Chapter XV · (continued 2)

In viewing this raging storm of anarchy one wonders what had become of the people. We hear nothing of them. They had no political influence, and if they had representatives in Parliament, they were dumb, for the voice of the Commons was never heard. But there is reason to believe that, in spite of the ferocious feudal and social anarchy, the urban population and the peasantry were groping their way into a higher civilization. That better ways of living prevailed we may infer from sumptuary laws enacted by James III., and in the founding of three universities (St. Andrew's, 1411, Glasgow, 1450, and Aberdeen, 1494) there is sure indication that beneath the turbid political surface there flowed a stream of intellectual life. From these literary centres "learned Scotsmen" began to swarm over the land, and a solid scholarship was the aim of ambitious youths, who found in that the road to posts of distinction once won only by arms. There was a small body of national literature. Barbour's poem, "The Brus," led the way in the fourteenth century, then King James's poem in the fifteenth, then Henryson and Boece, and the procession of splendid names had commenced which was to be joined in later ages by Burns, Scott, and Carlyle.

England had now become the refuge for disgraced and intriguing nobles. The Duke of Albany, the Earl of Douglas, and others entered into negotiations with the English King, offering to acknowledge his feudal superiority, he in return promising to give the crown of Scotland to Albany. A battle between the English and Scottish forces took place in the vicinity of Stirling. During the engagement King James was thrown from his horse and then slain by his miscreant nobles (1488). The scheme was a failure, and the son of the murdered King was at once crowned James IV. Henry VII., now King of England, conceived a plan of cementing friendly relations between the two kingdoms by the marriage of his daughter, Princess Margaret, with the young King. This union, so fruitful in consequences, took place at Holyrood in 1502, amid great rejoicings.

During the two preceding reigns the relations of Scotland with her great neighbor were comparatively peaceful. But in 1509 Queen Margaret's brother, Henry VIII., was crowned King of England. Family ties sat very lightly upon this monarch, and his hostile purposes soon became apparent, and the friendly relations were broken. A war between France and England was the signal for a renewal of the old alliance between the French and the Scots. James himself led an army against that of his brother-in-law across the Tweed, and at Flodden met an overwhelming defeat and his own death (1513).

Europe was now unconsciously on the brink of a moral and spiritual revolution, a revolution which was going to affect no country more profoundly than Scotland. The Church of Rome, deeply embedded and wrought into the very structure of every European nation, seemed like a part of nature. As soon would men have expected to see the foundations of the continent removed, and yet there was a little rivulet of thought coursing through the brain of an obscure monk in Germany which was going to undermine and overthrow it, and cause a new Christendom to arise upon its ruins. And strangely, too, as if by pre-arrangement, that wonderful new device—the printing press—stood ready, waiting to disseminate the propaganda of a Reformed Church!

But kings and nobles went on as before with their absorbing game. The infant James V. was proclaimed king. The conditions which had disgraced the minority of his predecessors were repeated, and until he was eighteen he was virtually a prisoner; then with relentless severity he turned upon the traitors. The Reformation which was assuming great proportions was beginning to creep into Scotland. The Catholic King, with a double intent, placed Primates of the Church in all the great offices, and the excluded nobles began to lean toward the new faith. Luther's works were prohibited and stringent measures adopted to drive heretical literature out of the land. When, for reasons we all know, Henry VIII. became an illustrious convert to Protestantism, he tried to bring about a marriage between his nephew, James, and his young daughter, Princess Mary; at the same time urging his nephew to join him in throwing off the authority of the Pope. But James made a choice pregnant with consequences for England. He married, in 1538, Mary, daughter of the great Duke of Guise in France; thus rejecting the peaceful overtures of his uncle, Henry VIII., and confirming the French alliance and the anti-Protestant policy of his kingdom. Henry was displeased, and commenced an exasperating course toward Scotland. There was a small engagement with the English at Solway Moss, which ended in a panic and defeat of the Scots. This so preyed upon the mind of the King that his spirit seemed broken. The news of the birth of a daughter—Mary Stuart—came to him simultaneously with that of the defeat. He was full of vague, tragic forebodings, sank into a melancholy, and expired a week later (1542). The little Queen Mary at once became the centre of state intrigues. Henry VIII. secured the co-operation of disaffected Scotch nobles in a plan to place her in his hands as the betrothed of his son, Prince Edward. A treaty of alliance was drawn and signed, agreeing to the marriage, with the usual condition of the feudal lordship of the English King over Scotland. The Scottish Parliament, through the efforts of Cardinal Beaton, rejected the proposal, and the furious Henry declared war, with instructions to sack, burn, and put to death without mercy, Cardinal Beaton's destruction being especially enjoined. The Cardinal, in the meantime, was trying to stamp out the Reform-fires which were spreading with extraordinary swiftness. There were executions and banishments. Wishart, the Reformer and friend of John Knox, was burned at the stake. Following this there was a conspiracy for the death of the Cardinal, who was assassinated, and his Castle of St. Andrew became the stronghold of the conspirators. John Knox, for his own safety, took refuge with them, and upon the surrender of the castle to a French force, Knox was sent a prisoner to the French galleys.

The infant Queen, now six years old, was betrothed to the grandson of Francis I. and conveyed by Lord Livingston to France for safe-keeping until her marriage. Her mother, Mary of Guise, was Regent of Scotland, and doing her best to stem the tide of Protestantism. The spread of the Reformed faith was amazing. It took on at first a form more ethical than doctrinal. It was against the immoralities of the clergy that a sternly moral people rose in its wrath, and, on the other hand, it was the reading of the Scriptures, and interpreting them without authority, for which men were condemned to the stake, their accusers saying, "What shall we leave to the bishops to do, when every man shall be a babbler about the Bible?" Carlyle says the Reformation gave to Scotland a soul. But it might have fared differently had not a co-operating destiny at the same time given Scotland a John Knox! Knox was to the Reformed Church in Scotland what the body of the tree is to its branches. He not only poured his own uncompromising life into the branches, but then determined the direction in which they should inflexibly grow. Knox had been the friend and disciple of Calvin in Geneva. The newly awakened soul in Scotland fed upon the theology of that great logician as the bread of heaven, and Calvinism was forever rooted in the hearts and minds of the people.

The marriage of Queen Mary with the Dauphin had been quickly followed by the death of Henry II., and her young consort was King of France. Queen Elizabeth, in response to an appeal from the Reformed Church, sent a fleet and soldiers to meet the powerful French force which would now surely come. But the reign of Francis II. was brief. In 1560 tidings came that he was dead. Mary now resolved to return to her own kingdom. Elizabeth tried to intercept her by the way, but she arrived safely and was warmly welcomed. She was nineteen, beautiful, gifted, rarely accomplished, had been trained in the most brilliant and gayest capital in Europe, and was a fervent Catholic. She came back to a land which had by Act of Parliament prohibited the Mass and adopted a religious faith she considered heretical, and a land where Protestantism in its austerest form had become rooted, and where John Knox, its sternest exponent, held the conscience of the people in his keeping. What to her were only simple pleasures, were to them deadly sins. When the Mass was celebrated after her return, so intense was the excitement, the chapel-door had to be guarded, and Knox proclaimed from the pulpit, that "an army of 10,000 enemies would have been less fearful to him" than this act of the Queen.

During the winter in Edinburgh the gayeties gave fresh offence. Knox declared that "the Queen had danced excessively till after midnight." And then he preached a sermon on the "Vices of Princes," which was an open attack upon her uncles, the Guises in France. Mary sent for the preacher, and reproved him for disrespect in trying to make her an object of contempt and hatred to her people, adding, "I know that my uncles and ye are not of one religion, and therefore I do not blame you, albeit you have no good opinion of them." The General Assembly passed resolutions recommending that it be enacted by Parliament that "all papistical idolatry should be suppressed in the realm, not alone among the subjects, but in the Queen's own person." Mary, with her accustomed tact, replied, that she "was not yet persuaded in the Protestant religion, nor of the impiety in the Mass. But although she would not leave the religion wherein she had been nourished and brought up, neither would she press the conscience of any, and, on their part, they should not press her conscience."

We cannot wonder that Mary was revolted by the harshness of John Knox; nor can we wonder that he was alarmed. A fascinating queen, with a rare talent for diplomacy, and in personal touch with all the Catholic centres in Europe, was a formidable menace to the Reformed Church in Scotland, and would in all probability have temporarily overthrown it, had not the course of events been unexpectedly arrested. Every Court in Europe was scheming for Mary's marriage. Proposals from Spain, France, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, and the Earl of Leicester in England were all considered. Mary's preference was for Don Carlos of Spain; but when this proved impossible, she made, suddenly, an unfortunate choice. Henry Stewart, who was Lord Darnley, the son of the Earl of Lennox, was, like herself, the great grandchild of Henry VII. That was a great point in eligibility, but the only one. He was a Catholic, three years younger than herself, good-looking, weak and vicious. The marriage was celebrated at Holyrood in 1565, and Mary bestowed upon her consort the title of king. This did not satisfy him. He demanded that the crown should be secured to him for life; and that if Mary died childless, his heirs should succeed. With such violence and insolence did Darnley press these demands, and so open were his debaucheries, that Mary was revolted and disgusted. Her chief minister was an Italian named Rizzio, a man of insignificant, mean exterior, but astute and accomplished. There seems no reason to believe that Darnley was ever jealous of the Italian, but he believed that he was an obstacle to his ambitious designs and was using his influence with Mary to defeat them. He determined to remove him. While Rizzio and the Queen were in conversation in her cabinet, Darnley entered, seized and held Mary in his grasp, while his assassins dragged Rizzio into an adjoining room and stabbed him to death. Who can wonder that she left him, saying, "I shall be your wife no longer!" But after the birth of her infant, three months later, her feelings seem to have softened, and it looked like heroic devotion when she went to his bedside while he was recovering from small-pox, and had him tenderly removed to a house near Edinburgh, where she could visit him daily.

It will never be known whether Mary was cognizant of or, even worse, accessory to Darnley's murder, which occurred at midnight a few hours after she had left him, February 9, 1567.

Suspicion pointed at once to the Earl of Bothwell. The Court acquitted him, but public opinion did not. And it was Mary's marriage with this man which was her undoing. Innocent or guilty, the world will never forgive her for having married, three months after her husband's death, the man believed to be his murderer! Even her friends deserted her. A prisoner at Lochleven Castle, she was compelled to sign an act of abdication in favor of her son. A few of the Queen's adherents, the Hamiltons, Argyles, Setons, Livingstons, Flemings, and others gathered a small army in her support and aided her escape, which was quickly followed by a defeat in an engagement near Glasgow. Mary then resolved upon the step which led her by a long, dark, and dreary pathway to the scaffold. She crossed into England and threw herself upon the mercy of her cousin, Elizabeth.

Immediately upon the Queen's abdication her son, thirteen months old, was crowned James VI. of Scotland. There was a powerful minority which disapproved of all these proceedings; so now there was a Queen's party, a King's party, the latter, under the regency of Moray, having the support of the Reformed clergy. These conditions promised a bitter and prolonged contest, which promise was fully realized; and not until 1573 was the party of the Queen subdued. During the minority of the King a new element had entered into the conflict. The Reformation in Scotland had, as we have seen, under the vigorous leadership of John Knox, assumed the Calvinistic type. In England, during the reign of Elizabeth, a more modified form had been adopted—an episcopacy, with a house of bishops, a liturgy, and a ritual. To the Scotch Reformers this was a compromise with the Church of Rome, no less abhorrent to them than papacy. The struggle resolved itself into one between the advocates of these rival forms of Protestantism, each striving to obtain ascendancy in the kingdom, and control of the King. Some of the most moderate of the Protestants approved of restoring the ecclesiastical estate which had disappeared from Parliament with the Reformation, and having a body of Protestant clergy to sit with the Lords and Commons. These questions, of such vital moment to the consciences of many, were to others merely a cloak for personal ambitions and political intrigues. When James was seventeen years old, the method already so familiar in Scotland, was resorted to. In order to separate him from one set of villanous plotters, he was entrapped by another by an invitation to visit Ruthven Castle, where he found himself a prisoner, and when the plot failed, the Reformed clergy did its best to shield the perpetrators, who had acted with their knowledge and consent.

But James had already made his choice between the two forms of Protestantism, and the basis of his choice was the sacredness of the royal prerogative. A theology which conflicted with that, was not the one for his kingdom. He would have no religion in which presbyters and synods and laymen were asserting authority. The King, God's anointed, was the natural head of the Church, and should determine its policy. Such was the theory which even at this early time had become firmly lodged in the acute and narrow mind of the precocious youth, and which throughout his entire reign was the inspiration of his policy. In the proceedings following the "Ruthven Raid," as it is called, he openly manifested his determination to introduce episcopacy into his kingdom.

So the conflict was now between the clergy and the Crown. The latter gained the first victory. Parliament, in 1584, affirmed the supreme authority of the King in all matters civil and religious. The act placed unprecedented powers in his hands, saying, "These powers by the gift of Heaven belong to his Majesty and to his successors." And so it was that in 1584 the current started which, after running its ruinous course, was to terminate in 1649 in the tragedy at Whitehall. There was a reaction from the first triumph of divine right, and in 1592 the Act of Royal Supremacy was repealed, and the General Assembly succeeded in obtaining parliamentary sanction for the authority of the presbytery.

The Roman Catholic Church, although no longer conspicuous in the arena of politics, was by no means extinguished in Scotland. Its stronghold was in the North, among the Highlands, where it is estimated that out of the 14,000 Catholics in the kingdom, 12,000 were still clinging with unabated ardor to the old religion. It was this minority, with many powerful chiefs for its leaders, which looked to Mary as the possible restorer of the faith; and this was the nursery and the hatching-ground for all the plots with France or Spain which for twenty years were leading Mary step by step toward Fotheringay. Whether the copies of the compromising letters which convicted her of complicity in these plots would have stood the test of an impartial investigation to-day we cannot say; but we know that Mary's tarnished name was restored almost to lustre by the fortitude and dignity with which she bore her long captivity, and met the moment of her tragic release (1587). There is something in this story which has touched the universal heart, and the world still weeps over it. But we do not hear that it ever cost her son one pang. James was twenty years old when Elizabeth signed the fatal paper, and if he ever made an effort to save his mother or shed a single tear over her fate, history does not mention it. Perhaps it was in recognition of this, or it may have been in reward for his championship of episcopacy, that Elizabeth made James her heir and successor. Whatever was the impelling motive, the protracted struggle between the two nations came to a strange ending; not the supremacy of an English king in Scotland, as had been so often attempted, but the reign of a Scottish king in England. Elizabeth died in 1603, leaving to the son of Mary her crown, and a few days later James arrived in London, was greeted by the shouts of his English subjects, and crowned James I., King of England, upon the Stone of Destiny.

The limits of this sketch do not permit more than the briefest mention of the period between the union of the crowns, and the legislative union, a century later, when the two kingdoms became actually one. Its chief features were the resistance to encroachments upon the polity and organization of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, the cruelty and oppressions used by Charles I. to enforce the use of the liturgy of the Church of England, the formation of the "National Covenant," a sacred bond by which the Covenanters solemnly pledged an eternal fidelity to their Church, the alliance between the Scotch Covenanters and English Puritans, and the consequences to Scotland of the overthrow of the monarchy by Cromwell. Still later (1689) came the rising of the Highland chiefs and clans, the Jacobites, as the adherents of the Stuarts are called, an attempt by the Catholics in the North to bring about the restoration of the exiled King or his son, the Pretender.

Statesmen in England, and some in Scotland, believed there would be no peace until the two countries were organically joined. In the face of great opposition a treaty of union was ratified by the Scottish Parliament in 1707. The country was given a representation of forty-five members in the English House of Commons, and sixteen peers in the House of Lords, and it was provided that the Presbyterian Church should remain unchanged in worship, doctrine, and government "to the people of the land in all succeeding generations." With this final Act the Scottish Parliament passed out of existence.

The wisdom of this measure has been abundantly justified by the results—a growth in all that makes for material prosperity, a richer intellectual life, and peace. After centuries of anarchy and misrule and aimless upheavals, Scotland had reached a haven. Her triumph has been a moral and an intellectual triumph, not political. In intellectual splendor her people may challenge the world, and in moral elevation and in righteousness they will find few peers. But candor compels the admission that Scotland has no more than Ireland proved herself capable of maintaining a separate nationality. Without the excuse of her sister island, never the victim of a foreign conquest, left to herself, with her own kings and government for nearly a thousand years, what do we see? A brave, spirited, warlike race with a passion for liberty dominated and actually effaced by vicious kings, intriguing regents, and a corrupt nobility; only once, under Wallace and Bruce, rising to heroic proportions, and then to throw off a foreign yoke and under leaders who were both of Norman extraction.

Never once were her native oppressors checked or awed; never once did an outraged people unite under a great political leader; and only one sovereign after Bruce (James I.) can be said to have had great kingly qualities. What are we to conclude? Are we not compelled to believe that Scotland reached her highest destiny when she was joined to England, and when she bestowed her leaven of righteousness and her moral strength and the genius of her sons, and received in exchange the political protection of her great neighbor?

SOVEREIGNS AND RULERS OF ENGLAND.

INDEX.

ENGLAND

Abelard, 53

Act of Supremacy, 84

Addison, 135

Agincourt, 65

Agricola, 13

Albert, Prince of Saxe-Coburg, 159, 171

Alfred, King, 27, 40

Anglo-Saxons, 15-20, 22, 39

Anne Boleyn, 75, 77

Anne, of Cleves, 78

Anne, Queen of England, 131, 135

Anselm, 38

Antoninus, 14

Aquitaine, 65

Army Plot, 116

Arthur, King, 16

Arthur, Prince 48

Atlantic Cable, 169

Bacon, Francis, 95, 100

Bacon, Roger, 53

Bæda, 27

Balaklava, Battle of, 163

Bank of England, 130

Bannockburn, Battle of, 56

Basques, 10

Bayeux Tapestry, 33

Bedford, Duke of, 65

Bible, 101

Bill of Rights, 127

Black Death, 58

Black Prince, 58

Blenheim, Battle of, 133

Boadicea, 11

Bosworth, Battle of, 71

Bothwell, 93

Boyne, Battle of, 127

Bright, John, 160, 171

British Association, 27

Britons, 10, 14, 20

Bruce, Robert, 56

Bruno, 86

Buddha, 193

Buller, General, 185

Bunker Hill, 148

Bunyan, 124

Burke, 145, 149

Burney, Frances, 153

Burns, 153

Byron, 154

Cade, Jack, 66

Cædmon, 26

Cæsar, 11

Calais, 81

Calcutta, Black Hole of, 140

Calvin, 84

Canada, 140, 143

Canning, 149

Canterbury, 25, 45

Canterbury, Archbishop of, 44

Canute, 31

Cape of Good Hope, 172

Caroline, of Brunswick, 156

Caroline, Queen, 138

Catharine de Medici, 91

Catholicism, Roman Church, 25, 63, 74-79, 83, 99, 123

Cavaliers, 123, 137

Cawnpore, Massacre at, 166

Caxton, 71

Cerdic, 19-22

Charles I, 102, 118

Charles II, 121, 123

Charles V, 74

Charles VII, 65

Charlotte, Princess, 156

Chaucer, 60

Christianity, 18, 23, 26

Chronicle, 149

Church of England, 76, 83

Churchill, John, 132

Circuits, 45

Clarence, Duke, 62

Claudius, 11

Clive, 140

Cobden, Richard, 160

Coleridge, 149, 153

Colonies, The Thirteen, 145

Commonwealth, 119

Conservatives, 137, 157

Constance, of Brittany, 48

Cook, Captain, 143

Cornwallis, Lord, 148

Court of Appeals, 45

Cowper, 153

Crécy, Battle of, 57

Crimean War, 162

Cromlechs, 9

Cromwell, Oliver, 117, 119

Cromwell, Thomas, 77

Cronje, General, 185-191

Crusades, 42, 47

Culloden Moor, 139

Daguerre, 169

Danes, 30

Darnley, Lord, 93

Defoe, 135

De Wet, 189

Dickens, 170

Disraeli (Lord Beaconsfield), 160, 171

Domesday Book, 36

Drake, Sir Francis, 94

Dufferin, 187

Duncan, 31

Dutch East India Co., 172

East India Co., 89, 140, 149, 173

Edict of Nantes, 173

Education Bill, 195

Edward "the Confessor," 32

Edward I, 54

Edward II, 56

Edward III, 56, 62, 66

Edward IV, 68

Edward V, 70

Edward VI, 78, 79

Edward VII, 191

Edward, of York, 67

Edward, Prince of Wales, 68

Edwin, 26

Egbert, 23

Elizabeth, 80, 82

Erasmus, 71

Escurial, 86

Exeter, Duke of, 69

Exposition, 169

Fawkes, Guy, 99

Feudalism, 34, 66, 69

Fielding, 135

Flodden Field, 91

Florida, Cession of, 141

Fox, 145, 148, 149

Franchise, 184

Francis I, 74

Frith-Gilds, 40

Fulton, 154

Gage, General, 147

Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 43

Geoffrey, Prince, 48

George I, Elector of Hanover, 135, 138

George II, 138

George III, 143, 146, 151

George IV, 155

George, Prince of Denmark, 134

Gilds, 40

Gladstone, 171

Godwin, 32

Goldsmith, 153

Grand Alliance, 131, 132

Grand Lama, 193

Great Britain, 101

Great Trek, 175

Gregory, Pope, 24

Grey, Lady Jane, 79

Guise, House of, 92, 102, 123

Guise, Mary, 91

Gunpowder Plot, 99

Habeas Corpus, 123, 124

Hadrian, 14

Hampden, John, 106, 112, 116

Hanover, House of, 135

Harold, 32, 33, 38

Hastings (Senlac), Battle of, 33

Hastings, Warren, 149

Havelock, General, 167

Hengest, 22

Henrietta, of France, 103

Henry I, 42

Henry II, 44

Henry III, 51

Henry IV, 63

Henry V, 64

Henry VI, 68

Henry VII, 71

Henry VIII, 73-79

Henry Tudor, 71

High Commission Court, 115

Hinterland, 176

Horsa, 22

House of Commons, 54, 63, 87, 119, 156

Howard, John, 153

Howard, Katharine, 78

Huguenots, 89, 173, 186

Hundred Years' War, 65

Iberians, 10

India, 140, 143, 164, 168

India, Viceroy of, 192-193

Ireland, 154, 159, 194

Jackson, General Andrew, 151

James I, of England, 96, 99, 102

James II, 123, 125

James IV, of Scotland, 90

James V, of Scotland, 91

James VI, of Scotland, 94

Jameson Raid, 182, 183

Jamestown, Virginia, 99

Jeffries, Chief Justice, 124

Jew, 36, 51, 53, 55

Joan of Arc, 65

John, Prince, 46

John of Gaunt, 62

Johnson, 153

Joubert, General, 185

Jutes, 22

Kaffir, 188

Katharine, Princess of Aragon, 73

Katharine, Princess, 65

Kelt, 20

Keltic-Aryans, 9

Keltic-Britons, 13, 55

Keltic-Gauls, 13

King's Court, 42, 45

Knox, John, 94

Kruger, Paul Stephanus, 177

Lancaster, Duke of, 62

Lancaster, House of, 62, 67, 71

Laud, Archbishop, 103, 111, 115

Leicester, Earl of, 95

Lexington, Battle of, 148

Lhassa, 193

Liberals, 137, 157

Lionel of York, 67

Lollards, 64

London, 11, 12, 35

Long Parliament, 114-120

Louis XIV, 126

Loyalists, 114

Luther, 74

Magna Charta, 49

Margaret, Princess, 90

Marlborough, Lord, 132

Mary Stuart, 81, 89, 96

Mary Tudor, 80

Massachusetts Charter, 107, 147

Massacre of St. Bartholomew's, 89

Matilda, 43

Mayflower, 98

Merchant Co., 89, 140

Metabeli, 178

Methodism, 141

Milner, Sir Alfred, 184

Milton, 124

Monopolies, 112

Montcalm, 140

More, Sir Thomas, 73, 95

Mortimer, 56

Motley, John, 186

Napoleon Bonaparte, 150

Naseby, Battle of, 117

Natal, 178

Netherlands, 186

New England, 98

Newton, 124

Nightingale, Florence, 164

Nonconformists, 195

Normandy, 42

North, Lord, 148

Northmen, 30

O'Connell, Daniel, 155

Opus Maius, 53

Orange Free State, 175, 179

Orleans, Battle of, 65

Ouck, Kingdom of, 165

Oxford, 52, 54, 59, 71

Parliament, 54, 62, 69, 88, 105

Parr, Katharine, 78

Peel, Sir Robert, 155

Petition of Right, 106, 127

Philip II, of Spain, 80, 85

Picts, 13, 14, 23

Pitt, William, 142, 145

Plantagenet, 44, 58

Plymouth, 99

Popular Sovereignty, 196

Presbyterianism, 114

Pretender, 131, 137

Pretender, the Young, 139

Protectorate, 119

Protestantism, 76, 83, 103, 121

Puritans, 84, 98, 104, 124

Pym, 104, 114, 116

Quebec, Battle of, 144

Railway, 154

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 89, 101

Reform Act, 156

Reformation, 75, 83

Rhodes, Cecil, 183

Richard I, "Coeur de Lion," 47

Richard II, 58

Richard, Duke of York, 62, 67, 70

Richard, Duke of Gloucester, 70

Robert, Prince, 42

Roberts, General, 185

Robsart, Amy, 95

Romans, 11-16

Roundheads, 123, 137

Royalists, 113

Royal Society, 27

Russia, 160

Salisbury Plain, 10, 37

Scotland, 55, 90, 114

Scots, 13, 14

Scott, 153

Sepoy Rebellion, 165

Seven Years' War, 139

Severus, 14

Seymour, Jane, 78

Shelley, 154

Sheridan, 149, 153

Ship Money, 112, 146

Sidney, Sir Philip, 86

Simon de Montfort, 54

Solway Moss, 91

South Sea Bubble, 138

Southey, 153

Spanish Armada, 94

Spectator, 135

Spenser, 86

Stamp Act, 145

Star Chamber, 110, 115, 120

Statute of Heresy, 63

St. Bartholomew's Eve, 89

Steane, 135

Steele, 135

Stephen, King, 43

Stephenson, George, 154

Stonehenge, 10, 35

Strafford, Earl, 110, 114

Stuart, Charles Edward, 139

Stuart, House of, 91, 97, 123, 125, 139

Suez Canal, 171

Supremacy, Oath of, 155

Suzerainty, 180, 184

Sweyn, 31

Swift, 135

Sydenham Palace, 169

Tax on Tea, 146

Tennyson, 169

Thackeray, 169

Thomas à Becket, 44

Three Years' War, 189

Tibet, 192

Times, 149

Tory, 125, 132, 136, 146

Transvaal Republic, 178, 179, 180, 182

Tudor, House of, 71

Tyler, Wat, 58

Uitlanders, 182

United States, 149, 150

Victor, Prince, 187

Victoria, Accession of, 159

Virginia, Colonization of, 89

Wales, 55

Wales, Prince of, 55

Walpole, Horace, 153

Walpole, Robert, 136, 138

War of 1812 with United States, 150

Wars of the Roses, 62, 67

Warwick, Earl of, 66, 67

Washington, George, 148

Waterloo, 150

Watt, James, 150

Wellington, Duke of, 150, 154

Wentworth, Sir Thomas, 110

Wesley, John, 141

Westminster Abbey, 55

Whig, 125, 132, 136

White Ship, 43

Wickliffe, 59, 64

Wilberforce, 158

William the Conqueror, 32

William, Prince of Orange, 125, 128, 130, 137

William Rufus, 41

William IV, 156, 159

Witenagemot, 29

Wolfe, 140

Wolsey, Chancellor, 74

Yangtse Valley, 194

York, House of, 68

York, Princess Elizabeth of, 71

SCOTLAND

Aberdeen, University of, 297

Act of Royal Supremacy, 293

Agricola, 249

Albany, Duke of, 273, 274, 280

Alexander III, 258

Angles, 251

Annandale, Earl of, 264

Argyle, 251

Assembly, General, The, 287

Ayr, 268

Baliol, 258, 259, 262

Bannockburn, 268

Beaton, Cardinal, 283

Beaufort, Lady Jane, 276

Berwick, 268, 269

Birnam, 254

Boece, 252, 279

Bothwell, Earl of, 290

Boyds, 278

Bruce, 258, 262-271, 276, 296

Bruce, Marjory, 272

Bruis, Robert de, 261

Canmore, 254

Catholic Church, 267, 287, 293, 296

Comyn, 266

Covenanters, 295

Crichtons, 277, 278

Cromwell, 296

Danes, 251

Darnley, 288

David I, King, 258, 264

David II, 271

Donegal, 250

Douglas, Earl of, 273, 278, 280

Duncan, 251, 254

Dundee, 262

Dunsinnane, 254

Edgar the Atheling, 255

Edward I of England, 258, 261

Edward III of England, 271

Elizabeth, Queen, 285, 290, 295

Falkirk, 262

Fergus, 250, 252

Flodden, 287

Glasgow, 262, 279, 290

Grampians, 260

Guise, Mary of, 282, 284

Henry II of England, 257

Henry IV, 273, 274

Henry V, 277

Henry VII, 280

Henry VIII, 280, 282

Henryson, 279

Holyrood, 280, 288

Iona, Monastery at, 250

Jacobites, 297

James, Prince, 273, 274

James I, 276, 277

James II, 278

James III, 278, 280

James IV, 280

James V, 282

James VI, 290

James I of England, 295

John I, 259-261

Knox, John, 284, 286

Lamberton, Bishop of, 266

Lennox, Earl of, 288

Lionel, Prince, 272

Livingston, 278, 284

Lochleven Castle, 290

Lothian, 251

Luther, 282

Macbeth, 252, 254

Maid of Norway, 258

Malcolm II, 251

Malcolm III, 254, 256

M'Alpin, Kenneth, 251

Margaret, 255

Margaret, Princess, 280

Mary, Princess, 282

Moray, 291

National Covenanters, 295

Normans, 256, 296

Parliament, Scottish, 260, 269, 279, 283, 291, 296

Pembroke, Earl of, 268

Picts, 249, 251

Presbyterian Church, 293, 296

Pretender, The, 296

Protestantism, 286

Puritans, 295

Reformation, 282, 291

Reformed Church, 281, 285, 288, 291

Richard I, 257

Rizzio, 289

Robert II, 272

Robert III, 273

Rothesay, 273, 274

Ruthven Raid, 292

Scone, 251, 254, 259, 274

Scots, 249

Solway Moss, 283

St. Andrew's University, 279

St. Columba, 250

St. Nimian, 250

Steward, High, of Scotland, 272

Stewart, Robert, 272

Stirling, 262, 268, 275

Stone of Destiny, 250, 261, 295

Stuart, Mary, 283, 286, 288, 295

Stuarts, 272, 276, 296

Tay, River, 251

Tweed, 251, 281

William the Lion, 257

William Wallace, 261, 265, 296

Wishart, 284

IRELAND

Act of Settlement, 221

Act of Uniformity, 210

Act of Union, 238, 241

Ard Reagh, 201

Armagh, 214

Bard, 202

Bowes, Lord Chancellor, 226

Boyne, Battle of, 223

Brefny, Lord of, 204

Brehon Law, 202, 205

Brehons, 202

Brian Boru, 204

Cæsair, Lady, 199

Catholic Church, 210, 221-227, 233, 239-241, 244

Cavendish, Lord Frederick, 245

Celts, 201

Charles I, 213, 215

Charles II, 216, 218-221, 228

Christianity, 202-203

Church of England, 213

Clan, 201

Connaught, 201, 212, 216

Crécy, 208

Cromlechs, 201

Cromwell, 216

Crosby, Sir Francis, 212

Curran, Sarah, 239

Danes, 204, 205

Declaration of Rights, 234

Dermot, 204

Desmond, House of, 207, 211, 212

Desmond Rebellion, 211

Dillon, 242

Dublin, 205, 209

Edward III, 208

Elizabeth, Queen, 210

Emmet, Robert, 239

Enniskillen, 222

Eric, 202

Erin, 200

Famine in Ireland, 241

Fenians, 244

Fenius, 200

Fitzgerald, 237

Flood, Henry, 232, 237

Gael, 199

Gaelic, 200

Geraldines, 207, 209, 237

Geraldine League, 211

Ginkel, 223

Gladstone, 244, 245

Godfrey, Sir Edward Bery, 219

Grattan, Henry, 232, 237

Great Rebellion, The, of 1690, 224

Heber, 199, 200

Henry II, 204-206

Henry VII, 209

Henry VIII, 209

Heremon, 200

Hibernia, 200

Home Rule, 244

Home Rule Act, 245

Irish Parliament, 209, 213, 221, 234, 235, 238

James II, 221-222

Kildare, Earl of, 210

Kildare, House of, 207, 212

Kilkenny, Statutes of, 208, 210, 232

Laud, Archbishop, 213, 215

Leinster, 201, 204

Liberals, 244

Limerick, 223

Limerick, Articles of, 223

Locke, 230

London, 210

Londonderry, 222

Long Parliament, 214

Louis XIV, 222

Meagher, 242, 247

Meath, 201, 227

Milesius, 199

Mitchell, 242

Molyneux, William, 230, 234

Mountjoy, 213

Mullaghmast, 212

Munster, 201, 212

National Land League, 244

Nemehd, 199

New Land Act, 246

Normans, 206, 209

Oates, Titus, 219

O'Brien, 204, 206

O'Brien, Smith, 242

O'Connell, Daniel, 240

O'Connells, 206

O'Moore, Clan of, 212

O'Neill, Shane the Proud, 211

O'Neills, 206, 209, 210

Ormond, House of, 207, 219, 221

Palatines, 206

Pale, Lords of the, 207, 209, 214

Parnell, Charles, 244

Penal Code, 225

Picts, 200

Pitt, 237

Plunkett, Dr., 220

Popish Plot, 221

Poyning, Sir Edward, 209

Poynings Act, 209, 210, 221, 224, 235

Presbyterians, 214

Protestantism, 210, 214, 215, 219-227, 232

Reformation, 210

Rinucini, 216

Robinson, Chief-Justice, 226

Roman Christianity, 203

Rome, 202

Rory O'Moore, 212

Saarsfield, 223

Scota, 199

Scots, 200

Sept, 201

Shinar, 199

Society of United Irishmen, 236

St. Patrick, 202, 203

Strafford, 213, 215

Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, 204

Swift, Dean, 231

Tanistry, Law of, 202, 211

Tara in Meath, 201, 204

Thomond, 226

Tone, Wolfe, 236

Tyrone, Earl of, 210, 213, 214

Ulster, 201, 210, 212, 213

Viking, 204

White Boys, 236

William of Orange, 222-225

Wolsey, 209

Young Ireland, 241