, 318

Davis, Garrett, letter of Gallatin to, on manifest destiny, 352

Davis, Matthew L., quarrel between Jefferson and Burr over his appointment, 282

Dawson, John, on Sedition Law, 162

Dayton, Jonathan, elected speaker of House by Democrats, 98; anti-British in feeling, 104 not influenced by connection with Burr, 104 reëlected speaker, 132 introduces resolution on Adams's message, 134 joins Federalists after X Y Z affair, 149 refuses to answer Gallatin, 153 vote of thanks to, 158

Debt, public, payment by public lands urged by Gallatin, 122; its permanence condemned by Gallatin, 126 controversy between Gallatin and Smith as to increase of, 126 attempt of Continental Congress to investigate, 171 attempts of Morris to secure its funding, 172, 173 funded by Hamilton, 174, 175 increased under Wolcott, 178 creation of domestic loans, 178 Gallatin's subdivision of, 184, 185 its extinction Gallatin's main desire, 186, 188 198, 203 208 stated by Gallatin in 1801-2, 191 plan for its discharging, 191 actual reduction of, 192 increased through Louisiana purchase, 192, 193 195 new funds, 195, 196 funding of debt in 1807, 198 statement regarding, in 1808, 202 its increase during war foreseen by Gallatin, 203 reduction in 1812, 205 loan of 1812, 209 declines below par, 210 revives, 211 loan of twenty-one millions, 212 increase in 1816, 215 Gallatin's policy toward, continued by Dallas and Crawford, 215 eventually extinguished, 215, 269, 271 absence regretted by Woodbury, 271

De Fersen, his correspondence proves guilt of Louis XVI., 57

De Lolme, ----, school companion of Gallatin, 5

Democratic party. See Republican party especially, 358-360

De Neuville, Hyde, French minister, demands dismissal of insolent postmaster, 333; negotiates commercial convention with Adams, 340

De Rham, ----, member of “The Club,” 367

Dexter, Samuel, succeeds Wolcott in Treasury Department, 177; consents to hold over until appointment of successor, 181

Diplomatic history, mission of Genet to United States, 57, 102; Jay's treaty with England, 102, 103 117 Fauchet's dealings with Randolph, 103 Wayne's treaty with Indians, 117 Pinckney's treaty with Spain, 117 expulsion of Pinckney from France, 132 X Y Z affair and consequences, 149, 152 153 events leading up to war of 1812, 295 offer of Russia to mediate, 299 mission of Gallatin, Bayard, and Adams to Russia, 301, 303 correspondence of Gallatin with Baring, 305-307, 309 renewed offers by Russia, 308 again refused by England, 311 offer of England to treat directly, 311 appointment of a new commission, 312 place of negotiation, 314 futile appeal of Lafayette to Emperor to mediate, 315, 316 appointment of English commissioners, 316 exorbitant English demands, 317 suspension of negotiations, 318 alteration of British tone, 319 resumption of negotiations and refusal by Americans of English demands, 319 further English demands for cession of territory refused, 321 discussion over boundaries, fisheries, and Mississippi navigation, 322, 323 these points abandoned, 323 article against slave trade adopted, 323 conclusion of treaty, 324 part played by Gallatin, 324, 325 commercial convention with England, 326, 327 mission of Gallatin to France, 330-341 negotiations over French captures under Berlin and Milan decrees, 332, 333 over an impudent postmaster, 333 negotiations with Holland, 334 commercial convention with England, 334, 335 negotiations with France over Apollon case, 338 commercial convention with France, 340 failure to settle American claims, 341 Gallatin's mission to England, 343-347 instructions, 343 negotiations with Canning, 345, 346 conclusion of convention with Goderich's ministry, 347 Ashburton treaty negotiations, 349, 350

Disunion, threatened in 1795, 116; planned by New England in 1812, 213

Duane, William, intimate with Jefferson, 286; abuses Gallatin in “Aurora,” 286 297 appointed adjutant-general by Madison, 299

Duby, ----, takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361

Dumont, Etienne, college friend of Gallatin, his subsequent career, 5; Gallatin's opinion of, 5 invited by Gallatin to come to America, 26 on shape of Gallatin's head, 389

Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen, friend of Gallatin, his philological studies upon Indians, 376, 377

D'Yvernois, proposes to transport University of Geneva to United States, 291; receives shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 362

Edgar, James, on committee of whiskey insurgents to confer with United States commissioners, 81 supports Gallatin, 82 presides over last meeting at Parkinson's Ferry, 89

Elliott, ----, on controversy between Wolcott and Gallatin, as to surplus, 190, 191

Ellsworth, Oliver, on committee to consider Gallatin's eligibility to Senate, 61

Embargo, opposed by Gallatin, 201; its effect stated by him, 201, 202 adopted as answer to Orders in Council, 225 its enforcement or abandonment urged by Gallatin, 228, 229 230, 291 enforced, 292 repealed, 294

Emlen, George, at free trade convention in 1831, 241

England, anger against, at time of Jay treaty, 103; renews provision order, 103 danger of war with, 116, 118, 120 hard pressed by France in 1797, 139 its friendship more dangerous than France's enmity, 163 adopts Orders in Council, 201, 225 commercial policy toward United States, 224, 225 295 danger of war with, 224, 229 Madison's preference for, 295 events leading up to war with, 295, 296 mistaken view of Gallatin concerning its diplomacy, 304 unwilling to tolerate Russian mediation, 304, 306 311 its policy explained by Baring, 306, 307 offers to treat directly, 311 willing to push on war after fall of Napoleon, 313, 316 hopes to divide United States, 313 appoints commissioners, 316 makes exorbitant demands, 317 its policy modified by Castlereagh, 319 demands cession of territory, 321 loses interest in war, 322 rejects article on impressment, 322 negotiation of convention with, in 1815, 334, 335 at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 337 mission of Gallatin to, 343-347 complains of tone of American diplomacy, 344, 345 negotiations with, 345, 346 agrees to renew commercial convention, 347 refuses to negotiate on impressment, 347 makes Ashburton treaty, 349, 350

Eppes, John W., letter of Gallatin to, on public lands, 239

Erskine, D. M., his negotiations, 295

Etsko, ----, Polish refugee, helped by Gallatin, 372

Eustis, William, advised by Gallatin concerning treaty with Netherlands, 333, 334

Ewbank, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379

Excise (see Whiskey Insurrection), recommended by Hamilton, 175

Fauchet, his dealings with Randolph, 103; condemned by Federalists, 134

Fayette County, settlement of Gallatin, 22, 26 27; life in, 28, 43, 67 elects Gallatin to legislature, 44 in Whiskey Insurrection, 49, 51 52, 68 78, 85 96 reëlects Gallatin, 93, 95 visited by Lafayette, 365

Fazzi, ----, takes share in Gallatin's land scheme, 361

Federalist party, its origin, 57; prejudiced against Gallatin by his resolution demanding information from Hamilton, 64, 65 opposes his election to Congress, 95 reconstructs cabinet, 97, 98 its leaders in House, 98, 99 attitude toward France and England, 100, 101 charged with being bribed by England, 103 in debate on appropriating power, 108, 109 in debate on treaty power, 111-115 defends Jay treaty, 118 strengthened in fourth Congress, 128 retains nominal majority in fifth Congress, 133 in debate on French relations, 134-136 in debate on checks on executive, 143-147 strengthened by X Y Z affair, 149 commits mistakes, 151, 152 its badge, 153 controls sixth Congress, 158 refuses to repeal Sedition Law, 159 defeated in 1800, 163 forced to choose between Burr and Jefferson, 164 bargain with Jefferson, 164 its possible plans for defeating any choice, 165 and for nominating a president pro tempore, 165 allows Jefferson's election, 166, 167 its share in building country, 169 breach in, 177 enjoys Republican inconsistency, 237 monopolizes offices, 280 extinguished by battle of New Orleans, 358

Few, William, connected by marriage with Gallatin, 59

Finances, efforts of Gallatin to secure minute supervision of by Congress, 64, 106 107; efforts to establish permanent appropriations, 107 appropriations, power of Congress over, 108, 109 their necessity to successful government, 170 finances of the Revolution under Morris, 170-174 under treasury board, 173, 174 under Hamilton, 174-176 under Wolcott, 176-178 under Gallatin, 186-215 sketch of, by Gallatin, 184 “View of,” by Gallatin, 185 preliminary sketch on Gallatin's assuming office, 186 estimate of sources of wealth, 187 estimate for 1801, 190 denial of a surplus, 190, 191 plan for discharging debt, 191, 192 its execution, 192, 194 report for 1803 on reduction of debt, 195 Louisiana purchase, 193, 195 place of payment of principal and interest, 195, 196 addition to sinking fund, 196 report for first four years, 197 estimates of revenue for Jefferson's second term, 198 conversion of debt, 198 full treasury in 1807, 198 Gallatin's consideration of military value of surplus, 199 on war revenue, 200, 201 effect of embargo, 201 sources of revenue, 204 deficiency in 1809, 204 report of 1811, 205 demand of Gallatin for internal revenue, 206 war estimates, 206-209 including “treasury notes,” 207 210 loan of 1812, 209 estimates for 1812, 210 report for 1812, 211 success of loan, 210, 211 report of loan of twenty-one millions, 212 stock not taken by New England and Southern States, 213 saved by Parish, Girard, and Astor, 213, 214 review of Gallatin's influence, 215-216 table of revenue and expenditure, 217 revenue established by Hamilton, 217 its character, 218 and amount, 219 permanent estimate of, 220 internal revenue retained by Gallatin, 220 his proposed expenditures, 220 repeal of internal revenue, 221 increased income, 221 establishment of Mediterranean fund, 222 income during Jefferson's first term, 223 increased estimates of Gallatin, 223 internal improvements planned, 224 doubling of duties recommended as a war measure, 225 effect of embargo on revenue, 225, 227 review of revenue during Jefferson's administrations, 226, 227 surplus in 1808, 226 internal improvements advocated by Jefferson, 226, 227 estimates of receipts for 1809, 228 report of Gallatin to Congress on need for new revenues, 229 vagueness of Madison concerning, 229, 230 report for 1809, 230 refusal of Congress to re-charter bank, 231 report for 1810, 231 report of Gallatin in January, 1812, 232 proposal to impose internal taxes, 234 increased war duties, 234 war budget for 1813, 235 internal taxes, their history, 235 reimposed by Congress, 236 receipts from, 237 public lands, receipts from, 238, 239 administration of Treasury under Gallatin, 244-246 history of Bank of North America, 248-250 of Bank of United States, 250-255 panic of 1815, 262-264 second United States Bank, 265-268 resumption of specie payment, 267 report of Gallatin on ratio of gold and silver, 268 “Considerations on Currency and Banking,” 268 diminution of debt in 1832, 269 removal of deposits from Bank of United States, 269, 270 extinction of debt by Woodbury, 270, 271 distribution of surplus among States, 271 inflation in 1836, 272 panic of 1837, 272, 273

Findley, James, in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 43; represents Fayette County in legislature, 44

Findley, William, describes Whiskey Insurrection, 71; at Parkinson's Ferry meeting, 78 describes Gallatin's speech, 83 on threats of secession, 86 takes resolutions to Washington urging him to stop march of troops, 89 describes seizure of prisoners, 90

Fish, Preserved, at free trade convention in 1831, 241

Fisheries, discussed in treaty of Ghent, 322, 323; unfavorable settlement of question in 1818, 335

Florida, question of its annexation, 285

Forsyth, John, asks Gallatin's advice as to Smithson's bequest, 378

Fox, C. J., his precocity compared to Gallatin's, 32

France, sympathy of Republicans for, 116; sends tricolor to Congress, 130 its policy in Revolution, 131 situation in 1796, 131 endeavors to get aid of United States, 131 determines to coerce it, 132 refuses to receive Pinckney, 132 policy of Adams toward, 137 success in 1797, 139 danger of war with, in 1798, 147 question of war with, debated in Congress, 148-151 non-intercourse with, 151, 159, 160 adopts conciliatory measures, 160 commercial convention with, 162 adopts Milan decree, 229 mission of Gallatin to, 331-341 refuses to pay for seizures under Berlin and Milan decrees, 333 urges peace with Spain, 336 offers to mediate with United States between Spain and her colonies, 336 conduct at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 337 Apollon case, 338 commercial convention with, 340 fails to settle claims, 340, 341 Revolution of 1830 in, 370, 371, 372

Franklin, Benjamin, gives Gallatin letter to Richard Bache, 11; compared to Gallatin, 389

Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, friend of Madame Voltaire, 7; sends her a portrait, 7 sells troops to England in American war, 8 called a tyrant by Gallatin, 8

Free trade, advocated by Gallatin, 240; becomes a party question in 1832, 240 convention in favor of, 241 Gallatin's memorial in behalf of, 241, 242 subsequent history of, 242, 243

French Revolution, premonitions of, in Europe, 6; Gallatin's opinion of, in 1794, 56, 57 its reaction on America, 57, 100 attitude of parties toward, 101, 102 its effect described by Gallatin, 327, 328

Gallatin, Abraham, grandfather of Albert, 2; lives at Pregny, 7 friend of Voltaire, 7

Gallatin, Albert, his place in United States history, 1; birth and ancestry, 2 adopted by Mlle. Pictet, 2 his schooling and home training, 2, 3 benefits from cosmopolitan society of Geneva, 4 academic friendships, 4, 5 restless, although not ambitious, 5 discontented with political conditions, 6 visits Voltaire, 7, 8 refuses offer of commission in Hessian service, 8 quarrels with grandmother, 8 plans to find freedom in America, 9, 10 leaves Geneva secretly, 9 plans to rise by land speculation and commerce, 10 at Nantes receives letters from family, 10, 11 relations with guardian, 11 invests money in tea, 12 voyage to Boston, 12 finds difficulty in selling tea, 12 finds Boston bigoted and unfriendly, 13 his walk to Blue Hill, 13 encounter with inquisitive landlord, 13, 14 persuaded by Madame De Lesdernier, makes trading voyage to Machias, 14 frontier life there, 15, 16 commands earthwork at Passamaquoddy, 16 meets La Pérouse, 16 returns to Boston and teaches French, 17 recommended by Mlle. Pictet to Dr. Cooper, 17 teaches French successfully in Harvard College, 17, 18 glad to leave Boston at conclusion of war, 18 visits New York, 18 meets Savary, 19 dissolves partnership with Serre, 19 meets Pelatiah Webster at Philadelphia, 19 accompanies Savary to Richmond, 19 decides definitely not to return to Geneva, 20 joins Savary in land speculations in West Virginia, 20, 21 his aversion to debt, 21 returns to Philadelphia and leads exploring party down Ohio, 21 at George's Creek builds log-house and opens store, 22 encounters Washington, 22 declines Washington's offer to become land agent, 23 enjoys a winter in Richmond society, 23 his gratitude for hospitality and kindness, 24 commissioned by Henry, locates lands in Western Virginia, 24 interrupted by Indian troubles, 24 takes oath of allegiance to Virginia, 25 invites Badollet to join him from Geneva, 25, 26 purchases Friendship Hill, 26 rumor of his death causes inquiries from Geneva, 27 attains majority and calls for property, 28 difficulties of his life on frontier, 28 not to be blamed for his choice of location, 28, 29 offered place in office by Marshall, 29 advised by Patrick Henry to begin in West, 29 visits Richmond and Philadelphia, 29 journey to Maine, 29, 30 kindness towards Lesdernier, 30 marries Sophie Allègre, her sudden death, 30 disheartened, wishes to abandon Western lands, 30, 31 his maturity in political thought, 32 early an advocate of democracy, 32, 33 probably dislikes the Federal Constitution, 34, 36 an opponent of centralization, 34 influences arguments of Smilie in Pennsylvania ratifying convention, 36 represents Fayette County at convention of anti-Federalists, 37 friendship with Smilie, 38 drafts resolutions providing for vigorous organization against Constitution, 38, 39

In Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention. Elected a delegate from Fayette County, 40 his opposition to alteration of form of government, 41 advocates enlarged popular representation, manhood suffrage, easy naturalization, 42 takes minor part in convention, his high opinion of its ability, 42, 43 after convention, falls into melancholy, 43 wishes to leave America, 43 reproached by Genevese friends with indolence, 43, 44

In Pennsylvania Legislature. Elected to represent Fayette County, 44 describes his legislative career, 45-47 his influence and activity, 45 advocates improved education, 45 supports turnpike, 45 gains reputation by report of Ways and Means Committee, 46 advocates redemption of paper money and financial reform, 46 reports a resolution for abolition of slavery, 47 at first dislikes Philadelphia, later prefers it to New York for democracy, 47, 48 drafts resolutions condemning Hamilton's excise bill, 48 takes part in public meeting in Washington County against the bill, 50 secretary of convention of western counties at Pittsburgh, 52 signs resolutions advocating resistance, 53 draws petition to Congress, 53 returns to Philadelphia to find cause damaged by action of counties, 54 advises evasion of federal writs to arrest, 55 in legislature proposes a township veto on taxation and popular education, 55 wishes to visit Geneva in 1793, 56, 57 views on French Revolution, 56, 57 elected senator in spite of insufficient residence, 58 acquaintance with Dallas, 58 on journey with him, meets Hannah Nicholson, 59 marriage, 59 his family connections by marriage, 59 later business connections with brother-in-law, J. W. Nicholson, 60 takes seat as United States senator, 60 his election protested on ground of insufficient residence, 60, 61 complains of membership of committee to consider case, 61 his exact status, 62 submits statement of facts to Senate, 62 is declared disqualified by narrow majority, 62, 63 his dignified conduct of case, 63 pending the decision, introduces resolution calling upon Hamilton to make a minutely itemized report, 64 probably causes his own expulsion by thus irritating Federalists, 64, 65 later obliged to answer a similar demand from Federalists, 65 not cast down by exclusion, 65 gains increased popularity in Pennsylvania, 65, 66

In Whiskey Insurrection. Takes wife to Fayette County, 67 at outbreak of violence advises distillers to submit to law, 69 his estimate of numbers of insurgents in arms, 73 remains at first aloof from excitement, 75 determines to take control of movement, 75, 76 alarmed at probable excesses of mob and danger of repression, 76 delegate to convention at Parkinson's Ferry, 78 confers with Marshall, 78 chosen secretary, 79 opposes resolution to resist by force, and moves reference of resolutions to a committee, 80 succeeds in modifying resolutions not to obey excise and trial laws, 80 on committee on resolutions, 80 on committee to confer with government commissioners, 81 points out folly of resistance, 81 counsels submission, 81 his eloquent speech, 82, 83 prevents anarchy, 82 charged by J. C. Hamilton with cowardice, 84 his real courage, 84 hastens submission of Fayette County, 85 secures adoption of declaration defending county's action, 85 secretary of meeting at Parkinson's Ferry, which makes complete submission, 89 considered by Federalists to be chief instigator of the insurrection, 90 describes conversation with Dallas, 92 again chosen to legislature and also to Congress, 93 his election to Assembly contested and declared void, 93, 94 in his speech during debate admits error of his course, 94 urges Badollet to secure reëlection of all Western assemblymen, 95 re-elected to legislature, 95 witness before grand jury in trial of prisoners, 96 draws petition to Washington for pardon of offenders, 96 his loyalty to constituents, 96

Member of Congress. Moves appointment of committee on finance to control Treasury, 106 appointed upon it, 106 wishes to put appropriations on permanent footing, 107, 108 refuses to devote military funds to establishing Indian trading posts, 108 opposes habit of appropriating without debate, even to objects already approved, 109 supports resolutions calling for papers in Jay treaty, 110 upholds power of House of Representatives, 111, 112 denies that treaties override discretion of House, 112, 113 appointed to carry call to Washington, 114 claims right of House to participate in treaties, 114 stands beside Madison as leader of debate, 115 insists on separate consideration of treaties, 118 objects to Federalists' threats of war with England, 118, 119 complains of abandonment of “free ships” principle in Jay's treaty, 119 low opinion of Indians, 122 urges resistance to impressment, 122 suggests plan for advantageous sale of public lands, 122 and their use to pay debt, 122 views on taxation, 123 opposes military establishment and navy, 123, 124 laments necessity of payment to United States Bank, 124 attacked for participation in Whiskey Insurrection, 124 makes no reply, 125 criticises conduct of Treasury Department, 125 opposes principle of a national debt, 125 asserts a great increase in public debt, 126 defends assertion against W. Smith, 126 objects to adjournment to pay respects to Washington on birthday, 126 recognized as leader of opposition by Federalists, 127 does not expect or desire renomination, 127 reëlected to Congress, 127 becomes leader of Republicans in House, 128 wishes House to compliment Washington personally on his retirement, but not his administration, 129 describes Andrew Jackson's appearance, 129 n.; insists on payment of indebtedness of States to government, 129 chairman of conference committee, 129 opposes army and navy expenditure, 129, 130 secures passage of bill confining treasury expenditures, 130 in sympathy and confidence of Jefferson, 133 deprecates debating foreign relations, 134 wishes to treat France like other nations, 134 opposes threatening France, 135 joins moderate Republicans in voting with Federalists for address to President, 136 opposes appropriation for defense, 137 objects to employment of frigates, 137 favors defense of ports and harbors only, 137 opposes salt duty, 137 and excessive loans, 137 points out method of impeachment in Blount case, 138 describes his desire for moderation, 138 calls Federalists aristocrats, 139 votes against presenting answer to message in person, 140 now acknowledged leader of Republicans, 140 presents anti-slavery petitions from Pennsylvania, 140 his opinion of use of foreign coins, 140 estimate of specie in United States, 141 opposes proposal to expel Lyon, 141 on executive power of appointment, 142 wishes to abandon foreign political intercourse, 143 upholds power of House to check executive through appropriations, 143 makes elaborate speech on checks of legislature on executive, 144-146 and on necessity of abstention from European politics, 145 practical drawbacks to his theory, 147 his speech circulated by party, 147 opposes war measures against France, 148 supports call for papers of envoys to France, 148 presents petition against authorizing private citizens to arm vessels, 149 opposes bill to authorize President to arm convoys, 149 prefers submission to French outrages rather than war, 150, 151 attacked by Allen of Connecticut, his reply, 150, 151 opposes non-intercourse with France, 151 declares Sedition Bill unconstitutional, 152 high words with Harper over Alien Bill, 152 taunted by Harper, 152 opposes declaration of state of relations by Congress, 153 votes against abrogating treaty with France, 154 continues to harass Wolcott in the Treasury, 154 his even temper, 154 opposes bill to punish correspondence with foreign princes, 155, 156 opposes bill to incite French West Indies to revolt, 156, 157 opposes authorization of President to suspend commerce in certain cases, 157 opposes building ships of the line, 157 tries to defeat or ameliorate Alien and Sedition Laws, 157, 158 aided in sixth Congress by Nicholas and Macon, 159 votes with Federalists to suspend commercial intercourse with France, 159 opposes proposal to amend Foreign Intercourse Act, 160, 161 opposes bill requiring report from secretary of treasury, because originating in Senate, 161 opposes continuance of non-intercourse, 162 his position in presidential contest in 1800, 164 irritated by influence of S. Smith over Jefferson and Madison, 164 reasons that attempt of Federalists to defeat an election by the House is constitutional, 164, 165 but any president pro tempore would be unconstitutional, 165 suggests course of action for Republicans, 165 probably expects to use violence against Federalists, 166 review of his congressional career, 167 leader of party, yet not a partisan, 167, 168 one of Republican triumvirate, 168 his departure leaves party without a legislative leader, 168

Secretary of the Treasury: Funding. His place as financier in United States history, 170 Jefferson's choice for secretary of treasury, 178, 179 hated by Federalists in Senate, 178 assigned to Treasury by public opinion, 179 doubts his abilities and chances of confirmation by Senate, 180 plans to move to New York, 180 refuses to accept until confirmed by Senate, 181 finally agrees to serve, 181 brings family to Washington and enters on duties, 181, 182 his thoroughness, 182 exhausts himself by his energy, 182 sketch of his financial career in Pennsylvania and in Congress, 183, 184 his one principle the extinguishment of debt, 184 publishes sketch of the finances in 1796, 184 publishes in July, 1800, “Views of Public Debt,” etc., 184, 185 ability of these essays, 185 outlines policy of expenditures and receipts to Jefferson, 186 endeavors to systematize treasury statements, 186 points out economic reasons for increase of revenue, 187 urges specific appropriations by Congress and absence of departmental discretion, 187 urges reduction, both of debt and of taxes, 188 unable to work with other departments because of Jefferson's habits, 188 lack of elasticity in his plans, 189 embarrassed by complications in department, 189 his first report to Congress, 190 denies existence of any surplus, 190 explains plan for extinction of debt by 1817, 191 given authority by Congress, 192 table showing success of his measures, 192 in spite of Louisiana purchase, reduces debt by one third, 192, 194 dissatisfied with financial terms of Louisiana purchase, 193 novelty of his distinction between place of payment of interest and principal, 195 arranges that Louisiana debt shall not retard payment of old debt, 196, 197 his report of 1805, 107 proposes funding of outstanding obligations in 1807, 198 reports a full Treasury on occasion of threatened war with England, 198 discusses application of surplus to war expenses, 199 suggests methods of war taxation, 200 prefers war to embargo, 201 draws the embargo bill, 201 discusses its financial effect, 201, 202 confident attitude as to war loans, 202 his policy supported by Jefferson, 203 realizes that war will prevent reduction of debt, 203, 204 relies on customs, tonnage dues, and land sales for revenue, 204 reports deficiency owing to embargo, 204 forced to borrow, 204 reviews situation in 1811 with satisfaction, 205, 206 asks for increase of revenue in case of war, 206 proposes war loans, 207 and interest-bearing treasury notes, 207 insists on actual increased receipts, not apparent measures, 207, 208 on necessity of upholding credit, 209 receives authority from Congress, 209 submits war budget, 209, 210 his last annual statement in 1812, 211 reports need of new loans, 212 his personal friends, Parish, Girard, and Astor, save government credit, 213, 214 fails to negotiate loan at par, 214 failure of his hopes to extinguish debt, 215 his policy vindicated by successors, 215 charged with sacrificing defenses of country to reduction of debt, 216 attempted defense of his course by “Democratic Review,” 216 his determination to follow financial principles and not a partisan course, 216, 218 does not invent new sources of revenue, 218 his estimates follow those of Hamilton, 219 estimates permanent revenue, 220 unable to abandon internal revenue, 220 does not protest against its abolition by Congress, 221 does not alter estimates in spite of increase of revenue, 221 proposes additional tax to meet war with Tripoli, 222 applies surplus as far as possible to Louisiana purchase, 222 political effect of his success during Jefferson's first term, 223 in 1805 raises estimate of permanent revenue, 223 impresses economy upon other departments, 223 prepares scheme of internal improvements, 224 after Chesapeake affair recommends borrowing, 224 and doubling duties in case of war, 225 receipts during his second term, 226 his warning of diminished resources in future ignored by Jefferson, 226 estimates for 1809, 228 points out necessity of submitting to war or loss of foreign trade, 228, 229 promises not to use internal taxes, 229 reports diminished income and deficiency in 1809, 230 declares for a strict enforcement or abandonment of embargo, 230 disgusted at refusal of Congress to recharter United States Bank, 231 tenders resignation to Madison, 231 obliged to remain for lack of possible successor, 231 continues to advocate increased customs, 232 points out that, had his recommendations been followed in 1809, there would have been a large surplus, 232, 233 forces Congress to choose between a bank or internal taxes, 233, 234 himself proposes internal taxes, 234 his last report predicts deficiency and asks a loan, 235 his recommendations of internal taxes disregarded, 235 his previous use of Hamilton's internal taxes, 235 his suggestions followed in 1813, 236 connection with sale of public lands, 238 unable fully to utilize this resource, 239 earliest public advocate of free trade, 240 later in career becomes leader of cause, 241 his part in convention of 1831, 241 draws memorial to Congress, 242 his views followed in tariff of 1846, 242 opposed to protection, 242 violently attacked by Clay, who apologizes, 242 introduces reforms in annual report, 245 tries to induce Congress and departments to adopt scheme of minute appropriations, 245, 246 carries system into his own household, 246 effects of his methods, 247 on Jefferson's dislike of banks, 251 his report of 1809 on Hamilton's bank, 252, 253 suggests its renewal, with modifications, 253, 254 his testimony as to its value, 255, 256 estimate as to state banks in 1811, 258 describes hostility of Astor to bank, 259 left, by failure to renew bank charter, at mercy of capitalists, 260 his opinion that absence of bank caused suspension of specie payments in 1815, 262 on Jefferson's proposal to issue paper money, 264 his success a vindication of Federalist finance, 266 opinion of services of second national bank, 266 declines offer of secretaryship in 1816, 266, 267 urges Madison to restore specie payment, 267 declines position as president of Bank of United States in 1822, 268 prepares statement of relative value of gold and silver, 268 writes “Considerations on Currency and Banking,” 268 advocates use of specie and limited use of paper money, 268 accepts presidency of National Bank of New York, 269 his opinion of Jackson, 270 his bank involved in panic of 1837, 272 conducts resumption, 273 chairman of committee of banks, 273 submits reports, 275 declines presidency of Bank of Commerce, 276 resigns presidency of National Bank, 277 publishes “Suggestions on Banks and Currency,” 277 condemns paper money, 277 declines offer of Treasury Department from Tyler, 278 in the cabinet, agrees with Republican leaders on all points except bank, 279, 280 prepares circular announcing disregard of party in appointments, 281 and condemning political influence of officials, 281 his policy opposed by Jefferson, 282 obliged to follow cabinet in policy of partisan appointments, 282 advises early preparation for campaign of 1804, 283 wishes States divided into election districts, 283 criticises annual messages of Jefferson, 283 his proposal to appoint a woman to office condemned by Jefferson, 283 suggests in vain regular cabinet consultations, 283, 284 urges payment of tribute to Tripoli rather than war, 284 opinion asked on points of constitutional law, 284 holds inherent right of United States to acquire territory, 285 disapproves of Texas annexation, 285 advises Jefferson concerning Louisiana treaty, 285, 286 attacked by Duane, for not turning out Federalists, 286 absence of favoritism in his appointments, 286, 287 supervises sale of lands, 287 acquaintance with Chôteau, 278 drafts promise of protection for Astor's fur trade, 288 opposes vainly Jefferson's gunboat scheme, 289 submits plan of defense against England, 289 urges moderate tone in message, 290 devises scheme of internal improvements, 290 doubts success of a National University, 291 opposes a permanent embargo, 291 prepares Campbell's report urging resistance, 292 receives authority from Congress to enforce non-intercourse, 293 favors war, 293 submits “Notes on Political Situation,” 294 opposes ordering out naval force in favor of letters of marque, 294 his appointment as secretary of state prevented by Republican opponents in Senate, 294, 295 continues to advise Madison, 295 his measures meet opposition in Senate, 295 deserted by Madison in his attempt to secure re-chartering of bank, 296 tenders resignation, 296 bitterly attacked in “Aurora,” 297 accused of dominating Madison and of corruption, 297, 298 considered by Jefferson ablest man in administration except Madison, 298 unable to command support in Congress, submits to war policy, 298, 299 asks leave of absence and appointment as minister to Russia, 299 attempts made to alienate him from Jefferson and Madison, 299 his high regard for Jefferson, 300 continued good terms with Madison, 300

Minister to Russia; Treaty of Ghent. His voyage with Bayard, 301 visits Gottenburg and Copenhagen, 301 at St. Petersburg meets J. Q. Adams, 302 his knowledge of history, 302 lack of diplomatic experience as compared with Adams, 302 contrast in character with Adams, 303 considers peace necessary because of inefficiency in conduct of war, 303 abandons his former opposition to a navy, 303 low opinion of English diplomacy, 304 view of necessity of an English renunciation of impressment, 305 writes to Barings, 305 receives Baring's reply, 306, 307 explains case to Romanzoff, 307 assured by Moreau of imperial sympathy, 308 warned by him of England's purposes, 308 writes to Monroe asking instructions, 308, 309 informs Baring of inability to negotiate except through Russia, 309 writes to Moreau, 309, 310 instructs Dallas as to duties in London, 310 receives news of refusal of Senate to confirm his nomination, 310 contemplates visit to London, 311 hears that British government proposes to treat directly, 311 unable to return home, 312 journey to Amsterdam, 312 not at first included in second commission, but later added, 312 visits London, 313 learns of arrival of Clay and Russell, 313 urges Lafayette to mediate, 313 wishes to change place of negotiation from Gottenburg, 314 urges Crawford to secure interposition of emperor, 315 receives letter from Lafayette through Humboldt, promising aid, 315 makes official appeal to emperor, 315 learns of refusal of England to admit intervention, 316 warns Monroe of English preparations, 316 visits Paris, 316 meets British commissioners at Ghent, 316 notifies Monroe of determination of England to dismember United States and attack New Orleans, 317, 318 despairs of peace, 318 draws reply of commissioners rejecting British demands, 319 explains reasons for willingness to discuss Indian article, 319, 320 condemns burning of public buildings at Washington, 320 expresses confidence in American securities, 320 has difficulty in mediating between Clay and Adams on fisheries and Mississippi navigation, 322, 323 proposes engagement to abandon use of savages in future war, 323 the credit of treaty due to him, 324 his diplomatic skill, 324 wins European admiration, 325 visits Geneva, 325, 326 sees Napoleon during Hundred Days, 326 appointed minister to France, 326 with Clay and Adams negotiates commercial convention, 326, 327 friendly attitude of Castlereagh toward, 326 on value of abolition of discriminating duties, 327 returns to New York, 327 withholds acceptance of French mission, 327 describes to Jefferson European opinion of United States, 327 describes condition of France after Revolution, 327, 328 does not consider republican form of government suitable everywhere, 328 weary of politics, declines nomination to Congress, 329 declines French mission on ground of poverty, 329 finally yields to Monroe's requests, 329 refuses offer of Treasury Department, his reasons, 330 rejoicings of Jefferson over his appointment, 331

Minister to France. Received by Richelieu, 331 discusses American sympathy for Bonaparte, 331, 332 received by Louis XVIII., 332 familiar relations with royal family, 332 negotiates for indemnity for seizures, 332 annoyed by French demand for dismissal of a disrespectful American postmaster, 333 advises Adams and Eustis in negotiations, 333 returns to Paris, 334 with Rush conducts negotiations with England, 334, 335 tries to explain Jackson's occupation of Pensacola, 336 refuses to mediate with France between Spain and revolted colonies, 336 points out disadvantages of war with Spain, 337 succeeds in pacifying French indignation at seizure of Apollon, 338 does not adopt Adams's line of defense, 338 Adams's opinion of, in diary, 338, 339 his opinion of Adams, 329 continues to negotiate with regard to commerce, 340 loath to return without success, 340 criticises Adams's terms of French treaty as unfavorable, but advises signing, 340 fails to secure satisfaction and returns to America, 341 settles at Friendship Hill, 341 pressed by Monroe to return to France, 341, 342 declines mission to Panama Congress, 342

Minister to England. Appointed envoy and minister, with liberty to return on completion of negotiations, 342, 343 secures modification of instructions, 343 complains of peremptory character of instructions, 344 his voyage, 344 dislike of English and French diplomacy, 344 learns of English resentment at tone of American ministers, 344, 345 negotiates with Canning, 345 asks for instructions as to renewal of convention of 1815, 345 pleased with ability of Lawrence as _chargé d'affaires_, 346 his threat of war quoted by Chateaubriand, 346 warned by Adams to yield nothing, 346 concludes negotiation with Goderich, 347 thinks Canning meant to discuss impressment, 247 returns to America, congratulated by Adams, 348 his social life in London, 348 ready to accept French mission in 1834, 349 prepares argument in Northeastern boundary arbitration, 349 publishes an account of facts in the case, 349 visited by Ashburton, 350 publishes pamphlet on Oregon question, 351 presides at meeting to protest against annexation of Texas, 351 condemns Mexican war, 352 publishes pamphlet concerning it, 352 condemns “manifest destiny” talk, 352, 353

Republican Leader. His opinion of contemporary political leaders, 355, 356 prefers Crawford to Adams, 356 requests Macon to take part in caucus for Crawford, 356 thinks universal suffrage compensates for dangers of consolidation, 356 accepts reluctantly nomination for vice-president, 357 dislikes formality of nomination, 357 withdraws to help ticket, 358 considers the election to prove decease of Republican party, 359 condemns Jackson's violations of law, 359 favors an insignificant or weak executive, 359 visits Washington in 1829, notes disappearance of old régime, 330

Society, Literature, Science. His land speculations not profitable, 351 plans Genevese Colonization Association, 361 loses money through Morris's failure, 362 speculates in Virginia military lands, 362 estimates value of estates, 362, 363 ill at ease in general society, 363 his establishment at Washington described by Irving, 363 house burned by British, 364 builds at Friendship Hill, finds it lonely in winter, 364 visited by Lafayette in 1825, 364, 365 settles permanently in New York, 365 frequent changes of residence, 365 devotes last years to scientific studies, 366 conversational ability, 366 chosen member of “The Club,” 366 367 leads conversation, 367 described by Irving, 368 wishes to establish free university in New York, 368 presides over council of New York University, 369 resigns, owing to clerical opposition, 370 continued interest in French politics, 370 letter of Lafayette to, on marriage of his daughter, 371 assists Polish refugees, 372 interested in Indian customs, 373, 374 writes for Humboldt a synopsis of Indian tribes, 374 publishes Indian vocabularies, 375 issues circulars inviting information, 375 correspondence with individuals, 375, 376 republishes Synopsis, 377 scientific character of his results, 377, 378 his advice requested concerning Smithson's bequest, 378 its publications submitted to him, 378, 379 founds American Ethnological Society, 379 defrays cost of publishing its transactions, 379 essay on nations of Mexico and Central America, 380 authorizes General Scott to purchase documents in Mexico, 380 writes introduction to Hale's “Indians of Northwest America,” 380 gathers information regarding gold in America for Humboldt, 381 describes his reasons for success, 381 his caution in reasoning, 382 fails to establish a literary periodical, 382 chosen president of New York Historical Society, 382 his inaugural address on course of United States History, 382-384 opinion of Washington, 383, 384 friendly greeting to Adams in 1844, 384 eulogized by Adams, 384, 385 his party career contrasted with that of Adams, 385 personal appearance and portraits, 385, 386 crushed by loss of wife, 387 death, 387 eulogized by Bradish before Historical Society, 388 acknowledges indebtedness to Bentham, 388 his brain, 389 summary of character and services, 389

Characteristics. General estimates, 1, 388 389 unfriendly views of, 90, 297 338 his own estimate, 381 ambition, 5, 10 58, 127 180, 328 business ability, 28, 60 361, 362 cosmopolitanism, 7, 389 courage, 75, 76 84 debt, aversion to, 21 diplomatic ability, 303, 324 325, 330 345 financial ability, 45, 179 185, 215 friendliness, 24, 30 300, 372 geography, love of, 16 history, love of, 3, 302 indolence, 43 leadership, 128, 133 159, 167 357 literary interest, 382 maturity, early, 31 partisanship, 140, 147 167 personal appearance, 385, 386 389 political shrewdness, 76, 95 128, 357 social habits, 44, 348, 363, 367, 368 temper, evenness of, 65, 152, 154, 303, 324 thoroughness, 182, 381

Political Opinions. Alien Bill, 152, 158 appointments to office, 281, 282, 286, 359 army, 108, 123, 129, 180, 303 Bank of United States, 231, 252-256, 262, 266, 296 banking, 256, 268, 273, 277 cabinet, 188, 222, 245, 283 coinage, 140, 268 Congress, powers of, 109, 110, 112, 143, 144, 153, 161 constitution of Pennsylvania, 41, 42 debt, public, 45, 125, 126, 191, 203, 205, 208, 222, 269 democracy, 6, 8, 10, 33, 34, 42, 48, 55, 126, 389 education, 45, 291, 368-370 election of 1800, 164-166 embargo, 201, 206, 230, 291 England, diplomacy of, 304, 344 England, policy toward, 228, 292, 310, 327, 337, 343-347 ethnology, 373-381 excise, 53, 80 executive, 144-146, 359 Federalist party, 119, 129, 139, 140, 164, 179 financial measures of Hamilton, 184, 185 foreign correspondence bill, 155 foreign ministers, 142, 143, 145, 147 France, diplomacy of, 304, 344 France, policy toward, 134, 135, 148, 149, 157, 159, 167, 310, 332, 333, 338, 340 free trade, 240-243 French Revolution, 56, 76, 139, 328 gunboat scheme, 289 impeachment, 138 Indians, 108, 122, 320, 323, 373-381 internal improvements, 45, 224, 290 Jacksonian democracy, 359 Jay treaty, 119, 136 manifest destiny, 352 Mexican war, 352 military matters, 137, 289 money, relation to wealth, 260 navy, 123, 124, 130, 137, 186, 303 northeastern boundary, 347-349 northwest boundary, 343, 347, 351 panic of 1815, 262 paper money, 46, 207, 264, 267, 268 party management, 38, 41, 95, 128, 164, 359 peace, 149, 150, 167, 284 public lands, 46, 122, 238, 239 Republican party, 355, 359 revenue, internal, 221, 233, 234 revenue, sources of, 187, 223, 232 Sedition Act, 152, 158, 159 slavery, 47, 140 Spain, policy toward, 336, 337 suffrage, 42 surplus, use of, 206, 216 taxation, 123, 199, 200 Texas annexation, 351 territory, constitutional power to acquire, 285 Treasury, administration of, 64, 106-108, 125, 130, 154, 189, 205, 208, 217, 245-247 treaty of Ghent, 317, 318, 319, 323 treaty power, 114 United States, history of, 382, 383 war of 1812, 320 war finances, 190, 200, 203, 207, 208, 222, 224, 229, 232, 234, 298 Whiskey Insurrection, 94

Gallatin family, 2; prominence in Geneva, 2 military reputation, 2 interest in all its members, 8 on oligarchic side in Genevese politics, 10 alarmed at report of Gallatin's death, 27 visited by Gallatin in 1814, 326 claims Roman descent, 386 n.

Gallatin, Frances, marries B. K. Stevens, 371; Lafayette's letter of congratulation to, 371 considered “a beauty” at French court, 372

Gallatin, James, accompanies his father to Europe, 301

Gallatin, Jean, father of Albert Gallatin, 2; his death, 2

Gallatin, P. M., guardian of Albert, 10; his kindness on Gallatin's departure for America, 11 promises to aid him, and forwards letters of recommendation, 11

Gallatin, Susanne Vaudenet, grandmother of Gallatin, her character, 7; friend of Frederick of Hesse-Cassel and of Voltaire, 7 controlling spirit of family, 8 quarrels with Albert over his refusal of a Hessian commission, 8

Gambier, Lord, on English peace commission, 316

Gardner, John L., at free-trade convention, 241

Genet, Edmond C., effect of his intemperance on parties, 57; marries daughter of George Clinton, 102 aids Democratic societies, 102 condemned by Federalists, 134

Geneva, place of Gallatin family in, 2; education in, 2, 3 religious spirit of, 3 a resort of foreigners, 4 political situation in, 6, 7, 10 parties in, 10 revolutions in, 20, 361 government of, 33 visited by Gallatin, 325, 326 colonization from, planned by Gallatin, 361

Geneva Academy, studies of Gallati in, 2, 3; his friends at, 4, 5

Germans, in Pennsylvania, oppose improvement of education, 45

Gerry, Elbridge, on French mission, 139; remains to negotiate loan, 152

Gibbs, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379

Gilbert, Ezekiel, on Committee on Finance, 107

Giles, William B., Republican leader in debate, his character, 100, 133; bitterly opposes address to Washington, 128, 129 in debate on relations with France, 135 loses leadership to Gallatin, 140

Gilman, Nicholas, on Committee on Finance, 106

Girard, Stephen, assists Gallatin to float loan, 213, 214; his reasons, 259

Goderich, Lord, renews convention of 1815 with Gallatin, 347

Goldberg, ----, Dutch commissioner to make commercial treaty, 334

Goodhue, Jonathan, at free-trade convention of 1831, 241

Goodhue, ----, member of “The Club,” 367

Goodrich, Chauncy, in Congress, 99; in debate on foreign relations, 143 on resolution to punish foreign correspondence, 156

Goulburn, Henry, on English peace commission, 316; informed of American request for instructions, 318 told by Castlereagh and Liverpool to moderate his demands, 319 protests against acceptance of Indian article, 321

Grenville, Lord, sends Fauchet letter to Washington, 103; connection with Jay treaty, 117, 350 his proposition to Pinckney, 134

Griswold, Roger, attacks Gallatin's account of sinking fund, 65; leader of Federalists in House, 98, 133 replies to Gallatin in debate on treaty power, 113 his collision with Lyon, 141 on doctrine of checks, 143 on bill to punish foreign correspondence, 156 on Senate bill to require annual financial reports, 161

Gunboats, Jefferson's scheme for, 288; origin of his idea, 288 opposed by Gallatin, 289

Gurney, ----, in Pennsylvania legislature, 183

Hale, ----, introduction to his work on Indians written by Gallatin, 380

Hamilton, Alexander, his career compared to that of Gallatin, 28, 32; amends excise law, 52 demands punishment of Pittsburgh leaders of opposition, 53, 54 drafts proclamation against them, 54 attacked by Gallatin in Senate, 64 deprecates demand for minute information, 64, 65 submits plan for crushing insurgents, 76, 77 impatient at delay, writes as “Tully” advocating punishment, 87 accompanies army to Pittsburgh, 88 investigates insurrection, 90 fails to find indictment against Gallatin, 90 dissuades troops from violence, 92 resigns from Treasury, 97 continues to lead party, 99 stoned in defending Jay treaty, 103 letters of Wolcott to, complaining of Republican opposition, 126, 154 attends Congress as general, 155 his influence on government, 168, 169 review of his career in the Treasury, 174-176 his place in history, 176 his enmity to Gallatin, 179 attacks of Gallatin upon his system, 184, 185 his revenue system maintained by Gallatin, 218, 234 and reënacted by Democrats in 1813, 235 his report on public lands, 237, 238 his organization of Treasury Department, 243 his financial reports, 245 on Bank of North America, 249 his report on national bank, 250, 251

Hamilton, J. C., accuses Gallatin of cowardice in Whiskey Rebellion, 84

Harper, Robert Goodloe, leader of Federalists in House, 98, 133; denounces call for Jay treaty papers as unconstitutional, 111, 112 closes argument on Federalist side, 114 recognizes Gallatin as leader of Republicans, 115 in debate on relations with France, 134, 135 called a “bungler” by Gallatin, 140 moves appropriation for foreign intercourse, 141 his share in debate, 142, 146 introduces bill to suspend intercourse with France, 151 altercation with Gallatin over Alien Bill, 152 on resolution to furnish foreign correspondence, 156 on Senate bill to require annual financial reports, 161

Harvard College, gives Gallatin permission to teach French, 17; his connection with, 18 gives Gallatin certificate, 18

Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolph, superintendent of coast survey, 290

Hawks, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379

Henry, Patrick, recommends Gallatin to county surveyor and commissions him to locate lands, 24; advises Gallatin to go West, predicts success, 29

Henry, Prof. Joseph, letter of Gallatin to, on Squier and Davis's “Ancient Monuments,” 379

Hillhouse, James, Federalist in Congress, 99; on committee on finance, 107

Holland, vain attempt to sign commercial treaty with, 334; arbitrates northeast boundary, 347, 349 its decision rejected, 349

House of Representatives, leaders of, in 1795, 98-100; debate in, over conduct of Washington's administration, 104-106 appoints Committee on Finance, 106, 107 debate in, on principle of appropriations, 108, 109 motion of Livingston to call for papers in Jay treaty brings on debate on treaty power, 109-114 asserts right to withhold appropriations, 115 considers foreign treaties separately, 118 debates Jay treaty, 118-121 votes to carry treaty into effect, 121 but condemns it, 121 refuses to adjourn on Washington's birthday, 126 adopts address complimentary to Washington, 129 new members in fifth Congress, 132 debates President's message on relations with France, 133-136 votes to support administration, 136 considers measures of defense, 137 impeaches Blount, 138 entertained by Adams, 140 encounter in, between Lyon and Griswold, 141 debate in, on foreign missions, 141, 142 on relation of executive to Congress, 142-147 rejects amendment to abolish foreign missions, 147 debates war with France, 148 requests President to furnish correspondence of envoys to France, 148 receives X Y Z dispatches, 149 altercation in, between Gallatin and Allen, 150 passes Alien Bill, 152 message of Adams to, on resumption of diplomatic intercourse with France, 152 passes bill abrogating treaty with France, 154 debates and passes bill to punish foreign correspondence, 155, 156 debates and passes bills to favor French West Indies, and punish Spanish and Dutch ports, 156, 157 refuses to repeal Sedition Act, 157 new members in sixth Congress, 158 replies to President's address, 158 refuses to repeal Sedition Law, 159 passes bill to suspend intercourse with France, 159, 160 votes a medal to Truxton, 160 refuses to amend Foreign Intercourse Act, 160, 161 debates and passes Senate bill to require annual Treasury reports, 161 refuses to continue non-intercourse, 162 again rejects bill to amend Sedition Act, 162 part played by Gallatin in, 167, 168 investigates Wolcott's management of Treasury, 177

Howell, Richard, leads New Jersey militia against Whiskey Rebellion, 88

Humboldt, Baron Alexander von, aided in study of precious metals in America by Gallatin, 278, 374, 381; brings Lafayette's letter to Gallatin, 315 meets Gallatin in Washington, 315 speaks of Gallatin's “glory,” 325 letter to Gallatin, 381

Husbands, Herman, on committee on resolutions of Parkinson's Ferry meeting, 80

Huskisson, William, on impressment, 347

Impressment, Gallatin's opinion of, 122; its abandonment by England insisted on by Monroe, 305 refused consideration by England, 322, 327, 335, 347

Indians, relations of Gallatin with, at Machias, 15; trading posts with, opposed by Gallatin, 108 Wayne's treaty with, 117, 118 danger of war with, in 1795, 120, 121 Gallatin's opinion of, 122 influence of Chôteau over, 287 fur trade of Astor with, 288 proposals of England concerning, in treaty of Ghent, 317, 319, 321 studies of Gallatin concerning, 373-378 the Canadian Indians, 373 tribes of, classified by Jefferson, 374 “Synopsis of Indian Tribes” by Gallatin, 374; vocabularies collected by Gallatin, 375, 376 studies of Du Ponceau concerning, 377 republication of Gallatin's “Synopsis,” 377 his essay on Indian civilization, 380 his introduction to Hale's work on, 380

Ingham, Samuel D., report of Gallatin to, on gold and silver, 268

Internal improvements, Gallatin's scheme for, 224, 290; urged by Jefferson, 226, 227, 290 inconsistency of Jefferson, 227

Irish, petition against Sedition Act, 157

Irving, Washington, describes Mrs. Gallatin's manners and appearance, 363, 364; describes Gallatin in old age, 368

Jackson, Andrew, votes against complimentary address to Washington, 129; his appearance described by Gallatin, 129 n.; orders removal of deposits, 270 Gallatin's opinion of, 270, 355 occupies Pensacola, 336 refuses to appoint Gallatin to French mission, 349 candidate for president in 1824, 358 defeated for president by Adams, 358 his idea of party, 359 Gallatin's opinion of, 359 character of his presidency, 360

Jackson, F. J., his mission to United States, 295

Jay, John, asked by Jefferson for information concerning Gallatin, 27; drafts letter for New York Convention calling for a new convention, 37 n.; burnt in effigy after his treaty, 103 his purpose in making treaty, 117 said by Sheffield to have duped Grenville, 117 his warning remark to Randolph during negotiations, 118 attacked by Gallatin, 119

Jay, William, member of “The Club,” 366

Jay treaty, ratified, 102; made public by Mason, 103 popular dissatisfaction with, 103, 116 sent to House, 109 condemned in England, 117 debate over, 118-121

Jefferson, Thomas, in behalf of Gallatin family writes to Jay for information concerning Albert Gallatin, 27; countersigns Washington's proclamation against excise rioters, 54 retires from cabinet, 97, 99 rupture with Hamilton, 99 imbued with French principles, 102 ridiculed as a sans-culotte, 104 influence complained of by Wolcott, 127 tries to moderate bitterness of Republicans, 128 Gallatin known to be in his confidence, 133 complains of weakness of Congress, 138 unable to influence Senate, 139 loses taste for French alliance, 139 thinks Sedition Bill aimed at Gallatin, 152 praises Gallatin's courage, 158 receives tie vote with Burr, 163 probably makes bargain with Federalists, 164 his inexplicable submission to Smith, 164 elected, 167 in triumvirate with Madison and Gallatin, 168 represents social equality, 169 his suggestions on coinage, 172 urges Gallatin to accept Treasury Department, 178-180 letter to Macon, 182 suggestions of Gallatin to, on financial policy, 186 not a practical statesman, 188 does not consult cabinet as a whole, 188 letters of Gallatin to, on finances, 189, 193, 201, 203, 216 summons Congress to ratify Louisiana purchase, 195 reëlection helped by finances and Louisiana treaty, 197, 198, 223 urges Gallatin to retain post until extinction of debt, 203 wishes reduction of army and navy, 220 advocates application of surplus to internal improvement, 226 in so doing abandons his principles, 227 detests bank, 233, 251, 280 proposes impracticable economies in Treasury Department, 244 suggests issue of paper money, 264 an abandonment of republican principles, 266 introduces new principles of administration into government, 279 opposes Gallatin's civil service circular, 281 proposes to fill one half of offices with partisans, 282 submits draft of annual message to cabinet, 283 objects to appointing a woman to office, 283 lack of system in his cabinet, 284 does not consult Gallatin on military matters, 284 agrees with Gallatin's view on acquisition of territory, 285 advised by Gallatin concerning Louisiana treaty, 285 unfortunate in choice of political methods, 286 friendly with Duane, 286 promises to protect Astor, 288 his gunboat scheme, 288, 289 origin of his views on gunboats, 288 his plan of internal improvements, 290 recommends national university, 291 wishes amendments to Constitution, 291 advised by Gallatin not to rely on “general welfare” clause of Constitution, 291 shirks responsibility of decision with regard to English policy, 291, 292 urged by Gallatin to enforce non-intercourse, 293 calls Gallatin ablest man in administration except Madison, 298 regard of Gallatin for, 300 his love for Gallatin, 300 letters of Gallatin to, on reputation of United States in Europe, 327 on France, 327, 328 letter of Gallatin to, on difficulty of withdrawal from public service, 329 rejoices in Gallatin's acceptance of French mission, 331 his opinion of Louis XVIII., 331 relations with de Tracy, 331 supports Crawford for presidency, 356 favors state rights, 356 does not appreciate decay of his party, 358 on non-sectarian education, 369 his remarks on Indians in “Notes on Virginia,” on Washington's strong passions, 383 n.

Johannot, ----, educated at Geneva, 4, 17

Johnston, ----, member of “The Club,” 366

Jones, William, secretary of navy, 312

Kent, Chancellor James, member of “The Club,” 366

King, Charles, member of “The Club,” 367

King, Rufus, resigns mission to England, 342; tone of his correspondence, 345

Kinloch, Francis, educated at Geneva, 4; letter to, given by Mlle. Pictet to Gallatin, 11

Kirkpatrick, Major, defends United States marshal in Whiskey Insurrection, 68; his farm burnt by rioters, 73

Kittera, Thomas, moves hostile amendment to pro-French resolution, 135

Knox, Henry, resigns from War Department, 97

Kosciusko, his nephew helped by Gallatin, 372

Kramer brothers, in business with Gallatin, 60

Lands, public, in Pennsylvania, 46; suggestions of Gallatin as to improved methods of sale, 122, 123 how acquired, 237 sales under Hamilton and successors, 238 organization of sales by Gallatin, 238, 239, 287

Land speculation, in Virginia, 20, 21, 24, 361; in Ohio, 362

Lafayette, Marquis de, his motives for aiding colonies, 9; his imprisonment, 102 saved by gunboats in 1781, 288, 289, 371 urged by Gallatin to help mediate between England and United States, 313 urges emperor of Russia to exert personal influence with England, 315 sends letter to Gallatin, 315 letter of Gallatin to, on French government, 328 visits Pennsylvania, 364 entertained by Lafayette at Friendship Hill, 365 his part in Revolution of 1830, 370, 371, 372 interested in marriage of Gallatin's daughter, 371 letter to Gallatin, 371, 372

La Pérouse, meets Gallatin at Machias, 16; later meets him in Boston, 16

Laurens, John, educated at Geneva, 4

La Vengeance, captured by Constellation, 160

Lawrence, William B., gives anecdote of Washington and Gallatin, 22; accompanies Gallatin to England, 344 his ability as secretary, 346 presides at anniversary meeting of New York Historical Society, 384

Lee, Henry, commands militia against Whiskey Rebellion, 88; requires oath of allegiance, 89 orders seizure of leaders, 90

Lee, Thomas, founder of Ohio company, 20

Legislature of Pennsylvania, calls Constitutional Convention, 40; Gallatin's career in, 45-47, 55, 60 rejects bill to improve education, 45 discharges paper money and other debt, 46 elects Gallatin senator, 47, 58 adopts resolutions condemning excise, 48, 49 protests against authorizing vessels to arm, 149 divides electoral vote between Adams and Jefferson, 163 Gallatin's financial report to, 183, 184 offers to take two millions of United States bonds, 214 interferes to regulate Bank of North America, 250 charters Bank of United States, 271

Leopard, captures Chesapeake, 224

Lesdernier, M. de, flies from Nova Scotia to Machias, 14; welcomes Gallatin, 14 on good terms with Indians, 16 attempt of Gallatin to obtain a pension for, 30 letter of Gallatin to, 154 introduces Gallatin to Indians, 373

Lesdernier, Madame de, persuades Gallatin to visit Machias, 14

Lieven, Count, Russian minister at London, 308; his friendship with Gallatin, 348

Lincoln, Levi, views on unconstitutionality of acquiring territory, 285

Livermore, E. S., on committee to consider Gallatin's eligibility to Senate, 61

Liverpool, Lord, advised by Castlereagh to moderate his demands, 319; does so for fear of healing American dissensions, 319 accepts settlement of Indian question, 321 resolves to prosecute war vigorously, 321 abandons claim to territory and admits defeats, 322 letter of Castlereagh to, 326 death, 347

Livingston, Edward, prominent Republican in Congress, 100; his precocity, 100 calls for instructions for Jay, 109, 110 votes against complimentary address to Washington, 129 attacks Adams's foreign policy, 135, 136 presents petitions against Alien and Sedition Laws, 157

Livingston, Robert R., arranges terms of Louisiana purchase, 193

Lorillard, Jacob, at free trade convention, 1831, 241

Loring, Captain, takes Gallatin to America, 11

Louis XVI., executed, 56

Louis XVIII., Jefferson's opinion of, 331; gives audience to Gallatin, 332 his intimacy with Gallatin and his sarcasm, 332

Louisiana, financial effect of its purchase, 192, 193, 195, 196, 222; effect of its acquisition on England, 224 constitutional question involved, 285, 286 occupation of, arranged by Gallatin, 286, 287

Lynn, Mary, keeps boarding-house in Philadelphia, 19

Lyon, Matthew, his collision with Griswold, 141; defended by Gallatin, 141

Machias, expedition of Gallatin to, 14, 15; life at, 15, 16, 17

Macon, Nathanael, votes against complimentary address to Washington, 129; aids Gallatin in sixth Congress, 159 moves repeal of Sedition Law, 159 opposes non-intercourse with France, 159, 160 letter of Jefferson to, 182 letter to Nicholson, 293 tries to pass Navigation Act against English and French decrees, 296 on decay of democratic principles in 1824, 356, 358

Madison, James, secures adoption of ten amendments, 40; abandons Federalists through Jefferson's influence, 99 leads Republicans in House, 100 weakness in debate, 100 drafts address to Washington, 105 on Committee on Finance, 106 advocates bill to establish trading posts with Indians, 108 moves to amend call for Jay papers, 111 interprets treaty power in Constitution in Jay treaty debate, 113, 115 attacks Jay treaty, 118 influence complained of by Wolcott, 127 not reëlected to Congress, 133 his inexplicable submission to Smith, 164 in triumvirate with Jefferson and Gallatin, 168 his weakness as financier, 179 summons Congress, 205 anxious to evade responsibility for peace or war, 205 communications on finance from Gallatin, 212, 259 his indecision as to financial situation, 230 does not accept Gallatin's resignation, 231 realizes indispensableness of Gallatin to him, 231 agrees with Gallatin as to minute appropriations, 245 vetoes bill to incorporate national bank, 265 signs a second bill, 265 his inconsistency, 266 urged by Gallatin to restore specie payment, 267 opposes Gallatin's civil service circular, 281 not superior on constitutional points to Gallatin, 284 refuses to support Astor's plans, 288 consults with Gallatin on inaugural address, 294 forced by senators to abandon plan to make Gallatin secretary of state, 294, 295 unable to control party, 295 favors England as against France, 295 fails to support Gallatin, his inexcusable weakness, 296 compelled to choose between Smith and Gallatin, 297 efforts of Duane to poison his mind against Gallatin, 297 not qualified to be a war president, 298, 299 sends Gallatin on Russian mission with leave of absence, 299 appoints Duane adjutant-general, 299 continues on good terms with Gallatin, 300 accepts English offer of direct negotiation, 312 appoints a new commission, 312 intends Gallatin for head of commission, 312 names Gallatin minister to France, 326 thanked by Gallatin, 327 leaves him at liberty to decide, 329 offers Gallatin secretaryship of treasury, 330 favors Crawford for presidency, 356

Malesherbes, C. G. de L. de, his courage compared to that of Gallatin, 84

“Manifest Destiny,” Gallatin's opinion of, 352, 353

Marie Antoinette, executed, 56

Marshall, James, represents Fayette County in anti-excise proceedings, 51, 52, 69; joins Bradford in calling out militia, 70 his resolutions at Parkinson's Ferry meeting disapproved by Gallatin, 78, 79 withdraws them, 80 on committee to confer with United States commissioners, 81

Marshall, John, offers Gallatin a place in his office, 29; on French mission, 139, 152 elected to Congress, 158 announces death of Washington, 158 draws reply to Adams's address, 158

Mason, S. T., makes Jay treaty public, 103

Mathews, Rev. Mr., member of “The Club,” 367

Mayer, member of Ethnological Society, 379

McClanachan, Blair, chairman of anti-Federalist Conference, 38; his ultra-democratic remarks to Adams, 138

McDuffie, George, estimates profits of bankers on state bank circulation, 263

McKean, Thomas, in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 43; suggests sending a commission to confer with Whiskey insurgents, 77 asked to prevent civil war in 1800, 166

McLane, Louis, reports extinction of national debt, 269

McVickar, ----, member of “The Club,” 366

Mexico, war with, Gallatin's opinion of, 352

Middleton, Henry, at free trade convention of 1831, 241

Mifflin, Thomas, in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 43; deprecates use of force against Whiskey Rebellion, 77 summons legislature and obtains authority to employ militia, 88 succeeds by personal influence in filling ranks, 88

Mirabeau, Vicomte de, friend of Dumont, 5

Mississippi navigation, discussed in treaty of Ghent, 322, 323; in 1818, 335

Mitchell, S. L., on committee to consider Gallatin's eligibility to Senate, 61

Monroe, James, presents flag to French Convention, 132; arranges terms of Louisiana purchase, 193 supplants Smith as secretary of state, 296, 298 on necessity of renunciation of impressment in treaty of peace, 305 asked by Gallatin for further instructions, 308 receives proposals from England for direct negotiation, 311 asked by commissioners for authority to treat in any place, 314 warned by Gallatin of English war plans, 316, 317, 318 communications of Gallatin to, during negotiations, 319 urges Gallatin not to withdraw from public service, 329 appoints Adams secretary of state, 334 gives Gallatin leave of absence, 341 urges him to return to France, 341

Montgomery, John, connected by marriage with Gallatin, 59, 60

Montmorenci, Vicomte, negotiates with Gallatin, 340; succeeded by Chateaubriand, 340

Moore, ----, member of “The Club,” 366

Moreau, General Jean Victor, career in America and France, 308; assures Gallatin of emperor's friendliness and warns him of British obstinacy, 308 reply of Gallatin, 309 his death, 310, 311

Morgan, Daniel, leads militia against Whiskey Rebellion, 88, 93

Morris, Gouverneur, snubbed by Washington for familiarity, 23; his precocity compared to Gallatin's, 32 suggests decimal system, 172

Morris, Robert, receives drafts for Gallatin, 28; in United States Senate announces intention of neutrality on question of Gallatin's eligibility, 61 but votes against it, 63 n.; his rank as financier, 170-173 plans Bank of North America, 248, 249 buys land of Gallatin, 361 settles with Gallatin, 362 fails and is imprisoned, 362

Morse, ----, member of “The Club,” 367

Morton, Dr., member of Ethnological Society, 379

Muhlenberg, Frederick A., defeated for speaker by Dayton, 98; gives casting vote in favor of Jay treaty appropriations, 121

Müller, Johann von, teaches Gallatin history, 3

Murray, William Vans, prominent Federalist in House, 99; on finance committee, 106 denies discretionary power of House over Jay treaty, 110

Navy, opposed by Gallatin, 123, 124, 130, 137, 157, 186, 188; his course defended, 216 gunboat scheme, 288, 289

Nesselrode, Count, leaves Russian foreign affairs in charge of Romanzoff, 304; inability of Crawford to secure audience with, 315

New England, supports Adams in 1800, 163; refuses to support popular loan, 212, 213 plans disunion, 213 hoards specie, 260, 261 opposes embargo, 293 its secession hoped for by England, 313

New York, calls for a second Federal Convention, 36, 37; Republican in 1800, 163

New York city, first visit of Gallatin to, 18; abandoned by Congress for Philadelphia, 47 protests against Jay treaty, 103 settlement of Gallatin in, 365, 366 social life in, 366-368 attempt of Gallatin to establish a university in, 368, 369

New York Historical Society, presidency of Gallatin, 382; his inaugural address to, 382-384 celebration of its fortieth anniversary, 384 honors Gallatin's memory, 388

Nicholas, John, Republican leader in House, 100; on treaty power, 111 supports Gallatin in advocating specific appropriations, 130 moves amendment to Adams's message, 134 in debate on French relations, 135 desires to limit executive through power over appropriations, 143 aids Gallatin in sixth Congress, 159 opposes non-intercourse with France, 159 resists supposed encroachment of Senate on House, 161 confers with Jefferson and Gallatin on election of 1800, 164

Nicholson family, connected by marriage with Gallatin, 59

Nicholson, Hannah, marries Gallatin, 59; described by him, 59 her relations to her husband, 59 letters of Gallatin to, 138, 180 unhappy in Fayette County, 180 her property, 363 unfit for frontier life, 363 her success in Washington society, 363, 364 her death, 386, 387

Nicholson, Commodore James, father-in-law of Gallatin, his family, 59; visited by Gallatin after marriage, 60 on Gallatin's political moderation, 138 commands gunboats in Lafayette's campaign of 1781, 371

Nicholson, James Witter, in business with Gallatin, 60

Nicholson, Joseph H., letter of Gallatin to, on war revenue, 224; furnished by Gallatin with questions to ask himself, 246 letter of Macon to, 293

Non-importation, difficulty of enforcement in 1774, 293; enforced by Gallatin in 1808, 293

Norris, Isaac W., at free trade convention, 241

Odier, ----, takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361

Ohio Company, its formation and lands, 20

Oregon question, discussion over, in 1818, 335; discussed in 1826, 343 determination of Adams not to give way in, 346 joint occupation of, continued, 347 views of Gallatin on, 351

Otis, Harrison Gray, elected to Congress, 132; denounces Gallatin for attacking Federalist administration, 136 on resolution to punish foreign correspondence, 156 reports investigation of Wolcott's management of Treasury, 177

Panama Congress, its importance, 342; mission to, declined by Gallatin, 342

Paper money, its issue suggested by Jefferson, 264; Gallatin's opinion of, 268, 277

Parish, David, assists Gallatin to float loan, 213, 214; his reasons, 259, 260

Parker, Josiah, amends resolution to punish foreign correspondence, 156; offers resolution to amend non-intercourse, 160

Pasquier, M., negotiates with Gallatin, 337; pacified by Gallatin after seizure of Apollon, 338

Patton, John, on Committee on Finance, 107

Peabody, George, at free trade convention of 1831, 241

Pendleton Society of Virginia, adopts secession resolutions, 116

Penn, John, letter to, given Gallatin by Lady Penn, 11

Penn, Lady Juliana, gives Gallatin letter to John Penn, 11

Penns, proprietors of Pennsylvania, educated at Geneva, 4

Pennsylvania, ratifies federal Constitution, 35; movement in, to call a second convention, 37-40 education in, efforts of Gallatin to improve, 45 opposition to excise in, 48-55 Whiskey Rebellion in, 67-96 popularity of Gallatin in, 65 its law regarding slavery, 140 petitions against Alien and Sedition Acts, 157

Pensacola, its seizure by Jackson, 336

Philadelphia, visit of Gallatin to, 19, 21; removal of Congress to, 47 society in, 47, 48 angry feeling in, against Whiskey Insurrection, 92 protests against Jay treaty, 103 petitions legislature to repeal charter of Bank of North America, 250 nominates Gallatin for Congress, 329

Pickering, Timothy, in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 43; secretary of war and postmaster-general under Washington, 97

Pickering, ---- member of Ethnological Society, 379

Pictet, Mademoiselle, adopts Gallatin, her kindness, 2; her nephew taught by Gallatin, 5 regard of Gallatin for, 9 pained at Gallatin's departure, 11 gives him letter to Kinloch, 11 sends him money and secures interest of Dr. Cooper, 17 his ingratitude toward, regretted by Gallatin, 20 supposes his failure to write due to misfortune, 27 accuses Gallatin of indolence and ennui, 43, 44

Pictet, ----, naturalist, relative of Gallatin, 5

Pinckney, Charles C., refused reception as minister by France, 132; on second mission, 139 returns, 152 attends Congress as general, 155

Pinckney, Thomas, makes treaty with Spain, 117

Pitt, William, his precocity compared to Gallatin's, 32

Poles, in New York, befriended by Gallatin, 372

Powell, William H., his portrait of Gallatin, 386

Preston, William C., at free trade convention in 1831, 241

Quakers, in Pennsylvania, oppose general education, 45; petition against seizure of fugitive slaves, 140

Randolph, Edmund, deprecates force against Whiskey Rebellion, on ground that only Washington's influence prevents civil war, 77; retires from cabinet, 97 damages reputation by dealings with Fauchet, 103 remark of Jay to, during negotiations with England, 118

Randolph, John, elected to Congress, 158; opposes non-intercourse with France, 159 opposes giving a gold medal to Truxton, 160 advocates abolition of internal duties, 221 complains of want of system in Jefferson's cabinet, 284 on Madison's weakness, 295 unfitted to lead a party, 355

Renwick, James, letter of Mrs. Irving to, on Mrs. Gallatin, 364; member of “The Club,” 366

Republican party, its origin, 57; its leaders in House of Representatives in 1795, 99, 100 its attitude toward France and Revolution, 101, 102 imitates Jacobins, 102 opposes resolution complimenting Washington's administration, 104-106 attacks administration of Treasury, 106 asserts right of House to share in treaty power, 110-114 leadership of Gallatin in, 115, 128, 133, 159 attacks Jay treaty, 118-121 objects to adjournment on Washington's birthday, 126 attacks Washington, 128 reluctant to affront France, 133-136 opposes increase of foreign missions, 141-147 attacks Alien and Sedition Laws, 159 profits by popular dislike of England and of Alien and Sedition Laws, 163 gives equal vote to Jefferson and Burr, 163 its policy to resist any Federalist usurpation by force, 166 success due to Gallatin's leadership, 167, 168 its share in building country, 169 opposes internal revenue, 221 its principles violated by Jefferson in suggesting internal improvements, 227 refuses to renew charter of bank, 231, 254 violates principles in chartering second bank, 265 introduces new principles of administration into government, 279 demands share of offices, 281, 282 refuses to confirm Gallatin for secretary of state, 294 factions in, under Madison, 295 incompetent to manage war, 298 lacks leaders after Gallatin, 355 its condition in 1824, 356 its caucus nominates Crawford and Gallatin, 357, 358 new developments of, under Jackson, 358, 359, 360

Revenue, 218-238 See Finances.

Richelieu, Duc de, seeks explanation from Gallatin of American sympathy for Bonaparte, 331; declares impossibility of making full compensation for captures under Berlin and Milan decrees, 332 angered at American refusal to dismiss an impudent postmaster, 333 on Jackson's seizure of Pensacola, 336 urges peace with Spain, 336

Richmond, society in, 23, 24

Robinson, Dr., associate of Gallatin in founding American Ethnological Society, 379

Rochefoucauld, D'Enville, Duc de, obtains letters for Gallatin from Franklin, 11

Rollaz, Sophie Albertine, mother of Gallatin, 2; assumes husband's share in business, 2 death, 2

Romanzoff, Count, originates plan of Russian mediation, 304; dealings of Gallatin with, 307 renews offer of mediation, 308 gives Dallas letter to Count Lieven, 310 thanked by Gallatin, 312

Ross, James, appeals to Whiskey insurgents not to use violence, 70; on commission to confer with insurgents, 85

Rousseau, J. J., Gallatin's opinion of, 6

Ruggles, Benjamin, letter of Gallatin to, accepting nomination for vice-president, 358

Rush, Richard, introduced to public life by Gallatin, 334; named minister to England, 334 joined with Gallatin to negotiate concerning convention of 1815, 334, 335 secretary of Treasury, 342 tone of his correspondence, 345

Russell, Jonathan, on peace commission, 312; arrives at Gottenburg, 313

Russia, offers to mediate between England and United States, 299; mission of Gallatin and Bayard to, 299, 301-312 refusal of England to accept its mediation, 306, 307 dealings of Gallatin with Romanzoff, 307, 308 renews its offer, 308, 315 displeased with recognition of Spanish colonies, 337

Rutherford, John, on committee to consider Gallatin's eligibility to Senate, 61

Rutledge, John, Jr., elected to Congress, 133

Savary de Valcoulon, has claims against Virginia, 19; meets Gallatin at Philadelphia and uses him as interpreter, 19 goes with Gallatin to Richmond, 19 interests him in land speculation, 21 joins Gallatin in locating claims, 24

Schoolcraft, Henry R., member of Ethnological Society, 379

Scott, General Winfield, requested by Gallatin to aid in collecting ethnological data in Mexico, 380

Scott, Thomas, appeals to Whiskey insurgents, 70

Sedgwick, Theodore, leader of Federalists in House, 98; on committee to draft address to Washington, 105 on Committee on Finance, 106 offers resolution to execute four treaties, 118 taunts Gallatin with instigating Whiskey Rebellion, 124 elected speaker, 158 at free trade convention of 1831, 241

Sedition Law, condemned by Gallatin, 152; petitions against, 157

Senate of United States, election of Gallatin to, 58; appoints committees to consider his eligibility, 61, 62 votes to exclude him, 62, 63 prejudiced against him by his actions, 64, 65 ratifies Jay treaty, 102, 103 yields to House regarding specific appropriations, 130 controlled by Federalists, 139 passes bill authorizing convoys, 149 passes bill abrogating treaty with France, 154 amends House Bill to suspend intercourse with France, 160 debate over its bill to require annual treasury reports, 161 ratifies commercial convention with France, 162 still controlled by Federalists, 178 its hostility to Gallatin, 181 refuses to confirm his appointment as peace commissioner, 310

Seney, Joshua, connected by marriage with Gallatin, 59

Serre, Henri, friendship with Gallatin, 5; sails with him for America, 9 doings in Boston with Gallatin, 12-14 at Machias, 14 enjoys life in wilderness, 15, 17 returns to Boston, 17 teaches there, 19 joins Gallatin and dissolves partnership, 19 goes to Jamaica and dies, 19 his debt subsequently paid, 19 his letters to Badollet, 25

Sewall, Samuel, elected to Congress, 132

Shays's Rebellion, an argument for Federalist party, 101

Sheffield, Lord, says Jay duped Grenville, 117

Sherman, John, on accounting in Treasury Department, 247

Sismondi, J. C. L. Simonde de, on paper money, 277; praises Gallatin, 325 letter of Gallatin to, 380

Sitgreaves, Samuel, Federalist in Congress, 99; on committee to draft address to Washington, 105

Slavery, resolutions concerning, in Pennsylvania legislature, 47; petitions concerning, in Congress, 140 negotiations concerning slave trade in treaty of Ghent, 323 at Congress of Aix la Chapelle, 337

Smilie, John, represents Fayette County in Pennsylvania ratification convention, 35; leads opposition to Constitution, 36 in anti-Federalist convention, 37 his career and friendship with Gallatin, 37, 38 in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 43 member of state Senate, 44, 54 at anti-excise convention, 52 advises submission to law, 69

Smith, Isaac, on Committee on Finance, 107

Smith, John Augustine, invites Gallatin to join “The Club,” 366

Smith, Robert, head of faction of “invisibles,” 295 leaves cabinet, 296, 297

Smith, Samuel, leads Maryland troops against Whiskey Insurrection, 88; moves to continue non-intercourse, 162 probably makes bargain to secure election of Jefferson, 164 his inexplicable power over Jefferson and Madison, 164

Smith, William, educated at Geneva, 4; Federalist in Congress, 99 on Committee on Finance, 106 controversy with Gallatin over increase of public debt, 126

Smithson, John, his bequest to United States, 378

Smithsonian Institution, connection of Gallatin with, 378, 379

Southern States, Republican in 1800, 163; refuse to support loan of 1813, 213

Spain, Pinckney's treaty with, 117; danger of war with, 335 peace with, urged by France, 336 negotiations over its revolted colonies, 336, 337 rupture with France in 1823, 341

Spurzheim, on Gallatin's brain, 389

Squier, E. G., member of Ethnological Society, 379

Staël, Madame de, interview of Lafayette with emperor at her house, 315; letter of Gallatin to, 320 expresses admiration for Gallatin, 325

Stephens, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379

Stevens, Byam Kerby, marries Frances Gallatin, 371; interest of Lafayette in, 371 meets Lafayette, 372

Stevens, Colonel Ebenezer, Lafayette's chief of staff, 371

Stevens, John A., at free trade convention of 1831, 241; member of “The Club,” 367

Stokely, ----, appeals to Whiskey insurgents, 70

Stuart, Gilbert, his portrait of Gallatin, 386

Swanwick, John, on Jay treaty debate, 111

Szelesegynski, ----, Polish refugee, helped by Gallatin, 372

Tahon, ----, keeps French café in Boston, 12

Talleyrand, Prince, demands bribe in X Y Z affair, 149; makes overtures for reconciliation, 152, 153

Taney, Roger B., removes deposits from bank, 269, 270; appointed chief justice, 270 his reasons for the removal, 270

Texas, annexation of, protested against by Gallatin, 351

Throop, Governor, recommends University for training teachers, 369

Tracy, Destutt, his “Economie Politique” translated by Jefferson, 331

Tracy, Uriah, leader of Federalists in House, 98; taunts Gallatin with connection with Whiskey Rebellion, 119 obliged to apologize, 120

Treasury Department, Hamilton's management of, attacked by Gallatin, 64; resigned by Hamilton, taken by Wolcott, 97 management of, supervised by Committee of Finance, 106-108, 130 condition of, deplored by Gallatin, 125 charged with arbitrary action, 130, 154 annual reports from, required by Congress, 161 Morris's connection with, 171-173 organization under Hamilton, 174, 243 management by Wolcott, 176-178 appointment of Gallatin to, 179, 181 exalted idea of, held by Gallatin, 189 difficulty of learning management of, 189, 190 relieved of responsibility for other departments' expenditure, 223 administration of, by Gallatin, 244-246 reports from, 245 efforts of Gallatin to secure precision in, 245, 246 subsequent management of, 247 damaged by failure to re-charter bank, 259 in panic of 1815, 263 declined by Gallatin in 1816, 266, 330 in panic of 1837, 272-276 sub-treasury system invented, 273 aids resumption, 276 declined by Gallatin in 1843, 278 absence of partisanship in Gallatin's appointments to, 281, 282, 286, 287

Treaty of Ghent, 316-325 See Diplomatic History.

Tripoli, war with, 222; tribute to, preferred by Gallatin to war with, 284

Trist, N. P., negotiates treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 352

Truxton, Captain, voted a medal by Congress, 160

Turner, Professor, member of Ethnological Society, 379

Tyler, John, as president, offers Treasury portfolio to Gallatin, 278

University, National, proposed by Jefferson, 291; attempt to start one in New York, 368, 369 success prevented by clerical influence, 370

Van Buren, Martin, told by Gallatin of willingness to accept French mission, 349 manages caucus of Republican Congresssmen, 357 letter of Gallatin to, withdrawing from nomination, 358

Van der Kemp, ----, Dutch commissioner to make commercial treaty, 334

Verplanck, Gulian C., member of “The Club,” 367

Virginia, claims of Savary against, 19; Gallatin's opinion of society in, 24 movement in, to secure amendment of Constitution, 36 disunion threats in, 116 ready to attack Federalists by force in 1801, 166

Voltaire, friendship with Gallatin family, 7; writes verses for Madame Gallatin, 7 influence over Albert Gallatin, 7, 8

Wainwright, Rev. Dr., member of “The Club,” 367

War of 1812, estimates of Gallatin as to cost of operations in, 289, 290; preparation for, advocated by Gallatin, 292 events leading to, 295 questions at issue in, 305 English hopes in, 313, 316 sack of Washington, 320