INDEX
Reading edition
Aberrations, lens, 47, 54
Aberration, spherical, 47, 54 chromatic, 48, 54
Acetylene light, 284
Advertising, use of aerial photography in, 392
Aero 1 and Aero 2 filters, 241
Airplane, as camera platform, 20 types of, 24
Air speed, 27, 308 indicator, 33, 34
Alcohol, use of in plate drying, 275 use of in print drying, 286
Altimeter, 33, 174 reading recorded on film, 135, 171
Altitudes of flight for photography, 61, 224
Anastigmatic type of lens, 47
Aperture, lens, 39, 44, 56, 57
Archæological surveying, 413
Astigmatism, 49, 50, 54
Auxiliaries, camera, 163 installation of, 214
Bagley camera, 286, 314
Balance, of camera, 96 of plane, 157, 208, 217
Balloons, 15, 16, 18
Banking, 27, 324
Batteries, storage, 150, 156
Bay, camera, 120, 210
Bellows, camera, 65, 95
Biplane, 24
Blast marks in front of guns, 363
Bleaching out print to leave interpretation marks, 367
Boat, flying, 25, 374
Bowden wire, 103, 106, 108, 111, 114, 116, 118, 126, 129, 136, 163
Brightness, range of, 221, 225
Burchell photographic slide rule, 303, 339
Camera, airplane, 39, 384 automatic, 18, 43, 90, 116, 124, 125, 311 B. M., 120, 203 Bagley, 286, 314 Brock automatic plate, 126 C type, 43, 87, 103, 109 classification of, 43 deMaria, 86, 89, 103 deRam, 82, 93, 121, 129, 157, 205, 214, 326 E type, 43, 87, 103, 109 elements of, 42 film, see Film cameras Folmer automatic plate, 126 hand held, 95, 321, 369 English, 99 German, 99 U. S. Air Service, 100 Ica, 103 Lamperti (Italian), 112, 211 L. B., 120 long focus, 103, 301, 324 L type, 43, 82, 94, 102, 117, 162, 210 M., 106, 203 non-automatic, 43, 102 Piserini and Mondini, 111 semi-automatic, 43, 116, 149 stereoscopic, 341
Camouflage, filters for the detection of, 225, 243 stereoscopic views and, 329, 358
416Ceiling of plane, 27, 130
Channels, detection of by photography, 408
Chemicals, photographic, 257
Chlorhydrochinon developer, 261
Chromatism, lateral, 49, 54
City planning, use of aerial photography in, 396
Clock-work for driving cameras, 149, 155
Clouds, 224, 242
Collimator, 66
Color, coefficient or index of negative, 259 filters, see filters photography, 385 sensitive plates, 15, 174, 233, 237 sensitiveness of film, 131 sensitizing, methods of, 235
Coma, 47, 48
Communication, means of on plane, 296
Compass, 33, 173 reading recorded on film, 135, 171
Cone, camera lens, 42, 114 interchangeable, 108, 120
Construction operations, aerial photographic records of, 396
Contact, imperfect in printing, 279, 284 prints, 45, 279
Contacts, electric, on plane, 163
Contours by stereo aerial photography, 404
Control, distance, of camera, 110, 163 speed, of camera, 136, 144, 157
Controls, duplicate, 19, 25, 195, 209, 214 of plane, 21, 26
Convergence point, 337
Cord for adjusting shutter aperture, 82
Core rack development, 271
Contrast, in brightness on earth's surface, 221 in photographic emulsions, 15, 230, 236, 258
Counter, exposure, on magazine, 88 on release, 164
Covering power of lens, 44, 49, 50, 58
Crabbing, 27, 308
Cradles, camera, 195
Cross wires, 23 insertion of camera through, 42, 210
Curtain, auxiliary shutter, 80, 84, 106 speed of travel of shutter, 74 uniformity of, 76, 82, 84, 86, 315
Cylinders, relation between vibration and number of, 185
Dark slides, double, 87, 99
Daylight, intensity of, 222
Definition, lens, 44
Density, of air, effect of on propeller, 154 of photographic image, 228
Developers, for plates and films, 257, 260 for papers, 262
Developing machines, film, 133, 273 Ansco, 273 Brock, 274 Eastman, 274 G.E.M., 273
Development, core rack method of, 271 factor, 228 film, 272 methods of, 267, 269 of prints, 286 speed of, 236, 267 tank, 270 time, 269
DH-4 plane, 210, 217, 296 photographic, 213
DH-9 plane, 296
Diaframs, to equalize illumination of plate, 78 lens, 48, 58
Dilution coefficient of developer, 258
Dirigibles, 15, 16, 413
417Distortion, absent with between-the-lens shutter, 74 barrel, 51 due to camera tilting, 206, 286, 305, 315 in aerial maps, 317 lens, 39, 44, 51, 54, 56, 62 pin-cushion, 51 produced by film shrinkage, 237 produced by focal plane shutter, 74 produced by glass plate in front of film, 131 with wide angle lenses, 63 “Dodging” in printing, 279, 315 Doors in plane for camera to work through, 214
Drying of films, 267, 276 of plates, 267, 275 of prints, 286
Earth, appearance of from plane, 30
Eastman apron film developing machine, 274 twin reel film developing machine, 274
Efficiency, propeller, 155 shutter, 70, 72, 76
English aerial photographic practice, 45, 46, 283, 291, 340
EK filters, 241
Electric, drive for cameras, 116, 119, 123, 145, 149 generator operated by motor, 146 motor, characteristics of, 151, 156 motor, service, 163
Elevation possible to detect in stereoscopic views, 340
Emulsions, photographic, characteristics of, 227
Enlarging, 45, 279, 283 camera, 283
Enlarging versus contact printing, 59
Exhaustion of developer, 259
Exploration, use of aerial photography in, 401
Exposure, data charts, 250 distance between for mosaic maps, 307 distance between for stereos, 336 estimation of, 248 limitations to, 247 meters, 251 meter, Wynne, 251 of aerial negatives, 247 relation between motion of plane and, 68, 185 under, period, 230
Field, angular, of lens, 57, 302 flatness of lens, 56
Field laboratory, mobile, 268
Film cameras, 43, 130, 134 Brock, 138 Duchatellier, 131, 136 F type, 134, 171 G.E.M., 138 German, 64, 76, 139, 317 K type, 142, 203, 214
Film, celluloid, 130 backed, 133 changing in the air, 137, 144 color sensitiveness of, 237 cut, 275, 278 development of, 130, 272 drying, 131, 276 means for holding flat, 130, 131 relative performance of compared to plates, 237 satisfactory kinds for aerial work, 238 shrinkage, 237
Filters, 15, 58, 106, 174, 224, 233, 239, 241, 243 effects secured by use of, 241
418Filters, gelatin, 244 glass, 245 holders for, 67, 106, 224 ratio, 240
Fixing bath, 262
Flaps, auxiliary to shutter, 80, 84, 85, 98, 99, 101, 119 to protect lens, 214
Flash lights, 18, 386
Flying boat, 374
Focal length, relationship of lens characteristics to, 55, 57 requirements for, 39, 42, 58, 61, 103
Focal plane, 50 shutter, 70, 71 distortion by, 74 performance of, 86 types and representative, 80
Focus, depth of, 44 effect of temperature on, 41, 65 fixed, in aerial cameras, 40 ground and air, 65
Focussing, automatic, 284 by parallax, 65, 66
Fog, atmospheric, 224 photographic, 237, 258
French aerial photographic practice, 45, 46, 283
Friction disc speed control, 136, 159, 160
Fuselage, 21, 87 shape and size depending on type of engine, 23
Future of aerial photography, 383
German aerial photographic practice, 63, 103, 209
Glass, optical, used in lenses, 44
Gloves, handling apparatus through, 41, 89
Governor for camera speed, 159
Graphite, use of to prevent static discharge, 134
Gravity, action of in aerial cameras, 41, 112, 115, 119 center of, should not change in cameras, 125, 207 change of center of, in magazines, 92, 112 depended on in magazines, 88 handles best at center of, 96 pseudo, in moving vehicle, 188 support at center of, 182, 203
Ground speed, 27, 307 indicator, 311
Guide-books, illustration of, 15, 392
Guides for inserting magazines, 41
Gyroscope, 189
Gyroscopically controlled instruments, 29, 174, 192, 312
Gyroscopic erector, 188 mounting of camera, 187 stabilizer, Gray, 190
Hardener, acid, 262
Hand operation of deRam camera, 121, 125, 129
Haze, 15, 30, 223, 233, 239
Head resistance and weight, equivalent, 156
Heat, effect of on plate sensitiveness, 175, 232
Heater, electric, in camera, 142, 174, 232
Horizon, photography of to indicate inclination, 174 position of, 30
Hurter and Driffield sensitometric curve, 227
Illumination of field by lens, 50, 54, 56, 57
Image of point source, size of, 49, 54, 56 size of in relation to focal length, 59
Incidence, angle of assumed by plane at high altitudes, 206
419Inclinometer, 33, 35, 171, 173
Indicators, distance, 163, 295
Inertia, 229, 257
Installation, camera, 24, 208
Instructions, operating, to be placed on apparatus, 42
Instruments, airplane, 30
Instrument board, 30 photographing, 170
Intensification of aerial negatives, 262
Intensity of daylight, 222
Interpretation of aerial photographs, 17, 40, 351
Interval between exposures, 40, 158, 305, 307 for stereoscopic pictures, 334, 338 methods of regulating, 124
Isochromatic plates, 233
Italian photographic practice, 122, 377
Jamming of cameras in operation, 119, 120
K1 and K2 filters, 239
Keeping power of developer, 259
Kites, 15, 16, 18
Laboratory, mobile photographic, 269
Landscape gardening, use of aerial photography in, 395
Latitude of plates, 229
Lens, 42, 39, 44, 383 aperture, 39 characteristics, 46 mounts, 65 suitable for aerial photography, 62 symmetrical, 52 telephoto, 61 testing and tolerances, 52 unsymmetrical, 52 wide angle, 62
Levels, spirit, on camera, 95
Light, distribution of in aerial view, 221 trail method of testing camera mountings, 183
Loop, centrifugal force in, 29
Machine gun ring as camera mount, 321
Magazines, 87 bag, 88, 101 Bellieni, 92 Chassel, 92 deMaria, 89, 98 Ernemann, 89 Folmer, 90 Fournieux, 92 Jacquelin, 92 Piserini and Mondini, 90 Ruttan, 92
Magazine racks, 94 installation of, 217
Mapping, 64, 135, 185, 186, 304, 401 precision, 317, 404
Maps, mosaic, 17, 39, 64, 314 sketch, 314
Marking of negatives, 278
Metol-hydrochinon developer, 261
Mirrors for oblique photography, 324, 326
Monoplane, 24
Motions of camera, 179
Motive power for aerial cameras, 145
Mounting, camera, 102, 103, 179, 183 384 bell-crank, 120, 198, 203 Brock, 139, 207 center of gravity, 205 floor, 195 G. E. M., 138, 207 Italian, 207 outboard, 194 parallel motion, 198 pendular, 185 tennis ball, 196
420Mounting, camera, turret, 312 of prints, 316 of stereograms, 346
Movement, of film during exposure, 75, 142 of image, permissible, 68
Moving pictures from plane, 350
Mud splashing on camera, 214
Naval aerial photography, 368
Negative lens sight, 168, 299, 305
Night photography, 386
Numbering devices in cameras, 169
Oblique views, 39, 320 angles at which taken, 40, 321 exposures for, 69 filters for, 242 use of hand cameras for, 95
Observer, function of in aerial photography, 291, 295, 304
Oil spray from motor, 214
Opacity, 228
Opening for camera, 211
Opposite directions, shutter to move alternately in, 76, 139
Orthochromatic plates, 233
Overlaps, for mapping, 307 for stereoscopic views, 40 on a turn, 64, 139
Panchromatic emulsions, 233 plates, 49, 238
Panoramic views, 321
Parallax method of focussing, 65, 66
Parallel, flying in, 308
Photographic planes, special, 213
Pilot, function of, in aerial photography, 291, 295
Pinpoints, 39, 291
Pistol grip for hand cameras, 95, 96
Plate holders, 87
Plates, bathed, 235 behavior of compared to film, 237 color sensitive, 233 iso- and ortho-chromatic, 233 panchromatic, 233 satisfactory kinds for aerial work, 238 self screening, 245 shape of, 63 size of, 43, 62
Plumb line, behavior in banking plane, 28
Ply-wood veneer construction, 23, 211
Positype paper, 238
Potassium carbonate for drying plates, 276
Power required to drive cameras, 125
Pressure, of shutter curtain, 131 plate, for holding film flat, 131, 141
Printing, 279 contact, 279 machines, 279 media, 252
Prints, paper, 253 development of, 286
Prisms for oblique photography, 324, 326
Propeller, characteristics, 152 constant speed, 129, 159 drive for cameras, 102, 116, 119, 135, 136, 144, 157, 158 position of, 120 variable speed, 159
Pump, for producing suction on film, 132
Punch marks on film, 144, 272
Pyro developer, 261
Racks, negative, 271
Real estate, aerial mapping of, 393
Rectifying, 286, 305 camera, 314
Reduction of aerial negatives, 262
Release, shutter, 96, 99 duplicate, for pilot, 164
421Release, shutter, time controlled, 124
Relief, criterion for correct, 335, 344 exaggerated, 337 impression of, produced by motion, 349
Resolving power of plates, 59, 235, 260
Richard stereo printing frame, 283, 348
Rinsing of plates, 259
Rubber, sponge, use of in camera mountings, 195, 203
Safe lights, photographic, 269
Safety catch on camera mounting, 203 device on camera driving mechanism, 162
Salvaging of ships, aerial photography and, 399
Seaplane, 25, 374
Self screening plates, 245
Semaphore signalling in plane, 297
Semperfocal enlarging camera, 284
Sensitized materials, requirements for, 225
Sensitometry, 227 of papers, 253
Shadows, compass directions from, 356 proper direction for, in examining prints, 352
Shaft, flexible, 119, 123, 142, 161
Sheaths, plate, 87, 88, 93, 126, 170
Shrinkage, film, 237, 317 paper, 285, 315, 317
Shutter, 42, 68 between-the-lens, 58, 70, 112, 115, 316, 387 efficiency, 70, 72, 76 focal plane, 70, 71, 73 focal plane, double for stereo work, 341, 345 focal plane, moving alternately in opposite directions, 76 focal plane, types of, 80
Shutter, Folmer, 80 Ica, 81 Klopcic, 78, 84, 98 release, 96, 99, 124 speed, 39, 40, 58, 70, 249 testing, 76 testing apparatus, 77
Sights, 164, 166, 296, 301, 327 adjustable for angle of incidence of plane, 169 attached to plane, 167 negative lens, 168, 299, 305 rectangular, 98, 167, 373 stereoscopic, 338 to indicate size of field, 166, 373 tube, 101, 166
Single-seaters, carrying cameras in, 114, 211
Slide rule, photographic, 303, 339
Solenoid, 151, 163
Sound, not to be used for indication in plane, 164
Spacing of pictures in film camera, 144
Speaking tubes on plane, 296
Speed, of development, 236, 267 of plates, 228, 236 criteria of, 230 effect of temperature on, 175, 232 variable, control of camera, 144, 151
Spotting, 64, 125, 291
Spring motors, 149, 155
Springs, use of in aerial cameras, 41 in magazines, 88
Stabilized camera, 95, 187
Static electric charges on film, 131, 133
Stereo-comparator, 404
Stereo-oblique views, 115, 321, 343
Stereoscopes, 331
Stereo printing, 283
Stereoscopic cameras, 341, 344 effect, absence of at flying heights, 30, 334
422Stereoscopic photography, 329 mounting, 346 pictures, fusion of without instruments, 330, 343 sights, 338 views, 39, 40, 64 uses for, 348 vision, principles of, 329
Stop-watch attached to shutter release, 310
Strap, on hand camera, to go around observer's neck, 99 on plate magazine, 87 to go over hand, on hand camera, 100
Stream lines, 26 lined hood, 214
Suction for holding film flat, 131, 132, 142 advantages of continuous and intermittent, 132
Surveying by aerial photography, 401
Tank development, 270
Tearing edges of prints, 317
Telephones on planes, 296
Telephoto lens, 61
Temperature, coefficient of development, 258 effect of on focus, 41 effect of on mechanical functioning, 41, 102, 125 effect of on plate speed, 232 limits of development, 258
Test chart, lens, 52
Threshold value, 230
Thrust, propeller, 152
Timber, location of by aerial photography, 413
Tone rendering, correct, 226, 230, 239
Touch, sense of, not dependable in plane, 41, 125, 164
Trailer, photographic truck and, 268
Transmission of power to camera, 161
Transparencies, 252, 330
Transparency, 227
Trays, camera, 195
Tri-color ratio, 235
Triplane, 24
Tuning fork, used in shutter tester, 79
Turbine, wind, for driving camera, 116, 127, 144, 147, 158
Uniformity of curtain speed in focal plane shutter, 76, 82, 84, 86, 315
Unit system of camera construction, 42
Uprights, camera, in plane, 209
Uses for aerial photography, 388
Velocity constant, 258
Veneer construction, 23, 209, 211
Venturi tube, 132, 142, 144
Vibration, 16, 18, 26, 40, 41, 58, 102, 179
Volcanoes, photography of, 15, 399
Water for mixing chemicals, 262
Watkins factor, 258
Weight and head resistance, equivalence, 156 of film compared to plates, 101, 130 of deRam camera, 123 of hand cameras, 96 of K type camera, 144 of K film roll, 144 of L type camera, 117 of M type camera, 109 of storage batteries, 157
Wind, flying against, 68, 308 motor, 146
Windows in side of plane, 214, 328
Wire, barbed, appearance of in aerial photograph, 360