Volume 2 / Book 4 — CHAPTER XI.

Arrival of the Ship at the Island of Fayal, a Description of the Place, and the Return of the Resolution to England.

1775 July

At five o'clock in the evening of the 13th, we made the island of Fayal, one of the Azores, and soon after that of Pico, under which we spent the night in making short boards. At day-break the next morning, we bore away for the bay of Fayal, or De Horta, where at eight o'clock, we anchored in twenty fathoms water, a clear sandy bottom, and something more than half a mile from the shore. Here we moored N.E. and S.W., being directed so to do by the master of the port, who came on board before we dropped anchor. When moored, the S.W. point of the bay bore S. 16 deg. W., and the N.E. point N. 33 deg. E.; the church at the N.E. end of the town N. 38 deg. W., the west point of St George's Island N. 42 deg. E., distant eight leagues; and the isle of Pico, extending from N. 74 deg. E. to S. 46 deg. E., distant four or five miles.

We found in the bay the Pourvoyeur, a large French frigate, an American sloop, and a brig belonging to the place. She had come last from the river Amazon, where she took in a cargo of provision from the Cape Verd Islands; but, not being able to find them, she steered for this place, where she anchored about half an hour before us.

As my sole design in stopping here was to give Mr Wales an opportunity to find the rate of the watch, the better to enable us to fix with some degree of certainty the longitude of these islands, the moment we anchored, I sent an officer to wait on the English consul, and to notify our arrival to the governor, requesting his permission for Mr Wales to make observations on shore, for the purpose above mentioned. Mr Dent, who acted as consul in the absence of Mr Gathorne, not only procured this permission, but accommodated Mr Wales with a convenient place in his garden to set up his instruments; so that he was enabled to observe equal altitudes the same day.

We were not more obliged to Mr Dent for the very friendly readiness he shewed in procuring us this and every other thing we wanted, than for the very liberal and hospitable entertainment we met with at his house, which was open to accommodate us both night and day.

During our stay, the ship's company was served with fresh beef; and we took on board about fifteen tons of water, which we brought off in the country boats, at the rate of about three shillings per ton. Ships are allowed to water with their own boats; but the many inconveniencies attending it, more than overbalance the expence of hiring shore-boats, which is the most general custom.

Fresh provisions for present use may be got, such as beef, vegetables, and fruit; and hogs, sheep, and poultry for sea stock, all at a pretty reasonable price; but I do not know that any sea-provisions are to be had, except wine. The bullocks and hogs are very good, but the sheep are small and wretchedly poor.

The principal produce of Fayal is wheat and Indian corn, with which they supply Pico and some of the other isles. The chief town is called Villa de Horta. It is situated in the bottom of the bay, close to the edge of the sea, and is defended by two castles, one at each end of the town, and a wall of stone-work, extending along the sea-shore from the one to the other. But these works are suffered to go to decay, and serve more for shew than strength. They heighten the prospect of the city, which makes a fine appearance from the road; but, if we except the Jesuits' college, the monasteries and churches, there is not another building that has any thing to recommend it, either outside or in. There is not a glass window in the place, except what are in the churches, and in a country-house which lately belonged to the English consul; all the others being latticed, which, to an Englishman, makes them look like prisons.

This little city, like all others belonging to the Portuguese, is crowded with religious buildings, there being no less than three convents of men and two of women, and eight churches, including those belonging to the convents, and the one in the Jesuits' college. This college is a fine structure, and is situated on an elevation in the pleasantest part of the city. Since the expulsion of that order, it has been suffered to go to decay, and will probably, in a few years, be no better than a heap of ruins.

Fayal, although the most noted for wines, does not raise sufficient for its own consumption. This article is raised on Pico, where there is no road for shipping; but being brought to De Horta, and from thence shipped abroad, chiefly to America, it has acquired the name of Fayal Wine.

The bay, or road of Fayal, is situated at the east end of the isle, before the Villa de Horta, and facing the west end of Pico. It is two miles broad, and three quarters of a mile deep, and hath a semi-circular form. The depth of water is from twenty to ten and even six fathoms, a sandy bottom, except near the shore, and particularly near the S.W. head, off which the bottom is rocky, also without the line which joins the two points of the bay, so that it is not safe to anchor far out. The bearing before mentioned, taken when at anchor, will direct any one to the best ground. It is by no means a bad road, but the winds most to be apprehended, are those which blow from between the S.S.W. and S.E.; the former is not so dangerous as the latter, because, with it, you can always get to sea. Besides this road, there is a small cove round the S.W. point, called Porto Pierre, in which, I am told, a ship or two may lie in tolerable safety, and where they sometimes heave small vessels down.

A Portuguese captain told me, that about half a league from the road in the direction of S.E., in a line between it and the south side of Pico, lies a sunken rock, over which is twenty-two feet water, and on which the sea breaks in hard gales from the south. He also assured me, that of all the shoals that are laid down in our charts and pilot-books about these isles, not one has any existence but the one between the islands of St Michael and St Mary, called Hormingan. This account may be believed, without relying entirely upon it. He further informed me, that it is forty-five leagues from Fayal to the island of Flores; and that there runs a strong tide between Fayal and Pico, the flood setting to the N.E. and the ebb to the S.W., but that, out at sea, the direction is E. and W. Mr Wales having observed the times of high and low water by the shore, concluded that it must be high water at the full and change, about twelve o'clock, and the water riseth about four or five feet.

The distance between Fayal and Flores was confirmed by Mr Rebiers, lieutenant of the French frigate, who told me, that after being by estimation two leagues due south of Flores, they made forty-four leagues on a S.E. by E. course by compass, to St Catherine's Point on Fayal.

I found the latitude of the ship at anchor 38 deg. 31' 55" N. in the bay

By a mean of seventeen sets of lunar 28 24 30 W. observations, and reduced to the bay by the watch, the longitude was made

By a mean of six sets after leaving it, 28 53 22 and reduced back by the watch ————————- Longitude by observation 28 38 56 ————————- Ditto, by the watch 28 55 45

Error of the watch on our arrival at 16 26-1/2 Portsmouth ————————- True longitude by the watch 28 39 18-1/2 _________________

I found the variation of the compass, by several azimuths, taken by different compasses on board the ship, to agree very well with the like observations made by Mr Wales on shore; and yet the variation thus found is greater by 5 deg. than we found it to be at sea, for the azimuths taken on board the evening before we came into the bay, gave no more than 16 deg. 18' W. variation, and the evening after we came out 17 deg. 33' W.

I shall now give some account of the variation, as observed in our run from the island of Fernando De Noronha to Fayal. The least variation we found was 37' W. which was the day after we left Fernando De Noronha, and in the latitude of 33' S., longitude 32 deg. 16' W. The next day, being nearly in the same longitude, and in the latitude of 1 deg. 25' N., it was 1 deg. 23' W.; and we did not find it increase till we got into the latitude of 5 deg. N., longitude 31 deg. W. After this our compasses gave different variation, viz. from 3 deg. 57' to 5 deg. 11' W. till we arrived in the latitude of 26 deg. 44' N., longitude 41 deg. W., when we found 6 deg. W. It then increased gradually, so that in the latitude of 35 deg. N., longitude 40 deg. W., it was 10 deg. 24' W.; in the latitude of 38 deg. 12' N., longitude 32 deg. 1/2 W. it was 14 deg. 47'; and in sight of Fayal 16 deg. 18' W., as mentioned above.

Having left the bay, at four in the morning of the 19th, I steered for the west end of St George's Island. As soon as we had passed it, I steered E. 1/2 S. for the Island of Tercera; and after having run thirteen leagues, we were not more than one league from the west end. I now edged away for the north side, with a view of ranging the coast to the eastern point, in order to ascertain the length of the island; but the weather coming on very thick and hazy, and night approaching, I gave up the design, and proceeded with all expedition for England.

On the 29th, we made the land near Plymouth. The next morning we anchored at Spithead; and the same day I landed at Portsmouth, and set out for London, in company with Messrs Wales, Forsters, and Hodges.

Having been absent from England three years and eighteen days, in which time, and under all changes of climate, I lost but four men, and only one of them by sickness, it may not be amiss, at the conclusion of this journal, to enumerate the several causes to which, under the care of Providence, I conceive this uncommon good state of health, experienced by my people, was owing.

In the Introduction, mention has been made of the extraordinary attention paid by the Admiralty in causing such articles to be put on board, as either from experience or suggestion it was judged would tend to preserve the health of the seamen. I shall not trespass upon the reader's time in mentioning them all, but confine myself to such as were found the most useful.

We were furnished with a quantity of malt, of which was made Sweet Wort. To such of the men as shewed the least symptoms of the scurvy, and also to such as were thought to be threatened with that disorder, this was given, from, one to two or three pints a-day each man; or in such proportion as the surgeon found necessary, which sometimes amounted to three quarts. This is, without doubt, one of the best anti-scorbutic sea-medicines yet discovered; and, if used in time, will, with proper attention to other things, I am persuaded, prevent the scurvy from making any great progress for a considerable while. But I am not altogether of opinion that it will cure it at sea.

Sour Krout, of which we had a large quantity, is not only a wholesome vegetable food, but, in my judgment, highly antiscorbutic; and it spoils not by keeping. A pound of this was served to each man, when at sea, twice-a-week, or oftener, as was thought necessary.

Portable Broth was another great article, of which we had a large supply. An ounce of this to each man, or such other proportion as circumstances pointed out, was boiled in their pease, three days in the week; and when we were in places where vegetables were to be got, it was boiled with them, and wheat or oatmeal, every morning for breakfast; and also with pease and vegetables for dinner. It enabled us to make several nourishing and wholesome messes, and was the means of making the people eat a greater quantity of vegetables than they would otherwise have done.

Rob of Lemon and Orange is an antiscorbutic we were not without. The surgeon made use of it in many cases with great success.

Amongst the articles of victualling, we were supplied with Sugar in the room of Oil, and with Wheat for a part of our Oatmeal; and were certainly gainers by the exchange. Sugar, I apprehend, is a very good antiscorbutic; whereas oil (such as the navy is usually supplied with), I am of opinion, has the contrary effect.

But the introduction of the most salutary articles, either as provisions or medicines, will generally prove unsuccessful, unless supported by certain regulations. On this principle, many years experience, together with some hints I had from Sir Hugh Palliser, Captains Campbell, Wallis, and other intelligent officers, enabled me to lay a plan, whereby all was to be governed.

The crew were at three watches, except upon some extraordinary occasions. By this means they were not so much exposed to the weather as if they had been at watch and watch; and had generally dry clothes to shift themselves, when they happened to get wet. Care was also taken to expose them as little to wet weather as possible.

Proper methods were used to keep their persons, hammocks, bedding, cloaths, etc. constantly clean and dry. Equal care was taken to keep the ship clean and dry betwixt decks. Once or twice a week she was aired with fires; and when this could not be done, she was smoked with gun-powder, mixed with vinegar or water. I had also, frequently, a fire made in an iron pot, at the bottom of the well, which was of great use in purifying the air in the lower parts of the ship. To this, and to cleanliness, as well in the ship as amongst the people, too great attention cannot be paid; the least neglect occasions a putrid and disagreeable smell below, which nothing but fires will remove.

Proper attention was paid to the ship's coppers, so that they were kept constantly clean.

The fat which boiled out of the salt beef and pork, I never suffered to be given to the people; being of opinion that it promotes the scurvy.

I was careful to take in water wherever it was to be got, even though we did not want it, because I look upon fresh water from the shore to be more wholesome than that which has been kept some time on board a ship. Of this essential article we were never at an allowance, but had always plenty for every necessary purpose. Navigators in general cannot, indeed, expect, nor would they wish to meet with such advantages in this respect, as fell to my lot. The nature of our voyage carried us into very high latitudes. But the hardships and dangers inseparable from that situation, were in some degree compensated by the singular felicity we enjoyed, of extracting inexhaustible supplies of fresh water from an ocean strewed with ice.

We came to few places, where either the art of man, or the bounty of nature, had not provided some sort of refreshment or other, either in the animal or vegetable way. It was my first care to procure whatever of any kind could be met with, by every means in my power; and to oblige our people to make use thereof, both by my example and authority; but the benefits arising from refreshments of any kind soon became so obvious, that I had little occasion, to recommend the one, or to exert the other.

It doth not become me to say how far the principal objects of our voyage have been obtained. Though it hath not abounded with remarkable events, nor been diversified by sudden transitions of fortune; though my relation of it has been more employed in tracing our course by sea, than in recording our operations on shore; this, perhaps, is a circumstance from which the curious reader may infer, that the purposes for which we were sent into the Southern Hemisphere, were diligently and effectually pursued. Had we found out a continent there, we might have been better enabled to gratify curiosity; but we hope our not having found it, after all our persevering researches, will leave less room for future speculation about unknown worlds remaining to be explored.

But, whatever may be the public judgment about other matters, it is with real satisfaction, and without claiming any merit but that of attention to my duty, that I can conclude this account with an observation, which facts enable me to make; that our having discovered the possibility of preserving health amongst a numerous ship's company, for such a length of time, in such varieties of climate, and amidst such continued hardships and fatigues, will make this voyage remarkable in the opinion of every benevolent person, when the disputes about a Southern Continent shall have ceased to engage the attention, and to divide the judgment of philosophers.

(Tables of the route of the Resolution and the Adventure, the variation of the compass and meteorological observations during the voyage.)

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A VOCABULARY OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE SOCIETY ISLES.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOCABULARY.

As all nations who are acquainted with the method of communicating their ideas by characters, (which represent the sound that conveys the idea,) have some particular method of managing, or pronouncing, the sounds represented by such characters, this forms a very essential article in the constitution of the language of any particular nation, and must, therefore, be understood before we can make any progress in learning, or be able to converse in it. But as this is very complex and tedious to a beginner, by reason of the great variety of powers the characters, or letters, are endued with under different circumstances, it would seem necessary, at least in languages which have never before appeared in writing, to lessen the number of these varieties, by restraining the different sounds, and always representing the same simple ones by the same character; and this is no less necessary in the English than any other language, as this variety of powers is very frequent, and without being taken notice of in the following Vocabulary, might render it entirely unintelligible. As the vowels are the regulations of all sounds, it is these only that need be noticed, and the powers allotted to each of these in the Vocabulary is subjoined.

A in the English language is used to represent two different simple sounds, as in the word Arabia, where the first and last have a different power from the second. In the Vocabulary this letter must always have the power, or be pronounced like the first and last in Arabia. The other power, or sound, of the second a, is always represented in the Vocabulary by a and i, printed in Italics thus, ai.

E has likewise two powers, or it is used to represent two simple sounds, as in the words Eloquence, Bred, Led, etc. and it may be said to have a third power, as in the words Then, When, etc. In the first case, this letter is only used at the beginning of words, and wherever it is met with in any other place in the words of the Vocabulary, it is used as in the second case: But never as in the third example; for this power, or sound, is every where expressed by the a and i before-mentioned, printed in Italics.

I is used to express different simple sounds, as in the words Indolence, Iron, and Imitation. In the Vocabulary it is never used as in the first case, but in the middle of words; it is never used as in the second example, for that sound is always represented by y, nor is it used as in the last case, that sound being always represented by two e's, printed in Italics in this manner, ee.

O never alters in the pronunciation, i.e. in this Vocabulary, of a simple sound, but is often used in this manner, oo, and sounds as in Good, Stood, etc.

U alters, or is used to express different simple sounds, as in Unity, or Umbrage. Here the letters e and u, printed in Italics eu are used to express its power as in the first example, and it always retains the second power, wherever it is met with.

Y is used to express different sounds, as in My, By, etc. etc. and in Daily, Fairly, etc. Wherever it is met with in the middle, or end, (i.e. anywhere but at the beginning,) of a word, it is to be used as in the first example; but is never to be found as in the second, for that sound, or power, is always represented by the Italic letter e. It has also a third power, as in the words Yes, Yell, etc., which is retained every where in the Vocabulary, at least in the beginning of words, or when it goes before another vowel, unless directed to be sounded separately by a mark over it, as thus, y a.

Unless in a few instances, these powers of the vowels are used throughout the Vocabulary; but, to make the pronunciation still less liable to change, or variation, a few marks are added to the words, as follows:—

This mark " as oea, means that these letters are to be expressed singly.

The letters in Italic, as ee, or oo, make but one simple sound.

When a particular stress is laid on any part of a word in the pronunciation, an accent is placed over that letter where it begins, or rather between that and the preceding one.

It often happens that a word is compounded as it were of two, or in some cases the same word, or syllable, is repeated. In these circumstances, a comma is placed under them at this division, where a rest, or small space, of time is left before you proceed to pronounce the other part, but it must not be imagined that this is a full stop.

Examples in all these Cases.

Roea, Great, long, distant. E'r_ee_ma, Five. Ry'po_ee_a, Fog, or mist. E'h_oo_ra, To invert, or turn upside down. Par_oo_, r_oo_, A partition, division, or screen.

A VOCABULARY, etc.

A. To abide, or remain Ete'ei. An Abode, or place of residence, Noho`ra. Above, not below, N_eea_, s. Tie'n_eea_. An Abscess, Fe'fe. Action, opposed to rest, Ta'er_ee_. Adhesive, of an adhesive or sticking quality Oo'p_ee_re. Adjoining, or contiguous to, E'p_ee_iho. Admiration, an interjection of, A'w_ai_, s. A'w_ai_ to P_ee_r_ee_ai. An adulterer, T_ee_ho t_ee_ho, s. Teeho or one that vexes a married woman ta-rar To agitate, or shake a thing, as water, etc. E_oo_a'w_ai_. Aliment, or food of any kind, Maea. Alive, that is not dead, Waura. All, the whole, not a part, A'ma_oo_. Alone, by one's self, Ota'h_oi_. Anger, or to be angry, Warrad_ee_, s. R_ee_d_ee_. To angle, or fish, E'h_oo_tee. The Ankle, Momoa. The inner Ankle, A't_oo_a,ewy. Answer, an answer to a question, Oo'm_ai_a. Approbation, or consent, Mad_oo_ho'why. Punctuated Arches on the hips, E'var're. The Arm, R_ee_ma. The Armpit, E'e. An arrow, E'_oo_me. Arrow, the body of an arrow or reed, O'wha. The point of an Arrow, To'ai, s. O'moea. Ashamed, to be ashamed or confused, Ama, s. He'ama. Ashore, or on shore, Te Euta. To ask for a thing, Ho'my, s. Ha'py my. Asperity, roughness, Tarra, tarra. An Assassin,murderer, or rather man-killer, soldier, Taata,Toea. or warrior, An Assembly, or meeting, Ete_ou_'rooa. Atherina, A'n_ai_h_eu_. Avaricious, parsimonious, ungenerous, P_ee_'p_ee_re. Averse, unwillingness to do a thing, Fata, h_oi_to' _hoi_to. Authentic,true, Par_ou_, m_ou_. Awake, not asleep, Arra arra, s. E'ra. Awry,or to one side; as a wry neck, Na'na. An Axe, hatchet, or adze, Toee. Ay, yes; an affirmation, Ai.

B.

A Babe, or child, Mydidde. A Batchelor, or unmarried person, E'ev_ee_ (taata.) The_ Back, T_oo_a_. To wipe the_ Backside, Fy'r_oo_,too'ty. Bad, it is not good, 'Ee'no. A Bag of straw, Ete'oee, s.Eaete. Bait, for fish, Era'_eu_noo. Baked in the oven, Et_oo_n_oo_. Bald-headed, O_o_po'b_oo_ta. Bamboo, E_e_n_ee'ou_. A Bank, or shoal, E'paa. Bare, naked, applied to a person that is undressed, Ta'turra. The Bark of a tree, Ho'hore. Barren land, Fe'nooa Ma'_ou_re. A large round Basket of twig, He'na. A small Basket of cocoa leaves, V_ai_'hee. _A long _Basket of cocoa leaves, Apo'_ai_ra. A Basket of plantain stock, Papa' M_aiee_a. A fisher's Basket, Er're'vy. A round Basket of cocoa leaves, Mo'ene. A Bastard, Fanna T_oo_'n_ee_a. Bastinado, to bastinade or flog a person, Tapra'h_ai_. To bathe, Ob'oo. A Battle, or fight, E'motto. A Battle-axe, O'morre. To bawl, or cry aloud, T_ei_mo'toro. A Bead, Poee. The Beard, _Oo_me _oo_me. To beat upon, or strike a thing, T_oo_'py or T_oo_'ba_ee_. To beat a drum, Er_oo_'k_oo_. To beckon a person with the hand, Ta'rappe. A Bed, or bed-place, E'ro_ee_, s. Moei'a. To bedaub, or bespatter, Par'ry. A Bee, E'raeo. A Beetle, P_ee_re'te_ee_. Before, not behind, Te'moea. A Beggar, a person that is troublesome, Tapa'r_oo_. continually asking for some-what, Behind, not before, Te'm_oo_r_ee_. To belch, Er_oo_'y. Below, as below stairs, Tei'dirro, s. T_ee_diraro. Below, underneath, far below, O'raro. To bend any thing, as a stick, etc. Fa'fe'fe. Benevolence, generosity, Ho'roea, e.g. you are a generous man, Taata ho roa oee. Between, in the middle, betwixit two, Fero'p_oo_. To bewail, or lament by crying, E'tat_ee_. Bigness, largeness, great, Ara'hay. A Bird, Manoo. A Bitch, _Oo_re, e'_oo_ha. To bite, as a dog, A ah_oo_. Black, colour, Ere, ere. Bladder, Toea meeme. A_ Blasphemer, a person who speaks T_oo_na, (t_aa_ta.) disrespectfully of their deities, Blind, Matta-po. A Blister, raised by a burn or other means, Mei'ee Blood, Toto, s. Eh_ooei_. To blow the nose, Fatte. The blowing, or breathing of a whale, Ta'hora. Blunt, as a blunt tool of any sort, Ma'n_ee_a. The carved Boards of a Maray, E'ra. A little Boat, or canoe, E'vaea. A Boil, Fe'fe. Boldness, Eaew_ou_. A Bone, E'ev_ee_. A Bonetto, a fish so called, Peera'ra. To bore a hole, Ehoo'ee, s. Eh_oo_'o. A Bow, E'fanna. A Bow-string, Aroea'h_oo_a. To bow with the head, Etoo'o. A young Boy, My'didde. Boy, a familiar way of speaking, He'aman_ee_. The Brain of any animal, A b_oo_ba. A Branch of a tree or plant, E'ama. Bread-fruit, or the fruit of the bread-tree, _Oo_r_oo_. Bread-fruit, a particular sort of it, E'patea. An insipid paste of Bread-fruit, Eh'oee. _The gum of the _Bread-tree, Tappo'_oo_r_oo_. The leaf of the Bread-tree, E'da'_oo_r_oo_. The pith of the Bread-tree, Po'_oo_r_oo_. To break a thing, O whatte, s. Owhan ne, s. Fatte. The Breast, O'ma A Breast-plate _made of twigs, ornamented with feathers, dog's hair, Ta_oo_me. and pearl-shell_, To breathe, Watte Weete wee te,'aho. Bring, to ask one to bring a thing, Ho'my. Briskness, being brisk or quick, T_ee_ t_ee_re. Broiled, or roasted, as broiled meat, _Oo_aw_ee_ra. Broken, or cut, 'Mot_oo_. The Brow, or forehead, E'ry. A brown colour, Aur_au_ra. Buds of a tree or plant, Te, arre ha_oo_. A Bunch of any fruit, Eta. To burn a thing, Doeod_oo_e. A Butterfly, Pepe.

C.

To call a person at a distance, T_oo_o t_oo_'o_oo_. A Calm, Man_ee_no. A Calm, or rather to be so placed, that the wind has no access to you, E_ou_, shea. Sugar Cane, Toe, Etoeo. A Cap, or covering for the head T_au_'matta. To carry any thing, E'a'mo. To carry a person an the back, Eva'ha. Catch a thing hastily with the hand, Po'po_ee_, s. Peero. as a fly, etc. To catch a ball, Ama'wh_ee_a. To catch fish with a line, E'h_oo_te. A Caterpillar, E't_oo_a. Celerity, swiftness, T_ee_'teere, s. E'tirre. The Centre, or middle of a thing, Tera'p_oo_. Chalk, Mamma'tea. A Chatterer, _or noisy impertinent Taata E'm_oo_, fellow_, s. E'm_oo_. Chearfulness, Wara. The Cheek, Pappar_ee_a. A Chest, 'P_ee_ha. The Chest, or body, O'p_oo_. To chew, or eat, E'y. Chequered, or painted in squares, P_oo_re, p_oo_re. A Chicken, Moea pee'ri_a_ia. A Chief, or principal person; one of Eaeree. the first rank among the people, An inferior Chief, _or one who is only in an independent state, T_oo'ou_ a gentleman_, Child-bearing, Fanou, e'vaho. Children's language, Father, O'pucen_oo_, and Papa. Mother, E'wh_ei_arre, and O'pa'tea. Brother, E'tama. Sister, Te't_oo_a. The Chin, and lower jaw, E'taa. Choaked, _to be choaked as with Ep_oo_'n_ei_na, victuals_, etc. s. Er_oo_'y. To chuse, or pick out, Eh_ee_e,te,me,my ty. Circumcision, or rather an incision E_oo_re,te h_ai_. of the foreskin, A sort of Clappers,used at funerals, Par'ha_oo_. Clapping the bend of the arm smartly E'too. with the hand, so as to make a noise, an Indian custom, The Claw of a bird, A'ee oo. Clay, or clammy earth, Ewh_ou_,arra. Clean, not nasty, Oo'ma, s. Eoo'ee. Clear, pure; as clear water, etc. Tea'te. White clayey Cliffs, E'mammatea. Close, shut, Eva'h_ee_. Cloth of any kind, or rather the covering Ahoo. or raiments made of it, A piece of oblong Cloth, slit in the middle, through which the head is Teeboota. put, and it then hangs down behind and before, Brown thin Cloth, Oo'erai. Dark-brown Cloth, Poo'h_ee_re. Nankeen-coloured Cloth, Ah_ee_re, s. _Oo_a. Gummed Cloth, Oo'_ai_r ara. Heappa,heappa, s. Yellow Cloth, A'ade, p_oo ee ei_, s. Oora poo'ee ei. Cloth, _a piece of thin white cloth Par_oo_'y, by which name wrapt round the waist, or thrown they also call a white over the shoulders_, shirt. A Cloth-beater, or an oblong square To'aa. piece of wood grooved, and used in making cloth, The _Cloth-plant, _a sort of mulberry Ea_ou_te. tree_, A Cloud, E'aeo, s. Ea_oo_. A Cock, Moea, e'toea. Cock, the cock claps his wings Te Moa Pa_ee_, pa_ee_. A Cock-roach, Potte potte. A Cocoa-nut, A'r_ee_. The fibrous husk of a Cocoa-nut, P_oo_r_oo_'waha, s. P_oo_r_oo_. Cocoa-nut oil, E'rede,vaee. Cocoa leaves, E,ne'ha_oo_. Coition, E'y. The sense of Cold, Ma'r_ee_de. A Comb, Pa'horo, s. Pa'herre. Company, acquaintance, gossips, Tee'ya. Compliance with a request, consent, Mad_oo_,ho'why. Computation, or counting of numbers, Ta't_ou_. A Concubine, Wa'h_ei_ne Moeebo, s. Etoo'n_ee_a. Confusedness, without order, E'vah_ee_a. Consent, or approbation, Mad_oo_,ho'why. Contempt, _a name of contempt given Wah_ei_ne,p_oo_'ha. to a maid, or unmarried woman_, Conversation, Para_ou_,maro, s. Para'para_ou_. A sort of Convolvulus, or bird-weed, common in the islands, Oh_oo_e. Cook'd, dress'd; not raw, Ee'oo, s. E_ee_'wera. To Cool one with a fan, Taha`r_ee_. Cordage of any kind, Taura. The Core of an apple, Boee. A Cork, or stopper of a bottle or gourd shell, Ora'h_oo_e. A Corner, E'pecho. Covering, the covering of a fish's gills, Pe_ee_'eya. Covetousness, or rather one not inclined to give, Pee,peere. A Cough, Ma're. To Court, woo a woman, Ta'raro. Coyness in a woman, No'noea. A Crab, Pappa. Crab, a large land-crab that climbs the cocoa-nut trees for fruit, E'_oo_wa. A Crack, cleft, or fissure, Mot_oo_. Crammed, lumbered, crowded, Ooa,p_ee_a'pe,s.Ehotto. The Cramp, Emo't_oo_ t_oo_. A Cray-fish, O'_oo_ra. To Creep on the hands and feet, Ene'ai. Crimson colour, _Oo_ra _oo_ra. Cripple, lame, T_ei_'t_ei_. Crooked, not straight, O_o_o'p_ee_o. To crow as a cock, A'a _oo_a. The Crown of the head, T_oo_'p_oo_e. To cry, or shed tears, Ta_ee_. A brown Cuckoo, with black bars and a long tail, frequent in the isles, Ara'were_wa_. To cuff, or slap the chops, E'par_oo_. Curlew, a small curlew or whimbrel found about the rivulets, Torea. Cut, or divided, Mot_oo_. To cut the hair with scissars, O'tee.

D.

A Dance, H_ee_va. Darkness, Poee'r_ee_, s. Po_oo_'r_ee_ To Darn O'ono A Daughter, Ma'h_ei_ne. Day, or day-light, Mara'marama, s. A'ou, s. A'a_ou_. Day-break, Oota'tah_ei_ta. Day, to-day, A_oo_'n_ai_. Dead, Matte roea. A natural Death, Matte noea. Deafness, Ta'r_ee_a, t_oo_r_ee_. Decrepid, Epoo't_oo_a. Deep water, Mona'. A Denial, or refusal, Eh_oo_'noea. To desire, or wish for a thing, E_ooee_. A Devil, or evil spirit, E't_ee_. Dew, Ahe'a_oo_. A Diarrhoea, or looseness, Hawa, hawa. To_ dip meat in salt water instead of Eaw_ee_'wo salt, (an Indian custom,) Dirt, or nastiness of any kind, E'repo. Disapprobation, Eh_oo_noea. A Disease, _where the head cannot be E'p_ee_. held up, perhaps the palsy_, To disengage, untie or loosen, Ea_oo_'w_ai_. Dishonesty, E_ee_'a. Displeased, _to be displeased, vexed, or Ta_ee_'va. in the dumps_, Dissatisfaction, _to grumble, or be Fa_oo_'oue. dissatisfied_, Distant, far off, Roea. To distort, _or writhe the limbs, body, Faee'ta. lips, etc. To distribute, divide or share out, At_oo_'ha. A District, Matei na. A Ditch, Eoe'h_oo_. To dive under water, Eho'p_oo_. A Dog, Oo'r_ee_. A Doll made of cocoa-plants, Ad_oo_'a. A Dolphin, A'_ou_na. Done, have done; or that is enough, A'teera. or there is no more, A Door, Oo'b_oo_ta. Double, or when two things are in Tau'r_oo_a. one, as a double canoe, Down, or soft hair, E'waou, To draw a bow, Etea. To draw, or drag a thing by force, Era'ko. Dread, or fear, Mattou. Dress'd, or cooked, not raw, Ee'oo. A head Dress, used at funerals, Pa'ra_ee_. To dress, or put on the cloaths, Eu, hau'ho_oo_ t'Ahoo. To drink, A_ee_'n_oo_. Drop, a single drop of any liquid, Oo,ata'hai. To drop, or leak, Eto't_oo_r_oo_, s. E't_oo_r_oo_. Drops, as drops of rain, To'potta. Drowned, Parre'mo. A Drum, Pa'hoo. Dry, not wet, Oo'maro. A Duck, Mora. A Dug, teat, or nipple, E_oo_. Dumbness, E'faoe.

E.

The Ear, Ta'r_ee_a. The inside of the Ear, Ta'toor_ee_. An Ear-ring, Poe note tar_ee_a. To eat, or chew, E'y, s. Maea. An Echinus, or sea-egg, Heawy. Echo, T_oo_o. An Egg of a bird, Ehooero te Man_oo_. A white Egg-bird, Pee'ry. Eight, A'waroo. The Elbow, T_oo_'r_ee_. Empty, Oooata'aoe, s. Tata'_oo_a. An Enemy, Taata'e. Entire, whole, not broke, Eta, Eta. Equal, _Oo_hy't_ei_. Erect, upright, Et_oo_. A Euphorbium tree, with white flowers, Te'too_ee_. The Evening, Oooh_oi_'h_oi_. Excrement, T_oo_'ty. To expand, or spread out cloth, etc. Ho'hora. The Eye, Matta. The Eye-brow, and eye-lid, T_oo_a, matta.

F.

The Face, E'mot_ee_a. To hide or hold the Face away, as when ashamed_, Far_ee_'w_ai_. Facetious, merry, Faatta atta. Fainting, to faint, Moee,mo'my. To fall down, Topa. False, not true, Ha'warre. A Fan, or to fan the face or cool it, Taha'r_ee_. To fart, or a fart, Eh_oo_. Fat, full of flesh, lusty, P_ee_a. The fat of meat, Ma_ee_. A Father Med_oo_a tanne. A _step-_father, Tanne, te hoea. Fatigued, tired, E'h_ei'eu_,s.Faea. Fear, Mattou. A Feather, or quill, H_oo_roo, _hoo_r_oo_, man_oo_. Red Feathers, Ora, h_oo_r_oo_ te man_oo_. Feebleness, weakness, Fara'ra, s. Tooro'r_ee_. The sense of Feeling, Fa'fa. To feel, Tear'ro. A young clever dexterous Fellow, or boy, Te'my de pa'ar_ee_. The Female kind of any animal, E'_oo_ha. The Fern-tree, Ma'mo_oo_. Fertile land, Fen_oo_a,maa. Fetch, go fetch it, Atee. Few in number, Eote. To fight, E'neotto. A Fillip, with the fingers, Epatta. The Fin of a fish, Tirra. To finish, or make an end, Eiote. A Finger, E'r_ee_ma. Fire, Ea'hai. A flying Fish, Mara'ra. A green flat Fish, E_eu_me. A yellow flat Fish, Oo'morehe. A flat green and red P_ai'ou_. The cuckold Fish, Etata. A Fish, Eya. Fishing wall for hauling the seine at Epa. the first point, A Fish pot, E'wha. A long Fishing _rod of Bamboo, used Ma'k_ee_ra. to catch bonettoes_, etc., A Fissure, or crack, Motoo. Fist, to open the fist, Ma'hora. Fist, striking with the fist in dancing, A'moto. A fly Flapper, or to flap flies, Dah_ee_'ere e'r_eu_pa. Flatness, applied to a nose, or a vessel broad and flat; also a spreading flat topt tree, Papa. A red Flesh mark, E_ee_'da. To float on the face of the water, Pa'noo. The Flower of a plant, P_oo_a. Open Flowers, T_ee_arre'oo wa. Flowers, white odoriferous flowers, used as ornaments in the ears, T_ee_arre tarr_ee_a. Flown, it is flown or gone away, Ma'h_ou_ta. A Flute, W_ee_wo. A black Fly-catcher, a bird so called, O'mamaeo. A Fly, P_oo_re'h_oo_a. To fly, as a bird, E'r_ai_re. Fog, or mist, Ry'po_ee_a. To fold up a thing, as cloth, etc. He'fet_oo_. A Fool, scoundrel, or other epithet of contempt, Ta'_ou_na. The Foot, or sole of the foot, Tapooy. The Forehead, E'ry. Forgot, or lost in memory, Oo'aro. Foul, dirty, nasty, Erepo. A Fowl, Moea. Four, E'ha. The Frapping of a flute, Ahea. Freckles, Taina. Fresh, not salt, Eanna,anna. Friction, rubbing, E'oo ee. Friend, a method of addressing a stranger, Ehoea A particular Friend, or the salutation E'apatte. to him, To frisk, to wanton, to play, E'hanne. From there, No,r_ei_ra, s. No,r_ei_da. From without, No,waho'oo. From before, No,m_oo_a. Fruit, 'Hoo'ero. Perfume Fruit from Tethuroa, a small island, Hooero te manoo. A yellow Fruit, like a large plumb with a rough core, A'v_ee_. Full, satisfied with eating, Pya,s.Oo'pya, s.'Paya. A Furunculus, or a small hard boil, Apoo.

G.

A Garland of flowers, A'v_ou_t_oo_, s. A'r_ou_too Ef ha, apai. Generosity, benevolence, Ho'roea. A Gimblet, Eho'oo. A Girdle, Ta't_oo_a. A Girl, or young woman, Too'n_ee_a. A Girthing manufacture, Tat_oo_'y. To give a thing, Hoea't_oo_. A looking-Glass, H_ee_o'_ee_ota. A Glutton, or great eater, Taata A'ee, s. Era'poea n_oo_e. To go, or move from where you stand Harre. to walk To go, or leave a place, Era'wa. Go, begone, make haste and do it, Haro. Go and fetch it, At_ee_. Good, it is good, it is very well, My`ty, s. Myty,tye, s. Maytay. Good-natured, Mama'h_ou_, s. Ma'r_oo_. A Grandfather, Too'b_oo_na. A Great-grandfather, Tooboona tahe'too. A Great great-grandfather, Ouroo. A Grandson, Mo'b_oo_na. To grasp with the hand, Hara'wa_ai_. Grasping the antagonist's thigh when Tomo. dancing, Grass, _used on the floors of their Ano'noho. houses, To grate cocoa-nut kernel, E'annatehea'r_ee_. Great, large, big, Ara'h_ai_. Green colour, P_oo_re p_oore_. To groan, Er_oo_,whe. The groin, Ta'pa. To grow as a plant, etc. We'r_oo_a. To grunt, or strain, Etee,_too_whe. The blind Gut, Ora'b_oo_b_oo_. The Guts of any animal, A'a_oo_.

H.

The Hair of the head, E'ror_oo_, s. E'roh_oo_r_oo_. Grey Hair, Hinna'heina. Red Hair, or a red-headed man, E'h_oo_. Curled Hair, P_ee_p_ee_. Woolly frizzled Hair, Oe'toeeto. To pull the Hair, E'w_ou_a. Hair, tied on the crown of the head, E'p_oo_te. Half of any thing, Fa'_ee_te. A Hammer, Et_ee_'te. Hammer it out, Atoo'bian_oo_. The Hand, E'r_ee_ma. A deformed Hand, P_ee_le'oi. A motion with the Hand in dancing, O'ne o'ne. A Harangue, or speech, Oraro. A Harbour, or anchoring-place, T_oo_'t_ou_. Hardness, E'ta,e'ta. A Hatchet, axe, or adze, Toee. He, Nana. The Head, Oo'po. A shorn Head, E'v_ou_a. The Head-ache, in consequence of drunkenness, Eana`n_ee_a. The sense of Hearing, Faro. The Heart of an animal, A'h_ou_too. Heat, warmth, Mahanna,hanna. Heavy, not light, T_ei_ma'ha. The sea Hedge-hog, Totera. A blue Heron, Otoo. A white Heron, Tra'pappa. To hew with an axe, Teraee. Hibiscus, the smallest species of Hibiscus, with rough seed cases, that adhere to the clothes in walking, P_ee_re,p_ee_re. Hibiscus, a species of Hibiscus with large yellow flowers, Po_oo_'r_ou_. The Hiccup, Et_oo_'ee, s. E_oo_'wha. Hide, to hide a thing, E'h_oo_na. High, or steep, Mato. A Hill, or mountain, Ma_oo_, s. Ma_oo_'a, s. M_ou_a. One-tree Hill, a hill so called in Matavia Bay, Tal'ha. To hinder, or prevent, Tapea. The Hips, E'tohe. Hips, _the black punctuated part of Tamo'r_ou_. the hips_, To hit a mark, Ele'ba_ou_, s. Wa'p_oo_ta. Hiss, _to hiss or hold out the finger at T_ee_'he. one_, Hoarseness, E'faeo. A Hog, Boea. To hold fast, Mou. Hold your tongue, be quiet or silent, Ma'm_oo_, A Hole, as a gimblet hole in wood,etc., E'r_oo_a, s. Poota. To hollow, or cry aloud to one, T_oo_'o. To keep at Home, Ate'ei te Efarre. Honesty, Eea'_ou_re. A fish Hook, Ma't_au_. A fish Hook of a particular sort, W_ee_te,w_ee_te. The Horizon, E'pa_ee_, no t'Era_ee_. Hot, or sultry air, it is very hot, Poh_ee_'a. A House, E'farre, s. Ewharre. A House of office, Eha'm_oo_te. A large House, Efarre'pota. A House on props, A'whatta. An industrious Housewife, Ma'h_ei_ne Am_au_'hattoi How _do you, or how is it with you, Tehanooee. Humorous, droll, merry, Fa,atta,'atta. Hunger, Poro'r_ee_, s. Po_ee_'a. A Hut, or house, E'farre.

I

I, myself, first person singular, W_ou_(1) M_ee_.(2) The lower Jaw, E'ta. Idle, or lazy, T_ee_'py. Jealousy in a woman, Ta'b_oo_ne, s.Fatee no, s. H_oo_'hy. Ignorance, stupidity, W_ee_a'ta. Ill-natured, cross, _Oo_re, e'_ee_ore. An Image of a human figure, E'tee. Imps, the young imps, Teo'he. Immature, unripe, as unripe fruit, Poo. Immediately, instantly, To'hyto. Immense, very large, Roea. Incest, or incestuous, Ta'wytte. Indigent, poor, necessitous, T_ee_,t_ee_. Indolence, laziness, T_ee_'py. Industry, opposed to idleness, Ta_ee_'a. Inhospitable, ungenerous, P_ee_'p_ee_re. To inform, E'whaee. A sort of Ink, used to punctuate, E'rah_oo_. An inquisitive tattling woman, Maheine Opotai_ee_hu. To interrogate, or ask questions, Faeete. To invert, or turn upside down, E'h_oo_ra, tela'why. An Islet, Mo'too. The Itch, an itching of any sort, Myro.

J.

To jump, or leap, Mah_ou_ta, s. Araire.

K.

Keep it to yourself, V_ai_h_ee_'o. The Kernel of a cocoa-nut, Emo't_ee_a. To kick with the foot, Ta'h_ee_. The Kidnies, F_oo_a'h_oo_a. Killed, dead, Matte. To kindle, or light up, Emaea. A King, Eaer_ee_,da'h_ai_. A King-fisher, the bird to called, E'r_oo_ro. To kiss, E'ho_ee_. Kite, a boy's play-kite, O'omo. The Knee, E't_oo_r_ee_. To kneel, T_oo_'t_oo_r_ee_. A Knot, Ta'pona. A double Knot, Va'hod_oo_. The female Knot _formed on the upper T_ee_bona. part of the garment, and on one side_, To know, or understand, _Ee_te. The Knuckle, or joint of the fingers, T_ee_,p_oo_.

L.

To labour, or work, Ehea. A Ladder, Era'a, s. E'ara. A Lagoon, Ewha'_ou_na, s.Eae'onna. Lame, cripple, T_ei_'t_ei_. A Lance, or spear, Taeo. Land in general, a country, Fe'n_oo_a, s. Whe'n_oo_a. Language, speech, words, Pa'ra_ou_. Language, _used when dancing, Timoro'd_ee_, te'Timoro'd_ee_. Largeness, _when applied to a country, Ara'h_ai_. country,_etc. N_oo_e. To laugh, Atta. Laziness, T_ee_'py. Lean, the lean of meat, Aeo. Lean,slender, not fleshy, T_oo_'h_ai_. To leap, Ma'h_ou_ta, s. A'rere. Leave it behind, let it remain, 'V_ai_heo. To leave, E'wh_eeoo_. The Leg, A'wy. Legs, my legs ache, or are tired, A'h_oo_a. A Liar, Taata,ha'warre. To lie down, or along, to rest one's self, Ete'raha, s. Te'p_oo_. To lift a thing up, Era'w_ai_. Day Light, Mara'marama. Light, or fire of the great people T_ou_t_oi_,papa. Light, or fire of the common people, N_ee_ao,papa. Light, to light or kindle the fire, A't_oo_n_oo_ t'E_ee_'wera. Light, not heavy, Ma'ma. Lightning, Oo'waira. The Lips, _Oo_t_oo_. Little, small, _Ee_te. A Lizard, 'Moeo. Loathsome, nauseous, E,a'wawa. A sort of Lobster, frequent in the isles, T_ee_on_ai_. To loll about, or be lazy, Tee'py. To loll out the tongue, Ewha'tor_oo_ t'Arere. To look for a thing that is lost, Tap_oo_n_ee_. A Looking-glass, H_ee_o'ee'otta. Loose, not secure, A_oo_'w_ee_wa. A Looseness, or purging, Hawa,'hawa. To love, Ehe'nar_oo_. Lover, courtier, wooer, Eh_oo_'noea. A Louse, Oo't_oo_. Low, not high, as low land, etc. Hea,hea, s. Papoo. E_ee_'oea. The Lungs, T_ee_too,'arapoa. Lusty, fat, full of flesh, Oo'p_ee_a.

M.

Maggots, E'h_oo_h_oo_. A Maid, or young woman , T_oo_'n_ee_a. To make the bed, Ho'hora, te Moee'ya. The Male of any animal, male kind, E'oeta. A Man, Taeata, s. Taane. An indisposed or insincere Man, Taeata,ham'an_ee_no. A Man-of-war bird, Otta'ha. Many, a great number, Wo'rou,wo'rou, s. man_oo_, man_oo_. A black Mark on the skin, E_ee_'r_ee_. Married, as a married man, Fan_ou_'nou. A Mat, E'vanne. A silky kind of Mat, Moee'a. A rough sort of Mat, _cut in the P_oo_'rou. middle to admit the head_, A Mast of a ship or boat, T_ee_ra. Mature, ripe; as ripe fruit, Para, s. Pe. Me, I, W_ou_, s. M_ee_. A Measure, E'a. To measure a thing, Fa'_ee_te. To meet one, Ewharidde. To melt, _or dissolve a thing, T_oo_'t_oo_e. as grease etc._ The middle, or midst of a thing, Teropoo. Midnight, O't_oo_ra,h_ei_'po. To mince, or cut small, E'p_oo_ta. Mine, it is mine, or belongs to me, No'oo. To miss, not to hit a thing, Oo'happa. Mist, or fog, Ry'po_ee_a. To mix things together, A'p_oo_e,'p_oo_e. To mock or scoff at one, Etoo'h_ee_. Modesty, Mamma'ha_oo_. Moist, wet, Wara'r_ee_. A Mole upon the skin, At_oo_'noea. A lunar Month, Mara'ma. A Monument to the dead, Whatta'r_au_. The Moon, Mara'ma. The Morning, Oo'po_ee_'po_ee_. To-morrow, Bo'bo, s. A,Bo'bo. The day after to-morrow, A'bo'bo d_oo_ra. The second day after to-morrow; Po_ee_,po_ee_,addoo. A Moth, E,pepe. A Mother, Ma'd_oo_a, wa'h_ei_ne. A motherly, or elderly woman, Pa'tea. Motion, opposed to rest, O_o_a'ta. A Mountain, _or hill, Ma_oo_a, s. Mo_u_a. Mountains of the highest order, Mo_u_a tei'tei. Mountains of the second order, Mo_u_a 'haha. Mountains of the third or lowest order, Pere'ra_ou_. Mourning, '_Ee_va. Mourning _leaves, viz. those of the Ta'pa_oo_. cocoa-tree, used for that purpose_, The Mouth, Eva'ha. To open the Mouth, Ha'mamma. A Multitude, or vast number, Wo'r_ou_, wo'r_ou_. Murdered, killed, Matte, s. matte roea. A Murderer, Taata toea. A Muscle-shell, No_u,ou_. Music of any kind, H_ee_va. A Musket, _pistol, or firearms P_oo_,p_oo_, s. Poo. of any kind_, Mute, silent, Fateb_oo_a. To matter, or stammer, E'wha_ou_.

N.

The Nail of the fingers, Aee'oo. A Nail of iron, _E_ure. Naked, i. e. with the clothes off, Ta'lurra. undressed, The Name of a thing, E_ee'oo_. Narrow, strait, not wide, P_ee_re,p_ee_re. Nasty, dirty, not clean, E,repo. A Native, Taata'toob_oo_. The Neck, A'ee. Needles, Narreeda. A fishing Net, Oo'p_ai_a. New, young, sound, Ho_u_. Nigh, Poto, s. Whatta'ta. Night, P_o_, s. E'a_oo_. To-Night, or to-day at night, A'_oo_ne te' Po. Black Night-shade, Oporo. Nine, A'_ee_va. The Nipple of the breast, E'oo. A Nit, Eriha. [1] Ay'ma, [2] Y_ai_ha, No, a negation, [3]A'_ou_re, [4] A_ee_, [5] Yeha_ee_a. To nod, A't_ouou_. Noisy, chattering, impertinent, Emoo. Noon, Wawa'tea. The Nostrils, Popo'heo. Numeration, or counting of numbers, Ta't_ou_. A cocoa Nut, Aree. A large compressed Nut,_that tastes E_ee_h_ee_. like chesnuts when roasted_,

O.

Obesity, corpulence, Ou'p_ee_a. The Ocean, Ty, s. Meede. Odoriferous, sweet-smelled, No'noea. Perfumed Oil they put on the hair, Mo'noee. An Ointment,_plaister, or any thing E'ra'pa_oo_. that heals or relates to medicine_, Old, Ora'wheva. One, A'tahai. Open, clear, spacious, Ea'tea. Open, not shut, Fe'r_ei_. To open, Te'haddoo. Opposite to, or over against, Wetoo'wh_ei_tte. Order, in good order, regular, without Wara'wara. confusion, Ornament, any ornament for the ear, T_ooee_ ta'r_ee_a. Burial Ornaments, viz. nine noits Ma'ray Wharre. stuck in the ground, An Orphan, Oo'hoppe, poo'_ai_a. Out, not in, not within, T_ei_we'ho. The Outside of a thing, _Oo_a'p_ee_. An Oven in the ground, E_oo_'m_oo_. Over, besides, more than the quantity, Te'harra. To overcome, or conquer, E'ma'_oo_ma. To overturn, or overset, Eha'pa_oo_. An Owner E'whattoo. A large species of Oyster, I't_ee_a. The large rough Oyster, or Spondylus, Paho'oea.

P.

The Paddle of a canoe, or to paddle, E'hoee. To paddle a canoe's head to the right What'tea. To paddle a canoe's head to the left, Wemma. Pain, or soreness,the sense of pain, Ma'my. A Pair, or two of any thing together, Ano'ho. The Palate, E'ta'nea. The Palm of the hand, Ap_oo_'r_ee_ma. To Pant, or breathe quickly, Oo'pou'pou,tea'ho. Pap, or child's food, Mamma. A Parent, Me'd_oo_a. A small blue Parroquet, E'v_ee_n_ee_. A green Parroquet, with a E'a'a. red forehead, The Part below the tongue, Eta'raro. A Partition, division, or screen, Par_oo_'r_oo_. A Pass, or strait, E,aree'ea. A fermented Paste, of bread, fruit and others, Ma'h_ee_. A Path, or road, Eae'ra. The Pavement before a house or hut, Pye,pye. A Pearl, Poee. The Peduncle, and stalk of a plant, A'maea, s. E'atta. To peel _or take the skin off a cocoa-nut_etc. A'tee, s. E'atee. Peeled, it is peeled, Me'at_ee_. A Peg to hang a bag on, 'Pe'a_oo_. A Pepper-plant, from the root of which they prepare an inebriating liquor, Awa. Perhaps, it may be so, E'pa'ha. Persons of distinction, Patoo'nehe. A Petticoat of plantane leaves, AArou'm_aiee_a. Petty, small, trifling, opposed to Nooe, R_ee_. A Physician, or person who attends the sick, Taata no E'rapa_oo_. Pick, to pick or choose, Eh_ee_ te mai my ty. A large wood Pigeon, Er_oope_. A large green and white Pigeon, O_o_'_oo_pa. A small black and white Pigeon, with purple wings, _Oooo_wy'deroo. A Pimple, H_oo_a'h_ou_a. To Pinch with, the fingers, _Oo_ma. A Plain, or flat, E'_pee_ho. Plane, smooth, Pa'_ee_a. A Plant of any kind, O'mo. A small Plant, E'rabo. The fruit of a Plantane-tree M_aiee_'a, s. Maya. Horse Plantanes, Fai'ee. Pleased, _good humoured, not cross or Mar_oo_. surly_, Pluck it up, Ar_ee_te. To pluck hairs from the beard, H_oo_h_oo_tee. To plunge a thing in the water, E,oo'wh_ee_. The Point of any thing, Oe,oee, or Oi,oi. Poison, bitter, Awa,awa. A Poll, _Oo_ra'h_oo_. Poor, indigent, not rich, Tee'tee. A bottle-nosed Porpoise, E'_ou_a. Sweet Potatoes, Oo'marra. To pour out any liquid substance, Ma'n_ee_. Pregnant with young, Waha'p_oo_. To press, or squeeze the legs gently with the hand, when tired or pained, Roro'm_ee_. Prick, to prick up the ears, Eoma te ta'r_ee_. A Priest, Ta'h_ou_a. Prone, or face downwards, T_ee_'opa. A sort of Pudding, made of fruits, oil, etc. Po'po'ee. Pumpkins, A'h_ooa_. To puke, or vomit, E'awa, s. e'r_oo_'y. Pure, clear, E'oo'ee. A Purging, or looseness, Hawa,hawa. To pursue, _and catch a person who Er_oo_,Er_oo_, has done some mischief_, s. Eha'r_oe_. To push a thing with the hand, T_oo_'ra_ee_. Put it up, or away, Orno.

Q.

Quickness, briskness, E'tirre. To walk quickly, Harre'n_ei_na. Quietness, silence, a silent or seemingly thoughtful person, Falle'b_oo_a. A Quiver for holding arrows, 'P_ee_ha.

R.

A small black Rail, with red eyes, M_ai_'ho. A small black Rail, spotted and buured with white, P_oo_a'n_ee_. Rain, E'_oo_a. A Rainbow, E'n_oo_a. Raft, a raft of bamboo, M_ai_to'e. Rank, strong, urinous, Ewao wao. A Rasp, or file, Ooee. A Rat, 'Yore, s. Eyore. Raw meat, flesh that is not dressed E'otta. cooked, Raw fruit, as plantanes, etc. that are Paroure. not baked To recline, or lean upon a thing, E'py. Red colour, _Oo_ra,_oo_ra, s. Matde. To reef a sail, Epo'uie te rya. A Refusal, Eh_oo_'nooa. The Remainder of any thing, T,'Ewahei. To rend, burst, or split, M_oo_'m_oo_m_oo_. Rent, cracked, or torn, E'wha. To reside, live or dwell, E'noho. Respiration, breathing, T_oo_e,t_oo_e. A Rib, Awaeo. Rich, not poor, having plenty of Epo'too. goods, etc. A Ring, 'M_ai_no. The Ringworm, a disease so called, E'n_oo_a. Ripe, as ripe fruit, etc. Para, s. Pai, s. Ooo p_ai_. Rise, to rise up, A'too. To rive, or split, Ewha_oo'_ wha_oo_. A Road, or path, Eae'ra. Roasted, or broiled, _Oo_a'w_ai_ra. A Robber, or thief, E_ee_'a (taata.) A Rock, Pa_oo_. A reef of Rocks, E'a_ou_. Rolling, the rolling of a ship, T_oo_'r_oo_re. A Root, Ap_oo_, s. Ea. A Rope of any kind, Taura. Rotten, as rotten fruit, etc. R_oo_pe. Rough, not smooth, Ta'rra, tarra. To row with oars, E'_oo_me, s, E'hoee. To rub _a thing, as in washing the hands Ho'ro_ee_. and face_, The Rudder of a boat, or steering Hoee,fa'herre. paddle of a canoe, Running backwards and forwards, Oo'atapone. endeavouring to escape,

S.

The Sail of a ship or boat, E_ee_'ai. To sail, or to be under sail, E'whano. Salt, or salt water, Ty'ty, s. Meede. Sand, dust, E'one. Saturn, Whati'hea. Saunders's island, Tab_oo_a, Manoo. A Saw, E_ee'oo_. A Scab, E'tona. A fish's Scale or scales, Poea. A pair of Scissars, O't_oo_bo, s. O'tob_oo_. A Scoop, to empty water from a canoe, E'tata. To scrape a thing, Oo'a_oo_. To scratch with the fingers, Era'ra_oo_. Scratched, a scratched metal, etc. Pah_oo_re'h_oo_re. The Sea-cat, a fish so called, P_oo_he. The Sea, Ta_ee_, s. M_ee_de. A Sea-egg, He'awy. A Seam between two planks, Fatoo'wh_ai_ra. To search for a thing that is lost, Ooe,s.Pae'm_ee_. A Seat, Papa. Secret, a secret whispering, or slandering another, Ohe'm_oo_. The Seed of a plant, H_oo_a't_oo_t_oo_, s. Ehooero The sense of seeing, E'h_ee_'o. To send, Eho'poee. A Sepulchre, or burying-place, Ma'ray. A Servant, T_ow_t_ow_. Seven, A'H_ee_t_oo_. To sew, or string, E't_oo_e. Seyne, to haul a seyne, Etoroo te p_ai_a. Shady, Mar_oo_,maroo. To shake, or agitate a thing, E_oo_a'wai. A Shark, Maeo. Sharp, not blunt, Ooe'ee. To shave, or take off the beard, Eva'r_oo_, s.Whanne, whanne. A small Shell, Ot'eo. A tyger Shell, Pore'h_oo_. Shew it me, Enara. A Ship, P_a_hee. Shipwreck, Ara'wha. A white Shirt, Par_oo_'y. To shiver with cold, A'tete. Mud Shoes, or fishing shoes, Tama. The Shore, Euta. Short, Po'potoo. Shut, not open, Opa'n_ee_, s. Poo'peepe. Sickness, Matte my Mamy. The left Side, A'r_oo_de. The Side, E'reea'wo. The right Side, Atou,a'taou. Sighing, Fa'ea. Silence, Fatte'b_oo_a. Similar, or alike, _Oo_whyae'da. To sink, A'tomo. A Sister, T_oo_'h_ei_ne. To sit down, A'noho. To sit cross-legged, T_ee_'py. Six, A'Hon_oo_. A Skate-fish, E'wha_ee_. The Skin, Ee'ree. The Sky, E'ra_ee_. To sleep, Moee. The long Sleep, or death, Moee roea. To sleep, when sitting, T_oo_'roore,moee. A Sling, E'ma. Slow, Marra,marroea,s.Fate. Small, little, _Ee_te. The sense of smelling, Fata't_oo_, s._Oo_too,too,too. Smell it, H_oi_na. To smell, Ahe'oi. Smoke, E'_oo_ra. Smooth, Pa'ya. Smutting the face with charcoal for funeral ceremonies, Bap'para. A sea Snake, that has alternate rings of a white and black colour, P_oo_h_ee_'ar_oo_. To snatch a thing hastily, E'h_ai_r_oo_. Sneezing, Mach_ee_'ai. Snipe, a bird resembling a snipe, of a black and brown colour, T_ee_'t_ee_. Snot 'H_oo_pe. Soberness, sobriety, sober, not given T_ei_r_ei_da. to drunkenness, To soften, Epar_oo_'par_oo_. Softness, that is, not hard, Maroo. The Sole of the foot, Tap_oo_'y. A Son My'de. A Son-in-law, H_oo_'noea. A Song, Heeva. A Sore, or ulcer, O'pai. Soreness, or pain, Ma'may. Sound, any sound that strikes the ear, Pa'_ee_na. A Span, Ewhaee ono. To speak, Paraou. Speak; _he speaks not from the heart, Neeate _oo_t_oo_ te parou his words are only on his lips_, no nona. A Spear, or lance, Taeo. To spill, Emare. To spit, Too't_oo_a. To spread, or to expand a thing, as Ho'hora. cloth, etc. To squeeze, or press hard, Ne,'ne_ee_. To squeeze, or press gently with the hand, Roro'm_ee_. Squint-eyed, Matta'areva. A fighting Stage in a boat, E't_oo_t_ee_. To stamp with the feet, to trample on Tata'hy. a thing, Stand up, Atearenona. A Star, E'f_ai_too, s. Hwettoo. A Star-fish, Eve'r_ee_. To startle, as when one dreams Wa'hee, te'dirre. Stay, or wait a little, A'r_ee_a, s. Ar_ee_'ana. To steal, 'Woreedo. Steep, as steep rocks, or cliffs, Mato. A walking Stick, 'Tame. Stinking, ill-smelled, as stinking water,etc. Na'm_oo_a, s. N_ee_'n_ee_o. Stink, to stink or smell ill, F_ou_, f_ou_. To stink, as excrement, P_ee_ro,p_ee_ro. The Stomach, 'Para_ee_'a. A Stone, Owhay. A polished Stone, used to beat victuals P_ai_'noo. into a paste_, Stones, upright stones which stand on the paved area before huts, T_oo_'t_oo_re. A small Stool, to lay the head on when asleep, Papa, s. Papa, r_oo_ae. Stool, to go to stool, T_ee_t_ee_'o. To stop, A'too. The Stopper of a quiver, Ponau. A Storm of wind, rain, thunder, etc. Tarooa. Strait, narrow, not wide, P_ee_re,peere. Striking, hollow striking in dancing, Ap_ee_. The String of a quiver, E'aha. Strong, as a strong man, _O'o_mara. Struck, A'b_oo_l_a_. Stupidity, ignorance, W_ee_a'l_a_. To suck as a child, Ote,ote. Sugar cane, E'To, s. Toeo. Suicide, Euha'a_ou_. Sultry, or hot air, Poh_ee_a. The Sun, Mahanna, s. Era. The meridian Sun, T_ei_'n_ee_a te Mahanna. Supine, lying, Fateeraha. Surf of the sea, Horo'w_ai_. An interjection of Surprise, or admiration, Allaheuee'ai. To surround, A'b_oo_ne. To swallow, Horo'm_ee_. The Sweat of the body, or to sweat E'h_ou_, s. Eh_ou_ h_ou_. A sweet taste, Mona. Swell of the sea, E'r_oo_.

T.

A Tail, Ero. A Tail of a bird, E'hoppe. To take a friend by the hand, Etoo'ya_oo_. To take off, or unloose, Eve'vette. To take care of the victuals, Ewhaapoo te maa. To talk, or converse, Paraou. The sense of tasting, Tama'ta. A Tetotum, or whirligig, E'piroea. To tear a thing, Ha'hy, s. Whatte. A Teat, or dug, E'oo. The Teeth, E'n_ee_h_ee_o. Ten A'h_oo_r_oo_. To tend, or feed hogs, Ew_h_a_ee_ te Boea. Tenants, Af_eu_'h_au_. A black Tern, with a whitish head, O_ee_'o. There, Te'raee. They, them, or theirs, To'ta_oo_a. Thickness, applied to solid bodies, Meoo'meoo. Thick, as thick cloth, etc. T_oo_e'too'e. Thick, muddy, Ewore'r_oo_,s.Eworepe. Thine, it is yours, or belongs to you, No oee. Thirst, W'ah_ee_'y. Thoughts, Para_ou_, no te o'p_oo_. An appearance of thoughtfulness, Fate'b_oo_a. Three, Tor_oo_. The Throat, Ara'poa. To throw, or heave a thing, Taora. To throw a thing away, Harre'wai. To throw a ball, Ama'h_oo_a. To throw a lance, Evara'towha. Throw, shall I throw it, Taure'a'a. Throwing in dancing, Hoe'aire. The Thumb, E'r_ee_ma,erahai. Thunder, Pa't_ee_re. Tickle, to tickle a person, My'n_ee_na. A Tide, or current, A'ow. To tie a knot, Ty. Time, a space of time, from 6 to 10 at night, O't_oo_e, teepo. Time, a little time, a small space, Popo'_eu_n_oo_. Time, a long time, a great while, Ta'moo. A Title belonging to a woman of rank, E'tapay'r_oo_. A Toe of the foot, Man_ee_o. A Tomb, T_oo_,pap'pou. The Tongue, E'rero. A Tortoise, E'hon_oo_. Touching, Fa'fa. Tough, as tough meat, etc. Ah_oo_'_ou_e. A Town, E'farre p_oo_to p_oo_t_oo_. To trample with the foot, Tata'he, s. Ta'ta'hy. A Tree, E'raeo. A Tree, from which they make clubs, Toea (Eraeo.) spears, etc. To tremble, or shudder with cold, _Oo_a'titte, s. Eta. Trembling, shaking, A_ou_'dou. To trip one up in wrestling, Me'haee. A Tropic-bird, Man_oo_'roa. Truth, Eva_ee_'roea,s.Para_ou_,mou. To tumble, P_ou_ta'heite. A Turban, E'taee. To turn, or turned, Oo'ahoee. To turn, as in walking backwards and forwards, H_oo_d_ee_p_ee_pe. Twins, twin children, Ma'hea. To twist a rope, Taw_ee_'r_ee_. Two, E'Rooae.

U.

An Ulcer, or sore, O'p_ai_. Under, below, low down, Oraro. Under sail, P_ou_'pou_ee_. To understand, Ee'te. To undress, or take off the clothes, Ta'turra. An unmarried person, Ar_ee_'oi. Unripe, as unripe fruit,etc. P_oo_.

V.

Luminous Vapour, Epao. Vassal, or subject, Manna'h_ou_na. Vast, Ara,hai,s.Mai,ara'hai. The Veins that run under the skin, E'w_ou_a. Venus, T_ou_'r_oo_a. Vessel, any hollow vessel, as cups of nuts,etc. Ai'boo. Vessel, a hollow vessel in which they prepare an inebriating liquor, Oo'mutte. To vomit, Er_oo_'y.

W.

Wad, tow, fibres like hemp, Ta'm_ou_. Wait, stay a little, Areeana. Wake, awake, Arra arra, s. Era. To walk out, Avou'_oi_a. To walk backwards and forwards, H_oo_a p_ee_pe. A Warrior, soldier, or rather a man-killer, Taatatoea. Warmth, heat, Mahanna,hanna. A Wart, Toria. To wash, as to wash cloth in water, Mare. To watch, Eteaee. Water, A'vy. Water-cresses, Pa'toea. We, both of us, Ta_oo_a, s. Ar_oo_'r_oo_a. A wedge, Era'h_ei_. To weep, or cry, Hanoe a,a,ta_ee_. Well recovered, or well escaped, Woura, s. woo,ara. Well, it is well, charming, fine, P_oo_ro'too. What, whats that, E'hara, E'ha'rya,s. Ye'ha_ee_a, expressed inquisitively. What do you call that, what is the name of it, Owy te a_ee_'oa. When, at what time, W'heea. Where is it, Te'hea. Whet, to whet or sharp a thing, Evo_ee_. To whistle, Ma'p_oo_. Whistling, a method of whistling to call the people to meals, Ep_ou_,maa. To whisper secretly, as in backbiting, etc. Ohe'm_oo_. Who is that, what is he called, Owy,tanna, s. Owy,nana. Whole, the whole not a part of a thing, E'ta,e'tea, s. A'ma_oo_. Wide, not strait or narrow, Whatta,whatta. A Widow, Wa't_oo_neea. Wife, my wife, Ma'h_ei_ne. The Wind, Mattay. The south-east Wind, Mattaee. A Window, Ma'laee ou'panee. The Wing of a bird, Ere'ou. To wink, E'am_ou_,am_oo_. To wipe a thing clean, Ho'ro_ee_. Wish, a wish to one who sneezes, Eva'r_ou_a t Eaet_oo_a. Within side, T_ee_'ro to. A Woman, Wa'h_ei_ne. A married Woman, Wa'h_ei_ne mou. Woman, she is a married woman, she has got another husband, Terra,tanne. Won't I won't do it, 'A_eeoo_, expressed angrily. Wood of any kind, E'raoe. A Wound, Oo't_ee_. A Wrestler, M_ou_na. Wrinkled in the face, M_ee_o, m_ee_o. The Wrist, Mo'moea. A Wry-neck, Na'na.

Y.

To yawn, Ha'mamma. Yellow colour, He'appa. Yes, Ay, s. ai. Yesterday, Ninna'hay. Yesternight, Ere'po. York island, Ei'meo. Yon Oe. young,as a young animal of any kind, P_ee_'n_ai_a.

A TABLE EXHIBITING AT ONE VIEW, SPECIMENS OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN THE SOUTH-SEA, FROM EASTER ISLAND, WESTWARD TO NEW CALEDONIA, AS OBSERVED IN THE VOYAGE.

English. Otaheite. Easter Island. The Marquesas Isles. The Island of Amsterdam. New Zealand. Malicolo. Tanna. New Caledonia

A Bird, 'Man_oo_,[22] 'Man_oo_, 'Manu_oo_, Man_oo_, Manee, s. Man_eek_.

A Bow E'fanna, 'Fanna, Nabrr_oo_s, Na'fanga.

Bread-fruit _Oo_r_oo_, Mai_ee_, Ba'rabe, Tag'_oo_r_oo_.

A canoe E'vaea 'Wagga, Ev'aea, Ta'wagga, Wang.

Cloth Ah_oo_, 'Ah_oo_, 'Ah_oo_, s. A'hoo_ee_a, Babba'langa,Kak'ah_oo_, Ta'nar_ee_, Hamban.

A Cocoa-nut 'Ar_ee_, 'Eeoo, Nar_oo_, Nab_oo_'y, 'N_eeoo_.

To drink Ayn_oo_' A_ee_n_oo_, 'A_ee_n_oo_, No'a_ee_, N_ooee_, 'Oo_d_oo_, s. _Oo_nd_oo_.

The Eye Matta, Matta, 'Matta, s. Matta_ee_a, 'Matta, 'Matta, M_ai_tang, Nan_ee_'maiuk, T_ee_'vein.

The Ear Ta'r_ee_a, Ta'r_ee_an, B_oo_'_ee_na, Ta'r_ee_ka, Talingan, F_ee_n_ee_'enguk, Gain'_ee_ng.

Fish 'Eya, _Ee_ka, '_Ee_ka, '_Ee_ka, 'Nam_oo_.

A Fowl, Moea, Moea, Moea, Moe'r_oo_.

The Hand, E'r_ee_ma, 'R_ee_ma, E_oo_'my, E'r_ee_ma, 'R_ee_nga, Badon'h_ee_n.

The Head, Oo'po, Aoe'po, Tak'_oo_po, Ba's_ai_ne, N_oo_gwa'n_aium, Gar'moing.

A Hog, 'Boea, 'B_oo_a, B_oo_'acka, 'Brr_oo_as, 'B_oo_ga, s. 'B_oo_gas.

I,myself, W_ou_, s. ou, 'W_ou_, Ou.

To laugh, 'Atta, Katta, 'Haearish, Ap, s.Gye'ap.

A Man, 'Taeata, Papa? T_ee_to, Ba'rang, Nar_oo_'maean.

The Navel, 'P_ee_to, P_ee_to, s. P_ee_to'ai, P_ee_to, Nomprtong, Nap_ee_ rainguk, Whanb_oo_ _ee_n.

No, (1)'Ayma,(2)Y_ai_ha,(3)A'_ou_re,'_Ei_sa, '_Ee_sha, Ka'_ou_re, Ta'ep, E'sa, '_Ee_va, _Ee_ba.

Plantains, 'M_ai_ya, (1)Maya, (2)F_oo_tse, M_ai_e_ea_, 'F_oo_dje, Nabrruts.

Puncturation, Ta't_ou_, E'pat_oo_, Ta't_ou_, Moko, 'Gan, s. Gan,galang.

Rain, E'_oo_a, '_Oo_a,

Na'mawar, _Oo_e.

Sugar cane, E'To, To,

Na'r_oo_k.

The Teeth, E'n_ee_h_ee_o, 'N_ee_ho, E'n_ee_ho, 'N_ee_fo, N_ee_ho, R_ee_'bohn, 'Warrewuk, s. 'R_ai_buk, Penna'w_ei_n.

Water, A'vay, E'vy,

Er'g_ou_r, _Oo_e.

To Whistle, 'Map_oo_, F_ee_o,f_ee_o, Papang, Awe'bern, 'Wy_oo_.

A Woman, Wa'h_ei_ne, Ve'h_ee_ne, Ra'bin, N_ai_'braean, Tama.

Yams, E'_oo_he, _Oo_he, _Oo_fe, Nan-'ram, _Oo_fe, _Oo_be.

Yes, Ai, '_Ee_o, Ai, '_Ee_o, 'Elo, s. _Ee_o, s. oee.

You, Oe, Oe.

One, A'Tahay, Katta'ha_ee_, Atta'ha_ee_, Ta'ha_ee_,

Ts_ee_'ka_ee_, R_ee_d_ee_, Wag_ee'ai_ng.

Two, E'R_oo_a, 'Rooa, A'ooa, E'ooa, E'ry, 'Karoo, 'Waroo.

Three, 'Ter_oo_, 'Tor_oo_, A'tor_oo_, 'Tor_oo_, E'r_ei_, 'Kahar, Wat_ee_ en.

Four, A'Haa, 'Haea, s. Faea, A'faa, A'faea, E'bats, 'K_ai_phar, Wam'ba_ee_k.

Five, E'R_ee_ma, 'R_ee_ma, A'_ee_ma, 'N_ee_ma, E'r_ee_m, 'Kr_ee_rum, Wannim.

Six, A'ono, 'Hon_oo_, A'ono, Ts_oo_'ka_ee_, Ma'r_ee_d_ee_, Wannim-g_ee_ek.

Seven, A'H_ei_too, 'H_ee_d_oo_, A'wh_ee_t_oo_, G_oo_y, Ma'kar_oo_, Wannim'n_oo_.

Eight, A'war_oo_, 'Var_oo_, A'wa_oo_, H_oo_rey, Ma'kahar, Wannim'g_ai_n.

Nine, A'_ee_va, H_ee_va, A'_ee_va, G_oo_dbats, Ma'k_ai_phar, Wannim'ba_ee_k.

Ten, A'h_oo_r_oo_, Atta'h_oo_r_oo_, s. Anna'h_oo_r_oo_, Wannah_oo_, s. Wanna'h_oo_e, Senearr, Ma'kr_ee_rum, Wann_oo_'n_ai_uk.

(Footnote re similarity of the languages)—omiited by ebook producer.

LETTER FROM JOHN IBBETSON, ESQ. Secretary to the Commissioners of Longitude, T0 Sir JOHN PRINGLE, Baronet, P.R.S.

SIR,

The Earl of Sandwich, and the other Commissioners for the Discovery of Longitude at Sea, etc. who were present at a late meeting at this place, having expressed to you a desire that the very learned and ingenious Discourse upon some late Improvements of the Means for preserving the Health of Mariners, which was delivered by you at the Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society, on the 30th of November last might, with Captain Cook's Paper therein referred to, be printed, and annexed to the Account of the Astronomical and Philosophical Observations made in the course of the said Captain Cook's late voyages which account is preparing for the press, under their direction; and it having been since thought more proper that the said Discourse and Paper should be annexed to the Second Volume of the Account of that Voyage, which is shortly to be published, by order of the Board of Admiralty, I have, therefore, the direction of the Earl of Sandwich, First Commissioner of that Board, as well as of the Board of Longitude, to acquaint you therewith, and to desire you will please to permit your said Discourse, with the Paper therein referred to, to be printed, and annexed to the Second Volume of the Account of the said Voyage accordingly.

I am, with great Regard and Esteem,

SIR,

Your most obedient humble Servant,

ADMIRALTY, March 15, 1777. JOHN IBBETSON.

A DISCOURSE UPON SOME LATE IMPROVEMENTS OF THE MEANS FOR PRESERVING THE HEALTH OF MARINERS.

DELIVERED AT THE Anniversary Meeting of the ROYAL SOCIETY, November 30, 1776. By Sir JOHN PRINGLE, Baronet, PRESIDENT,

CORRECTED BY THE AUTHOR.

GENTLEMEN,

Before we proceed further in the business of this day, permit me to acquaint you with the judgment of your Council, in the disposal of Sir Godfrey Copley's medal; an office I have undertaken at their request, and with the greater satisfaction, as I am confident you will be no less unanimous in giving your approbation, than they have been in addressing you for it upon this occasion. For though they were not insensible of the just title that several of the Papers, composing the present volume of your Transactions, had to your particular notice, yet they did not hesitate in preferring that which I presented to you from Captain Cook, giving An account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of his Majesty's ship the Resolution during her late voyage round the world*. Indeed I imagine that the name alone of so worthy a member of this society would have inclined you to depart from the strictness of your rules, by conferring upon him that honour, though you had received no direct communication from him; considering how meritorious in your eyes that person must appear, who hath not only made the most extensive, but the most instructive voyages; who hath not only discovered, but surveyed, vast tracts of new coasts; who hath dispelled the illusion of a terra australis incognita, and fixed the bounds of the habitable earth, as well as those of the navigable ocean, in the southern hemisphere.

[* The paper itself, read at the Society in March last, with an extract of a letter from Captain Cook to the President, dated Plymouth, the 7th of July following, are both subjoined to this discourse.]

I shall not, however, expatiate on that ample field of praise, but confine my discourse to what was the intention of this honorary premium, namely, to crown that Paper of the year which should contain the most useful and most successful experimental inquiry. Now what inquiry can be so useful as that which hath for its object the saving the lives of men? And when shall we find one more successful than that before us? Here are no vain boastings of the empiric, nor ingenious and delusive theories of the dogmatist; but a concise, an artless, and an incontested relation of the means, by which, under the Divine favour, Captain Cook, with a company of an hundred and eighteen men*, performed a voyage of three years and eighteen days, throughout all the climates, from fifty-two degrees north, to seventy-one degrees south, with the loss of only one man by a distemper**. What must enhance to us the value of these salutary observations, is to see the practice hath been no less simple than efficacious.

[* There were on board, in all, one hundred and eighteen men, including M. Sparrman, whom they took in at the Cape of Good Hope.]

[** This was a phthisis pulmonalis terminating in a dropsy. Mr. Patten, surgeon to the Resolution, who mentioned to me this case, observed that this man began so early to complain of a cough and other consumptive symptoms, which had never left him, that his lungs must have been affected before he came on board.]

I would now inquire of the most conversant in the study of bills of mortality, whether in the most healthful climate, and in the best condition of life, they have ever found so small a number of deaths in such a number of men, within that space of time? How great and agreeable then must our surprise be, after perusing the histories of long navigations in former days, when so many perished by marine diseases, to find the air of the sea acquitted of all malignity, and in fine that a voyage round the world may be undertaken with less danger to health than a common tour in Europe!

But the better to see the contrast between the old and the present times, allow me to recal to your memory what you have read of the first voyage for the establishment of the East-India, Company*. The equipment consisting of four ships, with four hundred and eighty men, three of those vessels were so weakened by the scurvy, by the time they had got only three degrees beyond the Line, that the merchants, who had embarked on this adventure, were obliged to do duty as common sailors; and there died in all, at sea, and on shore at Soldania (a place of refreshment on this side the Cape of Good Hope) one hundred and five men, which was near a fourth part of their complement. And hath not Sir Richard Hawkins, an intelligent as well as brave officer, who lived in that age, recorded, that in twenty years, during which be had used the sea, be could give an account of ten thousand mariners who bad been consumed by the scurvy alone**? Yet so far was this author from mistaking the disease, that I have perused few who have so well described it. If then in those early times, the infancy I may call them of the commerce and naval power of England, so many were carried off by that bane of sea-faring people, what must have been the destruction afterwards, upon the great augmentation of the fleet and the opening of so many new ports to the trade of Great Britain, whilst so little advancement was made in the nautical part of medicine!

[* This squadron under the command of LANCASTER (who was called the General) set out in the year 1601. See Purchas's Pilgr. vol. i. p. 147, et seq.]

[** Idem, vol. iv. p. 1373, et seq.]

But passing from these old dates to one within the remembrance of many here present, when it might have been expeded that whatever tended to aggrandize the naval power of Britain, and to extend her commerce, would have received the highest improvement; yet we shall find, that even at this late period few measures had been taken to preserve the health of seamen, more than had been known to our uninstructed ancestors. Of this assertion the victorious, but mournful, expedition of Commodore Anson, affords too convincing a proof. It is well known that soon after passing the Streights of Le Maire, the scurvy began to appear in his squadron; that by the time the Centurion had advanced but a little way into the South Sea, forty-seven had died of it in his ship; and that there were few on board who had not, in some degree, been afflicted with the distemper, though they had not been then eight months from England. That in the ninth month, when standing for the island of Juan Fernandez, the Centurion lost double that number; and that the mortality went on at so great a rate (I still speak of the Commodore's ship) that before they arrived there she had buried two hundred; and at last could muster no more than six of the the common men in a watch capable of doing duty. This was the condition of one of the three ships which reached that island; the other two suffered in proportion.

Nor did the tragedy end here for after a few months respite the same fatal sickness broke out afresh, and made such havock, that before the Centurion (which now contained the whole surviving crew of the three ships) had got to the island of Tinian, there died sometimes eight or ten in a day; insomuch that when they had been only two years on their voyage, they had lost a larger proportion than of four in five of their original number; and, by the account of the historian, all of them, after their entering the South Sea, of the scurvy. I say by the account of the elegant writer of this voyage; for as he neither was in the medical line himself, nor hath authenticated this part of his narrative by appealing to the surgeons of the ship or their journals, I should doubt that this was not strictly the case; but rather, that in producing this great mortality, a pestilential kind of distemper was joined to the scurvy, which, from the places where it most frequently occurs, hath been distinguished by the name of jail or hospital-fever*. But whether the scurvy alone, or this fever combined with it, were the cause, it is not at present material to inquire, since both, arising from foul air and other sources of putrefaction, may now in a great measure be obviated by the various means fallen upon since Lord Anson's expedition. For in justice to that prudent as well as brave commander, it must be observed that the arrangements preparatory to his voyage were not made by himself; that his ship was so deeply laden as not to admit of opening the gun-ports, except in the calmest weather, for the benefit of air; and that nothing appears to have been neglected by him, for preserving the health of his men, that was then known and practised in the navy.

[* Dr. Mead, who had seen the original observations of two of Commodore Anson's surgeons, says, that the scurvy at that time was accompanied with putrid fevers, etc. See his Treatise on the Scurvy, p. 98. et seq.]

I should now proceed to enumerate the chief improvements made since that period, and which have enabled our ships to make so many successful circumnavigations, as in a manner to efface the impression of former disasters; but as I have mentioned the sickness most destructive to mariners, and against the ravages of which those preservatives have been mainly contrived, it may be proper briefly to explain its nature, and the rather as, unless among mariners, it is little understood. First then, I would observe that the scurvy is not the ailment which goes by that name on shore. The distemper commonly, but erroneously, in this place, called the scurvy, belongs to a class of diseases totally different from what we are now treating of; and so far is the commonly received opinion, that there are few constutions altogether free from a scorbutic taint, from being true, that unless among sailors and some others circumstanced like them, more particularly with respect to those who use a salt and putrid diet, and especially if they live in foul air and uncleanliness, I have reason to believe there are few disorders less frequent. This opinion I submitted to the judgment of the society several years ago, and I have had no reason since to alter it. I then said, contrary to what was generally believed, but seemingly on the best grounds, that the sea-air was never the cause of the scurvy, since on board a ship, on the longest voyages, cleanliness, ventilation, and fresh provisions, would preserve from it; and that upon a sea-coast, free from marshes, the inhabitants were not liable to that indisposition, though frequently breathing the air from the sea*. I concluded with joining in sentiments with those who ascribed the scurvy to a septic resolution, that is a beginning corruption of the whole habit, similar to that of every animal substance when deprived of life**. This account seemed to be sufficiently verified by the examination of the symptoms in the scorbutic sick, and of the appearances in their bodies after death***. On that occasion I remarked, that salted meats after some time become in effect putrid, though they may continue long palatable by means of the salt; and that common salt, supposed to be one of the strongest preservatives from corruption, is at best but an indifferent one, even in a large quantity; and in a small one, such as we use at table with fresh meats, or swallow in meats that have been salted, so far from impeding putrefaction, it rather promotes that process in the body.

[* Diseases of the Army, part I. ch. 2. Append. Pap. 7.]

[** Woodall's Surgeon's Mate, p. 163. Poupart. Mem. de l'Acad. R. des Sc. A. 1'99. Petit. Mal. des Os, tom. II.p. 446. Mead on the Scurvy, p. 104.]

This position concerning the putrefying quality of sea-salt, in certain proportions, hath been since confirmed by the experiments of the late Mr. Canton, Fellow of this Society, in his Paper on the Cause of the luminous appearance of sea-water*.

[* Phil. Transact. vol. lix. p. 446.]

It hath been alleged, that the scurvy is much owing to the coldness of the air, which checks perspiration, and on that account is the endemic distemper of the northern nations, particularly of those around the Baltic*. The fact is partly true, but I doubt not so the cause. In those regions, by the long and severe winters, the cattle destitute of pasture can barely live, and are therefore unfit for use; so that the people, for their provision during that season, are obliged to slaughter them by the end of autumn, and to salt them for above half the year. This putrid diet then, on which they must subsist so long, and to which the inhabitants of the south are not reduced, seems to be the chief cause of the disease. And if we reflect that the lower people of the north have few or no greens nor fruit in the winter, scarce any fermented liquors, and often live in damp, foul, and ill-aired houses, it is easy to conceive how they should become liable to the same distemper with seamen; whilst others of as high a latitude, but who live in a different manner, keep free from it. Thus we are informed by Linnaeus, that the Laplanders, one of the most hyperborean nations, know nothing of the scurvy*; for which no other reason can be assigned than their never eating salted meats, nor indeed salt with any thing, but their using all the winter the fresh flesh of their rain-deer.

[* Bartholin. Med. Danor. Domestic p. 98.]

[** Linnaei Flora Lapponica, p. 8, 9.]

This exemption of the Laplanders from the general distemper of the north is the more observable, as they seldom taste vegetables, bread never, as we farther learn from that celebrated author. Yet in the very provinces which border on Lapland, where they use bread, but scarcely any other vegetable, and eat salted meats, they are as much troubled with the scurvy as in any other country*. But let us incidentally remark, that the late improvements in agriculture, gardening, and the other arts of life, by extending their influence to the remotest parts of Europe, and to the lowest people, begin sensibly to lessen the frequency of that complaint, even in those climates that have been once the most afflicted with it.

[* Linnaeus in several parts of his work confirms what is here said of salted meats, as one of the chief causes of the scurvy. See Amoenitat. Acad. vol. v. p. 6. et seq. p. 42.]

It hath also been asserted, that men living on shore will be affected with the scurvy, though they have never been confined to salted meats; but of this I have never known any instance, except in those who breathed a marshy air, or what was otherwise putrid, and who wanted exercise, fruits, and green vegetables: under such circumstances it must be granted, that the humours will corrupt in the same manner, though not in the same degree, with those of mariners. Thus, in the late war, when Sisinghurst Castle in Kent was filled with French prisoners, the scurvy broke out among them, notwithstanding they had never been served with salted victuals in England; but had daily had an allowance of fresh meat, and of bread in proportion, though without greens or any other vegetable. The surgeon who attended them, and from whom I received this information, having formerly been employed in the navy, was the better able to judge of the disorder and to cure it. Besides the deficiency of herbs, he observed that the wards were foul and crowded, the house damp (from a moat that surrounded it) and that the bounds allotted for taking the air were so small, and in wet weather so sloughy, that the men seldom went out. He added, that a representation having been made, he had been empowered to furnish the prisoners with roots and greens for boiling in their soup, and to quarter the sick in a neighbouring village in a dry situation, with liberty to go out for air and exercise; and that by these means they had all quickly recovered. It is probable, that the scurvy sooner appeared among these strangers, from their having been taken at sea, and consequently more disposed to the disease. My informer further acquainted me, that in the lower and wetter parts of that county, where some of his practice lay, he had now and then met with slighter cases of the scurvy among the common people; such, he said, as lived the whole winter on salted bacon, without fermented liquors, greens, or fruit, a few apples excepted; but, he remarked, that in the winters following a plentiful growth of apples, those peasants were visibly less liable to the disorder.

I have dwelt the longer on this part of my subject, as I look upon the knowledge of the nature and cause of the scurvy to be an essential step towards improving the means of prevention and cure. And I am persuaded, after mature reflection, and the opportunities I have had of conversing with those who, to much sagacity, had joined no small experience in nautical practice, that upon an examination of the several articles, which have either been of old approven, or have of late been introduced into the navy, it will be evident, that though these means may vary in form, and in their mode of operating; yet they all some way contribute towards preventing or correcting putrefaction, whether of the air in the closer parts of a ship, of the meats, of the water, of the clothes and bedding, or of the body itself. And if in this inquiry (which may be made by the way, whilst we take a review of the principal articles of provision, and other methods used by Captain Cook to guard against the scurvy) I say, if in this inquiry it shall appear, that the notion of a septic or putrid origin, is not without foundation, it will be no small encouragement to proceed on that principle, in order further to improve this important branch of medicine.

Captain Cook begins his list of stores with malt. Of this, he says, was made Sweet Wort, and given not only to those men who had manifest symptoms of the scurvy, but to such also as were judged to be most liable to it. Dr. Macbride, who first suggested this preparation, was led (as he says) to the discovery by some experiments that had been laid before this Society; by which it appeared that the air produced by alimentary fermentation was endowed with a power of correcting putrefaction*. The fact he confirmed by numerous trials, and finding this fluid to be fixed air, he justly concluded, that whatever substance proper for food abounded with it, and which could be conveniently carried to sea, would make one of the best provisions against the scurvy; which he then considered as a putrid disease, and as such to be prevented or cured by that powerful kind of antiseptic**. Beer, for instance, had always been esteemed one of the best antiscorbutics; but as that derived all its fixed air from the malt of which it is made, he inferred that malt itself was preferable in long voyages, as it took up less room than the brewed liquor, and would keep longer found. Experience hath since verified this ingenious theory, and the malt hath now gained so much credit in the navy, that there only wanted so long, so healthful, and so celebrated a voyage as this, to rank it among the most indispensable articles of provision. For though Captain Cook remarks, that A proper attention to other things must be joined, and that he is not altogether of opinion, that the wort will be able to cure the scurvy in an advanced state at sea; yet he is persuaded that it is sufficient to prevent that distemper from making any great progress, for a considerable time; and therefore he doth not hesitate to pronounce it _one of the best antiscorbutic medicines yet found out***.

[* Append. to my Observations on the Diseases of the Army.]

[** Macbride's Exper. Eff. passim.]

[*** Having been favoured with a sight of the medical journal of Mr. Patten, surgeon to the Resolution, I read the following passage in it, not a little strengthening the above testimony. I have found the wort of the utmost service in all scorbutic cases during the voyage. As many took it by way of prevention, few cases occurred where it had a fair trial; but theft, however, I flatter myself, will he sufficient to convince every impartial person, that it is the best remedy hitherto found out for the cure of the sea scurvy: and I am well convinced, from what I have seen the wort perform, and from its mode of operation, that if aided by portable-soup, sour krout, sugar, sago, and courants, then scurvy, that maritime pestilence, will seldom or never make its alarming appearance among a ship's crew, on the longest voyages; proper care with regard to cleanliness and provisions being observed.]

This salutary gas (or fixed air) is contained more or less in all fermentable liquors, and begins to oppose putrefaction as soon as the working or intestine motion commences.

In wine it abounds, and perhaps no vegetable substance is more replete with it than the juice of the grape. If we join the grateful taste of wine, we must rank it the first in the list of antiscorbutic liquors. Cyder is likewise good, with other vinous productions from fruit, as also the various kinds of beer. It hath been a constant observation, that in long cruizes or distant voyages, the scurvy is never seen whilst the small-beer holds out, at a full allowance; but that when it is all expended, that ailment soon appears. It were therefore to be wished, that this most wholesome beverage could be renewed at sea; but our ships afford not sufficient convenience. The Russians however make a shift to prepare on board, as well as at land, a liquor of a middle quality between wort and small-beer, in the following manner. They take ground-malt and rye-meal in a certain proportion, which they knead into small loaves, and bake in the oven. These they occasionally infuse in a proper quantity of warm water, which begins so soon to ferment, that in the space of twenty-four hours their brewage is completed, in the production of a small, brisk, and acidulous liquor, they call quas, palatable to themselves, and not disagreeable to the taste of strangers. The late Dr. Mounsey, fellow of this Society, who had lived long in Russia, and had been Archiater under two successive sovereigns, acquainted me, that the quas was the common and wholesome drink both of the fleets and armies of that empire, and that it was particularly good against the scurvy. He added, that happening to be at Moscow when he perused my Observations on the Jail and Hospital Fever, then lately published*, he had been induced to compare what he read in that treatise with what he should see in the several prisons of that large city: but to his surprize, after visiting them all, and finding them full of malefactors (for the late Empress then suffered none of those who were convicted of capital crimes to be put to death) yet he could discover no fever among them, nor learn that any acute distemper peculiar to jails had ever been known there. He observed, that some of those places of confinement had a yard, into which the prisoners were allowed to come for the air; but that there were others without that advantage, yet not sickly: so that he could assign no other reason for the healthful condition of those men than the kind of diet they used, which was the same with that of the common people of the country; who not being able to purchase fresh-meat, live mostly on rye-bread (the most acescent of any) and drink quas. He concluded with saying, that upon his return to St. Petersburg he had made the same inquiry there, and with the same result.

[* That treatise was first published by itself, and afterwards incorporated with the Observations on the Diseases of the Army.]

Thus far Dr. Mounsey, from whose account it would seem, that the rye-meal assisted both in quickening the fermentation and adding more fixed air, since the malt alone could not so readily produce so tart and brisk a liquor. And there is little doubt but that whenever the other grains can be brought to a proper degree of fermentation, they will more or less in the same way become useful. That oats will, I am satisfied from what I have been told by one of the intelligent friends of Captain Cook. This gentleman being on a cruize in a large ship*, in the beginning of the late war, and the scurvy breaking out among his crew, he bethought him self of a kind of food he had seen used in some parts of the country, as the most proper on the occasion. Some oatmeal is put into a wooden vessel, hot water is poured upon it, and the infusion continues until the liquor begins to taste sourish, that is, till a fermentation comes on, which in a place moderately warm, may be in the space of two days. The water is then poured off from the grounds, and boiled down to the consistence of a jelly**. This he ordered to be made and dealt out in messes, being first sweetened with sugar, and seasoned with some prize French wine, which though turned sour, yet improved the taste, and made this aliment not less palatable than medicinal.

He assured me, that upon this diet chiefly, and by abstaining from salted meats, his scorbutic sick had quite recovered on board; and not in that voyage only, bur, by the same means, in his subsequent cruizes during the war, without his being obliged to send one of them on shore because they could not get well at sea. Yet oat-meal unfermented, like barley unmalted, hath no sensible effect in curing the scurvy: as if the fixed air, which is incorporated with these grains, could mix with the chyle which they produce, enter the lacteals, and make part of the nourishment of the body, without manifesting any elastic or antiseptic quality, when not loosened by a previous fermentation.

[* The Essex, a seventy-gun ship.]

[** This rural food, in the North, is called Sooins.]

Before the power of the fixed air in subduing putrefaction was known, the efficacy of fruits, greens, and fermented liquors, was commonly ascribed to the acid in their composition and we have still reason to believe that the acid concurs in operating that effect. If it be alleged that mineral acids, which contain little or no fixed air, have been tried in the scurvy with little success, I would answer, that I doubt that in those trials they have never been sufficiently diluted; for it is easy to conceive, that in the small quantity of water the elixir of vitriol, for instance, is commonly given, that austere acid can scarce get beyond the first passages; considering the delicate sensibility of the mouths of the lacteals, which must force them to shut and exclude so pungent a liquor. It were therefore a proper experiment to be made, in a deficiency of malt, or when that grain shall happen to be spoilt by keeping*, to use water acidulated with the spirit of sea-salt, in the proportion of only ten drops to a quart; or with the weak spirit of vitriol, thirteen drops to the same measure**; and to give to those that are threatened with the disease three quarts of this liquor daily, to be consumed as they shall think proper.

[* Captain Cook told me, that the malt held out sufficiently good for the two first years; but that in the third, having lost much of its taste, he doubted whether it retained any of its virtues. Mr. Patten however observed, that though the malt at that time was sensibly decayed, yet nevertheless he had still found it useful when he employed a large proportion of it to make the infusion.]

[** In these proportions I found the water taste just acidulous and pleasant.]

But if the fixed air and acids are such preservatives against the scurvy, why should Captain Cook make so little account of the rob of lemons and of oranges (for so they have called the extracts or inspissated juices of those fruits) in treating that distemper? This I found was the reason. These preparations being only sent out upon trial, the surgeon of the ship was told, at a conjecture, how much he might give for a dose, but without strictly limiting it. The experiment was made with the quantity specified, but with so little advantage, that judging it not adviseable to lose more time, he set about the cure with the wort only, whereof the efficacy he was certain; whilst he reserved these robs for other purposes; more particularly for colds, when, to a large draught of warm water, with some spirits and sugar, he added a spoonful of one of them, and with this composition made a grateful sudorific that answered the intention. No wonder then if Captain Cook, not knowing the proper dose of these concentrated juices for the scurvy, but feeing them fail as they were given in the trial, should entertain no great opinion of their antiscorbutic virtue. It may be also proper to take notice, that as they had been reduced to a small proportion of their bulk by evaporation upon fire, it is probable, they were much weakened by that process, and that with their aqueous parts they had lost not a little of their aerial, on which so much of their antiseptic power depended. If, therefore, a further trial of these excellent fruits were to be made, it would seem more adviseable to send to sea the purified juices entire in casks; agreeably to a proposal I find hath been made to the Admiralty some years ago by an ingenious and experienced surgeon of the navy. For in truth, the testimonies in favour of the salutary qualities of these acids are so numerous and so strong, that I should look upon some failures, even in cases where their want of success cannot so well be accounted for, as in this voyage, not a sufficient reason for striking them out of the list of the most powerful preservatives against this consuming malady of sailors.

It may be observed, that Captain Cook says not more in praise of vinegar than of the robs; yet I would not thence infer that he made no account of that acid, but only that as he happened in this voyage to be sparingly provided with it and yet did well, he could not consider a large store of vinegar to be so material an article of provision as was commonly imagined. And though he supplied its place in the messes of the men with the acid of the sour-crout, and trusted chiefly to fire for purifying his decks, yet it is to be hoped that future navigators will not therefore omit it. Vinegar will serve at least for a wholesome variety in the seasoning of salted meats, and may be sometimes successfully used as a medicine, especially in the aspersions of the berths of the sick. It is observable, that though the smell be little grateful to a person in health, yet it is commonly agreeable to those who are sick, at least to such as are confined to a foul and crowded ward. There the physician himself will smell to vinegar, as much for pleasure as for guarding against infection.

Now the wort and the acid juices were only dispensed as medicines, but the next article was of more extensive use. This was the Sour-Crout (sour cabbage), a food of universal request in Germany. The acidity is acquired by its spontaneous fermentation, and it was the sour taste which made it the more acceptable to all who ate it. To its further commendation we may add, that it held out good to the 1ast of the voyage.