INDEX.

[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W]

Abies bark, 53 ── tannin, 31 Acacia barks, 34-8 ── fruits, 53 ── tannin, 23-5 Acetic acid, examining, 102 Achromatic condenser, 9 Acid, digallic, 76-8 ──, dioxysalicylic, 69-71 ──, ellagic, 71 ──, ellagitannic, 78 ──, gallic, 69-71 ──, gallotannic, 76-8 ──, quercitannic, 78 ── solutions, preparing standard, 95-7 Acids, decomposition of tannins by, 68-73 ──, examination of, 101 ──, free, in tan-liquor, determining, 108-11 Acorn cups, 50-3 ── galls, 27 Adipose tissue, 8 Adjustment for thickness of cover-glasses, 11 African kino, 34 Air, capacity for moisture, 249 Albumen, 20 Alder bark, 54 Aleppische Gallen, 26-8 Aleppo galls, 26-8 Algarobilla, 23 Algarrobo, 23 Alkaline solutions, preparing standard, 95-7 Allen and Warren sprinkler leck, 241 Alligator skins, 255 Alnus tannin, 54 Alum in tanning, 218-22 Amboyna kino, 33 American press leck, 241 ── rocker, 169 ── union splitter, 188 Ampelopsis hæderacea, 67 Analysing tannins, 118-31 ──, methods for the tannery, 90-131 Analysis, indicators, 91 ──, instruments, 91-5 ──, standard solutions, 90 Anatomical structure of hide, 2-16 Aphis punctures, 28 Areca-nut cutch, 25 Armadillo skins, 255 Artificial light for microscope, 12 Ash of leather, estimating, 107 Aspidosperma wood, 39 Ass skins, 255 Australian kino, 34 Babul tannin, 53 Bahera, 38 Balance, 93 Balsamocarpon pods, 23 Bark, commerce, 270 ── elevators, 162 ── mills, 158-61 Barkometer, 169 Bates for dressing leather, 184-6 Beaming dressing leather, 187 ── hides, 151 Bengal kino, 33 Bibliography, 272-4 Blood vessels, 8 Bloom, source of, 62 Bloomers for butts, 176 Blue-back seal-skins, 206 Boots and shoes, commerce, 265 Botany Bay kino, 34 Breaking the nerve, 8 Bristol finishing, 183 Buffalo method of unhairing, 144 ── skins, 255 Bulls'-eye condenser, 12 Burettes, 92 Burning-in strap butts, 201 Butea kino, 33 Butts, cleansing lime from, 155 ── defined, 155 ──, striking, 179 Cachou, 23-5 ── jaune, 29-31 Cæsalpinia pods, 25, 54 Calf kid, 223 ── skins, 256 Camata valonia, 52 Camatina valonia, 52 Cascalote tannin, 54 Castanea extract, 23 Catechin, 79-81 Catechol, 67 Catechu, 23-5 Catechutannic acid, 81 Cellular structure of hide, examining, 12 Chagrin, 258 Chamada valonia, 52 Chamois leather, 210-2 Charcala valonia, 52 Chemical composition of hide, 17-22 Chemistry of tannins, 57-82 Chestnut extract, 23 ── ── for sole leather, 158 Chinese galls, 28 Chlorine in water, estimating, 98 Chromic and osmic acids for hardening and staining hide sections, 14 Churco bark, 55 Cleaning drains in tannery, 240 Climax scourer, 200 Commerce, 255-71 Commercial tanning materials, 23-56 Composition, chemical, of hide, 17-22 Comptonia tannin, 54 Condense-water trap, 251 Connective tissue, 7 ── ──, nature of, 18 Constitution of tannins, 76-82 Construction of tanneries, 231-42 Conveyors for bark, 162 Coriaria tannin, 54 Coriin, 19 ── in lime-liquors, determining, 104 Corium, 2, 7 Cork-tree bark, 38 Cover-glasses, 11 ──, screwing objective down on, 11 Cow skins, 261 Crown leather, 213-7 Crust roans, 206 Curried leather, measuring, 202 Currying, 193-202 ── crown leather, 217 ── defined, 1 Cutch, 23-5 ──, commerce, 271 Cutting hide-sections, 12-5 Cynips punctures, 26 Decomposition of phlobaphenes by fusion with caustic alkali, 73-5 ── ── tannins by acids, 68-73 ── ── ── by heat, 65 ── ── ──, products of, 65-8 Deer skins, 256 Dégras, 211 Depilatories, various, 150 Derma, 2 Dhak kino, 33 Diffuseur for exhausting tan, 167 Digallic acid, 76-8 Dioxysalicylic acid, 69-71 Diplolepis punctures, 26 Disintegrators, 158-61 Dissolving extracts, 168 Dividing hides, 155 Divi-divi, 25 ── ── for sole leather, 157 Dog skins, 256 Drainage of tanyard, 231 Drains from latches and pits, 240 Dressed leather, commerce, 265 ── skins, commerce, 263 Dressing leather, 184-92 Dry raw hides, commerce, 264 Drying, principles, 248-54 ── -sheds, 243-54 ── sole leather, 183 Dugong skins, 256 Dyeing calf kid, 224 ── chamois leather, 212 ── glove kid, 229 East Indian kino, 33 ── ── kips, 191 Écorces de Chêne, 38 Eichenrinden, 38 Einbrennen, 201 Elæocarpus tannin, 54 Elastic fibres, 8 ── ──, nature of, 21 Elevators for bark, 162 Ellagic acid, 63, 71 Ellagitannic acid, 78 Enamelled leather, 203-5 ── ──, commerce, 265 Ephreda tannin, 54 Epidermis of hide, 2 Epithelial layer of hide, 2 Erectores pili muscles, 2, 7 Espinillo tannin, 54 Estimating ash of leather, 107 ── chlorine in water, 98 ── grease in leather, 105 ── hardness of water, 97 ── sulphur in sodium sulphide, 104 Eucalyptus kino, 34 ── tannin, 54 Eugenia tannin, 54 Examination of acids, 101 ── of lime and lime-liquors, 102-4 ── of water, 97-100 Examining cellular structure of hide, 12 Exhausting tanning materials, 161-8 ── tannins, 117 Extracts, commerce, 271 ──, dissolving, 168 ──, preparing, 32 Fat glands, 6 Fish skins, 256-8 Fitzhenry scouring machine, 196 Flasks, 91 Fleshing hides, 152-5 Focus of microscope, 10 French morocco, 206 Frizing by hard water, 85 Fuchsia tannin, 54 Furnaces for burning tan, 164 Galläpfel, 26-8 Galle d'Alep, 26-8 Gallic acid, 69-71 Gallotannic acid, 76-8 Galls, 25-9 ──, commerce, 271 Galuchat, 258 Gambia kino, 34 Gambier, 29-31 ──, commerce, 271 Gambir, 29-31 Gammuzza sumach, 46 Gelatin in lime liquors, determining, 104 ──, nature of, 17 Gerbersumach, 40-50 Glands of skin, 2, 6 Glove kid, 225-30 Gloves, commerce, 266 Goat skins, 258-60 Grain of tanned leather, 6, 8 Graining dressing leather, 189 Grease in leather, estimating, 105 Grinding tanning materials, 158-61 Hair cuticle, 4 ──, growth, 2 Handler liquors, table of determinations, 111 Handlers, 169, 173 Handling hides, 169 Har, 38 Hardening hide for cutting, 14 Hardness of water, 84-6 ── ── ──, estimating, 97 Harra, 38 Hartnack's objectives and eye-pieces, 10 Head required to pass air in pipes, 253 Heat, decomposition of tannins by, 65-8 Heating effect of pipes, 250 ── leaches, 242 ── liquors, 242 Hemlock, 31 ── extract for sole leather, 158 Henle's layer, 5 Hide albumen, 20 ──, anatomical structure, 2-16 ──, chemical composition, 17-22 ──, examining cellular structure, 12 ──, hardening, for cutting, 14 ──, holding, for cutting, 13 ──, influence of water in plumping, 85 ──, microscopic examination, 9-16 ──, section, 2 ──, sections, cutting, 12-15 ── ──, mounting, 14 ── ──, rendering transparent, 13 ── ──, simultaneous hardening and staining, 14 ── ──, staining, 14 ── substance in leather, determining, 108 Hides, beaming, 151 ──, dividing, 155 ──, fleshing, 152-5 ── for sole leather, preparing, 132-8 ──, handling, 169 ──, imports, 266-70 ──, liming, 139-45 ──, preparing for tanning, 133-8 ──, rounding, 155 ──, soaking, 133-6 ──, softening, 138 ──, stocking, 136 ──, sweating, 145-7 ──, unhairing, 139-56 ──, ── by sulphides, 147-50 High-power objectives, 11 Hiusache tannin, 53 Holding hide for cutting, 13 Holmes' tool carriage, 196 Horny layer of hide, 2 ── tissues, nature of, 21 Horse skins, 260 Hot air pipes, 252 ── water pipes, 252 Howard scrubber, 176 Huxley's layer, 5 Hyaline, 6 Hydrochloric acid, examining, 101 Hydrometer, 169 Hygrometer table, 249 Hymenæa pods, 23 Illuminating apparatus, 10 ── microscope, 12 Immersion lenses, 9 Indicators for analysis, 91 Infusions for Löwenthal's analytical method, 130 Inga tannin, 55 Instruments for analysis, 91-5 Iodina wood, 40 Iron in tanyards, 241 Jackson scouring machine, 196 Japanese galls, 28 Japanned leather, 203-5 ── ──, commerce, 265 Jiggers, 207 Juchtenleder, 208 Kamai bark, 56 Kangaroo skins, 260 Kát, 23-5 Keratin, 21 Kid skins, 258-60 Kifushi galls, 28 Kino, 32-4 Kinoin, 81 Kiri-hinau tannin, 54 Kiri-toa-toa bark, 55 Knoppern galls, 27 Kut, 23-5 Lamb skins, 260 Lancashire finish, 183 Latches, construction, 241 ── for exhausting tan, 164-8 Laurus tannin, 55 Layers for butts, 176 Leaches, heating, 242 Leather, chemical examination of, 105-8 ──, determining hide substance, 108 ──, estimating ash of, 107 ──, estimating grease in, 105 ──, estimating matters soluble in water, 106 ── manufacture defined, 1 Lecks for exhausting tan, 164-8 Levantische Gallen, 26-8 Levelling glove kid, 226 Libi-dibi, 25 Lime, examination of, 102 ── for unhairing, 139-45 ── -liquors, determining gelatin and coriin in, 104 ── ──, examination of, 102 Liquors, heating, 242 Literature, 272-4 Llama skins, 261 Lockwood automatic scourer, 197 London finish, 183 Löwenthal's modified process for analysing tannins, 127-31 Loxopterygium wood, 39 Lymph vessels, 8 Machærium wood, 40 Maintenance of tanneries, 231-42 Malphigia tannin, 55 Manatee skins, 256 Mangrove bark, 55 Manquitta bark, 55 Measuring curried leather, 202 Methods of analysis for the tannery, 90-131 Microscope, artificial light for, 12 ──, choice of, 9 ──, illuminating, 12 ──, price of, 10 Microscopic examination of hide, 9-16 Mills for grinding bark, 158-61 ── ── ── sumach leaves, 49 Mimosa bark, 34-8 ── ── for sole leather, 158 ── tannin, 23-5 Mineral tanning, 218-22 Miscellaneous tannins, 53-6 Mise au vent, 194 Moëllon, 211 Molinier's hide-working machine, 187 Morocco leather, 206 Mounting hide-sections, 14 Myrobalans, 38 ──, commerce, 271 ── for sole leather, 157 Naucite tannin, 55 Nauclea extract, 29-31 Nerve, breaking the, 8 Nitrogen bulb, 103 Noix de galle, 26-8 Nut-galls, 26-8 Oak-bark for sole leather, 157 ── ── tannin, 78 ── -barks, 38 ── -galls, 26-8 ── -wood extract for sole leather, 158 Objective, screwing down on cover, 11 Objectives, 8 Oiling in currying, 195 Osmic acid solution, preserving, 15 ── and chromic acids for hardening and staining hide-sections, 14 Ox skins, 261 Oxalic acid, examining, 102 Oxalis tannin, 55 Oxyphenic acid, 67 Palas kino, 33 Pale catechu, 29-31 Panniculus adiposus, 15 Pars papillaris, 2 ── reticularis, 2 Patent leather, 203-5 Pay-pay pods, 55 Permanganate process for analysing tannins, 128-31 Persea bark, 55 Phlobaphenes, 72 ──, decomposition by fusion with caustic alkali, 73-5 Phloroglucin, 74 Phloroglucol, 74 Phyllocladus bark, 55 Pipes, heating effect of, 250 Pipettes, 92 Pits, construction, 238-40 Plan of tannery, 232-6 Plumping hide, influence of water on, 85 Pokako tannin, 54 Polygonum leaves, 55 Pomegranate tannin, 55 Preller's leather, 213-7 Preparation of tannins, 58 Preparing hides for sole leather, 132-8 Preparing hides for tanning, 133-8 ── standard solutions, 95-7 Preserving osmic acid solution, 15 Price of microscope, 10 Priestman's striking machine, 180 Prosopis pods, 23 Protocatechuic acid, 75 Pterocarpus kinos, 33, 34 Pumps for tannery, 241 Punica tannin, 55 Pures for dressing leather, 184-6 Purification of tannins, 58 Putz's patent filling, 22 Pyrocatechin, 67 Pyrocatechol, 67 Pyrogallic acid, 66 Pyrogallol, 66 Quebrachia wood, 40 Quebrachitannic acid, 82 Quebracho, 39 ── catechin, 81 Quercitannic acid, 78 Quercus acorn cups, 50-3 ── barks, 38 Reagents for analysing tannins, 120-3 Rete malpighi, 2 Retenage, 194 Rhabdisto valonia, 52 Rhizophora bark, 55 Rhus galls, 28 ── leaves, 40-50 Roble Colorado bark, 56 Rocker, 169 Rounding hides, 155 Rove galls, 28 Russia leather, 208 Salt in water, effect of, 86 Salts for tanning, 218-22 Sampling tannins, 116 Sangue del drago, 34 Schmack, 40-50 Screwing objective down on cover, 11 Seal skins, 261 Sebaceous glands, 6 Section of hide, 2 Sections of hide, cutting, 12-15 Shafting in tannery, 236 Shagreen, 258 Shaving dressing leather, 187 Sheep skins, 262 Shumac, 40-50 Site for tannery, 231 Skins, trade in, 255-70 Soaking hides, 133-6 Sod oil, 211 Sodium sulphide, estimating sulphur in, 104 Softening hides, 138 Sole-leather, 132-83 ── ──, preparing hides, 132-8 ── ──, tanning materials, 157-68 ── ──, treatment in the shed, 179-83 ── ──, treatment in the tan-house, 169-78 ── ──, unhairing hides, 139-56 Soluble matters in leather, estimating, 106 Splitting dressing leather, 188 Staining hide-sections, 14 Standard solutions, 90 ── ──, preparing, 95-7 ── ──, table of, 97 Statistics, 255-71 Steam pipes, 250 ── power in tannery, 236 ── trap, 251 Stieleiche bark, 38 Stocking hides, 136 Stretching dressing leather, 191 Striking butts, 179 Structure, anatomical, of hide, 2-16 Stuffing strap-butts, 200 Sudoriferous glands, 6 Sulphides for unhairing, 147-50 Sulphur, estimating, in sodium sulphide, 104 Sulphuric acid, examining, 101 Sumach, 40-50 ──, commerce, 271 ── extract, 50 ── mill, 49 ── plantations, 40-8 Suspender liquors, 172 ── pits, 169 Sweat glands, 6 Sweating hides, 145-7 Sweet-fern tannin, 54 Table, analyses of spring and river waters, 89 ──, capacity of air for moisture, 249 ──, head for passing air, 253 ──, heating effect of pipes, 250 ──, hygrometric, 249 ──, reactions of tannins, 112 ──, standard solutions, 97 Tan burning furnaces, 164 ── liquor, determining free acids in, 108-11 Tanneries, construction, 231-42 ──, maintenance, 231-42 Tanning defined, 1 ── materials, commerce, 270 ── ──, commercial, 23-56 ── ──, exhausting, 161-8 ── ── for sole leather, 157-68 ── ──, grinding, 158-61 Tannins, action on gelatin, 57 ──, analysing, 118-31 ──, bloom from, 62 ──, characters, 57-8 ──, chemistry of, 57-82 ──, classification, 64 ──, constitution, 76-82 ──, decomposition by acids, 68-73 ──, ── by heat, 65 ──, exhausting, 117 ──, general chemistry, 59-64 ──, ── methods of examination, 65-75 ──, preparation, 58 ──, products of decomposition by heat, 65-8 ──, purification, 58 ──, qualitative detection, 111-4 ──, quantitative determination, 114-31 ──, reagents for analysing, 120-3 ──, sampling, 116 ──, table of reactions, 112 Taps for exhausting tan, 164-8 Tawed leather, 223 Tawhero towai bark, 56 Tawing defined, 1 Tecoma bark, 56 Terminalia fruits, 38 Terra japonica, 23-5, 29-31 Tiffany's bate, 185 Tipuana wood, 40 Trade in skins, 255-70 Transparent hide-sections, 13 Traubeneiche bark, 38 Turkey galls, 26-8 Turret driers, 245 Tutu tannin, 54 Uncaria extract, 29-31 Undressed leather, commerce, 265 ── skins, commerce, 263 Unhairing hides, 139-56 ── ── by lime, 139-45 ── ── by sulphides, 147-50 ── ── by sweating, 145-7 Valonia, 50-3 ──, commerce, 271 ── for sole leather, 157 Varnished leather, commerce, 265 Vélanèdes, 50-3 Ventilation of drying-sheds, 246 Virginia creeper, 67 Wagatea pods, 56 Walrus skins, 263 Wash leather, 210-2 Water as used in tanning, 83-9 ──, counteracting chlorides in, 87 ──, detecting various impurities in, 99 ──, dissolved mineral matters in, 84 ──, effect of salt in, 86 ──, estimating chlorine in, 98 ──, ── hardness of, 97 ──, examination of, 97-100 ──, filtering, 83 ──, hardness of, 85 ──, influence on plumping, 85 ──, permanent hardness of, 84 ──, suspended matters in, 83 ──, table of spring and river, 89 Wattle-bark, 34-8 ── ── plantations, 36-7 Weinmannia bark, 56 Wet hides, commerce, 263 Whawhako tannin, 54 Whitening in currying, 195 Wilson's spring butt-roller, 181 ── striking machine, 181 Wu-pei-tze galls, 29

LONDON:

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

Transcriber Note

Illustrations were moved to avoid splitting paragraphs. Hyphenization was standardized to the most commonly used form. Several minor typos were corrected. This file and all images was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive. The cover image was composed from the TIA images and is placed in the Public Domain.