Part 2 — PART II. (continued 2)

[Footnote 1: Diagnostik und Prognostik der Geisteskrankheiten, p. 93. Leipzig, 1903.]

Our results are not strictly comparable with Fuhrmann's, because we have obtained but one test record from each subject; it may be said, however, that the results of a single test in each case do not show any considerable differences, corresponding to education or age, in the variety of responses. Further, dementing psychoses, with the exception of epilepsy, show on the whole no diminution in the number of different reactions, although in individual cases this number falls considerably below the general average; and in such cases the diminution may be dependent upon stereotypy or perseveration, and not necessarily upon reduction in the stock of representations.

It would appear from our results that pathological mental states are apt to manifest themselves by a tendency to give reactions belonging to types of inferior values rather than by diminished variety of responses.

We show in Table VI. the numbers of different responses given by our groups of normal and insane subjects, expressed in figures giving for each group the median and the average.

TABLE VI.

Med. Av. 86 normal subjects, common school education; records containing not over 10 individual reactions…….. 85 84.5 66 normal subjects, collegiate education; records containing not over 10 individual reactions…….. 87 86.5 48 normal subjects, school children; records containing not over 10 individual reactions…….. 87 84.9 53 normal subjects; records containing not under 15 individual reactions…………………………. 90 88.7 108 cases of dementia præcox……………………….. 87 84.8 33 cases of paranoic conditions……………………. 89 86.5 24 cases of epilepsy……………………………… 781/2 75.8 32 cases of general paresis……………………….. 841/2 82.4 32 cases of manic-depressive insanity………………. 87 85.4

§ 10. CO-OPERATION OF THE SUBJECT.

In our work with insane subjects we encountered many cases in which we were unable to obtain satisfactory test records owing to lack of proper co-operation. Some subjects seemed to be either too confused or too demented to be capable of understanding and following the instructions given them. Others were for one reason or another unwilling to co-operate. It is important to distinguish inability from unwillingness to co-operate, since the former indicates in itself an abnormal state of the mind, while the latter is quite often shown by normal persons.

A subject may co-operate to the extent of giving a single word in response to each stimulus word, and yet fail to co-operate in some other particulars.

He may, instead of giving the first word suggested to him by the stimulus, suppress the first word more or less systematically, and give some other word which may seem to him more appropriate. This probably occurs very often, but does not seem to render the results less serviceable for our purpose.

Further, a subject may react by words related not to the stimulus words, but to each other, thus simulating perseveration; or he may react by naming objects within reach of the senses, thus appearing to be distracted; or he may give only sound reactions.

There is, in fact, no type of pathological reactions which a normal person may not be able to produce more or less readily at will, though in the case of incoherent reactions considerable mental effort may be required, and the end may be attained only by regularly rejecting the first and some subsequent words which are suggested by the stimulus.

In view of these considerations we are led to conclude that the association test, as applied by our method, could not be relied upon as a means of detecting simulation of insanity in malingerers, criminals, and the like.

§ 11. SUMMARY.

The normal range of reaction in response to any of our stimulus words is largely confined within narrow limits.

The frequency tables compiled from test records given by one thousand normal subjects comprise over ninety per cent of the normal range in the average case.

With the aid of the frequency tables and the appendix normal reactions, with a very few exceptions, can be sharply distinguished from pathological ones.

The separation of pathological reactions from normal ones simplifies the task of their analysis, and makes possible the application of a classification based on objective criteria.

By the application of the association test, according to the method here proposed, no sharp distinction can be drawn between mental health and mental disease; a large collection of material shows a gradual and not an abrupt transition from the normal state to pathological states.

In dementia præcox, some paranoic conditions, manic-depressive insanity, general paresis, and epileptic dementia the test reveals some characteristic, though not pathognomonic, associational tendencies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

It is with pleasure that we acknowledge our indebtedness to the many persons who have assisted us in collecting the data for this work.

About two hundred tests upon normal subjects were made for us by the following persons: Dr. Frederic Lyman Wells, Dr. Jennie A. Dean, Miss Lillian Rosanoff, and Miss Madeleine Wehle.

Dr. O. M. Dewing, the late superintendent of the Long Island State Hospital, and Dr. Chas. W. Pilgrim, superintendent of the Hudson River State Hospital, have assisted the work by kindly permitting the test to be made upon employees of these institutions, and we are especially indebted to Dr. F. W. Parsons for personal assistance in securing the co-operation of many subjects.

Professor R. S. Woodworth, of Columbia University, extended to us the courtesy of the Psychological Laboratory during several weeks of the summer session of 1909, and gave us much assistance in obtaining interviews with students; we received assistance also from several of the instructors of Teachers' College, especially Mr. Wm. H. Noyes.

We are indebted to Mr. F.C. Lewis and Mr. W.E. Stark, of the Ethical Culture School, New York, for permitting us to make the test upon the pupils of that school.

In the work of compiling the tables we have been assisted by Dr. N. W. Bartram, Dr. Jennie A. Dean, Mrs. H. M. Kent, and others.

We wish, finally, to express our thanks to Dr. Wm. Austin Macy, superintendent of this hospital, to whom we are indebted for the opportunity of undertaking this work.

THE FREQUENCY TABLES.

1. TABLE

accommodation 1 article 3 articles 1

basket 1 bench 9 board 14 book 7 books 5 boy 1 bread 1 breakfast 2 broad 2 brown 1 butter 1

cards 2 celery 1 center 1 chair 267 chairs 7 chemical 1 cloth 57 cockroaches 1 comfort 1 cover 17 cutlery 1

desk 11 dine 2 dining 4 dinner 26 dish 5 dishes 40 dissection 1 dog 1

eat 63 eatables 1 eating 34

ferns 1 fête 1 flat 5 floor 7 food 29 fork 1 form 1 furniture 75

glass 1

hard 9 hat 1 home 2 house 3

ink 1

kitchen 1

lamp 1 large 4 leaf 1 leaves 1 library 1 leg 13 legs 10 linen 2 long 1 low 2

Mabel 1 mahogany 2 mat 1 meal 6 meals 4 meat 2 mess 1

nails 2 napkin 1 number 1

oak 1 object 1 old 1 operating 1 ornament 2

parlor 1 pitcher 1 plate 4 plates 1 plateau 1 polished 1

refreshments 1 rest 3 room 3 round 10

school 1 serviceable 1 set 2 shiny 1 sit 3 sitting 2 slab 1 smooth 1 soup 1 spiritualism 1 spoon 6 spread 2 square 9 stable 1 stand 36 stool 3 straight 1 strong 1 supper 1

tablecloth 1 tea 1 timber 1 top 2 typewriter 1

use 2 useful 3 utensil 1

victuals 2

wagon 1 whist 1 white 1 wire 1 wood 76 wooden 1 work 2 working 1 write 2 writing 6

2. DARK

afraid 6

baby 1 bad 1 barks 1 black 76 blackness 2 blank 1 blind 2 blindness 2 blue 5 board 1 boat 1 bright 15 brightness 4 brown 4

candle 1 cart 1 cat 2 cell 1 cellar 6 close 1 closet 1 cloud 2 clouds 2 cloudy 3 cold 2 color 28 colored 1 colorless 1 coon 1 curly 1

day 1 daylight 1 dead 1 denseness 1 dim 3 dimness 3 dingy 2 dismal 3 dog 1 door 1 dreary 1 dress 4 dungeon 5 dusk 1 dusky 1

evening 4 eye 1 eyes 2

fair 2 fear 6 fearful 1 fearsome 1 fright 2

ghost 1 ghosts 1 gloom 6 gloomy 11 gray 1 green 1 ground 1

hair 5 hall 1 hell 1 hole 1 horse 3 house 2

illumination 1 invisible 2

lamp 1 lantern 1 light 427 lonely 1 lonesome 1 lonesomeness 1

mahogany 1 man 4 mice 1 midnight 1 moon 6 moonlight 1 mysterious 1

nice 1 night 221

oblivion 1 obscure 1

parlor 1 prison 1

red 5 rest 3 room 22

scare 1 shades 1 shadow 2 shadows 1 sky 1 sleep 1 sleeping 1 space 1 starry 1 stars 2 stillness 1 storm 1 stumbling 1 subject 1 sunlight 1

thunder 1 tree 1 twilight 1

unseen 1

walk 1 weather 3 white 9 woods 1

3. MUSIC

accordion 1 air 3 amuse 1 amusement 10 art 7 attention 1 attraction 1

band 6 bassviol 1 beautiful 7 beauty 2 Beethoven 7 bell 1 bird 1 birds 1 book 1 books 2 box 2 brightness 1

captivating 1 cats 1 charm 1 charms 1 charming 2 cheerful 2 cheerfulness 2 Chopin 1 chord 1 chords 1 clarinette 1 classic 1 classical 2 composer 2 company 1 concert 2 conductor 1

dance 17 dances 1 dancing 15 delight 1 delightful 2 discord 3 drama 1

ear 3 ecstasy 1 elevating 1 enchantment 1 enjoyable 1 enjoyed 1 enjoyment 13 entertaining 5 entertainment 3 entrancing 1

feeling 1 fiddle 1 fine 2 flowers 1 flute 1 fun 1

gaiety 2 gay 1 genius 1 girl 2 gladness 1 Goethe 1 good 3 guitar 1

hall 2 happiness 5 happy 2 harmonious 1 harmony 45 hear 1 heaven 2 hurdygurdy 1 hymn 1

idealism 1 instrument 21 instruments 5 instrumental 1

jolly 1 joy 11 joyful 1

lesson 1 light 1 line 1 liveliness 1 lonely 1 loud 1 love 2

man 1 meditation 1 melody 24 Mendelsohn 1 Merry Widow 1 Mozart 1 Mr. B. 1 Mrs. E. 1 musician 3 mute 1

nice 6 nocturne 1 noise 16 noisy 1 note 2 notes 17

opera 5 orchestra 5 organ 6

paper 2 pastime 1 piano 180 pianola 2 pitch 1 play 7 playing 8 pleasant 10 pleasantness 1 pleasing 5 pleasure 31 poem 1 poetry 4 practice 1 pretty 4 pupils 1

quiet 1

rack 1 racket 1 rhyme 1 roll 2 room 1

sadness 2 scale 1 Schubert 2 score 1 sheet 5 sheets 1 sing 12 singer 1 singing 48 soft 1 softness 1 solemn 1 song 68 songs 6 soothing 2 sound 95 sounds 2 stool 2 strain 1 strains 2 string 1 study 2 sweet 47 sweetness 6 symphony 4

talent 2 teacher 6 teaching 1 thought 1 time 2 tone 3 town 1 tune 2

violin 21 voice 2

Wagner 3 wavy 1 window 1 words 1 worship 1

Yankee Doodle 1

4. SICKNESS

affliction 1 age 1 ailing 3 ailment 2 air 1 anxiety 1 appendicitis 3 aunt 1

baby 3 bad 15 bed 54 Bertha 1 better 1 body 1 business 1

calamity 1 care 1 child 2 cold 1 condition 1 consumption 3 contagious 2 convalescence 1 convalescing 2 cure 3

danger 1 death 115 dietary 1 diphtheria 8 disability 1 disabled 2

discomfort 3 disease 20 distress 4 doctor 62

dread 1 dreariness 1

enjoyed 1 ether 1 exhaustion 1

family 1 father 3 fear 1 feeble 4 feel 1 feeling 1 fever 9 fevers 1 fracture 1 fright 1

gloom 1 gravel 1 grief 3 grunting 1

hard 2 hatefulness 1 headache 5 health 142 healthy 4 home 2 horrible 1 hospital 9

ill 48 illness 71 incompetence 1 inconvenience 1 indisposition 1 infirmary 1 insanity 1 invalid 2

K. 1

low 1 lying 1

malady 2 man 1 measles 3 medication 1 medicine 30 melancholy 1 mine 1 misery 3 misfortune 3 mother 3

nervousness 2 neuralgis 1 nurse 15 nursing 2

operation 1 oranges 1

pain 56 painful 1 pale 2 patient 7 patients 1 people 1 person 1 physician 7 pill 1 pills 1 plague 1 pleasantness 1 pneumonia 5 poverty 1

quiet 1 quietness 1

recovery 2 relapsing 1 rheumatism 1 room 1

sad 7 sadness 9 serious 2 severe 4 sigh 1 sore 1 sorrow 24 sorry 2 stomach 1 strength 2 suffer 1 suffering 12 summer 1 sympathy 2

terror 1 together 1 trouble 20 trying 1 typhoid 6

uncomfortable 2 unhappiness 1 unhappy 1 unhealthy 1 unpleasant 5 unpleasantness 2 unwell 11

want 1 weak 1 weakness 11 weariness 2 weary 1 well 40 white 1 worried 1

worriment 1

5. MAN

adult 2 affection 1 age 1 alive 1 animal 12 animals 1 animate 1 appearance 2

baby 1 bad 2 beard 1 beast 2 being 19 biped 3 blond 1 body 3 boy 44 brain 1 bright 1 brightness 1 brother 8 brotherhood 1 brute 1 bum 1 business 6

cane 3 certain 1 Charles 2 child 10 children 2 Christian 1 clergyman 1 clothes 7 clothing 2 coat 3 comfort 1 companion 1 company 1 coon 1 crank 1 creature 8 cross 1

devil 1 doctor 2 dress 1

educator 1 existence 1

fakir 1 false 1 family 1 father 15 female 3 flesh 2 form 2 fraud 1 Fred 1 friend 2

gentle 1 gentleman 7 girl 6 glacier 1 good 10 greatness 1 grown 1 growth 1

hair 1 hat 7 help 2 home 1 homely 1 horrible 1 horse 4 house 1 human 22 humanity 1 husband 4

individual 1 insane 1 institution 1 intellectual 1 intelligent 1

janitor 1 Joe 1

labor 1 laborer 1 lady 7 large 11 life 4 light 1 limb 1 living 2 lord 1 love 1

machine 1 maiden 1 male 99 mammal 1 manhood 1 mankind 5 manliness 1 manly 2 marriage 1 married 1 masculine 6 mason 1 mind 1 might 1 minister 1 minor 1 misery 1 money 1 monkey 1 Mr. D. 1 Mr. H. 1 Mr. N. 1 Mr. S. 3 muscular 1

N. 1 nature 1 Ned 1 nice 1 noble 3 nuisance 1

out 1

papa 1 passion 1 people 2 person 30 pleasure 1 policeman 2 politician 1 power 5 professor 1 prosperity 1 provider 1

Roosevelt 1 ruler 1

self 1 sex 4 shirt 1 shoes 1 short 1 smoking 1 stern 1 stout 1 street 1 strength 32 strong 8 sweetheart 1

Taft 1 tall 12 thought 1 trousers 6 true 1

unfeminine 1 use 1

V. 1 voter 1

walk 1 wedding 1 whiskers 1 wife 5 wise 1 woman 394 work 17 works 1 worker 1 working 3

young 2

6. DEEP

abyss 3 altitude 1 around 1

below 3 beneath 1 black 1 blue 3 bottom 1 bottomless 1 bowl 1 breath 1 broad 1 brooding 1 brook 1

cave 2 Cayuga 1 chair 1 chasm 2 cellar 1 classic 1 clear 1 cliff 1

danger 3 dangerous 5 dark 28 darkness 4 dense 1 depth 31 depths 1 diameter 1 dig 1 distance 8 ditch 8 doleful 1 down 27 dread 1

earth 1 extension 1

fall 2 falling 3 far 3 fathomless 5 fear 1 full 1

gloomy 1 good 1 gorge 1 great 1 ground 1

heavy 1 height 5 high 37 hole 32 hollow 13

large 8 length 8 level 2 light 4 long 18 low 51

measure 2 mighty 1 mind 1 mine 4

narrow 3

ocean 93 organ 1

philosophy 1 pit 1 pond 1 pool 1 precipice 1 profound 4

ravine 1 reaching 1 river 13 rocks 1

safety 1 scare 1 sea 90 sewer 1 shade 1

shady 1 shallow 180 sharp 1 ship 1 short 1 sincere 1 sink 2 sleep 1 smooth 1 sorrow 1 sound 2 space 6 spacious 2 steep 7 story 1 strong 1 study 1 sunken 1 surface 1 swimming 1

thick 1 thickness 1 thin 1 thinking 2 thought 14 thoughts 2 tranquil 1 trench 1

under 1

valley 1 vast 2

wading 1 water 134 well 44 wet 1 wide 12 width 2

7. SOFT

apple 1

baby 7 ball 2 beautiful 1 bed 12 boiled 1 brain 1 bread 4 breeze 1 butter 12

cake 1 candy 1 care 1 carpet 1 cat 1 cement 1 clay 1 clean 1 cloth 3 clothes 1 coal 2 cold 1 color 2 comfort 2 comfortable 5 comply 1 consistency 1 cotton 28 crabs 1 cream 2 creeping 1 cushion 25

dark 1 dough 1 down 6 dress 1 drink 1

earth 7 ease 1 easy 34 egg 2 eggs 2 eyes 1

feather 2 feathers 24 feathery 1 feel 1 feeling 8 felt 1 fine 5 firm 1 flabby 3 fleece 1 flesh 1 flexible 7 floor 1 fluffy 1 food 2 foolish 1 form 1 fruit 3 fun 1 fur 4

gentle 3 girl 1 glove 1 good 3 grasp 1 grass 1 ground 3 gum 1

hair 3 hand 3 hands 1 hard 365 harsh 1 hazy 1 head 1

idiot 1

jelly 1

kitten 2

large 1 light 8 lightly 1 liquid 2 loose 2 loud 5 low 5

maple 1 marshes 1 medium 1 mellow 11 membrane 1 mild 2 moist 1 moss 2 mud 15 mush 10 mushing 1 mushy 12 music 4

nice 4

palatable 1 peach 2 pear 2 pillow 53 pillows 2 pliable 8 plush 2 pudding 4 putty 4

quality 1 quiet 2

rubber 3

sand 1 satisfactory 1 seat 1 silk 10 skin 1 slow 2 slushy 1 smooth 27 snap 3 snow 7 soap 6 soup 1 sponge 22 sponges 1 spongy 8 squash 1 sticky 1 strong 1 substance 1 sweet 8 sweetness 1

tender 8 texture 1 timid 1 tomatoes 1 touch 4

velvet 15 voice 2

wadding 1 warm 1 water 8 watery 1 wax 1 wet 3 white 3 wool 8 woolen 1

yielding 5

8. EATING

abstain 1 abstinence 1 action 2 appetite 28 apple 4 apples 6 assimilation 1

biting 1 bread 46 breakfast 7 butter 1

cake 4 candy 3 Chacona's 1 chew 1 chewing 27 chicken 3 coffee 1 Commons 1 consuming 4 cooking 3 cream 2

devour 1 devouring 2 diet 2 diets 1 digest 1 digesting 7 digestion 10 dine 2 dining 1 dinner 31 drink 6 drinking 166 dyspepsia 1

enjoyable 1 enjoying 1 enjoyment 2 enough 1 etiquette 1

fast 3 fasting 5 fattening 1 feasting 2 feed 1 feeding 5 filling 2 finishing 1 fish 3 flavor 1 flesh 1 food 170 fork 2 forks 1 fruit 8 full 4

gluttonish 1 good 23 gormandizer 1 gratifying 1

habit 3 health 9 healthful 1 heartily 1 hearty 1 hot 2 house 1 hunger 19 hungry 44

ice-cream 2 indigestion 4

knives 1

lemons 1 life 2 live 4 living 5 lobster 1 lobsters 1 lunch 8

masticate 1 masticating 11 mastication 5 matter 1 meal 4 meals 10 meat 11 meeting 1 mild 1 milk 1 more 1 motion 1 mouth 2 movement 1 much 1 myself 1

necessary 4 necessity 7 nice 3 nourish 1 nourishing 2 nourishment 11

olives 1 oranges 1

palatable 2 people 3 pie 3 pleasant 7 pleasantness 1 pleasure 10 plenty 1 poor 1 potato 1 potatoes 2 provisions 1 pudding 1

quick 1 quickly 1

refreshing 2 refreshment 1 Reisenweber 1 relief 1 relish 2 resting 2 room 1

sandwich 1 satisfaction 12 satisfied 4 satisfy 1 satisfying 5 sick 1 sit 1 sitting 1 sleep 1 sleeping 17 slow 2 slowly 1 soup 2 starving 4 steak 2

stomach 2 strawberries 1 strength 2 substance 1 sufficient 2 sugar 1 surfeiting 1 sustaining 1 sustenance 2 swallow 6 swallowing 5

table 21 talking 1 taste 7 tasting 2 teeth 3 thinking 1 throat 1 tongue 1

use 1 utensils 1

vegetable 2 vegetables 8 victuals 4

want 2 water 1 watermelon 1 well 2 work 1

9. MOUNTAIN

abrasion 1 Adirondacks 4 air 2 Alleghany 3 Alps 6 altitude 2 attractive 1 automobile 1

Bald 1 beautiful 1 beauty 2 big 2 Blanc 1 Bluff 1 Breckenridge 1

camping 1 Catskills 8 cliff 2 cliffs 1 Clifton 1 climb 9 climbing 27 close 1 clouds 3 cone 1 country 5 crevice 1

descend 1 descending 2 desert 1 dirt 1 distance 1 ditch 1

earth 3 elevation 9

fear 1 field 1 Flashman 1 foliage 1 fountain 1

Galeton 1 geography 1 grand 1 grandeur 3 granite 1 grass 1 great 1 green 4 ground 1

heath 1 height 73 heights 2 high 246 highlands 1 highness 2 hill 184 hills 82 hilltop 2 hilltops 1 hilly 2 Himalaya 1 hollow 5 Holyoke 1 home 1

horse 1 Hudson 1 huge 2

impressive 1 incline 1 island 1

Kipling 1 knoll 1

lake 8 land 6 landscape 1 large 4 level 1 lofty 1 low 2 lowland 1

Monodonack 1 mound 1 Mount Ivy 1 Mount Kearsarge 1 Mount McKinley 1 Mount Pleasant 1 Mount Shasta 1 Mount Wilson 1

object 2 Owl's Head 1

peak 16 peaks 1 pictures 1 Pike's Peak 1 pines 1 plain 11 plateaus 1 pleasure 3

pointed 1 railway 1 range 3 ranges 1 river 8

rock 10 Rockies 6 rocks 18 rocky 5 rough 1