Front matter (continued 2)

Male, 7, 9¹/₂.

Throughout the United States, and northward. Spends the winter in vast numbers in the southern parts.

Pewit Flycatcher, Muscicapa nunciola, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 78.

Muscicapa fusca, Bonap. Syn. p. 68.

Pewit Flycatcher or Phœbe, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 278.

Pewee Flycatcher, Muscicapa fusca, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 122; v. v. p. 424.

64. 11. Muscicapa virens, Linn. Wood Pewee Flycatcher.

Plate CXV. Male.

Slightly crested; second quill longest, first shorter than third and longer than sixth; tail deeply emarginate; upper parts dusky olive, upper part of head much darker; a pale greyish ring round the eye; two bands of greyish-white on the wings, secondaries margined with the same; quills and tail-feathers blackish-brown; throat and breast ash-grey tinged with green, the rest of the lower parts pale greenish-yellow.

Male, 6¹/₂, 11.

Throughout the United States. British Provinces. Labrador. Newfoundland. Rocky Mountains. Columbia River. Migratory.

Wood Pewee, Muscicapa rapax, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 81.

Wood Pewee, Muscicapa virens, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 285.

Muscicapa virens, Bonap. Syn. p. 68.

Wood Pewee, Muscicapa virens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 93; v. v. p. 425.

65. 12. Muscicapa Traillii, Aud. Traill's Flycatcher.

Plate XLV. Male.

Slightly crested; wing rounded, with the third quill longest, second and fourth almost equal, first a little longer than sixth; tail slightly rounded, and faintly emarginate; upper parts dusky olive, upper part of head much darker; a pale greyish ring round the eye; two bands of greyish-white on the wings, secondaries margined with the same; throat and breast ash-grey, the rest of the lower parts shaded into pale yellow.

Male, 5³/₄, 8¹/₂.

Arkansas. Columbia River. Migratory.

Traill's Flycatcher, Muscicapa virens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 236; v. v. p. 426.

66. 13. Muscicapa pusilla, Swains. Least Pewee Flycatcher.

Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 1. Adult.

Third quill longest, fourth scarcely shorter, second nearly one-twelfth shorter, and exceeding the first by three and a quarter twelfths; tail slightly emarginate; upper parts light greenish-brown; loral band whitish, a narrow pale ring surrounding the eye; wings olive-brown, with two bands of dull white, secondaries margined with the same; tail olive-brown, the lateral feathers lighter, the outer web pale brownish-grey; fore part of neck and a portion of the breast and sides ash-grey, the rest of the lower parts pale yellow.

Male, 5²/₁₂, wing 2⁵/₁₂.

Columbia River. Fur countries. Labrador. Newfoundland. Rare in the Atlantic States.

Tyrannula pusilla, Little Tyrant Flycatcher, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 144.

Little Tyrant Flycatcher, Muscicapa pusilla, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 288.

67. 14. Muscicapa minuta, Wils. Small-headed Flycatcher.

Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 2. Male.

Wings short, the second quill longest; tail of moderate length, even; general colour of upper parts light greenish-brown; wings and tail dark olive-brown, the outer feathers of the latter with a terminal white spot on the inner web; a narrow white ring surrounding the eye; two bands of dull white on the wing; sides of the head and neck greenish-yellow, the rest of the lower parts pale yellow, gradually fading into white behind.

Male, 5, 8²/₈.

Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Exceedingly rare. Migratory.

Small-headed Flycatcher, Muscicapa minuta, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 62.

Sylvia minuta, Bonap. Syn. p. 86.

Small-headed Sylvan Flycatcher, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 296.

68. 15. Muscicapa Ruticilla, Linn. Redstart Flycatcher.—American Redstart.

Plate XL. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Second and third quills equal and longest, fourth longer than first; tail rounded. Male with the head, neck all round, fore part of breast, and back, glossy bluish-black; sides of the breast, lower wing-coverts, a patch on the wings formed by the margins of the primaries and the basal half of most of the secondaries, together with three-fourths of both webs of the outer four tail-feathers on each side, and the outer web of the next, bright orange-red; abdomen and lower tail-coverts white. Female with the upper parts yellowish-brown, the head grey, the quills greyish-brown, the tail darker, the parts yellow which in the male are bright orange; the rest of the lower parts white, tinged with yellow. Young similar to the female, more grey above, and with less yellow beneath.

Male, 5, 6¹/₂. Female.

Throughout the United States. Abundant. Migratory.

American Redstart, Muscicapa Ruticilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 103.

Muscicapa Ruticilla, Bonap. Syn. p. 68.

American Redstart, Muscicapa Ruticilla, Aud. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 202; v. v. p. 428.

American Redstart, Muscicapa Ruticilla, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 291.

GENUS V. PTILOGONYS, Swains. PTILOGONYS.

Bill short, rather strong, somewhat triangular, depressed at the base, a little compressed at the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line convex at the end, the nasal groove wide, the sides convex toward the end, with a distinct notch, the tip short, rather obtuse; lower mandible with the angle rather long and wide, the dorsal line ascending and convex, the sides convex toward the end, the tip small, with a slight notch behind. Nostrils linear, oblong, partially concealed by the feathers. Head ovato-oblong; neck rather short; body slender. Feet short, and rather slender; tarsus shorter than the middle toe with its claw, compressed, covered anteriorly with a long plate and three inferior scutella; toes free, the outer only adherent at the base; hind toe rather large, stouter, outer a little longer than inner; claws moderate, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage soft and blended; slight bristles at the base of the upper mandible, and the feathers in the angle of the lower jaw bristle-tipped and curved forward. Wings long, rounded; first quill very small, fourth longest. Tail very long, straight, emarginate, and rounded, of twelve feathers.

This genus seems to connect the Thrushes with the Flycatchers.

69. 1. Ptilogonys Townsendi, Aud. Townsend's Ptilogonys.

Plate CCCCXIX. Fig. 2. Female.

General colour dull brownish-grey; quills and coverts dusky brown; edge of wing dull white; basal part of primaries pale yellow, of secondaries ochre-yellow; edges of all the quills dull greyish-white; secondaries with a faint patch of light brownish-grey on the outer web toward the end; middle tail-feathers greyish-brown, the rest blackish-brown, the outer with an oblique white space, including, from the tip, a considerable portion of the inner web, and more than two-thirds of the outer; the next with a white patch at the end; lower parts paler than the upper; lower tail and wing-coverts broadly tipped with dull white, some of the inner wing-coverts white.

Female, 8¹/₄, wing, 4¹/₂.

Columbia River.

Townsend's Ptilogonys, Ptilogonys Townsendi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 206.

GENUS IV. CULICIVORA, Swains. GNAT-CATCHER.

Bill of moderate length, depressed at the base, rapidly attenuated, becoming very slender toward the end; upper mandible with the ridge distinct, the tip extremely narrow and deflected, the edges overlapping, the notch distinct, but very small; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, the ridge narrowed towards the end, the edges inclinate, the tip acute. Nostrils oblong, exposed. Head ovate; neck short; body slender. Feet of moderate length, tarsus longer than the middle toe, extremely slender, with the upper scutella indistinct; toes very small, extremely compressed; hind toe proportionally very large; outer adherent at the base. Claws well arched, extremely compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage very soft and blended. Wings of moderate length, concave; the first quill about a third of the length of the second, fourth longest, third and fifth little shorter. Tail long, slender, much rounded.

70. 1. Culicivora cœrulea, Lath. Blue-grey Gnat-catcher.

Plate LXXXIV. Male and Female.

Upper parts bright blue, deeper on the head, paler on the tail-coverts; a narrow black band on the forehead, extending over the eyes; wings brownish-black, margined with blue, some of the secondaries with bluish-white; tail glossy black, the outer feather on each side nearly all white, the next with its terminal half, and the third with its tip of that colour; lower parts greyish-white. Female similar, but with the tints duller, and the black band on the head wanting.

Male, 4¹/₂, 6¹/₂.

From Texas northward. Abundant. Migratory.

Blue-grey Flycatcher, Muscicapa cœrulea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 164.

Sylvia cœrulea, Bonap. Syn. p. 85.

Blue-grey Sylvan Flycatcher, Muscicapa cœrulea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 297.

Blue-grey Flycatcher, Muscicapa cœrulea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 431.

FAMILY VIII. SYLVICOLINÆ. WOOD-WARBLERS.

Bill short, or of moderate length, rather slender, somewhat conical, considerably broader than high at the base, gradually compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal outline straight until near the end, the point very narrow, the notches very slight; lower mandible with the angle rather short and narrow, the dorsal line straight, the edges somewhat involute, the tip acute. Head moderate, ovate; neck short; body rather slender. Feet of moderate length; tarsus longer than the middle toe, slender, much compressed, with eight anterior scutella, of which the upper are blended; toes rather small, or of moderate size, hind toe proportionally stout, outer adherent for a short way at the base; claws moderate, much compressed, arched, acute. Plumage generally soft and blended. Wings of moderate length. Tail of moderate length, of twelve feathers. Tongue of moderate length, sagittate, tapering. Œsophagus of moderate width, without dilatation, proventriculus bulbiform; stomach of moderate size, roundish or elliptical, moderately muscular, with the muscles distinct; epithelium dense, longitudinally rugous; intestine short, rather wide; cœca very small; cloaca oblong. Trachea simple; with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.

GENUS I. MYIODIOCTES, Aud. FLYCATCHING-WARBLER.

Bill of moderate length, stoutish, straight, considerably broader than high, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the ridge distinct, the dorsal line convex toward the end, the edges sharp and overlapping, with a very faint notch close to the slightly deflected tip; lower mandible with the ridge indistinct, the sides rounded, the edges somewhat involute, the tip narrow, not ascending. Nostrils basal, oblong. Head ovate, of moderate size; neck short; body rather slender. Feet of moderate length; tarsus pretty stout, much compressed; scutella blended, excepting the lower three; toes of moderate length, very slender, the hind toe proportionally large, the third and fourth united at the base, all scutellate. Claws moderate, extremely compressed, well arched, very acute. Bristles at the base of the bill elongated but slender. Wings of moderate length, the second and third quills longest, the first scarcely shorter than the fourth. Tail moderate, slightly rounded. Name from [Greek: Myia], an insect, [Greek: Diôchtês], a pursuer.

71. 1. Myiodioctes mitratus, Lath. Hooded Flycatching-Warbler.—Hooded Flycatcher. Hooded Warbler.

Plate CX. Male and Female. Plate IX. Young.

Third quill longest, second longer than fourth, which slightly exceeds the first; tail slightly emarginate and rounded. Male with the forehead, sides of the head, breast, sides, abdomen, lower wing and tail coverts, rich pure yellow; hind head and neck all round black; upper parts yellowish-olive; wings and tail dusky brown, margined with yellowish-olive, an oblique patch of white on the inner webs of the three outer tail-coverts. Female with the forehead, the sides of the head, the throat, and all the lower parts yellow, the hind part of the head dusky, the upper part as in the male. Young similar to the female, but with the tints a little duller.

Male, 5¹/₂, 8.

From Texas to Virginia. In the interior, as far as Memphis on the Mississippi. Rather common. Migratory.

Hooded Flycatcher, Muscicapa cucullata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 101.

Sylvia mitrata, Bonap. Syn. p. 79.

Hooded Warbler, Sylvia mitrata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 66. Adult Male and Female; v. v. p. 465.

Selby's Flycatcher, Muscicapa Selbyii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 46. Young.

72. 2. Myiodioctes canadensis, Linn. Spotted Canadian Flycatching Warbler.—Canadian Flycatcher. Canada Warbler.

Plate CIII. Male and Female.

Third quill longest, scarcely exceeding the second, fourth slightly shorter, first intermediate between the fourth and fifth; tail rounded. Male with the upper parts ash-grey; the feathers of the wings and tail brown, edged with grey; the head spotted with black; loral space, a band beneath the eye, proceeding down the side of the neck, and a belt of triangular spots across the lower part of the fore neck, black; the lower parts, and a bar from the nostril over the eye, pure yellow; lower wing and tail-coverts white. Female similar to the male, but with the black spots on the neck smaller and fainter. Young similar to the female, with the tints paler, and the neck unspotted.

Male, 5¹/₄, 9.

From Kentucky northward. Not found in the Atlantic districts. Migratory.

Motacilla canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 27.

Canada Flycatcher, Muscicapa canadensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 100.

Sylvia pardalina, Bonap. Syn. p. 79.

Canada Flycatcher, Muscicapa canadensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 17.

73. 3. Myiodioctes Bonapartii, Aud. Bonaparte's Flycatching Warbler.

Plate V. Male.

Bristles longer than in the last, second quill longest; tail very long, nearly even; upper parts light greyish-blue; quills dusky brown, their outer webs greyish-blue, the two outer margined with white; middle tail-feathers and edges of the rest like the back; lower parts and a band on the forehead ochre-yellow, with a few faint dusky spots on the lower part of the fore neck. This species differs from the last chiefly in being of a more elongated form, in having the bristles much longer, the upper parts of a much lighter tint; in wanting the black band down the side of the neck, and the yellow band over the eye, the bill is straighter and more pointed, and the outer primaries are edged with white.

Male, 5¹/₄.

Louisiana. Only one specimen ever found.

Bonaparte's Flycatcher, Muscicapa Bonapartii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 27.

74. 4. Myiodioctes formosus, Wils. Kentucky Flycatching Warbler.—Kentucky Warbler.

Plate XXXVIII. Male and Female.

Third quill longest, second scarcely shorter, first longer than fourth, the outer three being nearly equal. Tail slightly emarginate and slightly rounded. Male with the upper part of the head and a band from the base of the upper mandible under the eye and down the side of the neck black; a streak from the nostril over the eye, and all the lower parts bright yellow; the upper parts yellowish-olive; wings brown, the feathers margined with yellowish-olive; tail light greenish-brown. Female similar, without the black band on the cheek and neck, and the black of the head less extended.

Male, 5¹/₂, 8.

Valley of the Mississippi, and Kentucky. Migratory.

Kentucky Warbler, Sylvia formosa, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 85.

Sylvia formosa, Bonap. Syn. p. 34.

Kentucky Warbler, Sylvia formosa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 196.

75. 5. Myiodioctes Wilsonii, Bonap. Wilson's Flycatching Warbler.

Plate CXXIV. Male and Female.

Wings short, the second and third quills longest and about equal, the first much shorter than the fourth and a little longer than the fifth; tail even. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts yellowish-green; crown glossy bluish-black, bordered on the forehead and over the eyes with a broad band of bright yellow, of which colour are all the lower parts; wings and tail dusky brown, the feathers margined with yellowish-green. Female similar to the male, but with the black of the crown of much less extent. Young similar to the female, without black on the head.

Male, 4¹/₂, 6³/₄.

From Texas northward, Columbia River, and intervening regions. Not in the Fur Countries. Rather rare. Migratory.

Green Black-capt Flycatcher, Muscicapa pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 103.

Sylvia Wilsonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 86.

Green Black-capt Warbler, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 149.

Green Black-capped Flycatcher, Muscicapa Wilsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 148.

GENUS II. SYLVICOLA, Swainson. WOOD-WARBLER.

Bill short, straight, rather strong, tapering, scarcely broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal outline declinate and nearly straight, the tip slightly declinate, the edges overlapping, with a slight notch; lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges a little inclinate, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, oval or oblong, partially concealed by the feathers. Head of ordinary size; neck short; body rather slender. Feet of ordinary length, rather slender; tarsus longer than the middle toe, much compressed, covered anteriorly with seven scutella, very sharp behind; toes of moderate length, slender, free, the outer united as far as the second joint, the hind toe proportionally large; claws moderate, well arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, very acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles at the base of the upper mandible feeble. Wings rather long, little curved, pointed; the second quill longest, the first and third slightly shorter. Tail rather long, emarginate.

76. 1. Sylvicola coronata, Lath. Yellow-crowned Wood-Warbler.—Yellow-crowned Warbler. Yellow-rump Warbler.

Second quill longest, third scarcely shorter, first longer than fourth; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts deep ash-grey, streaked with black; crown, rump, and a patch on the sides of the body, rich yellow: secondary coverts, and first row of small coverts tipped with white, which forms two bars on the wing; quills dark brown, margined with light greyish-brown; tail feathers brownish-black, margined with ash-grey, the outer three on each side with a white patch on the inner web near the end; a slender white line over the eye; feathers of the eyelids white; lore and cheek black; throat white; lower neck, fore part of breast and sides variegated with black, the tips of the feathers being white; the rest of the lower parts white. Female without the yellow spot on the crown, although the feathers there are tinged with that colour at the base; the upper parts tinged with light brown, the yellow spots on the sides and rump paler.

Male, 5¹/₄, 8¹/₂.

From Texas northward, and throughout the interior. Extremely common. Migratory.

Yellow-rump Warbler, Sylvia coronata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 138.

Sylvia coronata, Bonap. Syn. p. 78.

Yellow-crowned Warbler, or Myrtle Bird, Sylvia coronata, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 361.

Yellow-rump Warbler, Sylvia coronata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 303.

77. 2. Sylvicola Auduboni, Townsend. Audubon's Wood-Warbler,—Audubon's Warbler.

Plate CCCXCV. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Outer four quills nearly equal, second longest; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts bluish ash-grey, streaked with black; crown, rump, upper part of throat, and a patch on the sides of the body, rich yellow; first row of small coverts largely tipped, and secondary coverts broadly margined and tipped with white, which thus forms a conspicuous patch on the wing; quills and tail brownish-black, narrowly margined with greyish-white; a patch of white on the inner webs of all the tail-feathers, but on the central reduced to a mere edging; a small white spot on each of the eyelids; loral space and cheek black; lower part of neck anteriorly, fore part of breast, and sides, variegated with black and white or ash-grey, the latter colours margining the feathers; the rest of the lower parts white. Female without the yellow spot on the crown, although the feathers there are tinged with that colour at the base; upper parts light brownish-grey, streaked with dusky; lower parts whitish, tinged with brown, and streaked with dusky; throat and rump yellow, but of a lighter tint than in the male, and but slight indications of the yellow patch on the sides; there is much less white on the wings, and the white patches on the tail-feathers are of less extent.

In size, form, and proportion, this species and Sylvicola coronata are almost precisely similar; and their colours are almost exactly alike, the only remarkable difference in this respect being, that the throat of the present species is yellow, while that of the former is white.

Male, 5³/₄, wing, 3¹/₁₂.

Columbia River, northward. Common. Migratory.

Sylvia Audubonii, Audubon's Warbler, Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.

Audubon's Warbler, Sylvia Audubonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 52.

78. 3. Sylvicola striata, Lath. Black-poll Wood-Warbler.

Plate CXXXIII. Male and Female.

First and second quills equal and longest, third a little shorter; tail emarginate. Male with the upper parts bluish ash-grey, streaked with black; the upper part of the head deep black; the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts largely tipped with white; quills and tail-feathers blackish-brown; primaries narrowly edged with greenish-yellow, secondaries broadly with white; three outer tail-feathers with a patch of white on the inner web at the end; cheeks and lower parts white; a band of black spots from the base of the lower mandible down the side of the neck and body. Female with the upper parts oil-green, streaked with black; the rump and upper tail-coverts plain and edged with grey; white wing-bands tinged with yellow; cheeks yellowish-grey, mottled with dusky, lower parts dull white, tinged with yellow and reddish the sides of the neck and body with fainter dark streaks. Young like the female.

Male, 5¹/₄, 8¹/₂.

From Texas to Labrador, where it breeds. Columbia River. Common. Migratory.

Black-poll Warbler, Sylvia striata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 40.

Sylvia striata, Bonap. Syn. p. 81.

Sylvicola striata, Black-poll Warbler, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 218.

Black-poll Warbler, Sylvia striata, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 383.

Black-poll Warbler, Sylvia striata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 201.

79. 4. Sylvicola pensilis, Lath. Yellow-throated Wood-Warbler.

Plate LXXXV. Male.

Outer three quills almost equal, second quill longest, fourth shorter than first; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts light greyish-blue; the forehead black, the crown spotted with the same; a white line over the eye; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts largely tipped with white; quills greyish-black, margined with light greyish-blue; tail-feathers of the same colour, the outer three with a patch of white on the inner web at the end; loral space, a band under the eye, ear-coverts, a band down the side of the neck, and numerous oblong spots on the sides of the body, black; throat bright yellow; rest of lower parts white. Female similar, but with the tints paler.

Male, 5¹/₂, 8¹/₂.

From Texas to New Jersey. In the interior along the Mississippi to Natchez. Common. Migratory.

Yellow-throated Warbler, Sylvia flavicollis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 64.

Sylvia pensilis, Bonap. Syn. p. 79.

Yellow-throated Warbler, Sylvia pensilis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 434.

80. 5. Sylvicola castanea, Wils. Bay-breasted Wood-Warbler.—Bay-breasted Warbler.

Plate LXIX. Male and Female.

Outer three quills almost equal, fourth considerably shorter; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper part of the head, the fore neck, and the sides, chestnut-red; forehead and cheeks, including a small space over the eye, deep black, behind which is a transverse patch of yellowish-white on the sides of the neck; back bluish ash-grey, streaked with black; tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts white; quills and tail-feathers brownish-black edged with grey, the outer three of the latter with a white patch on the inner web near the end; middle of breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, white, tinged with reddish. Female similar to the male, but with the tints fainter, especially the chestnut of the head and throat, which are converged into light brownish-red.

Male, 5¹/₄, 11.

From Texas northward. Rather common. Migratory.

Bay-breasted Warbler, Sylvia castanea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 97.

Sylvia castanea, Bonap. Syn. p. 80.

Bay-breasted Warbler, Sylvia castanea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 382.

Bay-breasted Warbler, Sylvia castanea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 358.

81. 6. Sylvicola icterocephala, Lath. Chestnut-sided Wood-Warbler.—Chestnut-sided Warbler.

Plate LIX. Male and Female.

Outer three quills nearly equal, second slightly longer; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper part of the head light yellow, a small part of the forehead white; loral space and two bands proceeding from it, one over and behind the eye, the other downwards, black; upper parts bluish ash-grey, tinged behind with greenish-yellow, and streaked with black; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts largely tipped with pale yellow; quills and tail-feathers brownish-black, primaries edged with greyish-white, secondaries with yellowish-green; outer three tail-feathers on each side with a white patch on the inner web at the end; lower parts white, sides of the neck and body deep chestnut. Female similar, but with the chestnut on the sides less extended, and the yellow on the head tinged with green.

Male, 5¹/₄, 8.

From Texas northward. Rather common. Migratory.

Chestnut-sided Warbler, Sylvia icterocephala, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 99.

Sylvia icterocephala, Bonap. Syn. p. 80.

Chestnut-sided Warbler, Sylvia icterocephala, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 380.

Chestnut-sided Warbler, Sylvia icterocephala, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 806.

82. 7. Sylvicola pinus, Lath. Pine-creeping Wood-Warbler.

Plate CXI. Male and Female. Plate XXX. Young Male.

Wings of moderate length, with the outer three quills almost equal, the first and second longest; tail emarginate. Male with the upper parts light yellowish-green, inclining to olive, the rump brighter; a streak over the eye, the eyelids, throat, breast, and sides, bright yellow, with a greenish tinge, the rest of the lower parts white; wings and tail blackish-brown; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts largely tipped with dull white; primaries edged with whitish, secondaries with brownish-grey; outer two tail-feathers with a patch of white on the inner web near the end. Female with the upper parts yellowish-brown tinged with grey, the lower parts of paler and duller tints than in the male. Young similar to the female.

Male, 5, 8.

From Texas to Maine. Very abundant. Resident in the Southern and Middle States.

Pine Creeping Warbler, Sylvia pinus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 25.

Sylvia pinus, Bonap. Syn. p. 81.

Pine Warbler, Sylvia pinus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 387.

Pine Creeping Warbler, Sylvia pinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 232.

Vigors's Warbler, Sylvia Vigorsii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 153. Young.

83. 8. Sylvicola parus, Wils. Hemlock Warbler.

Plate CXXXIV. Male and Female. Plate LXXXVIII. Young.

Wings of moderate length, with the outer two quills almost equal, the first longest, the third little shorter; tail very slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts yellowish-green, spotted with dusky, the head greenish-yellow; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts largely tipped with white; quills and tail-feathers blackish-brown; primaries narrowly edged with greenish-white, secondaries broadly with white; outer two tail-feathers with the greater part white; a bright yellow streak over the eye; a dusky band on the lore and behind the eye; fore neck and breast bright yellow, the rest of the lower parts white, the sides streaked with black. Female similar to the male, but rather paler. Young with the upper parts light olive-brown; a pale line over the eye, which is encircled by a narrow line of whitish; wings and tail dark brown, the former with two brownish-white bands, the quills edged with brownish-white, the two outer tail-feathers with a white patch on the inner web; the lower parts dull white, tinged on the neck with yellow, on the sides with greyish-brown.

Male, 5¹/₂, 8¹/₂.

Middle districts. Rather common. Migratory.

Hemlock Warbler, Sylvia parus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 114. Male.

Autumnal Warbler, Sylvia autumnalis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 65. Young.

Sylvia parus, Bonap. Syn. p. 82.

Sylvia autumnalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 74.

Hemlock Warbler, Sylvia parus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 205. Adult.

Autumnal Warbler, Sylvia autumnalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 447.

84. 9. Sylvicola virens, Lath. Black-throated Green Wood-Warbler.

Plate CCCXCIX. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Outer three quills almost equal, second very slightly longer; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts very light yellowish-green; the anterior part of the forehead, a band over the eye, the cheeks, and the sides of the neck, bright yellow; the fore part of the neck, anterior part of the sides, and some spots on the hind parts of the latter, black; the rest of the lower parts white, partially tinged with yellow; quills and tail-feathers brownish-black; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts largely tipped with white, quills margined with greyish-white, as are the tail-feathers, of which the greater part of the outer three, and a patch on the inner web of the fourth, are white. Female with the upper parts similar, but with less yellow on the forehead; ear-coverts greenish; the yellow band over the eye less bright, the yellow on the sides of the neck of less extent; the lower parts dull yellowish-white, the sides streaked with dusky.

Male, 4¹⁰/₁₂, wing, 2¹/₂. Female, 4¹/₂, wing, 2^5½/₁₂.

From Texas to Newfoundland. Abundant. Migratory.

Black-throated Green Warbler, Sylvia virens, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 127.

Sylvia virens, Bonap. Syn. p. 80.

Black-throated Green Warbler, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 376.

Black-throated Green Warbler, Sylvia virens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 70.

85. 10. Sylvicola maritima, Wils. Cape May Wood-Warbler.

Plate CCCCXIV. Male and Female.

Wings pointed, first quill longest, the second a quarter of a twelfth shorter, the third a twelfth shorter; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper part of the head and fore part of the back yellowish-olive, streaked with black; the rump, throat, and a collar scarcely meeting behind, yellow; ear-coverts and a band over the eye yellowish-red, loral space paler; a white patch on the wing, formed by the first row of small coverts and the outer edges of the secondary coverts; quills and tail-feathers blackish-brown, edged with dull greyish-white, the secondaries more broadly; tail-feathers edged with yellow at the base, the outer three with a white patch on the inner web near the end; lower parts yellow, streaked with black, abdomen and lower tail-coverts white, the latter tinged with yellow. Female similar to the male, with the tints duller, the dusky streaks on the upper parts very faint, the rump greenish-yellow, the ear-coverts dull yellow, the white of the abdomen more extended, and the black streaks on the breast less distinct.

Male, 5¹/₂, 8¹/₂.

New Jersey, and Blue Mountains of Vermont. Exceedingly rare.

Cape May Warbler, Sylvia maritima, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 99.

Sylvia maritima, Bonap. Syn. p. 79.

Cape May Warbler, Sylvia maritima. Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 156.

Cape May Warbler, Sylvia maritima, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 156.

86. 11. Sylvicola cœrulea, Wils. Cœrulean Wood-Warbler.

Plate XLVIII. Males. Plate XLIX. Young Male.

Wings long, with the outer three quills nearly equal, the first and second longest; tail slightly emarginate, upper parts of a fine light blue, brighter on the head, the back marked with longitudinal streaks of blackish; a narrow band of black from the forehead along the lore to behind the eye; two conspicuous white bands on the wings, formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; quills black, margined with pale blue; tail-feathers black, edged with blue, all with a white patch on the inner web near the end; lower parts white, with a band of dark bluish-grey across the fore neck, and oblong spots of the same along the sides. Female with the upper parts light bluish-green, the lower and a streak over the eye very pale yellow. Young of both sexes like the female.

Male, 4¹/₂, 8.

From Texas to Nova Scotia. Columbia River. Rather common. Migratory.

Cœrulean Warbler, Sylvia cœrulea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 141. Male.

Blue-green Warbler, Sylvia rara, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 119. Young.

Sylvia azurea, Bonap. Syn. p. 85.

Sylvia rara, Bonap. Syn. p. 82.

Cœrulean Warbler, Sylvia azurea, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 27. Female.

Azure Warbler, Sylvia azurea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 255, Male; v. v. p. 456.

Blue-green Warbler, Sylvia rara, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 258. Young Male.

87. 12. Sylvicola Blackburniæ, Lath. Blackburnian Wood-Warbler.—Blackburnian Warbler.

Plate CXXXV. Male. Plate CCCXCIX. Fig. 3. Female.

Outer three quills nearly equal, first generally longest; tail slightly emarginate. Male black above, streaked with white; a small patch on the top of the head, a band from the base of the upper mandible over the eye, passing down the neck and curving forwards, and a small band under the eye, orange-yellow; lore and a patch behind the eye black; quills black, the outer margined with grey, the inner with white, of which there is a large patch on the wing, including the inner secondary coverts, and the tips of the outer, with those of the first row of small coverts; three outer tail-feathers on each side white, excepting an oblong portion toward the end, the next also partially white; throat and fore part of breast rich reddish-orange; breast dull yellow, the rest white; the sides of the neck and body streaked with black. Female with the upper parts light olivaceous, each feather dusky in the centre, the other parts as in the male, but the tints much paler, the spot on the top of the head greenish-yellow, the feathers tipped with dusky, the band over the eye pale yellow, that on the lore and ear-coverts brown, the fore part of the neck yellow, and the sides less strongly streaked than black.

Male, 4³/₄, 7³/₄. Female, 4⁸/₁₂, wing 2^7½/₁₂.

From Texas northward. Rather rare. Migratory.

Blackburnian Warbler, Sylvia Blackburniæ, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 67.

Sylvia Blackburniæ, Bonap. Syn. p. 80.

Blackburnian Warbler, Sylvia Blackburniæ, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 379.

Blackburnian Warbler, Sylvia Blackburniæ, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 208; v. v. p. 78.

88. 13. Sylvicola æstiva, Gmel. Yellow-Poll Warbler.

Plate XCV. Male. Plate XXXV. Young Male and Female.

Outer four quills nearly equal, second longest; tail emarginate. Male with the upper parts pale yellowish-green, the rump greenish-yellow, the fore part of the head, cheeks, throat, sides of the neck and lower parts pure yellow, the breast and sides streaked with brownish-red; feathers of the wings deep brown, primaries margined with yellowish-green, secondaries, their coverts, and the first row of small coverts with yellow; tail-feathers brown, with the greater part of the inner webs and a portion of the outer yellow, excepting the middle two. Female similar, but with the colours less bright, and the streaks on the breast and sides obsolete. Young with the upper parts yellowish-green, tinged with brown, forehead, sides of head, and lower parts deep yellow.

Male, 4³/₄, 8.

From Texas northward, and throughout the interior. Abundant. Migratory.

Blue-eyed Warbler, Sylvia citrinella, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 111.

Sylvia æstiva, Bonap. Syn. p. 83.

Yellow-poll Warbler, Sylvia æstiva, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 476. Adult Male.

Children's Warbler, Sylvia Childrenii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 180. Young.

89. 14. Sylvicola Rathbonii, Aud. Rathbone's Wood-Warbler.

Plate LXV. Male and Female.

Wings of ordinary length, the second quill longest; tail nearly even. The general colour of the plumage bright yellow, the upper parts olivaceous; quills and tail wood-brown, the former yellow on the outer web, the latter margined externally with the same. Female similar.

Male, 4¹/₂.

Mississippi. Only one pair seen.

Rathbone Warbler, Sylvia Rathbonia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 333.

90. 15. Sylvicola petechia, Lath. Yellow Red-poll Wood-Warbler.

Plate CLXIII. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Young Male.

Plate CLXIV. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Wings of ordinary length, with the outer three quills almost equal, the second longer than the first, which slightly exceeds the fourth; tail emarginate. Male with the crown of the head deep brownish-red, the upper parts yellowish-olive, streaked with brown, the rump greenish-yellow, without streaks; quills dusky brown, primaries edged with whitish, secondaries with yellowish; tail feathers dusky brown, margined with greenish-yellow, the outer two with a white patch on the inner web at the end, sometimes the outer white on both webs at the end; a bright yellow streak from the nostril over the eye; lore dusky; ear-coverts brownish-red; lower parts yellow, the sides of the neck, its lower part, and the sides of the body, streaked with deep red. Female similar to the male, but with the tints duller and paler, the red of the head scarcely apparent, and the fore-neck very faintly streaked. Young dull light greenish-brown, tinged with grey, the head streaked with dusky; lower parts yellowish-grey, the sides of the neck and body, with the breast, faintly streaked with greyish-brown.

Male, 4¹/₂, 8¹/₂.

From Texas northward. Very abundant. Spends the winter in all the Southern States.

Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 19.

Sylvia petechia, Bonap. Syn. p. 83; S. palmarium, p. 78.

Sylvicola petechia, Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Swain. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 215.

Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 364.

Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 259, Adult Male and Young; p. 360, Adult Male and Female.

91. 16. Sylvicola Americana, Lath. Blue Yellow-backed Wood-Warbler,—Yellow-backed Warbler,—Blue Yellow-back Warbler.

Plate XV. Male and Female.

Bill much attenuated; outer three quills nearly equal, first or second longest; tail almost even, with the feathers pointed. Male with the upper parts light blue, the fore part of the back yellowish-green; two broad bands of white on the wing, formed by the tips of the secondary coverts, and first row of small coverts; quills and tail-feathers dusky, margined with blue; a white spot on the outer three of the latter; loral space black; both eyelids with a white spot; throat yellow, with whitish patches, a lunular band of blackish on the fore neck; breast yellow, spotted with dull orange, the rest of the lower parts yellowish, fading into white, the sides pale greyish-blue. Female similar but paler; the loral band wanting; throat, fore neck, and breast yellow, without the black lunule.

Although the bill of this species is much attenuated, it is not essentially different in form from that of S. Blackburniæ, and others of this genus; the wings are similar to those of the rest, and there seems no reason for setting it apart to form a genus, as has been done by Bonaparte.

Male, 4¹/₆, 6¹/₂.

From Texas, generally distributed. Exceedingly abundant. Migratory.

Blue Yellow-back Warbler, Sylvia pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 17.

Sylvia Americana, Bonap. Syn. p. 33.

Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, Sylvia Americana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 78.

92. 17. Sylvicola Townsendi, Nutt. Townsend's Wood-Warbler.

Plate CCCXCIII. Fig. 1. Male.

Wings of moderate length, rather pointed, with the second and third quills longest, the first and second nearly equal and very little shorter; tail scarcely emarginate. Upper parts light greenish-olive, more yellow behind, all the feathers dusky in the centre; cheeks, ear-coverts, and throat black; a band over the eye, a broader band on the side of the neck, and the fore part of the breast bright yellow; the rest of the lower parts white, but the sides marked with oblong dusky spots; wings blackish-brown; the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts largely tipped with white, the quills margined with light grey; tail-feathers blackish-brown, edged with grey; outer two on each side almost entirely white, the next with a small white spot.

Male, 4¹⁰/₁₂, wing 2⁸/₁₂.

Columbia River, northward. Migratory.

Sylvia Townsendi, Townsend's Warbler, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 191.

Townsend's Warbler, Sylvia Townsendi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 36.

93. 18. Sylvicola occidentalis, Towns. Hermit Wood-Warbler.

Plate CCCXCV. Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female.

Wings of moderate length, the outer three quills almost equal, the third longest; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts bluish-grey, spotted with black; the upper part of the head, which is similarly spotted, the cheeks, and sides of the neck, bright yellow; throat black; breast and abdomen white; ground and tail-feathers greyish-dusky; two white bands on the wing formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; two outer tail-feathers on each side almost entirely white. Female with the upper parts of a duller grey, the yellow of the head less extended and not so bright; throat whitish, spotted with dusky.

Male, 3⁵/₁₂, wing 2⁸/₁₂.

Columbia River. Migratory.

Sylvicola occidentalis, Hermit Wood-Warbler, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.

Hermit Warbler, Sylvia occidentalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 55.

94. 19. Sylvia nigrescens, Towns. Black-throated Grey Wood-Warbler.

Plate CCCXCV. Figs. 5 and 6. Male.

Wings of moderate length, with the outer three quills nearly equal, the second longest, the first shorter than the fourth; tail slightly rounded and emarginate. Male with the upper parts bluish ash-grey, the middle of the back and tail-coverts streaked with black; the upper part of the head and neck, the loral space and cheeks, and the fore part of the neck, with a small portion of the breast black; a band from the nostril to near the eye yellow; a band over the eye, and another from the lower mandible along the side of the neck white; breast and abdomen white, the sides tinged with grey, and streaked with black; wings blackish-brown, with two white bands formed by the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; quills edged with light grey; tail blackish-brown, the two outer feathers on each side almost entirely white, the next with a white patch on the inner web.

Male, 5, wing 2⁸/₁₂.

Columbia River. Migratory.

Sylvia nigrescens, Black-throated Grey Warbler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 191.

Black-throated Grey Warbler, Sylvia nigrescens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 57.

95. 20. Sylvicola canadensis, Linn. Canada or Black-throated Blue Wood-Warbler.

Plate CLV. Male. Plate CXLVIII. Female and Young.

Wings rather long, with the third quill longest, the second almost equal, the fourth longer than the first; tail even. Male dull light blue above, white beneath; frontal band, cheeks, throat, and sides, black; a white patch on the wing formed by the bases of the primaries; outer three tail-feathers with a patch of white on the inner web near the end, all the rest with a touch of the same. Female greenish-olive above, light dull-yellow below, with a less extended white patch on the wing, the white on the tail unconspicuous. Young similar to the female.

Male, 5, 7¹/₂.

From Texas northward. Migratory. Abundant.

Motacilla canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 334.

Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 115. Male.

Sylvia canadensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 84. Male.

Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 398. Male.

Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 309. Male.

Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 100. Young.

Sylvia sphagnosa, Bonap. Syn. p. 85. Young.

Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia sphagnosa, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 406. Young.

Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia sphagnosa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 279. Female and Young.

96. 21. Sylvicola maculosa, Lath. Blue-headed Yellow-rumped Wood-Warbler.—Black-and-Yellow Warbler.

Plate CXXIII. Male and Female. Plate L. Young.

Wings of moderate length, the outer four quills nearly equal, the second and third longest and equal, the fourth longer than the first; tail almost even. Upper part of head and hind neck ash-grey; eyelids, and a band over the eye, white; part of forehead, loral space, and a broad band down the side of the neck, with the fore part of the back, and upper tail-coverts deep black; lower parts and rump bright yellow; the lower part of the throat, the breast and sides, spotted with black; wings and tail-feathers brownish-black, edged with grey; two white bands on the wing; all the tail-feathers, except the middle two, with a large patch of white on the inner web, at about two-thirds of their length. Young yellowish-grey above, with the head light grey, the rump yellow; lower parts of a duller yellow, with only faint dusky streaks on the sides.

Male, 5, 7¹/₂.

From Texas northward. Very abundant. Migratory.

Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia magnolia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 63. Adult.

Sylvia maculosa, Bonap. Syn. p. 78.

Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia maculosa, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 370.

Sylvicola maculosa, Yellow-rump Warbler, F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 213.

Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia maculosa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 145, Adult; v. i. p. 260, Young; v. v. p. 458.

97. 22. Sylvicola discolor, Vieill. Prairie Wood-Warbler.

Plate XIV. Male and Female.

Wings rather short, with the outer four quills nearly equal, the second and third longest; tail emarginate and rounded. Male with the upper parts yellowish-green, the back spotted with chestnut-red; lower parts, and a band over the eye, bright yellow; two bands of dull yellow on the wing; outer four tail-feathers with a white patch on the inner web; a small streak before and behind the eye, one on the cheek, a spot on the side of the neck, and oblong markings on the sides, black. Female similar, but paler, especially beneath, and without the black streaks on the side of the head.

Male, 5, 7.

From Texas to Massachusetts. Migratory. Abundant.

Prairie Warbler, Sylvia minuta, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 87.

Sylvia discolor, Bonap. Syn. p. 83.

Prairie Warbler, Sylvia discolor, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 294.

Prairie Warbler, Sylvia discolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 76.

98. 23. Sylvicola montana, Wils. Blue-Mountain Warbler.

Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 3. Male.

No bristles at the base of the bill; wings rather short, the third and fourth quills longest; tail much rounded. Upper parts light greenish-olive; a band across the forehead, one over the eye, the cheeks, throat, fore part and sides of neck bright yellow; the rest of the lower parts yellowish-white, the sides marked with narrow longitudinal dusky streaks; wings dusky brown, all the feathers edged with yellowish-white, the secondary quills more broadly, the first row of small coverts and the secondary coverts tipped with white, forming two conspicuous bands; tail brownish-black, the feathers edged with yellowish-green, the two outer on each side white in their terminal half.

Male, 4¹/₁₂, wing 2⁶/₁₂.

Blue Mountains. Only one individual seen.

Blue-Mountain Warbler, Sylvia montana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 113.

Sylvia tigrina, Bonap. Syn. p. 83; but not of Gmelin or Latham, as the figure of Edwards, to which reference is made, has the tail not rounded, but emarginate.

99. 24. Sylvicola agilis, Wils. Connecticut Wood Warbler.—Connecticut Warbler.

Plate CXXXVIII. Male and Female.

Wings long, with the first quill longest, and exceeding the first secondary by eleven-twelfths of an inch; middle toe and claw longer than the tarsus; tail of moderate length, nearly even, with acuminate feathers. Male olive-green above; a ring of yellowish-white round the eye; the head, neck all round, and part of the breast ash-grey, the sides greyish-green; the rest of the lower parts bright yellow. Female olive-green above, yellow beneath, the sides of the neck and a band across the breast tinged with brown.

Male, 5³/₄, 8.

New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut. Very rare. Migratory.

Connecticut Warbler, Sylvia agilis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 64.

Sylvia agilis, Bonap. Syn. p. 84.

Connecticut Warbler, Sylvia agilis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 399.

This species forms a connecting link between Sylvicola and Trichas, having the long pointed wings of the former, and the general appearance of the latter, which it resembles, especially in its tail, which is neither emarginate, nor marked with the white spots seen on that of almost all the other Sylvicolæ, but which do not exist in the genus Trichas. Some of the Sylvicolæ are, in like manner, assimilated to Myiodoctes, and others to Vermivora. Of the former may be mentioned, Sylvicola Auduboni and S. coronata; of the latter, S. Blackburniæ.

GENUS III. TRICHAS, Swains. GROUND-WARBLER.

Bill of moderate length, similar in form to that of Sylvicola, differing only in being a little decurved. The general form does not differ materially from that of Sylvicola, the head being ovate and of moderate size, the neck short, the body rather slender; the feet of moderate length, slender; tarsus slender, much compressed, longer than the middle toe with its claw, anteriorly covered with eight scutella, of which the upper are blended; toes of moderate size, hind toe proportionally large, lateral toes equal, fourth adherent at the base; claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, very acute. Plumage soft and blended. Wings rather short, convex, considerably rounded, the third and fourth quills longest, the fifth little shorter. Tail of moderate length, rounded, always plain, or without white spots.

100. 1. Trichas Macgillivrayi, Aud. Macgillivray's Ground-Warbler.—Macgillivray's Warbler.

Plate CCCXCIX. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female.

Wings rather short, the second quill longest, the fourth longer than the first, the tail long, considerably rounded, its feathers rounded; tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw. Male olive-green above; the head, hind part, and sides of the neck bluish-grey; the fore neck and part of the breast greyish-black, lunulated with greyish-white; a black loral band; a conspicuous white spot on each eyelid; the lower parts bright yellow. Female olive-green above, yellow beneath, the sides of the neck and a band across the breast ash-grey.

Male, 5¹/₄, 6¹/₂. Female, 5, wing 2^4½/₁₂.

Columbia River. Common.

Macgillivray's Warbler, Sylvia Macgillivrayi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 75.

101. 2. Trichas Philadelphia, Wils. Mourning Ground-Warbler.—Mourning Warbler.

Wings of moderate length, with the second quill longest, the fourth shorter than the first; the tail long, considerably rounded, its feathers scarcely pointed; tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw. Male olive-green above, the head, hind part and sides of the neck, bluish-grey; the fore neck and part of the breast deep black, lunulated with white; a blackish loral band, margins of eyelids dusky grey; the lower parts bright yellow. Female olive-green above, yellow beneath, the sides of the neck and a band across the breast ash-grey, the throat yellowish-white.

Male, 5, 8.

New Jersey and Blue Mountains of Vermont. Rare. Migratory.

Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 101.

Sylvia Philadelphia, Bonap. Syn. p. 85.

Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 404.

Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 79.

102. 3. Trichas Marilandica, Linn. Maryland Ground-Warbler.—Maryland Yellow-throat. Yellow-breasted Warbler.

Plate XXIII. Male and Female. Plate XXIV. Young Male.

Wings rather short, with the third and fourth quills longest, fifth longer than second, first and sixth equal; tail considerably rounded, the lateral feathers being three-twelfths shorter than the middle. Male with a broad band of black across the forehead, including the loral space and eyes, and terminating in a rather pointed form behind the ear-coverts; over this band a narrow one of very pale blue, or bluish-white; upper parts yellowish-green, on the head slightly tinged with red; quills and tail-feathers wood-brown, margined with yellowish-green; the edge of the wing and the margin of the outer primary yellow; fore part of neck bright yellow, as is the anterior part of the breast and the lower tail-coverts, the rest pale, the sides shaded with dull yellowish-brown; the axillaries and some of the lower wing-coverts white. Female with the upper parts lighter, the lower less bright, tinged with reddish-brown, the head of pale brownish-red, without the bands so conspicuous in the male. Young similar to the female, the males with a black mystachial band.

Male, 4³/₄, 6¹/₂.

From Texas northward to Nova Scotia, and throughout the interior; Columbia River.

Maryland Yellow-throat, Sylvia Marilandica, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 88, Male; v. ii. p. 163, Female.

Sylvia Marilandica, Bonap. Syn. p. 85.

Maryland Yellow-throat, Nutt. Man. v. i.

Yellow-breasted Warbler, or Maryland Yellow-throat, Sylvia Trichas, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 121, Adult; v. v. p. 463.

Roscoe's Yellow-throat, Sylvia Roscoe, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 124. Young.

103. 4. Trichas Delafieldii, Aud. Delafield's Ground-Warbler.

Wing rather long, much rounded, with the third and fourth quills longest, sixth longer than second, first and tenth about equal; tail much rounded, the lateral feathers being half an inch shorter than the middle. Male with a band of black across the forehead, including the loral space and eyes, and terminating on the ear-coverts; upper part of head light greyish-blue, tinged behind with green; the rest of the upper parts dull yellowish-green; quills and tail-feathers wood-brown on the inner webs, the edge of the wing and margin of the outer primary yellow; all the lower parts rich yellow, excepting the sides, which are shaded into dull greenish-yellow.

Male, 5¹/₄, wing, 2⁵/₁₂.

North California.

Delafield's Yellow-throat, Sylvia Delafieldii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 307.

GENUS IV. HELINAIA, Aud. SWAMP-WARBLERS.

Bill rather long, being nearly of the same length as the head, straight, or slightly decurved, tapering to a very acute point, much compressed; the upper mandible with the ridge distinct, the sides declinate and flat at the base, the edges somewhat inflected beyond the middle, the notch obsolete; lower mandible with the dorsal line straight, the edges involute, the tip extremely acute. Nostrils oblong; exposed. Feet of moderate length; tarsus about equal to the middle toe and claw, slender, much compressed, with the upper scutella blended; toes slender; claws rather long, moderately arched, slender, much compressed, laterally grooved, extremely acute, plumage soft and blended. Bristles obsolete. Wings rather long, somewhat pointed, the outer three nearly equal, the second longest. Tail of moderate length, nearly even.—Name from [Greek: Helos], a swamp, and [Greek: Naiô], to inhabit.

104. 1. Helinaia Swainsonii, Aud. Swainson's Swamp-Warbler.

Plate CXCVIII. Male.

Bill as long as the head, much compressed; wings rather long, second and third quills equal and longest; tail even; upper parts olive-brown, the head strongly tinged with red; lower parts and a band over the eye pale yellowish-grey, the feathers on the cheeks tipped with brown, the sides of the neck and body more grey, the abdomen whitish.

Male, 5¹/₄, 8¹/₂.

South Carolina to Massachusetts. Very rare. Migratory.

Swainson's Warbler, Sylvia Swainsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 568; v. v. p. 462.

105. 2. Helinaia vermivora, Lath. Worm-eating Swamp-Warbler.

Plate XXXIV. Male and Female.

Bill nearly as long as the head, less compressed than in the last; wings rather long, second quill longest, first and third equal; tail very slightly rounded. Upper parts light olive-green; head and lower parts pale brownish-yellow, the former with four longitudinal black bands; throat and abdomen nearly white.

Male, 5¹/₂, 8¹/₂.

From Texas northwards, and in the interior to the Missouri. Not very abundant. Migratory.

Worm-eating Warbler, Sylvia vermivora, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 74.

Sylvia vermivora, Bonap. Syn. p. 86.

Worm-eating Warbler, Sylvia vermivora, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 177; v. v. p. 460.

106. 3. Helinaia Protonotarius, Lath. Prothonotary Swamp-Warbler.

Plate III. Male and Female.

Bill nearly as long as the head; first quill longest; tail even. Male with the head, neck, breast, and sides rich yellow, abdomen and lower tail-coverts white; hind neck and fore part of back greenish-yellow, rump, tail-coverts, smaller wing-coverts and margin of the quills and tail-feathers light greyish-blue; the latter, except the middle, having the greater part of their inner webs white.

Male, 5¹/₂, 8¹/₂.

From Texas eastward to Nova Scotia. In the interior to Kentucky. Saskatchewan. Rather rare. Migratory.

Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 72.

Sylvia Protonotarius, Bonap. Syn. p. 86.

Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius, v. i. p. 410.

Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 22; v. v. p. 460.

107. 4. Helinaia chrysoptera, Linn. Golden-winged Swamp-Warbler.

Plate CCCCXIV. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Bill slightly shorter than the head, tapering to an acute point; wings with the second and third quills equal and longest, the fourth and first about equal; tail even. Male light ash-grey above, greyish-white beneath; upper part of head, and a patch on the wing, formed by the first row of small coverts and the secondary coverts, bright yellow; a band from the bill to the eye, continued under it, and including the ear-coverts, black, as is the throat; a white band from the upper mandible over the eye, and another from the lower mandible down the neck. Female with the tints less bright, the back tinged with green, the side of the head and the throat grey, and the white bands on the head narrower and less extended.

Male, 5¹/₄, 7⁵/₈. Female, 5, 7¹/₄.

From Texas to Nova Scotia. In the interior to Kentucky. Rather rare. Migratory.

Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 113.

Sylvia chrysoptera, Bonap. Syn. p. 87.

Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 411.

Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 154.

108. 5. Helinaia Bachmanii, Aud. Bachman's Swamp-Warbler.

Plate CLXXXV. Male and Female.

Bill nearly as long as the head, slightly decurved, much attenuated; outer four quills nearly equal, second longest, tail even. Male with the upper parts yellowish-green, the feathers of the crown black, with greyish margin; the hind neck grey; forehead, a line over the eye, cheeks, chin, sides of neck, flexure of wing, lower wing-coverts, and breast, yellow; sides greenish-grey, lower tail-coverts white; a patch of black, enlarging beneath, on the fore neck; quills and tail greyish-brown; a patch of white on each of the tail-feathers, excepting the middle. Female with the tints fainter, the forehead yellowish-green, the fore neck dusky.

Male, 4¹/₁₂, 6¹/₄. Female, 3¹⁰/₁₂.

South Carolina. Rare. Migratory.

Bachman's Warbler, Sylvia Bachmanii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 483.

109. 6. Helinaia carbonata, Aud. Carbonated Swamp-Warbler.

Plate LX. Male.

Bill shorter than the head, straight, very acute; wing with the second quill longest; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper part of the head black; fore part of back, smaller wing-coverts, and sides dusky green, spotted with black; a line over the eye, the sides of the neck, throat, the rest of the lower parts, and the rump yellow.

Male, 4³/₄.

Kentucky. Only two specimens procured. Migratory.

Carbonated Warbler, Sylvia carbonata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 308.

110. 7. Helinaia peregrina, Wils. Tennessee Swamp-Warbler.

Plate CLIV. Male.

Bill shorter than the head, straight, very acute; wing with the second and third quills longest; tail nearly even. Upper parts yellowish-olive, the head darker; lower parts cream-coloured, fading behind into white; a pale yellow line over the eye; quills and tail-feathers dusky, the primaries margined with whitish, the secondaries with greenish-yellow.

Male, 4¹/₂, 8.

Florida to New York, and in the interior to Kentucky. Rare. Migratory.

Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 83.

Sylvia peregrina, Bonap. Syn. p. 87.

Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 412.

Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 307.

111. 8. Helinaia solitaria, Wils. Blue-winged Yellow Swamp-Warbler.

Plate XX. Male and Female.

Bill shorter than the head, straightish, very acute; wings with the outer four quills almost equal, the second longest; tail nearly even. Forehead, crown, and lower parts bright yellow; hind part of the head, neck, and back light green, rump greenish-yellow; lore black; wings and tail greyish-blue, the feathers margined with greyish-white; two bands of white on the wing, formed by the tips of the first row of small coverts and the secondary coverts; tail-feathers, except the middle, with a patch of white on the inner web. Young with the upper parts, including the forehead, yellowish-green, the lower pale greenish-yellow.

Male, 4³/₄, 7.

From Texas to Massachusetts. In the interior, to Kentucky. Rather rare. Migratory.

Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 109.

Sylvia solitaria, Bonap. Syn. p. 87.

Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Sylvia solitaria, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 410.

Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Sylvia solitaria, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 102.

112. 9. Helinaia celata, Say. Orange-crowned Swamp-Warbler.

Plate CLXXVIII. Male and Female.

Bill shorter than the head, very much attenuated; wings with the outer four quills almost equal, the second longest; tail even. Male with the upper parts dull green, the rump yellowish-green; a patch of dull reddish-orange on the crown, concealed by the grey tips of the feathers; lower parts dull olivaceous yellow; lower tail-coverts light yellow; quills and tail-feathers greyish-brown, edged with yellowish-green. Female similar, with the orange on the crown duller. Young with the lower parts paler, and without red on the head.

This species and the next seem to form the transition from the Sylvicolinæ to the Reguli, as Mniotilta varia does to the Certhiæ.

Male, 5¹/₂, 7¹¹/₁₂.

In summer from Texas to Nova Scotia. Winters in the southern states. Columbia River. Rather common.

Sylvia celata, Say, Long's Exped. v. i. p. 169.

Sylvia celata, Bonap. Syn. p. 38.

Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 45.

Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 413.

Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 449.

113. 10. Helinaia rubricapilla, Wils. Nashville Swamp-Warbler.

Plate LXXXIX. Male and Female.

Bill shorter than the head, very much attenuated; wings with the outer four quills almost equal, the second longest; tail slightly emarginate. Upper part of the head, cheeks, hind part and sides of neck light bluish-grey; a patch of dull red on the crown, concealed by the grey tips of the feathers; upper parts of the body yellowish-green, lower parts greenish-yellow; quills and tail-feathers greyish-brown, edged with yellowish-green, the primaries with greyish-white. Female similar but paler, and with faint indications of red on some of the feathers on the crown. Young similar to the female.

Male, 4¹/₂, 7.

Texas to Massachusetts. Inland to Kentucky. Columbia River. Rare. Migratory.

Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 120.

Sylvia rubricapilla, Bonap. Syn. p. 87.

Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 412.

Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 450.

GENUS V. MNIOTILTA, Vieill. CREEPING-WARBLER.

Bill rather long, straight, very slender, nearly as broad as high at the base, much compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line very slightly convex, the edges a little inflected toward the end, the notches obsolete, the tip acute; lower mandible with the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges involute, the tip attenuated. General form slender. Feet of moderate length, very slender; tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, much compressed, the upper scutella blended; toes rather long, extremely compressed, the first very long, the second shorter than the third, which is adherent at the base, claws rather long, well arched, extremely compressed, and acute. Plumage very soft and blended. Bristles obsolete. Wings long, with the second and third quills longest and about equal, the first slightly shorter, and exceeding the fourth. Tail of moderate length, nearly even. This genus connects the Sylvicolinæ with the Certhianæ.

114. 1. Mniotilta varia, Linn. Black-and-white Creeping Warbler.

Plate XC. Male.

Male with the plumage white, variegated with glossy black, longitudinally disposed; a band along the middle of the head and hind neck, a streak over the eyes, a band along the sides of the neck, two bars on the wings, the middle of the breast and abdomen, with a patch at the end of the outer two tail-feathers, white. Female with the upper parts similar, but with the black less deep, the lower parts greyish-white, the sides and lower tail-coverts marked with black. Young light brownish-grey above, paler beneath, with the abdomen white.

Male, 5¹/₂, 7¹/₂.

Generally distributed. Migratory.

Black-and-white Creeper, Certhia varia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 23.

Sylvia varia, Bonap. Syn. p. 81.

Black-and-white Creeper, Certhia varia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 452; v. v. p. 471.

FAMILY IX. CERTHIANÆ. CREEPERS.

Bill of moderate length or rather long, slender, slightly arched, much compressed, acute; upper mandible with its dorsal outline convex or arched, the ridge narrow, the notches slight or obsolete, lower mandible with the angle rather long and narrow, the dorsal line straight or slightly decurved, the edges inclinate, the tip acute. Head moderate, ovate; neck short, body slender. Feet of moderate length, or rather short; tarsus about the same length as the middle toe, compressed, with eight anterior scutella, toes of moderate length, much compressed, hind toe proportionally long, outer adherent at the base; claws rather long, extremely compressed, arched, acute. Wings short or of moderate length. Tail of twelve feathers, generally much rounded. Tongue slender, emarginate and papillate at the base, very narrow, tapering to a lacerated point. Œsophagus of moderate width, without crop; proventriculus bulbiform; stomach of moderate size, oblong, or elliptical, moderately muscular, with the muscles distinct; epithelium dense, longitudinally rugous; intestine short, rather wide; cœca very small; cloaca globular. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.

GENUS I. CERTHIA, Linn. TREE-CREEPER.

Bill about the same length as the head, very slender, arched, much compressed, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line arched, the ridge narrow, the sides sloping at the base, nearly erect in the rest of their extent, the edges sharp, arched, without notch, the tip acute; lower mandible with the angle rather long, narrow, and pointed, the outline decurved, the sides erect and convex, the edges inclinate, the tip acute. Nostrils linear-oblong, operculate. Head ovate; neck short; body slender. Feet rather short, very slender, tarsus rather shorter than the middle toe, very slender, much compressed; toes extremely compressed; the first comparatively large, longer than the middle toe, including the claw; the inner toe shorter than the outer; claws long, moderately arched, slender, extremely compressed, laterally grooved, acute, that of the hind toe very long. Plumage long, loose, very soft. Bristles obsolete. Wings of moderate length, very broad; the first quill very short, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail long, graduated, of twelve moderately stiff pointed feathers.

115. 1. Certhia familiaris, Linn. Brown Tree-Creeper.

Plate CCCCXV. Male and Female.

Upper parts reddish-brown, the head darker, the rump light brownish-red; all the feathers with a central dull whitish streak; wings deep brown, the coverts tipped, the secondaries barred at the base with dull yellow, of which a broad band, in the midst of a brownish-black space, crosses both webs of the quills, excepting the inner webs of the outer four, and the outer webs of the outer three; most of the quills also with a greyish-yellow patch along the outer web toward the tip, which is dull white; tail-feathers yellowish-brown; with shafts of a lighter tint, the webs darker toward the end; a silvery white band over the eye; cheeks dark brown; lower parts silvery white, sides tinged with brown.

Male, 5¹/₂, 8¹/₂.

From Louisiana to Maryland, and in the interior to Kentucky, during winter. From Pennsylvania eastward to Nova Scotia, in summer, breeding in all the intermediate parts. Common.

Brown Creeper, Certhia familiaris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 122.

Certhia familiaris, Bonap. Syn. p. 280.

Brown Creeper, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 585.

Brown Creeper, Certhia familiaris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 158.

GENUS II. TROGLODYTES, Cuv. WREN.

Bill of moderate length, or nearly as long as the head, slender, slightly arched, much compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly convex, the edges a little inflected toward the end, the notches slight, the tip rather acute; lower mandible with the angle rather long and narrow, the outline slightly decurved, the sides erect and convex, the edges inclinate, the tip acute. Nostrils oblong, operculate, exposed. Head oblong; neck short; body slender. Feet of ordinary length, rather strong; tarsus longer than the middle toe, compressed, with eight anterior distinct scutella; toes of moderate size, the third and fourth united at the base, the first very large, the lateral nearly equal; claws rather long, moderately arched, much compressed, very acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles obsolete. Wings of moderate length, or short, convex, much rounded; the first quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail rather short, rounded, of twelve slightly arched, weak, rounded feathers.

116. 1. Troglodytes obsoletus, Say. Rock-Wren.

Plate CCCLX. Fig. 4. Female.

Upper parts dull yellowish-brown, and, excepting the rump, barred with greyish-brown; wings similarly barred, excepting the primaries; secondary coverts with a small white spot near the tip; tail-coverts and two middle tail-feathers barred with dusky; the rest broadly tipped with pale yellowish-red, undulated with dusky, behind which is a broad band of brownish-black, the remaining or basal part banded like the central feathers, the outer with four reddish-white spots or bars on the outer web, the intervals being brownish-black, and a spot of white on the inner web; lower parts greyish-white, tinged with sienna, the sides inclining to yellowish-red; lower tail-coverts barred with dusky.

Female, 6, wing 2¹¹/₁₂.

Rocky Mountains and Columbia River. Abundant. Migratory.

Troglodytes obsoleta, Say, Long's Exped.

Troglodytes obsoleta, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 6.

Rocky Mountain Wren, Troglodytes obsoleta, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 435.

Rock Wren, Troglodytes obsoletus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 443.

117. 2. Troglodytes ludovicianus, Bonap. Great Carolina Wren.

Plate LXXVIII. Male and Female.

Bill stouter than in the last, nearly as long as the head; wing with the fourth and fifth quills longest; tail much rounded; upper parts brownish-red; a yellowish-white streak over the eye, extending far down the neck, and edged above with dark brown; a broader band of reddish-brown behind the eye; quills, coverts, and tail barred with blackish-brown; secondary and first row of small coverts tipped with white, shafts of the latter also white; throat greyish-white, lower parts light reddish-buff, deeper behind; lower tail-coverts white, barred with black. Female lighter above, tinged with grey beneath, without white on the wing-coverts.

Male, 5¹/₂, 7¹/₂.

From Texas to New York, along the Atlantic coast. In the interior to the Missouri, and up the Ohio to Pittsburgh. Resident in the Southern States. Abundant.

Great Carolina Wren, Certhia Caroliniana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 61.

Troglodytes ludovicianus, Bonap. Syn. p. 93.

Great Carolina Mocking Wren, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 429.

Great Carolina Wren, Troglodytes ludovicianus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 399; v. v. p. 466.

118. 3. Troglodytes Bewickii, Aud. Bewick's Wren.

Plate XVIII. Male.

Bill more slender than that of the last, nearly as long as the head, slightly arched; wing very short, with the fifth quill longest, but little exceeding the fourth and sixth; tail rather long, graduated. Upper parts dusky brown tinged with grey; lower greyish-white, the sides tinged with brown; a band of yellowish-white from the upper mandible over the eye to half-way down the neck; quills and wing-coverts barred with dusky, as are the tail-coverts and two middle tail-feathers; outer web of the lateral tail-feathers, and the terminal portions of the others whitish, barred with black, their middle parts black, toward the base barred with reddish-brown.

Male, 5, 6¹/₂.

From Louisiana to Columbia River on the one hand, and to Pennsylvania on the other, principally on high grounds. Not very common. Migratory.

Bewick's Wren, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 434.

Bewick's Wren, Troglodytes Bewickii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 96; v. v. p. 467.

119. 4. Troglodytes Americanus, Aud. Wood-Wren.

Plate CLXXIX. Male.

Bill of moderate length, nearly straight; wings short, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills almost equal, the fourth longest; tail rather long, much rounded. Upper parts dark reddish-brown, duller and tinged with grey on the head, indistinctly barred with dusky; lower parts brownish-grey, faintly barred on the fore neck, breast, and sides, the abdomen and lower tail-coverts distinctly barred; feathers of the cheeks light grey tipped with brown, wings and tail undulatingly banded with blackish-brown.

Male, 4⁷/₈, 6³/₄.

Northern parts of Vermont and Maine, during summer. Winters in South Carolina. Not very rare.

Wood-Wren, Troglodytes Americana. Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 452; v. v. p. 469.

120. 5. Troglodytes ædon, Vieill. House-Wren.

Plate LXXXIII. Male, Female, and Young.

Bill of moderate length, nearly straight, a little stouter than that of the last; wings short, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills almost equal, the fourth longest; tail rather short, much rounded. Upper parts dull reddish-brown, darker on the head, brighter on the tail-coverts, indistinctly barred with dusky; lower parts brownish-grey, faintly barred on the fore neck and breast, the sides, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts distinctly barred; feathers of the cheeks grey, tipped with brown; wings and tail undulatingly banded with blackish-brown. This species differs from the last in being considerably smaller, in having the bill shorter and stouter, the lower parts more tinged with brown; but the colouring of the two is extremely similar.

Male, 4¹/₂, 5¹/₂.

From Maryland to Nova Scotia, and across the continent to the Columbia River. Very abundant. Migratory.

House Wren, Sylvia domestica, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 129.

Troglodytes ædon, Bonap. Syn. p. 92.

House Wren, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 422.

Troglodytes ædon, House Wren, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 316.

House Wren, Troglodytes ædon, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 427; v. v. p. 470.

121. 6. Troglodytes hyemalis, Vieill. Winter-Wren.

Plate CCCLX. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. Fig. 3. Young.

Bill of moderate length, nearly straight; wings shortish, with the fourth quill longest; tail short, much rounded. Upper parts reddish-brown, faintly barred with dusky, darker on the head, brighter on the tail-coverts, quills, and tail; lower parts pale reddish-brown, the sides and abdomen barred with brownish-black and greyish-white; fore neck and breast more faintly barred; lower wing-coverts and axillars greyish-white, barred with dusky, lower tail-coverts brownish-red, barred with dusky, and having the tip white; a whitish streak over the eye; cheeks brown, spotted with brownish-white; secondary coverts, and first small coverts, each with a white spot at the tip, forming two inconspicuous bands; wing-coverts and quills banded with blackish-brown and brownish-red; tail with twelve dusky bands.

This species is very nearly allied to Troglodytes Europæus.

Male, 3⁷/₈, 6^1½/₁₂. Female, 3⁵/₈, 5³/₈.

Generally distributed in the middle and southern districts during winter. Breeds from Pennsylvania northwards to Hudson's Bay. Columbia River.

Winter-Wren, Sylvia Troglodytes, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 139.

Troglodytes europæus, Bonap. Syn. p. 93.

Troglodytes hyemalis, Winter Wren, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 318.

Winter-Wren, Troglodytes hyemalis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 427.

Winter-Wren, Troglodytes hyemalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 430.

122. 7. Troglodytes Parkmanii, Aud. Parkman's Wren.

Bill rather long, slightly arched (much longer, stouter, and more curved than that of the last species); wings of moderate length, with the fourth quill longest; tail rather long, much rounded, (half an inch longer, and more rounded). Upper parts reddish-brown, faintly barred with dusky; lower parts dull brownish-white, sides barred with brownish-black and greyish-white, fore neck and breast with scarcely any markings, lower wing-coverts and axillars greyish-white, obscurely barred with dusky.

Length, 4²/₁₂, wing 2¹/₄.

Columbia River. Not very rare.

Parkman's Wren, Troglodytes Parkmanii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 310.

123. 8. Troglodytes palustris, Wils. Marsh Wren.

Plate C. Male and Female.

Bill rather long, slightly arched; wings short, with the fourth quill longest. Upper parts dark brown, the sides of the head deeper, the fore part of the back brownish-black, longitudinally and conspicuously streaked with white, the quills externally margined with lighter brown, the tail barred with dark brown; a white line over the eye, extending down the neck; the sides of the latter mottled with light brown and grey; the lower parts of a silvery greyish-white; abdominal feathers and lower tail-coverts tipped with brown. Female differs only in having the black of the back of a less deep tint, the white lines less conspicuous, and the lower parts of a duller white.

Male, 5, 6¹/₄.

Breeds from Texas to Massachusetts, along all the shores of the Atlantic. Resident in Louisiana. Occurs accidentally far in the interior.

Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 58.

Troglodytes palustris, Bonap. Syn. p. 93.

Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 439.

Troglodytes palustris, Marsh Wren, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 319.

Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 500; v. v. p. 467.

124. 9. Troglodytes brevirostris, Nutt. Short-billed Marsh-Wren.

Plate CLXXV. Male and Female.

Bill comparatively very short, nearly straight; wings short, very convex, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills almost equal. Upper parts blackish-brown, each feather with a brownish-white line along the shaft, and the outer edge toward the end reddish-brown; quills dusky, the outer webs barred with pale yellowish-brown; upper tail-coverts and tail similarly barred; a pale yellowish streak over the eye; throat and central part of the breast greyish-white, the rest of the lower parts pale reddish-brown, the sides under the wings faintly barred with dusky.

Male, 4³/₈, 5⁵/₈.

Resident during winter from Texas to South Carolina. In spring proceeds as far eastward as Massachusetts, breeding in all the fresh-water marshes.

Short-billed Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes brevirostris, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 436.

Nuttall's Short-billed Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes brevirostris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 427; v. v. p. 469.

FAMILY X. PARINÆ. TITS.

Bill very short or of moderate length, straight, strong, compressed, rather sharp; both mandibles with the dorsal line sloping and slightly convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp; notches obsolete. Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed by the feathers. Head rather large, roundish; neck short; body short, and rather full. Feet of moderate length, rather stout; tarsus rather short, compressed, with eight distinct scutella; toes large, the three anterior united as far as the second joint, the hind toe much stronger and flattened beneath; claws rather long, stout, arched, much compressed, acute. Plumage very soft, blended, and full. Feathers at the base of the bill directed forwards. Wings of moderate length, much rounded, with the first quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail rather long, slender, of twelve narrow rounded feathers. Tongue emarginate and papillate at the base, abrupt at the tip, with four bristles. Œsophagus narrow, without dilatation; proventriculus oblong; stomach a rather strong oblong gizzard, with the muscles distinct, the epithelium dense, thin, longitudinally rugous; intestine short, of moderate width; cœca very small; cloaca oblong. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.

GENUS I. PARUS, Linn. TIT.

Bill short, stout; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly decurved toward the end, the edges overlapping, with a slight lobe or festoon near the base, destitute of notch, rather acute; lower mandible with the dorsal outline slightly convex, the edges direct, the tip rather acute. Nostrils roundish, covered by bristly feathers. Head rather large, roundish; neck short. Feet proportionally large; tarsus of moderate length; hind toe very large and strong, the two lateral nearly equal, the outer adherent at the base; claws large, much compressed, very acute. Wings of moderate length, convex. Tail long, or of moderate length, rounded or graduated, of twelve rather narrow feathers.

125. 1. Parus bicolor, Linn. Tufted Titmouse.—Crested Titmouse. Great Chicadee.

Plate XXXIX. Male and Female.

Bill very stout; feathers of the upper part of the head elongated into a crest; tail long, slightly rounded; upper parts leaden-blue, forehead black, lower parts greyish-white, the sides light red.

Male, 6¹/₂, 9.

From Texas, where it breeds, to the Fur Countries, generally distributed eastward of the Rocky Mountains. Resident in the middle, southern, and western districts. Abundant.

Crested Titmouse, Parus bicolor, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 187.

Parus bicolor, Bonap. Syn. p. 100.

Tufted Titmouse, Parus bicolor, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 236.

Crested Titmouse, Parus bicolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 199; v. v. p. 472.

126. 2. Parus atricapillus, Linn. Black-cap Tit.—Black-cap Titmouse, or Chicadee.

Plate CCCLIII. Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female.

Bill moderately stout; tail long, emarginate, and rounded. Upper part of the head and hind neck, with a large patch on the fore neck, black; cheeks and sides of the neck white; back yellowish-grey; quills and tail-feathers dark greyish-brown, margined with bluish-white; the secondaries broadly edged with white; lower parts pale yellowish-red, the breast white.

Male, 5¹/₈, 8¹/₄.

From Maryland eastward and northward to Lat. 65°. In Kentucky during winter. Never in the southern parts.

Black-capt Titmouse, Parus atricapillus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 134.

Parus atricapillus, Bonap. Syn. p. 100.

Black-capt Titmouse, Nutt. Man. p. 241.

Black-capt Titmouse, Parus atricapillus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 374.

127. 3. Parus Carolinensis, Aud. Carolina Tit.

Plate CLX. Male and Female.

Bill very short, moderately stout; tail rather long, emarginate, and rounded. Upper part of the head and hind neck, with a large patch on the fore neck, black; cheeks and sides of the neck greyish-white; back yellowish-grey; quills and tail-feathers dark greyish-brown, margined with bluish-white, secondaries not conspicuously; lower parts greyish-white, tinged with yellow. This species is very similar to the last, but much inferior in size.

Male, 4¹/₄, 6.

Breeds from Texas to New Jersey. Rather abundant. Resident.

Carolina Titmouse, Parus Carolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 341; v. v. p. 474.

128. 4. Parus Hudsonicus, Lath. Hudson's Bay Tit.

Plate CXCIV. Male, Female, and Young.

Bill short, moderately stout; tail long, emarginate, and considerably rounded. Upper parts dull light brown, tinged with grey; fore neck black; cheeks and sides of the neck white; breast and abdomen white, sides light yellowish-brown.

Male, 5, 7.

Northern parts of Maine, during winter. Breeds from New Brunswick to Labrador and Hudson's Bay. Common. Migratory.

Parus Hudsonicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. v. ii. p. 566.

Hudson's Bay Titmouse, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 543.

129. 5. Parus rufescens, Towns. Chestnut-backed Tit.

Plate CCCLIII. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Bill moderately stout; tail rather long, emarginate, scarcely rounded; upper part of head and hind neck dark brown, fore neck of a deeper tint of the same; cheeks and sides of neck white; back, rump, and sides of the body under the wings bright chestnut; the rest of the lower parts greyish-white.

Male, 4¹/₂, wing, 2³/₈.

Columbia River. Abundant. Resident.

Parus rufescens, Chestnut-backed Titmouse, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.

Chestnut-backed Titmouse, Parus rufescens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 371.

130. 6. Parus minimus, Towns. Chestnut-crowned Tit.

Plate CCCLIII. Fig. 5. Male. Fig. 6. Female.

Upper mandible with its outline more arched, the tip acute and considerably elongated; tail very long, emarginate, and much rounded; upper part of the head and hind neck pale brown; upper parts brownish-grey; wings and tail dusky, margined with greyish-white; cheeks of a paler tint than the head; all the lower parts brownish-white, the sides tinged with reddish.

Male, 4¹/₂, wing, 1^10½/₁₂.

Columbia River. Common. Migratory.

Parus minimus, Chestnut-crowned Titmouse, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.

Chestnut-crowned Titmouse, Parus minimus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 382.

FAMILY XI. SYLVIANÆ. WARBLERS.

Bill of moderate length, slender, straight, a little broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line straight and declinate, convex at the end, the tip small, acute, the notches small; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length and narrow, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, oval or oblong. Head rather large, ovate; neck short; body rather slender. Feet of ordinary length, slender; tarsus compressed, with seven anterior scutella; toes moderate, compressed; first stouter, second and fourth nearly equal, third much longer, and adherent at the base; claws moderate, arched, slender, compressed, acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles short or weak. Wings of moderate length or long; the first quill very small, the second, third, and fourth longest. Tail long or of moderate length, of twelve feathers. Tongue, sagittate, slender, tapering to a slit and lacerated point. Œsophagus rather narrow, without crop; proventriculus oblong; stomach a gizzard of moderate strength, with the muscles distinct, the epithelium dense and rugous; intestine of moderate length; cœca very small. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.

Of this family, which in Europe is so numerous, there are in North America only two genera, Regulus and Sialia, the former composed of very small birds, allied in manners to the Tits, the latter approaching the Thrushes in form. The connecting links being wanting with us, these genera might seem at first sight very dissimilar.

GENUS I. REGULUS, Cuv. KINGLET.

Bill short, straight, very slender, a little broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible nearly straight in its dorsal outline, the edges slightly notched, the tip a little declinate, acute; lower mandible with its outline ascending, nearly straight, the tip acute. Nostrils basal, elliptical, concealed by the reversed feathers. Head large, broadly ovate; neck short; body short. Legs rather long; tarsus slender, longer than the middle toe, much compressed, scutella blended, excepting the lower four toes, rather small, much compressed, hind toe large; lateral equal; claws rather long, arched, much compressed, acute. Plumage very loose and full. Short bristles at the base of the bill. Feathers of the head elongated and silky in the adults. Wings of ordinary length, with the first quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail of ordinary length, emarginate.

131. 1. Regulus Cuvieri, Aud. Cuvier's Kinglet.

Plate LV. Male.

Upper parts dull greyish-olive; anterior part of forehead, lore, and a line behind the eye, black; a greyish-white band across the forehead over the eye; a semilunar band of black on the forehead and sides of the head, enclosing a vermilion space; wings and tail dusky, edged with greenish-yellow; secondary coverts, and first row of small coverts tipped with greyish-white; lower parts greyish-white.

Male, 4¹/₄, 6.

Pennsylvania. Only one specimen found.

Cuvier's Crested Wren, Regulus Cuvierii, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 416.

Cuvier's Regulus, Regulus Cuvierii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 288.

132. 2. Regulus Satrapa, Lichtenstein. American Golden-crested Kinglet.

Plate CLXXXIII. Male and Female.

Male with the upper parts yellowish-green, changing to ash-grey on the neck and sides of the head, to greenish-yellow on the rump; a band of greyish-white across the anterior part of the forehead, which, at the eye, separates into two bands, one extending over, the other under the eye; above this, a broadish band of black, also margining the head on either side; the inner webs and tips of the feathers of this black band pure yellow; the crown of the head, in the included space, bright orange with silky gloss; a dusky spot at the anterior angle of the eye; an obscure dusky line from the angle of the mouth to beneath the eye; quills and coverts dusky, the former margined with greenish-yellow; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts broadly tipped with yellowish-white; base of all the quills, except the four outer yellowish-white; from the seventh primary to the innermost secondary but two, a broad bar of blackish-brown; tail dusky, the feathers edged with greenish-yellow, lower parts greyish-white. Female differs chiefly in having pale yellow substituted for the flame colour of the crown, and less grey on the hind neck. Young without coloured feathers on the head.

Male, 4, 7.

Breeds in Labrador and Newfoundland. In autumn migrates to the Southern States, as far as Texas. Columbia River.

Golden-crested Wren, Sylvia Regulus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 126.

Regulus cristatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 91.

American Fiery-crowned Wren, Regulus tricolor, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 420.

American Golden-crested Wren, Regulus tricolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 476.

133. 3. Regulus Calendula, Linn. Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

Plate CXCV. Male and Female.

Upper parts greenish-olive, anteriorly tinged with grey, on the rump inclining to yellow; a patch of vermilion on the crown of the head; quills and tail dusky, edged with greenish-yellow; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with greyish-white, a circle of the same round the eye; lower parts greenish-white. Female similar, with the tints duller, especially the greenish-yellow of the wings. Young without the coloured patch on the crown, and more deeply tinged with yellow beneath.

Male, 4¹/₄, 6.

Breeds in Labrador. In autumn migrates to the Southern States, as far as Texas. Abundant.

Ruby-crowned Wren, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 83.

Regulus Calendula, Bonap. Syn. p. 91.

Ruby-crowned Wren, Sylvia Calendula, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 415.

Ruby-crowned Regulus, Regulus Calendula, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 546.

GENUS II. SIALIA, Swains. BLUE BIRD.

Bill of ordinary length, nearly straight, broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line straight and slightly declinate, until near the end, when it becomes convex, the ridge narrow, the sides convex toward the end, the edges overlapping, with a distinct notch close to the narrow deflected tip; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, and narrow, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges direct, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, oval. Head rather large, ovate, neck short; body moderately full. Feet of ordinary length, rather slender; tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, its lower scutella only distinct; toes of moderate length, the first stouter, the lateral equal, the third much longer; the fourth adherent at the base; claws moderate, well curved, compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage soft and blended; short bristles at the base of the upper mandible. Wings very long, pointed; the first quill very small, second, third, and fourth longest. Tail rather long, emarginate, of twelve rather strong feathers.

134. 1. Sialia Wilsoni, Swains. Common Blue Bird.

Plate CXIII. Male, Female, and Young.

Male with the upper parts ultramarine blue, the lower parts light chestnut-red, excepting the abdomen, which is white. Female with the upper parts dull greyish-blue, brighter behind; lower parts as in the male, but much duller. Young with the upper part of the head, hind neck, and part of the back greyish-brown, the rest as in the female, the lower parts light grey, the feathers on the breast and sides margined with brown.

Male, 7, 10. Female, 6¹/₂.

Generally distributed from Texas to the Fur Countries. Vast numbers spend the winter in the Southern States. Columbia River. Migratory.

Blue Bird, Sylvia Sialis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 56.

Saxicola Sialis, Bonap. Syn. p. 39.

Erythaca (Sialia) Wilsonii, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 210.

Blue Bird, Ampelis Sialis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 444.

Blue Bird, Sylvia Sialis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 84; v. v. p. 452.

135. 2. Sialia occidentalis, Townsend. Western Blue Bird.

Plate CCCXCIII. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female.

Male with the upper parts and throat ultramarine blue; fore part of back, breast, and sides, light chestnut-red; rest of lower parts light blue, the abdomen whitish. Female with the upper parts dull greyish-blue, the back tinged with brown, the wing-coverts and rump brighter; lower parts pale red, the abdomen light grey.

Male, 7; wing, 4⁵/₁₂. Female, 6³/₄.

North California, and Oregon Territory. Abundant. Migratory.

Sialia occidentalis, Western Blue Bird, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 188.

Western Blue Bird, Sylvia occidentalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 41.

136. 3. Sialia arctica, Swains. Arctic Blue Bird.

Plate CCCXCIII. Fig. 2. Male. Fig. 3. Female.

Male with the upper parts light ultramarine, with a tinge of green; sides of the head, fore neck, and sides of neck, and the anterior half of the breast, light greenish-blue, that colour gradually fading into white behind. Female with the upper parts light greyish-brown, the rump and wing-coverts blue; fore part of neck and anterior portion of the breast reddish-grey, the rest of the lower parts pale brownish-grey.

Male, 7¹/₄; wing, 4^7½/₁₂. Female, 6³/₄; wing, 4²/₁₂.

Columbia River, Rocky Mountains, and Fur Countries. Abundant. Migratory.

Erythaca (Sialia) Arctica, Arctic Blue Bird, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 209.

Arctic Blue Bird, Sialia Arctica, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 573.

Arctic Blue Bird, Sylvia Arctica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 38.

FAMILY XII. TURDINÆ. THRUSHES.

Bill short, or of moderate length, rather strong, straight, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal outline a little convex and declinate, the tip small, rather acute, the notches small; lower mandible with the angle rather short, of moderate width, the dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the tip acute. Head oblong, compressed, of moderate size; neck rather short; body moderate. Eyes of moderate size. External aperture of ear large and roundish. Feet of moderate strength; tarsus compressed, with seven anterior scutella; toes rather strong, compressed; first, second, and fourth, nearly equal, third much longer, and adherent to the fourth at the base; claws rather long, arched, compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage rather blended. Bristles small. Wings of moderate length, broad, rounded; the first quill very small, third and fourth longest. Tail of twelve feathers, varying in length. Tongue sagittate, and papillate at the base, slender, tapering, its tip slit. Œsophagus rather narrow, without crop; proventriculus oblong; stomach a gizzard of moderate strength, its lateral and lower muscles distinct; the epithelium dense and rugous; intestine of moderate length; cœca very small, cylindrical. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.

GENUS I. CINCLUS, Bechst. DIPPER.

Bill rather short, slender, slightly ascending, much compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line straight until toward the end, the ridge rounded, the sides convex, the edges somewhat inflected, with an obscure notch close to the narrow deflected tip; lower mandible slightly bent upwards, the angle medial and very narrow, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the tip narrow and rather acute. Nostrils linear, direct, exposed. General form short, full, and compact. Head oblong, compressed. Legs strong; tarsus of moderate length, compressed, covered anteriorly with a long undivided plate and four inferior scutella; toes rather large and strong; claws arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, that of the hind toe considerably larger. Plumage ordinary, rather blended. Bristles obsolete. Wings rather short, convex, rounded. Tail short, even.

137. 1. Cinclus Americanus, Swains. American Dipper.

Plate CCCLXX. Adult. Plate CCCCXXXV. Young.

Head and neck chocolate-brown, upper parts very deep bluish-grey, lower somewhat lighter, and tinged anteriorly with brown. Young with the upper parts deep bluish-grey, the head and hind neck slightly tinged with brown; lower parts lighter, the feathers margined with whitish, the throat with a slight tinge of brown.

Male, 7¹/₂, 10¹/₂.

Rocky Mountains. Oregon Territory. North California. Not abundant.

Cinclus Pallasii, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 173.

Cinclus Americanus, American Dipper, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 173.

Black Water-Ouzel or Dipper, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 358.

American Dipper, Cinclus Americanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 493; v. v. p. 303.

GENUS II. ORPHEUS, Swains. MOCKING-BIRD.

Bill of moderate length or longish, rather slender, straight or slightly arched, broader than high at the base, compressed toward the end, acute; upper mandible with the ridge rather narrow, the sides convex toward the end, the notches very slight, the tip narrow; lower mandible with the angle of moderate length, the dorsal line straight or slightly decurved toward the end, the sides nearly erect, the tip narrow. Nostrils oblong, partially concealed by the feathers. Head of ordinary size, ovato-oblong; neck of moderate length; body rather slender. Feet of ordinary length, slender; tarsus scarcely so long as the middle toe and claw; hind toe of moderate length, stout, lateral toes equal; claws moderate, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles rather long. Wings of ordinary length, broad, rounded, the first quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail very long, straight, much rounded, or graduated.

138. 1. Orpheus polyglottus, Linn. Grey Mocking-Bird.

Plate XXI. Male and Female.

Upper parts light grey tinged with yellowish-brown; feathers of the wings and tail greyish-black; primary coverts white, as are the primary quills in their proximal part; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with white; outer tail-feather white, as are the greater part of the next, and a portion of the third toward the end; lower parts greyish-white, on the breast tinged with brown, on the sides and under the tail with yellow. Female smaller, with the tints duller, and the white markings on the wings less extended.

Male, 9¹/₂, 13¹/₂. Female, 9, 12¹/₂.

From Texas to Massachusetts. In the interior up the Mississippi and Ohio, to Henderson in Kentucky. Abundant and resident in the southern parts.

Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 14.

Turdus polyglottus, Bonap. Syn. p. 74.

Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 320.

Mocking Bird, Turdus polyglottus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 108; v. v. p. 438.

139. 2. Orpheus montanus, Townsend. Mountain Mocking-Bird.

Plate CCCLXIX. Fig. 1. Male.

Upper parts greyish-brown; feathers of the wings and tail greyish-black; tips of secondary coverts, edges of primary quills, and a large spot at the end of the three lateral tail-feathers, white; lower parts whitish, marked with triangular dusky spots, of which there is a distinct line from the base of the bill; throat, middle of the breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, unspotted.